Bod

INTRODUCTION
Biochemical oxygen demand is a test which determines the amount

of organic material in wastewater by measuring the oxygen consumed by
microorganisms in decomposing organic constituents of the waste. The
higher the BOD, the more oxygen will be demanded from the waste to
break down the organics. The BOD test is most commonly used to
measure waste loading at treatment plants and in evaluating the
efficiency of wastewater treatment.
The BOD test is performed by incubating a sealed wastewater

sample for the standard 5-day period, then determining the change in
dissolved oxygen content. The bottle size, incubation temperature, and
incubation period are all specified. Most wastewaters contain more oxygen
demanding materials than the amount of DO available in air-saturated
water.
Therefore, it is necessary to dilute the sample before incubation to

bring the oxygen demand and supply into appropriate balance. Because
bacterial growth requires nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous, and
trace metals, these are added to the dilution water, which is buffered to
ensure that the pH of the incubated sample remains in a range suitable
for bacterial growth. Complete stabilization of a sample may require a
period of incubation too long for practical purposes; therefore, 5-day
period has been accepted as the standard incubation period.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of the experiment is to determine the biochemical
oxygen demand of a sample.
APPARATUS
1. BOD bottles
2. Cylinder
3. Glass
4. Glass stoppers
5. Plastic caps
6. Dilution water containing nutrient buffer
7. Pipet
8. Incubator
PROCEDURE
1. Prepare the dilution water using a BOD Nutrient Buffer Pillow.
2. Select the sample volumes.
3. Stir the sample gently with the pipet. Use the pipet to add the
minimum sample volume to the first BOD bottle.
4. Add the remaining four sample volumes to four more BOD bottles.
Mark the bottles and record the contents of each bottle.
5. Fill an additional BOD bottle with dilution water only. This will be the
dilution water blank.
6. Fill each bottle to just below the lip with dilution water. Allow the
dilution water to flow down the sides of the bottle to prevent air
bubbles from becoming trapped in the bottle.
7. Stopper the bottles carefully to prevent air bubbles from becoming
trapped. Tightly twist the stopper into place. Press down on the
stopper and invert the bottles several times to mix.
8. Measure the initial dissolved oxygen concentration in each bottle.
9. Stopper the bottles carefully to prevent air bubbles from becoming
trapped. Add dilution to the lip of each BOD bottle to make a water
seal.
10. Place a plastic cap over the lip of each bottle. Put the bottles
in an incubator. Incubate for five days.
11. Calculate the BOD value.
DISCUSSION
From the study that we have make, we got the data of BOD test
after the sample were incubated in five days at 20c. We have done the
sample by using 4 difference amount of dilution water with nutrient of
0ml, 60ml, 80ml and 100ml as the microorganism food that content in the
water sample.
For 0ml, the initial diluted oxygen (DO) is 8.07 and the remaining DO
is 7.60. This should not be happen because the blank one must not
change more than 0.02mg/l. There is must be some careless mistake
when test the sample.
For 60ml, 80ml and 100ml, the initial DO is 7.83, 7.80 and 7.71 and
the remaining DO for each sample is 4.60, 3.26 and 1.87. After we got this
data, we can say that we got the right data because it meet all criteria of
the remaining DO is at least 1mg/l and the final DO value at least 2mg/l
lower than the initial DO value.
CONCLUSION
Biochemical Oxygen Demand is an important water quality
parameter because it provides an index to assess the effect discharged
wastewater will have on the receiving environment. The higher the BOD
value, the higher the amount of organic matter or food available for
oxygen consuming bacteria.
TABLE OF CONTENT
NO CONTENT PAGE
1 INTRODUCTION
2 OBJECTIVE
3 APPARATUS
4 PROCEDURE
5 DATA AND RESULT
6 DISCUSSION
7 CONCLUSION
8 APPENDIX
9 REFERENCE
REFERENCE
https://www.google.com/search?
q=BOD&oq=BOD&aqs=chrome..69i57j0l5.839j0j8&sourceid=chrome
&ie=UTF-
8#q=what+is+the+main+sources+of+error+in+a+BOD+test
http://www.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_main_sources_of_error_in_a
_BOD_test#slide=2
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
q=introduction+of+biochemical+oxygen+demand+for+wastewater&
hl=en&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholart&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiUsvW
E
DATA AND CALCULATION
GROUP B
P (volumetric D (1) D (2) P BOD

fraction)
Blank 8.07 7.60 O/300 0
60 ml 7.83 4.60 60/300 16.15
80 ml 7.80 3.26 80/300 16.81
100 ml 7.71 1.87 100/300 17.70
GROUP A
P (volumetric D (1) D (2) P BOD

fraction)
Blank 1 8.07 7.65 O/300 0
Blank 2 8.09 7.76 0/300 0
60 ml 7.86 5.02 60/300 14.20
80 ml 7.82 3.79 80/300 14.96
100 ml 7.73 1.81 100/300 17.94

PRE-LAB QUESTION
1. What is the need for using seeded dilution water in the BOD
test?
The purpose of seeding is to introduce a biological population

capable of oxidising the organic matter in the sample. Seeding would not
be necessary for domestic and municipal sewage, un-chlorine treated
effluents and surface waters. When there is a reason to believe that the
sample contains very few microorganisms, for example as a result of
chlorination, high temperature, extreme pH or because of the specific
composition of some industrial wastes, the dilution water should be
seeded.
Correction must be carried out to account for the oxygen consumed in

oxidation of organic matter carried with the seed. The volume of seed
added to the dilution water should be recorded and parallel seed control
test should be run to determine the BOD of the seed.
2. What are the main sources of error in a BOD test?
With regard to temperature, generally the rate of the BOD reaction

increases with increasing temperature. In the laboratory, therefore, the
BOD test is carried out at a standard temperature of 27C in order that
results are comparable with each other. It is important to remember,
however, that in the environment the oxygen demand reaction may
proceed at a greater or lesser rate depending upon the ambient
temperature.
3. What is the significance of BOD?
The concentration of micro-organisms present in the watercourse or

water sample bottle also has an effect on the rate of the BOD reaction.
Under normal circumstances there are usually sufficient numbers of
suitable microorganisms present to allow the BOD reaction to proceed.
Occasionally, however, particularly if the water contains chemicals which

are toxic to bacteria, no, or few, microorganisms are present to carry out
the oxygen demand reaction. If the BOD of such a sample were to be
determined, it would produce a result much lower than the concentration
of organic matter in the sample would suggest. To prevent this false low
result in the laboratory, the sample must be seeded with suitable
bacteria. Usually a small amount of settled raw sewage is used as a
source of seed. In case the waste is toxic in nature an acclimated seed
must be developed.
TABLE OF CONTENT
NO CONTENT PAGE
1 INTRODUCTION
2 OBJECTIVE
3 APPARATUS
4 PROCEDURE
5 DATA AND CALCULATION
6 PRE-LAB QUESTION
7 DISCUSSION
8 CONCLUSION
9 REFERENCE
10 APPENDIX
APPENDIX

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INTRODUCTION

Biochemical oxygen demand is a test which determines the amount

The BOD test is performed by incubating a sealed wastewater

Therefore, it is necessary to dilute the sample before incubation to

5 DATA AND RESULT

P (volumetric D (1) D (2) P BOD

60 ml 7.83 4.60 60/300 16.15

80 ml 7.80 3.26 80/300 16.81

100 ml 7.71 1.87 100/300 17.70

P (volumetric D (1) D (2) P BOD

Blank 2 8.09 7.76 0/300 0

60 ml 7.86 5.02 60/300 14.20

80 ml 7.82 3.79 80/300 14.96

100 ml 7.73 1.81 100/300 17.94

The purpose of seeding is to introduce a biological population

Correction must be carried out to account for the oxygen consumed in

2. What are the main sources of error in a BOD test?

With regard to temperature, generally the rate of the BOD reaction

3. What is the significance of BOD?

The concentration of micro-organisms present in the watercourse or

Occasionally, however, particularly if the water contains chemicals which

5 DATA AND CALCULATION

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