129 Speech 7 12 Prep Manual
129 Speech 7 12 Prep Manual
129 Speech 7 12 Prep Manual
of Educator Standards
(TExES) Program
Preparation
Manual
Copyright 2016 by Texas Education Agency (TEA). All rights reserved. The Texas Education Agency logo
and TEA are registered trademarks of Texas Education Agency. Texas Examinations of Educator Standards,
TExES and the TExES logo are trademarks of Texas Education Agency.
Table of Contents
About The Test ........................................................................................... 3
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Time 5 hours
The TExES Speech 712 (129) test is designed to assess whether a test taker has
the requisite knowledge and skills that an entry-level educator in this field in Texas
public schools must possess. The 100 multiple-choice questions are based on the
Speech 712 test framework and cover grades 712. The test may contain
questions that do not count toward the score.
The number of scored questions will not vary; however, the number of questions
that are not scored may vary in the actual test. Your final scaled score will be based
only on scored questions.
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Approx.
Percentage
Domain Domain Title of Test Standards Assessed
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Competency 005: The teacher understands ethical standards and major legal issues
relevant to various communication contexts.
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Competency 006: The teacher understands oral language, listening and nonverbal
communication skills.
Competency 007: The teacher understands concepts and principles of classical and
contemporary rhetoric.
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Competency 011: The teacher understands group and organizational dynamics and
skills for communicating in groups and organizations.
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Competency 012: The teacher understands instruction that is appropriate for all
students and reflects the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) in speech.
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A. Knows how to teach students about the value of debate for developing skills
in a variety of areas (e.g., research, public speaking, refutation); the use of
persuasive skills and strategies in informal and formal argumentation; and
ways to analyze and respond to persuasive communications (e.g., ethos,
pathos, logos).
B. Knows how to teach students ways to analyze, phrase and define
propositions, ways to use various debate formats to support propositions
and strategies for debating value and policy propositions (e.g., construct
cases, use valid proofs, evaluate implications of stock issues).
C. Knows ways of promoting students use of critical thinking, logic and
reasoning in debate (e.g., by formulating logical arguments, choosing
appropriate proofs, applying standard tests of evidence, identifying fallacies
in reasoning), application of ethical guidelines for debate research and
use of evidence and ability to demonstrate ethical behavior and courtesy
during debate.
D. Knows ways of promoting students ability to construct affirmative and
negative cases and present a prima facie case; to apply skills and strategies
for refuting, rebutting and defending arguments and for effective cross-
examination; to apply effective communication skills in debating and in the
development of extemporaneous speaking skills; to use critical-listening
skills and note-taking skills in debating contexts; and to apply knowledge
of debate principles to analyze and evaluate debates.
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The multiple-choice questions on this test are designed to assess your knowledge
of the content described in the test framework. In most cases, you are expected to
demonstrate more than just your ability to recall factual information. You may be
asked to think critically about the information, to analyze it, consider it carefully,
and compare it with other knowledge you have or make a judgment about it.
Leave no questions unanswered. Questions for which you mark no answer are
counted as incorrect. Your score will be determined by the number of questions you
answer correctly.
Tests may also include interactive types of questions. These questions take
advantage of technology to assess knowledge and skills that go beyond what can
be assessed using standard single-selection multiple-choice questions. If you see a
format you are not familiar with, read the directions carefully. The directions
always give clear instructions on how you are expected to respond.
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Selecting all that apply. In some questions, you will be asked to choose all
the options that answer the question correctly.
Typing in an entry box. When the answer is a number, you might be asked
to enter a numeric answer or, if the test has an on-screen calculator, you
might need to transfer the calculated result from the calculator into the entry
box. Some questions may have more than one place to enter a response.
Clicking check boxes. You may be asked to click check boxes instead of an
oval when more than one choice within a set of answers can be selected.
Clicking parts of a graphic. In some questions, you will choose your
answer by clicking on location(s) on a graphic such as a map or chart, as
opposed to choosing from a list.
