Lecture 0: Functions and Graphs

Chandra Vaidyanathan

Chairman, Department of Mathematics,

Dayananda Sagar University, Bengaluru.
[email protected]

August 27, 2015

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 1 / 13

Single Variable Calculus

Differential Calculus in One Variable

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 2 / 13

Single Variable Calculus

Differential Calculus in One Variable

Functions and graphs

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 2 / 13

Single Variable Calculus

Differential Calculus in One Variable

Functions and graphs
Limits and Continuity

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 2 / 13

Single Variable Calculus

Differential Calculus in One Variable

Functions and graphs
Limits and Continuity
Differentiation

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 2 / 13

Single Variable Calculus

Differential Calculus in One Variable

Functions and graphs
Limits and Continuity
Differentiation
Maxima and minima of a function

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 2 / 13

Single Variable Calculus

Differential Calculus in One Variable

Functions and graphs
Limits and Continuity
Differentiation
Maxima and minima of a function
Rolles Theorem, Mean Value Theorem

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 2 / 13

Single Variable Calculus

Differential Calculus in One Variable

Functions and graphs
Limits and Continuity
Differentiation
Maxima and minima of a function
Rolles Theorem, Mean Value Theorem
Indeterminate forms and LHopitals rule

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 2 / 13

Single Variable Calculus

Differential Calculus in One Variable

Functions and graphs
Limits and Continuity
Differentiation
Maxima and minima of a function
Rolles Theorem, Mean Value Theorem
Indeterminate forms and LHopitals rule
Infinite sequences and series, Power series

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 2 / 13

Single Variable Calculus

Differential Calculus in One Variable

Functions and graphs
Limits and Continuity
Differentiation
Maxima and minima of a function
Rolles Theorem, Mean Value Theorem
Indeterminate forms and LHopitals rule
Infinite sequences and series, Power series
Taylors and Maclaurins series, Convergence of Taylors series, Error
Estimates

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 2 / 13

Introduction to functions

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 3 / 13

Introduction to functions

The grade one obtains in this class depends on the effort one puts in

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 3 / 13

Introduction to functions

The grade one obtains in this class depends on the effort one puts in
The temperature at which water boils depends on the elevation above
sea level

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 3 / 13

Introduction to functions

The grade one obtains in this class depends on the effort one puts in
The temperature at which water boils depends on the elevation above
sea level
The area of circle depends on its radius

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 3 / 13

Introduction to functions

The grade one obtains in this class depends on the effort one puts in
The temperature at which water boils depends on the elevation above
sea level
The area of circle depends on its radius
The volume of a cube depends on the length of its sides.

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 3 / 13

Introduction to functions

The grade one obtains in this class depends on the effort one puts in
The temperature at which water boils depends on the elevation above
sea level
The area of circle depends on its radius
The volume of a cube depends on the length of its sides.
So how do we make explicit this dependency?

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 3 / 13

Introduction to functions

The grade one obtains in this class depends on the effort one puts in
The temperature at which water boils depends on the elevation above
sea level
The area of circle depends on its radius
The volume of a cube depends on the length of its sides.
So how do we make explicit this dependency? It is through the concept of
a function.

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 3 / 13

Introduction to functions

The grade one obtains in this class depends on the effort one puts in
The temperature at which water boils depends on the elevation above
sea level
The area of circle depends on its radius
The volume of a cube depends on the length of its sides.
So how do we make explicit this dependency? It is through the concept of
a function.
It was Leibnitz who introduced the term function, to refer to certain kinds
of mathematical formulae, but its scope was widened over time.

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 3 / 13

Introduction to functions

Definition
A function is a correspondence which associates with each element of a
set X , one and only one element of another set, Y .

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 4 / 13

Introduction to functions

Definition
A function is a correspondence which associates with each element of a
set X , one and only one element of another set, Y . The set X is called
the domain of the function.

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 4 / 13

Introduction to functions

Definition
A function is a correspondence which associates with each element of a
set X , one and only one element of another set, Y . The set X is called
the domain of the function. Those elements of Y associated with the
elements in X form a set called the range of the function.

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 4 / 13

Introduction to functions

Definition
A function is a correspondence which associates with each element of a
set X , one and only one element of another set, Y . The set X is called
the domain of the function. Those elements of Y associated with the
elements in X form a set called the range of the function.

The domain and range of a function can be any set of objects and do not
necessarily have to consist of numbers.

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 4 / 13

Introduction to functions

Definition
A function is a correspondence which associates with each element of a
set X , one and only one element of another set, Y . The set X is called
the domain of the function. Those elements of Y associated with the
elements in X form a set called the range of the function.

The domain and range of a function can be any set of objects and do not
necessarily have to consist of numbers.
QUESTION:
Give an example of a function whose domain or range is not a set of real
numbers.

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 4 / 13

Introduction to functions

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 5 / 13

Introduction to functions
Remark
Suppose we assign an area to a plane region.

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 5 / 13

Introduction to functions
Remark
Suppose we assign an area to a plane region. When we do this, we
associate a number with a set S in the plane.

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 5 / 13

Introduction to functions
Remark
Suppose we assign an area to a plane region. When we do this, we
associate a number with a set S in the plane. We thus, have a function,
which assigns a real number a(S), to each set S in some given collection
of sets.

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 5 / 13

Introduction to functions
Remark
Suppose we assign an area to a plane region. When we do this, we
associate a number with a set S in the plane. We thus, have a function,
which assigns a real number a(S), to each set S in some given collection
of sets. Such a function is a set function.

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 5 / 13

Introduction to functions
Remark
Suppose we assign an area to a plane region. When we do this, we
associate a number with a set S in the plane. We thus, have a function,
which assigns a real number a(S), to each set S in some given collection
of sets. Such a function is a set function.

Remark
In our course, we will primarily deal with functions whose domain and
range are sets of real numbers.

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 5 / 13

Introduction to functions
Remark
Suppose we assign an area to a plane region. When we do this, we
associate a number with a set S in the plane. We thus, have a function,
which assigns a real number a(S), to each set S in some given collection
of sets. Such a function is a set function.

Remark
In our course, we will primarily deal with functions whose domain and
range are sets of real numbers.Such functions are called real valued
functions of a real variable or more briefly, real functions.

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 5 / 13

Introduction to functions
Remark
Suppose we assign an area to a plane region. When we do this, we
associate a number with a set S in the plane. We thus, have a function,
which assigns a real number a(S), to each set S in some given collection
of sets. Such a function is a set function.

Remark
In our course, we will primarily deal with functions whose domain and
range are sets of real numbers.Such functions are called real valued
functions of a real variable or more briefly, real functions.

Remark
When we define a function, f (x), with a formula and the domain is not
stated, the domain is assumed to be the largest set of x-values for which
the formula gives real y -values.
Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 5 / 13
Introduction to functions
Remark
Suppose we assign an area to a plane region. When we do this, we
associate a number with a set S in the plane. We thus, have a function,
which assigns a real number a(S), to each set S in some given collection
of sets. Such a function is a set function.

Remark
In our course, we will primarily deal with functions whose domain and
range are sets of real numbers.Such functions are called real valued
functions of a real variable or more briefly, real functions.

Remark
When we define a function, f (x), with a formula and the domain is not
stated, the domain is assumed to be the largest set of x-values for which
the formula gives real y -values. This is the functions natural domain.
Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 5 / 13
Some basic functions

EXAMPLE:
1 Identity function

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 6 / 13

Some basic functions

EXAMPLE:
1 Identity function

2 Constant functions

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 6 / 13

Some basic functions

EXAMPLE:
1 Identity function

2 Constant functions
3 Linear functions

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 6 / 13

Some basic functions

EXAMPLE:
1 Identity function

2 Constant functions
3 Linear functions
4 Power functions

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 6 / 13

Some basic functions

EXAMPLE:
1 Identity function

2 Constant functions
3 Linear functions
4 Power functions
5 Polynomial functions

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 6 / 13

Some basic functions

EXAMPLE:
1 Identity function

2 Constant functions
3 Linear functions
4 Power functions
5 Polynomial functions

QUESTION:
Find the domain and range of the following functions:

1 f (x) = 4 x2
1
2 f (x) =
x 3

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 6 / 13

New functions from old
If f and g are two functions, we can generate a new function, f + g , called
the sum, with the following definition:

(f + g )(x) = f (x) + g (x)

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 7 / 13

New functions from old
If f and g are two functions, we can generate a new function, f + g , called
the sum, with the following definition:

(f + g )(x) = f (x) + g (x)

QUESTION:
What can we say about the domain of f + g ?

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 7 / 13

New functions from old
If f and g are two functions, we can generate a new function, f + g , called
the sum, with the following definition:

(f + g )(x) = f (x) + g (x)

QUESTION:
What can we say about the domain of f + g ?

We can similary define the difference function, f g , which would defined

as:
(f g )(x) = f (x) g (x)

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 7 / 13

New functions from old
If f and g are two functions, we can generate a new function, f + g , called
the sum, with the following definition:

(f + g )(x) = f (x) + g (x)

QUESTION:
What can we say about the domain of f + g ?

We can similary define the difference function, f g , which would defined

as:
(f g )(x) = f (x) g (x)
with the domain of definition being identical to that of the sum function.

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 7 / 13

New functions from old
If f and g are two functions, we can generate a new function, f + g , called
the sum, with the following definition:

(f + g )(x) = f (x) + g (x)

QUESTION:
What can we say about the domain of f + g ?

We can similary define the difference function, f g , which would defined

as:
(f g )(x) = f (x) g (x)
with the domain of definition being identical to that of the sum function.
QUESTION:
Can you think of other ways of generating new functions from old,
together with an expression for the domain of the new function?
Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 7 / 13
New functions from old

Remark
f .g and f /g can be defined similarly, with the obvious condition that the
denominator cannot be zero for the quotient function.

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 8 / 13

New functions from old

Remark
f .g and f /g can be defined similarly, with the obvious condition that the
denominator cannot be zero for the quotient function.

QUESTION:

Find the following if f (x) = x and g (x) = x + 1:

(f + g )(x), (f g )(x), (f g )(x), (f /g )(x)

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 8 / 13

New functions from old

Remark
f .g and f /g can be defined similarly, with the obvious condition that the
denominator cannot be zero for the quotient function.

QUESTION:

Find the following if f (x) = x and g (x) = x + 1:

(f + g )(x), (f g )(x), (f g )(x), (f /g )(x)

Composition of functions
Another completely different way to generate a new function is through
composition of functions, f g , defined as:

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 8 / 13

New functions from old

Remark
f .g and f /g can be defined similarly, with the obvious condition that the
denominator cannot be zero for the quotient function.

QUESTION:

Find the following if f (x) = x and g (x) = x + 1:

(f + g )(x), (f g )(x), (f g )(x), (f /g )(x)

Composition of functions
Another completely different way to generate a new function is through
composition of functions, f g , defined as: (f g )(x) = f (g (x)).

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 8 / 13

New functions from old

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 9 / 13

New functions from old

The definition says that two functions can be composed, when the range
of the first lies in the domain of the second. Here, we ought to be a bit
careful about the domain of the composed function. Its domain is given by
the set of all x such that x is in the domain of g and g (x) in the domain
of f .

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 9 / 13

New functions from old

The definition says that two functions can be composed, when the range
of the first lies in the domain of the second. Here, we ought to be a bit
careful about the domain of the composed function. Its domain is given by
the set of all x such that x is in the domain of g and g (x) in the domain
of f .

QUESTION:

Find the following if f (x) = x and g (x) = x + 1:

(f g )(x), (g f )(x), (f f )(x), (g g )(x)

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 9 / 13

New functions from old

The definition says that two functions can be composed, when the range
of the first lies in the domain of the second. Here, we ought to be a bit
careful about the domain of the composed function. Its domain is given by
the set of all x such that x is in the domain of g and g (x) in the domain
of f .

QUESTION:

Find the following if f (x) = x and g (x) = x + 1:

(f g )(x), (g f )(x), (f f )(x), (g g )(x)

Graph of a function
The graph of a function is the graph of y = f (x), with (x, f (x)) being the
coordinate for every point x in the domain of the function f . For some
useful graphs, refer to pg. 21 of Calculus and Analytic Geometry by
Thomas and Finney, Ninth Edition.
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Symmetries of a function
A function is said to be even, if f (x) = f (x), for all x in the domain of
f.

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 10 / 13

Symmetries of a function
A function is said to be even, if f (x) = f (x), for all x in the domain of
f . The graph of an even function is symmetric about the y -axis. A
function is said to be odd, if f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of f .

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 10 / 13

Symmetries of a function
A function is said to be even, if f (x) = f (x), for all x in the domain of
f . The graph of an even function is symmetric about the y -axis. A
function is said to be odd, if f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of f .
The graph of an odd function is origin symmetric.

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 10 / 13

Symmetries of a function
A function is said to be even, if f (x) = f (x), for all x in the domain of
f . The graph of an even function is symmetric about the y -axis. A
function is said to be odd, if f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of f .
The graph of an odd function is origin symmetric.

QUESTION:
Explore the symmetries of the following functions:

f (x) = x 2 , f (x) = x 3 , f (x) = sin(x), f (x) = cos(x)

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 10 / 13

Periodic functions

A function, f (x) is said to be periodic, if f (x + T ) = f (x), for all x. The

smallest such T for which this equation is satisfied is called the period of
the function.

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 11 / 13

Periodic functions

A function, f (x) is said to be periodic, if f (x + T ) = f (x), for all x. The

smallest such T for which this equation is satisfied is called the period of
the function.
QUESTION:
Is sin(x) periodic? If it is periodic, what is its period? Is it also symmetric
about either the y-axis or the origin?

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 11 / 13

Periodic functions

A function, f (x) is said to be periodic, if f (x + T ) = f (x), for all x. The

smallest such T for which this equation is satisfied is called the period of
the function.
QUESTION:
Is sin(x) periodic? If it is periodic, what is its period? Is it also symmetric
about either the y-axis or the origin?

QUESTION:
What about tan(x)?

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 11 / 13

Piecewise functions

Sometimes we need to define a function with different formulas for

different parts of its domain. Such a function is called piecewise function.

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 12 / 13

Piecewise functions

Sometimes we need to define a function with different formulas for

different parts of its domain. Such a function is called piecewise function.
EXAMPLE:
The absolute value function, f (x) = |x|, is a piecewise function, since for
those values of x between and 0, |x| = x and those between 0 and
, |x| = x.

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 12 / 13

Piecewise functions

Sometimes we need to define a function with different formulas for

different parts of its domain. Such a function is called piecewise function.
EXAMPLE:
The absolute value function, f (x) = |x|, is a piecewise function, since for
those values of x between and 0, |x| = x and those between 0 and
, |x| = x.

QUESTION:
Can you think of other piecewise functions?

Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Functions and Graphs August 27, 2015 12 / 13

Further Reading and Problems

READING ASSIGNMENT: pg. 17-24 from Calculus and Analytic

Geometry by Thomas and Finney, Ninth Edition.

PRACTICE PROBLEMS: From Functions and Graphs Exercises,

Problems 1, 3, 7, 11, 27, 33, 35, 39, 41, 43, 45, 55 (taken from Calculus and
Analytic Geometry by Thomas and Finney, Ninth Edition).

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