Problem Set For Hydro
Problem Set For Hydro
Problem Set For Hydro
Solution: For SAE 30 oil take = 891 kg/m 3 and take = 0.29 kg/ms at 20C (Table A.3)
and 0.01 kg/m-s at 100C (Fig A.1). Write the critical Reynolds number in terms of flow
rate Q:
VD 4Q 4(891 kg/m3 )Q
(a) Re crit = 2300 = = = ,
D (0.29 kg/ms)(0.05 m)
m3 m3
solve Q = 0.0293 = 106 Ans. (a)
s h
VD 4Q 4(891 kg/m3 )Q
(b) Re crit = 2300 = = = ,
D (0.010 kg/ms)(0.05 m)
m3 m3
solve Q = 0.00101 = 3.6 Ans. (b)
s h
V2 32 LV Fig. P6.21
z = + h f , where h f ,laminar =
2g gd 2
For water, take = 998 kg/m3 and = 0.001 kg/ms. (a) With z known, this is a
quadratic equation for the pipe velocity V:
V2 32(0.001 kg/ms)(0.2 m )V
0.2 m = + ,
2(9.81 m/s ) (998 kg/m3 )(9.81 m/s2 )(0.002 m )2
2
m
or: 0.051V 2 + 0.1634V 0.2 = 0, Solve for V = 0.945 ,
s
m m 3
m 3
Q = (0.002 m)2 0.945 = 2.97E6 = 0.0107 Ans. (a)
4 s s h
(b) The roof area needed for maximum rainfall is 0.0107 m3/h 0.005 m/h = 2.14 m2. Ans. (b)
(c) The Reynolds number of the gutter is Red = (998)(0.945)(0.002)/(0.001) = 1890
laminar. Ans. (c)
6.29 Oil, with = 890 kg/m3 and = 0.07 kg/ms, flows through a horizontal pipe 15 m
long. The power delivered to the flow is 1 hp. (a) What is the appropriate pipe diameter if
the flow is at the laminar transition point? For this condition, what are (b) Q in m3/h; and
(c) w in kPa?
Solution: (a, b) Set the Reynolds number equal to 2300 and the (laminar) power equal to 1 hp:
32 LV
Power = 1 hp = 745.7 W = Qplaminar = d 2V = 32(0.07)(15)V 2
4 d 2 4
m
Solve for V = 5.32 and d = 0.034 m Ans. (a)
s
It follows that Q = ( /4)d V = ( /4)(0.034 m) (5.32 m/s) = 0.00484 m /s = 17.4 m /h
2 2 3 3 Ans. (b)
(c) From Eq. (6.12), the wall shear stress is
Solution: The shear stress between parallel plates is constant, so the centerline velocity
must be exactly u = V/2 at y = h/2. Anti-symmetric log-laws form, one with increasing
velocity for 0 < y < h/2, and one with decreasing velocity for h/2 < y < h, as shown below:
The match-point at the center gives us a log-law estimate of the shear stress:
V 1 hu*
ln + B, 0.41, B 5.0, u* = ( w / )1/2 Ans.
2u* 2
This is one form of dimensionless shear stress. The more normal form is friction
coefficient versus Reynolds number. Calculations from the log-law fit a Power-law
curve-fit expression in the range 2000 < Reh < 1E5:
w 0.018 0.018
Cf = = Ans.
(1/2)V 2
(Vh/ )1/4
Re1h/4
6.40 Theodore von Krmn in 1930 theorized that turbulent shear could be represented
by turb = du/dy where = 2y2du/dy is called the mixing-length eddy viscosity and
0.41 is Krmns dimensionless mixing-length constant [2,3]. Assuming that turb w
near the wall, show that this expression can be integrated to yield the logarithmic-overlap
law, Eq. (6.28).
du 2 2 du du du u*
turb w = u*2 = = y , solve for =
dy dy dy dy y
u* dy u*
Integrate: du = y
, or: u =
ln(y) + constant Ans.
To convert this to the exact form of Eq. (6.28) requires fitting to experimental data.
______________________________________________________________________________________
minor losses, derive a formula for the time to empty the tank from an initial level ho.
Fig. P6.54
Solution: With no driving pressure and negligible tank surface velocity, the energy
equation can be combined with a control-volume mass conservation:
V2 L V2 2 gh dh
h(t ) = + fav , or: Qout = ApipeV = D 2 = WY
2g D 2g 4 1 + fav L/D dt
( )
t 0
2g dh
4
D2
1 + fav L/D dt = WY
h
= WY 0 2 ho
0 ho
1/2
4WY 2 ho (1 + fav L/ D )
Clean this up to obtain: tdrain Ans.
D2 g
HGL accurately.
V2 L V2 L V2
z1 z 2 = 20 m = 2 + h f2 + h f1 + h turbine , h f1 = f1 1 1 and h f2 = f2 2 2
2g d1 2g d 2 2g
P 400 W
Also, h turbine = = and Q = d12 V1 = d 22 V2
gQ 998(9.81)Q 4 4
The only unknown is Q, which we may determine by iteration after an initial guess:
400 8f L Q 2 8f L Q 2 8Q 2
h turb = = 20 12 1 5 22 2 5 2 4
998(9.81)Q gd1 gd 2 gd 2
m3 4Q
Guess Q = 0.003 , then Re1 = = 63500, f1,Moody 0.0226,
s d1
Re 2 = 95300, f2 0.0228.