Clicking on sentences. In questions with reading passages, you may be
asked to choose your answer by clicking on a sentence or sentences within
the reading passage.
Dragging and dropping answer choices into targets on the screen.
You may be asked to choose an answer from a list and drag it into the
appropriate location in a table, paragraph of text or graphic.
Selecting options from a drop-down menu. This type of question will ask
you to select the appropriate answer or answers by selecting options from a
drop-down menu (e.g., to complete a sentence).
Remember that with every question, you will get clear instructions on how
to respond.
Question Format
You may see the following types of multiple-choice questions on the test:
Single Questions
Clustered Questions
On the following pages, you will find descriptions of these commonly used question
formats, along with suggested approaches for responding to each type.
Single Questions
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Example 1
A. genetic predisposition.
B. religious beliefs.
C. cultural conditioning.
D. socioeconomic status.
Suggested Approach
Read the question carefully and critically. Think about what it is asking and the
situation it is describing. Eliminate any obviously wrong answers, select the correct
answer choice and mark your answer.
Note that this question uses regional dialects as a means of considering how human
beings use language. Now look at the response options and consider which of them
accurately describes fundamental assumptions about how people communicate
through speech.
Option C suggests that communication choice is the result of repeated cultural and
social interactions. This explanation accounts for the many different influences on
language use (e.g., familial speech patterns, educational environment, worship
communities) and for a speakers acquisition and use of new languages. Option C
may be the best response to this question.
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Of the alternatives offered, only the one that identifies the concept of cultural
conditioning takes into account the fact that people are always making
communications choices as a result of many different influences. Therefore, the
correct response is option C.
Example 2
The following question tests knowledge of Speech 712 Competency 009: The
teacher understands concepts and principles of oral interpretation.
2. Which of the following best describes the ethical responsibilities of the oral
interpreter to the literary text and to the audience?
Suggested Approach
Read the question carefully and critically. Think about what it is asking and the
situation it is describing. Eliminate any obviously wrong answers, select the correct
answer choice and mark your answer.
In this case, the question tests knowledge of the role of oral interpretation and its
ethical obligations in practical terms. Now look at the response options and consider
which of them accurately describes how ethical concerns should influence an oral
interpreters performance decisions.
Option A suggests that the interpreter add material of his own in response to
audience reaction. This approach does the audience a disservice, since they may
not be able to tell new, improvised text from the original. This approach also
misrepresents the intentions of the author of the original text and dilutes the
quality of that authors work. Option A can be eliminated as the best response to
this question.
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Option C suggests that the interpreter edit the text to suit his performing skills.
Whenever an interpreter removes substantive parts of the text, even to make a
more entertaining presentation, he gives a distorted impression of the original. The
audience cannot determine where the cuts have been made or how these changes
alter the authors intention. Option C is not the best response to this question.
Option D suggests that the interpreter rearrange the text to meet his audiences
expectations. Like substantive editing, rearranging text creates a misleading
impression of the authors intentions. This approach is especially problematic when
it is taken to meet the audiences expectations, since the audience will not realize
how much the original text may challenge their views. Option D can be eliminated
as the best response to this question.
Of the alternatives offered, only the one that specifies presenting an authors text
exactly or nearly exactly as written describes an ethical approach to interpreting
text orally. Therefore, the correct response is option B.
Clustered Questions
Clustered questions are made up of a stimulus and two or more questions relating
to the stimulus. The stimulus material can be a reading passage, description of an
experiment, graphic, table or any other information necessary to answer the
questions that follow.
You can use several different approaches to respond to clustered questions. Some
commonly used strategies are listed below.
Strategy 2 Read the questions before considering the stimulus material. The
theory behind this strategy is that the content of the questions will
help you identify the purpose of the stimulus material and locate the
information you need to answer the questions.
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Whether you read the stimulus before or after you read the questions, you should
read it carefully and critically. You may want to note its important points to help
you answer the questions.
As you consider questions set in educational contexts, try to enter into the
identified teachers frame of mind and use that teachers point of view to answer
the questions that accompany the stimulus. Be sure to consider the questions only
in terms of the information provided in the stimulus not in terms of your own
experiences or individuals you may have known.
Example 1
Wanda is preparing a speech about the Alamo. She has researched and drafted the
speech and is now in the process of rehearsing in front of her colleagues. To
improve her speech, she will make changes based on their feedback.
A. Wanda
B. The colleagues
C. The research
D. The rehearsal
Suggested Approach
Consider carefully the information presented in the stimulus about how Wanda
prepares for an upcoming speech and then read the question, which asks you to
identify which aspect of that scenario can be described as a channel in the
communications process. Typically, the communications process is described as a
sender transmitting a message by means of a channel to a receiver. Keep in mind
that questions like this one test both knowledge of basic communications theory
and understanding of how that theory applies to a realistic situation. Now look at
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Option B names the colleagues who listen to the rehearsal as the channel. The
colleagues constitute an audience for the speech, so they can best be described as
receivers in the communications process. Option B is not the best response to the
question.
Option C names the research as the channel. As the material used to prepare the
speech, the research is a component of the message that Wanda is trying to send.
Option C can be eliminated as the best response to the question.
Option D names the rehearsal as the channel. The rehearsal is the vehicle that
Wanda uses to present her message to the audience. In the communications
process, channels are the means by which the message reaches an audience.
Option D accurately identifies the channel in the communications process.
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For each sample test question, there is at least one correct answer and a rationale
for each answer option. Please note that the sample questions are not necessarily
presented in competency order.
The sample questions are included to illustrate the formats and types of questions
you will see on the test; however, your performance on the sample questions
should not be viewed as a predictor of your performance on the actual test.
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A. Imagination
B. Noise
C. Belonging needs
D. Concentration
COMPETENCY 001
A. Internal preview
B. Feedback
C. Peer testimony
D. Audience analysis
COMPETENCY 001
3. Carlos is listening to Sally explain why she is upset about an exam she has just
taken. Carlos wants to provide emotional support for Sally. In which of the
following is Carlos engaged?
A. Empathic listening
B. Critical listening
C. Critical analysis
D. Textual analysis
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COMPETENCY 002
5. Henry believes that foul language is used only by people who have little or no
education. He is surprised that a classmate in his graduate class, Marla, often
uses profanity in casual speech. Henrys interpretation of Marla is influenced by
Henrys
A. world view.
B. self-esteem.
C. semantic focus.
D. self-actualization.
COMPETENCY 002
A. Reaction to feedback
B. Topic selection
C. Nonverbal communication
D. Audience analysis
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A. Honesty
B. Objectivity
C. Quantity
D. Enthusiasm
COMPETENCY 003
8. A student is giving a speech on the Jurassic period and uses a real fossilized
bone to illustrate some traits of the dinosaurs that lived at the time. The
student is using which of the following types of sources?
A. Secondary
B. Indirect
C. Primary
D. Preliminary
COMPETENCY 004
A. director.
B. producer.
C. chief engineer.
D. on-air talent.
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10. The famous saying about freedom of speech, You cannot (falsely) shout fire in
a crowded theater, paraphrases which of the following?
COMPETENCY 006
A. Nonverbal communication
B. Outlining
C. Alliteration
D. Audience adaptation
E. Vocal variety
COMPETENCY 006
12. Which TWO of the following should be stressed when providing instruction
about the listening process?
A. Topical
B. Problem-solution
C. Sequential
D. Cause-effect
COMPETENCY 007
14. When offering a student suggestions on how to clarify the main ideas of a
speech, a teacher should encourage the development of strong
A. delivery.
B. signposts.
C. metaphors.
D. rhetorical questions.
COMPETENCY 008
15. A student makes a persuasive claim in a debate round by saying that the
judges ballot has the power to influence change in a decaying world.
The student is making an appeal to which of the following?
A. Logos
B. Ethos
C. Pathos
D. Bathos
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16. In which of the following styles of formal debate does the negative team have
back-to-back speeches?
A. Cross-examination
B. Lincoln-Douglas
C. Public forum
D. Congressional
COMPETENCY 008
17. A member of an audience recalling the speakers final argument rather than the
speakers previous arguments is an example of which of the following?
A. Primacy effect
B. Halo effect
C. Recency effect
D. Motivated sequence
COMPETENCY 009
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19. The major differences between staged drama and group oral interpretation
include which THREE of the following?
COMPETENCY 010
20. A firefighter visits schools regularly to talk about fire safety. Although the
messages are always the same, the firefighter selects different words, gestures,
and examples to suit the grade level of the students hearing the presentation.
The firefighters selection process is called
A. encoding.
B. decoding.
C. receiving.
D. interfering.
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21. Which of the following best describes a group that is organized around a hobby
or interest?
A. Task group
B. Social group
C. Committee
D. Delegation
COMPETENCY 011
22. A leader is most likely to assign someone to play the role of devils advocate
within a group to avoid which of the following?
A. Conflict
B. Group tension
C. Group cohesion
D. Groupthink
COMPETENCY 012
23. When evaluating a students oral presentation, a teacher should do which of the
following?
A. Point out the students weaknesses that tend to recur over time
B. Focus only on the areas of the presentation that need improvement
C. Focus only on the positive aspects of the presentation
D. Point out the students strengths and the areas that need improvement
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24. Which of the following is the best way for a teacher to help reduce the
communication apprehension of students who are assigned an extemporaneous
speech?
A. Have students practice their speeches in front of small groups before the
actual presentations
B. Have students write out their entire speeches to read from while speaking
C. Have students memorize their speeches verbatim
D. Have students watch their classmates speeches to identify moments of
discomfort
COMPETENCY 014
25. Which of the following theories of persuasion proposes that individuals seek
balance in their lives, become uncomfortable when things are out of balance,
and seek to restore balance?
A. Elaboration-likelihood model
B. Cognitive dissonance theory
C. Narrative paradigm
D. Social judgment theory
COMPETENCY 014
26. A class listens to recordings of speeches by three famous people. The students
determine the strengths and weaknesses of the speeches. Which of the
following types of listening are the students engaged in?
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27. When a speech teacher is instructing students in the effective use of persuasive
skills and strategies, it is most appropriate to have students do which of the
following?
COMPETENCY 015
28. Which of the following should a speech teacher tell students to look for first
when they are analyzing a proposition of value to construct a case?
COMPETENCY 015
29. Which of the following is the most appropriate advice for a teacher to give
students when discussing ethical guidelines for debate research and the use of
evidence during a debate round?
A. Have complete source information ready for the judge and opponents for
any evidence they present in the round
B. Read aloud complete source information for each piece of evidence they
present in the round
C. Read aloud full source information only for evidence they present in the
affirmative case
D. Present only those parts of a piece of evidence that are favorable to their
side and to leave out words that hurt their argument
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30. In a debate round, the most widely endorsed strategy is to flow, or take notes,
during which of the following speeches?
A. Rebuttals only
B. Constructives only
C. Constructives and rebuttals
D. The other teams speeches only
COMPETENCY 016
COMPETENCY 016
32. A parent wants to address the school board on an issue involving math tutorials
and have the board discuss the matter. The school board follows parliamentary
procedure. Which of the following should the parent do to ensure that the
school board will address his or her concerns
A. Contact the board secretary at least three days before the meeting and ask
to have the issue put on the agenda
B. Attend the meeting and speak about the issue during the open-discussion
period
C. Wait for the new-business portion of the agenda to be announced and rise to
speak about the issue
D. Contact a school board member directly and ask for time to speak about the
issue at the meeting
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1 001 B Option B is correct because noise describes anything that interferes with the
effective reception of a message by a receiver, including the internal noise that is
causing Connie to be distracted. Option A is incorrect because although Connie
may be imagining her performance on the upcoming exam, imagination does not
describe what is happening in the scenario in terms of communication theory.
Option C is incorrect because the scenario does not address Connies need to
belong and how this might be a barrier to communication. Option D is incorrect
because Connie is not concentrating but is suffering from a deficit in
concentration brought about by internal noise.
Back to Question
2 001 D Option D is correct because Bill is using research to analyze the audience and
adapt his message to that audience. Option A is incorrect because an internal
preview is part of the structure of a speech. Option B is incorrect because
feedback is part of the interaction model of communication, not part of speech
construction. Option C is incorrect because the scenario does not describe Bills
peers or a situation in which they provide evidence.
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Back to Question
Back to Question
5 002 A Option A is correct because Henrys system of beliefs, including who might use
foul language, is a part of his world view, which is commonly defined as the way
someone sees and interprets the world. Option B is incorrect because the
situation does not refer to Henrys assessment of his own value. Option C is
incorrect because semantic focus describes how a person understands the use
of metaphors in language, not what he or she believes about the use of
language. Option D is incorrect because Henrys interpretation does not relate
to any of the elements of Abraham Maslows theory of self-actualization.
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6 002 D Option D is correct because the speaker has not sufficiently analyzed the
audience to help adapt the message to ensure a positive response. Option A is
incorrect because the speaker was able to confirm that the audience interpreted
the message incorrectly. Option B is incorrect because a particular phrase was
derogatory, not the speakers topic selection. Option C is incorrect because the
offensive message was a verbal phrase, not part of the speakers nonverbal
communication.
Back to Question
7 003 B Option B is correct because the student is not taking into account all of the
possible points of view that are likely to be discovered in the process of
conducting more comprehensive research. Blogs in particular do not adhere to
the more objective review standards of academic and professional research.
Option A is incorrect because neither the students research agenda nor the
blog post is necessarily untrue or dishonest. Option C is incorrect because the
scenario does not address the number of sources that the student uses or should
use; more blogs that support the students view will not make up for a lack of
objectivity. Option D is incorrect because the scenario does not address the
students emotional attitude about the research.
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8 003 C Option C is correct because a primary source is an original source, one that
was created or written during the time under study, and is not itself a historical
account; archaeological artifacts are often used as a primary source material.
Options A and B are incorrect because secondary (or indirect) sources
interpret primary sources, something a fossilized bone cannot do. Option D is
incorrect because preliminary sources are what a student may compile before
narrowing a topic, and the student in the scenario has already written the
speech.
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Back to Question
10 005 A Option A is correct because Justice Holmes, writing for the unanimous United
States Supreme Court in the case, asserted that the most stringent protection of
free speech would not protect a man falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing
a panic. . . . The question in every case is whether the words used are used in
such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present
danger. . . . Options B, C and D are incorrect because the saying does not
originate from these.
Back to Question
11 006 A, D Options A and D are correct because the act of smiling is a form of nonverbal
communication, and the speaker is adapting to the audience of dentists with the
joke about teeth. Option B is incorrect because outlining occurs during the
writing process, before the performance takes place. Option C is incorrect
because the scenario does not describe the speakers repetition of an initial
sound in a series of words. Option E is incorrect because vocal variety is
achieved by varying the voice pitch, tone, pace and volume while speaking.
Back to Question
12 006 D, E Options D and E are correct because people should acknowledge that they
filter all messages through their own experiences and that those experiences
affect their ability to listen effectively. Listeners can and should use the additional
time the process of comprehension grants them to ensure that they achieve as
full an understanding as possible of the senders message. Option A is incorrect
because hearing is a physical process and listening is a mental process. Option B
is incorrect because people must work to develop appropriate listening
strategies. Option C is incorrect because listening is a mental process whereby
listeners must provide feedback through verbal or nonverbal actions to
demonstrate that they have understood a message.
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Back to Question
14 007 C Option C is correct because speakers use metaphors to clarify the meaning of
ideas since metaphors help make abstract concepts more accessible by appealing
to the senses. Option A is incorrect because although delivery may support the
emphasis of a main idea, it cannot clarify a main idea. Option B is incorrect
because signposts signal transitions between main ideas instead of clarifying
them. Option D is incorrect because rhetorical questions usually serve as
introductions or transitions instead of enhancing the clarity of main ideas.
Back to Question
15 008 C Option C is correct because pathos is an emotional appeal; in this case, the
student is using emotion-laden languagea decaying worldin an attempt to
arouse the judges emotions and affect his or her decision. Option A is
incorrect because the argument does not contain inartistic proofs (e.g., facts,
examples, statistics) to appeal to the judges sense of logic. Option B is
incorrect because neither the scenario nor the debaters words suggest that the
credibility, expertise, or authority of the debater is at stake. Option D is
incorrect because the student is not moving from a serious argument to a trivial
one.
Back to Question
Back to Question
17 008 C Option C is correct because the recency effect, a type of serial position effect,
describes a situation in which items at the end of a list of information, such as
the arguments presented in a speech, are more likely to be recalled than those in
the middle. Option A is incorrect because although the primacy effect is also a
kind of serial position effect, it describes the same situation with respect to the
beginning, not the end, of a list. Option B is incorrect because a halo effect
describes a cognitive bias in which an observer has a positive disposition toward
something based on liking one aspect of it. Option D is incorrect because
motivated sequence describes a technique for organizing persuasive speeches
but does not concern the serial position effect described.
Back to Question
Back to Question
19 009 A, C, D Options A, C and D are correct because oral interpretation is based on limited
movement with few or no costumes or hand props; the interpretation can bring
many different forms of literature to life and can be read from a lectern.
However, stage actors become their characters based on a playwrights dramatic
script and do not generally use a lectern. Option B is incorrect because nothing
theoretically keeps either stage actors or oral interpreters from focusing on each
other or on audience members (i.e., both groups can use all of the various kinds
of focus). Option E is incorrect because both actors and group oral interpreters
may participate in choral speaking according to a playwrights stage directions or
a directors interpretation of the text.
Back to Question
20 010 A Option A is correct because during encoding, a person may choose from a wide
variety of verbal, paraverbal, and nonverbal symbols to create a message.
Option B is incorrect because decoding occurs when a person receives a
message; the firefighter in the scenario is sending a message. Option C is
incorrect because the firefighter is encoding and sending a message, not
receiving a message. Option D is incorrect because the firefighter is attempting
to enhance communication, and interference implies a decrease in
communication.
Back to Question
21 011 B Option B is correct because social groups are often formed through a sense of
unity derived from the mutual interests of their members. Options A and C are
incorrect because task groups and committees are formed often by a leader
to achieve an organizational goal. Option D is incorrect because a
delegations primary goal is to reach out to another person or group.
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26 014 D Option D is correct because critical listening involves the analysis of arguments.
Option A is incorrect because listening for enjoyment entails listening that
supports or changes emotions. Option B is incorrect because the student
listeners are not necessarily expected to become emotionally affected by the
speakers messages. Option C is incorrect because the student listeners are not
instructed to summarize the arguments and repeat them to the speakers.
Back to Question
27 015 D Option D is correct because a speaker should choose the best available means
to form an argument regardless of its formality. Option A is incorrect because
any argument may use pathos, not just a formal argument; also, using only
pathos may not be appropriate when other means are available and suitable.
Option B is incorrect because pathos may also be important in formal
argument. Option C is incorrect because speakers should not simply use all
three persuasive modes uncritically.
Back to Question
28 015 C Option C is correct because all research extends from the understanding,
analysis, and definition of descriptive terms and objects of evaluation in the
proposition. Option A is incorrect because value debate does not advocate a
plan; policy debate advocates a plan. Option B is incorrect because the choice
of values and criteria extends from a discussion of terms in the resolution.
Option D is incorrect because arguments on each side are circumscribed by the
discussion of terms in the resolution.
Back to Question
29 015 A Option A is correct because debaters are expected to be able to provide all
information required, including full MLA or APA citations as well as the
qualifications of the author, for all evidence they introduce in a debate. Option B
is incorrect because debaters are expected to deliver orally only the authors
last name, source, and year of publication when they present evidence in a
round. Option C is incorrect because in all debate events, debaters are
expected to deliver source information orally. Option D is incorrect because if a
meaningful piece of evidence is left out, it does not constitute evidence.
Back to Question
30 015 C Option C is correct because all topics, issues, and arguments must be flowed
from the first part of the debate round and from the second part of the debate
round, when it is vitally important that no new arguments are brought up.
Option A is incorrect because if debaters do not begin taking flow until the
rebuttals, it is more likely for them to allow opponents arguments to be dropped.
Option B is incorrect because while it is important to begin flow during the
constructive speeches, flow needs to continue throughout the debate. Option D
is incorrect because failure to flow their own arguments can result in having
debaters drop some quality arguments.
Back to Question
Back to Question
Back to Question
STUDY PLAN
What What
material do material do
I have for I need for Where can Dates
Content How well do studying studying I find the planned for
covered I know the this this materials study of Date
on test content? content? content? I need? content Completed
JOURNALS
Communication Education, National Communication Association.
http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rced20/current
Quarterly Journal of Speech, National Communication Association.
http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rqjs20/current
OTHER RESOURCES
Baxter, L. A. (2010). Voicing Relationships: A Dialogic Perspective. Thousand Oaks,
Calif.: Sage.
Braithwaite, D. O., and Schrodt, P. (Eds.) (2015). Engaging Theories in
Interpersonal Communication: Multiple Perspectives, Second Edition. Thousand
Oaks, Calif.: Sage.
Beebe, S. A., and Beebe, S. J. (2014). Public Speaking: An Audience-Centered
Approach, Ninth Edition. New York, N.Y.: Pearson.
Beebe, S., and Masterson, J. T. (2014). Communicating in Small Groups: Principles
and Practices, Eleventh Edition. New York, N.Y.: Pearson.
Biagi, S. (2015) Media/Impact: An Introduction to Mass Media. Eleventh Edition.
Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth.
DeVito, J. (2015). The Interpersonal Communication Book, Fourteenth Edition. New
York, N.Y.: Pearson.
Dixon, N. (2010). Readers Theatre: A Secondary Approach. Winnipeg, Canada:
Portage & Main Press.
Duck, S., and McMahan, D. T. (2015). Communication in Everyday Life, Second
Edition. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.
Edwards, R. (2008) Competitive Debate: The Official Guide. New York, N.Y.: Alpha
Books.
Engleberg, I., and Wynn, D. R. (2013). Working in Groups, Sixth Edition. New York,
N.Y.: Pearson.
Fassett, D. L., and Warren, J. T. (Eds.) (2010). The Sage Handbook of
Communication and Instruction. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.
Freeley, A. J., and Steinberg, D. L. (2014). Argumentation and Debate: Critical
Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, Tenth Edition. Boston, Mass.:
Wadsworth/Cengage Learning.
Griffin, E., Ledbetter, A., and Sparks, G. (2014). A First Look at Communication
Theory, Ninth Edition. New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill.
ONLINE RESOURCES
National Communication Association www.natcom.org
National Speech and Debate Association www.speechanddebate.org
Texas Speech Communication Association www.etsca.com