But, for this guess, hturb(left hand side) 13.62 m, hturb(right hand side) 14.53 m (wrong).
3 3
Other guesses converge to hturb 9.9 meters. For Q 0.00413 m /s 15 m /h. Ans.
6.83 For the system of Fig. P6.55, let z =
80 m and L = 185 m of cast-iron pipe.
What is the pipe diameter for which the
3
flow rate will be 7 m /h?
P6.93 In Moodys Example 6.6, the 6-inch diameter, 200-ft-long asphalted cast iron pipe has a
pressure drop of about 280 lbf/ft2 when the average water velocity is 6 ft/s. Compare this to an
annular cast iron pipe with an inner diameter of 6 in and the same annular average velocity of 6
2
(a) What outer diameter would cause the flow to have the same pressure drop of 280 lbf/ft ?
ft/s.
(b) How do the cross-section areas compare, and why? Use the hydraulic diameter
approximation.
Solution: Recall the Ex. 6.6 data, = 0.0004 ft. For water at 68F, take = 1.94 slug/ft3 and =
2.09E-5 slug/ft-sec. The hydraulic diameter of an annulus is Dh = 2(Ro Ri), where Ri = 0.25 ft.
We know the pressure drop, hence the head loss is
L V2 200 ft (6 ft / s ) 2 p 280 lbf / ft 2
hf = f = f = = = 4.49 ft
Dh 2 g 2( Ro 0.25 ft ) 32.2 ft / s 2 g 62.4 lbf / ft 3
We do not know f or Ro. The additional relation is the Moody friction factor correlation:
1 / Dh 2.51 VDh (1.94)(6.0)[2( Ro 0.25)]
2.0 log10 ( + ) where Re Dh = =
f 3 .7 Re Dh f 2.09 E 5
(a) For = 0.0004 ft, solve these two simultaneously, using EES or Excel, to obtain
(b) The annular gap is 0.498 0.25 = 0.248 ft, just about equal to the inner radius. However, the
annular area is three times the area of Moodys pipe! Ans .(b) The annular pipe has much
more wall area than a hollow pipe, more friction, so more area is needed to match the pressure
drop.
6.109 In Fig. P6.109 there are 125 ft of
2-in pipe, 75 ft of 6-in pipe, and 150 ft of
Solution: For water at 20C, take = 1.94 slug/ft3 and = 2.09E5 slug/fts. For cast
iron, 0.00085 ft. The 2, 6, and 3 pipes have, respectively,
The flow rate is known, so each velocity, Reynolds number, and f can be calculated:
0.16 ft 1.94(7.33)(2/12)
Va = = 7.33 ; Rea = = 113500, fa 0.0314
(2/12) /4
2
s 2.09E5
The turbine head equals the elevation difference minus losses and the exit velocity head:
h t = z h f h m Vc2 /(2g)
(7.33)2
= 100 [0.0314(750) + 0.5 + 3(0.95) + 0.79]
2(32.2)
(0.82)2 (3.26)2
(0.0266)(150) [0.0287(600) + 6.3 + 1] 72.8 ft
2(32.2) 2(32.2)
The resulting turbine power = gQht = (62.4)(0.16)(72.8) 550 1.32 hp. Ans.
Fig. P6.113
Solution: For water at 20C, take = 998 kg/m3 and = 0.001 kg/ms. For galvanized
iron, = 0.15 mm. Assume turbulent flow, with p the same for each leg:
L1 V12 V22 L2
h f1 = f1 = h f2 + h m2 = f2 d + 1.5 ,
d1 2g 2g 2
When the friction factors are correctly found from the Moody chart, these two equations
may be solved for the two velocities (or flow rates). Begin by guessing f 0.020:
60 V1
2
V22 55
(0.02) = (0.02) + 1.5 , solve for V1 1.10V2
0.05 2(9.81) 2(9.81) 0.04
m m
then (0.05)2 (1.10V2 ) + (0.04)2 V2 = 0.036. Solve V2 10.54
, V1 11.59
4 4 s s
Correct Re1 578000, f1 0.0264, Re 2 421000, f2 0.0282, repeat.
The 2nd iteration converges: f1 0.0264, V1 = 11.69 m/s, f2 0.0282, V2 = 10.37 m/s,
L1 V12 L 2 V22
p = f1 = f2 + 1.5 2.16E6 Pa Ans. (b)
d1 2 d2 2
C6.4 Suppose you build a house out in the boonies, where you need to run a pipe to
the nearest water supply, which fortunately is about 1 km above the elevation of your
house. The gage pressure at the water supply is 1 MPa. You require a minimum of
3 gal/min when your end of the pipe is open to the atmosphere. To minimize cost, you
want to buy the smallest possible diameter pipe with an extremely smooth surface.
(a) Find the total head loss from pipe inlet to exit, neglecting minor losses.
(b) Which is more important to this
problem, the head loss due to elevation
difference, or the head loss due to pressure
drop in the pipe?
(c) Find the minimum required pipe diameter.
L V2 1 2.51 Q
hf = f , L = 6000 m, = 2 log , V = 2 ,
d 2g f Re f d /4
m3 Vd
Q = 1.89E4
, Re =
s v
We are given hf = 1102 m and water = 1.005E6 m /s. We can iterate, if necessary, or
2
use EES, which can swiftly arrive at the final result: