CHAPTER

2.1 understand matrix

2.1.1 Identify the characteristics and order of a matrix

2.1.2 Write the identify of a matrix

2.1.3 Write the transposition of a matrix

2.2 Calculate the operation of matrices

2.2.1 Addition of matrices

2.2.2 Substraction of matrices

2.2.3 Multiplication of matrices

2.3 Solve simultaneous linear equations up to three variables

2.3.1 Use inverse method

2.3.2 Use Cramers Rule

Matrices

2.1 Understand matrix

2.1.1 Identify the characteristics and order of a matrix

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers.

a11 a12 a13 ... a1n rows

a 21 a 22 a 23 ... a 2 n


a am2 a m3 ... a mn
m1

columns

Numbers in any matrix called as elements and it will be arranged following by row and column

The size of the matrix is called its order, and it is denoted by rows and columns.

Example:

6 8
a) 6 7 = 3 x 2 matrix
8 3

2
b) 6 = 3 x 1 matrix
5

2 7 8
6 1 3
c) = 2 x 3 matrix
2.1.2 Write the identity of a matrix

The matrix I is called an identity matrix because IA = A and AI = A for all matrices A. This is
similar to the number 1, which is called the multiplicative identity, because 1a = a and a1 = a for
all real numbers a.

There is no matrix that works as an identity for matrices of all dimensions. For NN square
matrices there is a matrix INN that works as an identity.

Identity matrix (I)

Is also a square matrix where all the main diagonal entries are 1 and all the other entries are
zero.

1 0 0
1 0
0 1 0
0 1
0 0 1

2.1.3 Write the transposition of a matrix

The transpose of a matrix is a new matrix whose rows are the columns of the original (which
makes its columns the rows of the original). Here is a matrix and its transpose

1 3 9 1 4 7
If A = 4 2 5 therefore the transpose of matrix A, A = 3 2 8
T

7 8 3 9 5 3

The superscript "T" means "transpose"

2.2 Calculate the operation of matrices

2.2.1 Addition of matrices

If two matrices have the same number of rows and same number of columns, then the matrix
sum can be computed

Example:

3 2 1 7 8 9
Let A = 4 5 6 and B = 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5 2

Addition

3 2 1 7 8 9
A+B = 4 5 6 + 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5 2

7 + 3 =10

10 10 10
6 + 5 = 11
= 7 9 11
5 7 5

2.2.2 Substraction of matrices

Example:

If A and B have the same number of rows and columns, then A - B is defined as A + (-B)

3 2 1 7 8 9
AB = 4 5 6 - 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5 2

2 - 8 =-6

4 6 8
= 1 1 1
3 3 1

2 - 5 = -3
2.2.3 Multiplication of matrices

Example :

3 2 1 7 8 9
Let A = 4 5 6 and B = 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5 2

Scalar multiplication

To multiply a matrix by a scalar, multiply each element of the matrix by the scalar

Example :

3 2 1
Let A = 4 5 6
1 2 3

3 2 1 3 2
yA = y x 4 5 6 = 4 5 6
1 2 3 2 3

Between matrices

If two rectangular matrices are put in order so that the inner dimension is the same in each, then
the matrices can be multiplied. The result is (in general) a rectangular matrix:

ARN *BNC = ZRC

The product AB (if it can be formed) has the same number of rows as A and the same number of
columns as B. You can think of this as "canceling" the inner dimension. If the inner dimension
cannot be canceled, then the product cannot be formed.
Look at the following product. (For now, ignore how the elements were calculated.)

6 8 52 66
2 3
6 7 = 47 60
5 6
8 3 31 42

This is a 32 matrix times a 22 matrix. The result is a 32 matrix.

Example :

3 2 1 7 8 9
Let A = 4 5 6 and B = 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5 2

3 2 1 7 8 9
AxB= 4 5 6 x 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5 2

(3x7) + (2x3) + (1x4) = 31

(3x8) + (2x4) + (1x5) = 37

31 37 39 (3x9) + (2x5) + (1x2) = 39

= 67 82 73
25 31 25
2.3 Solve simultaneous linear equations up to three variables

2.3.1 Use inverse method

Let say we want to solve this linear equations/system by using Inverse method

7x + 8y + 9z = p
3x + 4 y + 5 z = p
4x + 5 y + 2z = p

Steps:

1. Rewrite in form of Ax = b

2. Find Inverse of matrix = | |

a. Determinant of matrix A
b. Minor matrix of A
c. Cofactor matrix of A
d. Adjoint matrix of A

3. Solve the variables

= !

a. Determinant

The determinant of a matrix is a special number that can be calculated from the matrix.
It tells us things about the matrixes that are useful in system of linear equations, in
calculus and more.

The symbol for determinant is two vertical lines either side.

|"| #$%&' ()$ *$($+#,&%&( -. ()$ #%(+,/ "

Calculating the Determinant

First of all the matrix must be square (i.e. have the same number of rows as columns).
Then it is just a matter of basic arithmetic. Here is how:
 For a 22 Matrix

For a 22 matrix (2 rows and 2 columns):

0 !
1
A=

The determinant is:

|A| = ad - bc
"The determinant of A equals a times d minus b times c"

Example:

5 6
7 8
A=

5 6
|"| = 2 2
7 8
= 5384 6374

= 40 42

= 2

For a 33 Matrix

For a 33 matrix (3 rows and 3 columns):

0 ! 1
A= 5
6

The determinant is:

|A| = a(ei - fh) - b(di - fg) + c(dh - eg)

"The determinant of A equals ... etc"

It may look complicated, but there is a pattern:

$ . * . * $
2- b8 8+ c8 8
) , 9 , 9 )
|A| = a2
Example:

7 8 9
A= 3 4 5
4 5 2
: ; = ; = :
2- 82 2+ 92 2
; < : < : ;
|A| = 72

|A| = 7[8-25]- 8[6-20]+ 9[15-16]

|A| = -119- (-112)+ (-9)

|A| = -16

Or we can use this method

7 8 9
A= 3 4 5
4 5 2

7 8 9 7 8
|"| = 3 4 5 3 4
4 5 2 4 5

|"| = >374344324 + 384354344 + 394334354@ >394344344 + 374354354 + 384334324@

|"| = >56 + 160 + 135@ >144 + 175 + 48@

|"| = >351@ >367@

 b. Minor,(Mij)

If A is a square matrix, the minor for aij denoted by Mij by eliminating the ith row and the jth
column.
0 0A 0B C CA CB
If A = 0A 0AA 0AB therefore, Minor of A = CA CAA CAB
0B 0BA 0BB CB CBA CBB

Example:

7 8 9
If A = 3 4 5 , then the Minor matrix of A
4 5 2 Find determinant of
2x2 matrix

7 8 9
4 5
C = 3 4 5 = 2 2 = 4.2 5.5 = 17
5 2
4 5 2

7 8 9
3 5
C = 3 4 5 = 2 2 = 3.2 5.4 = 14
A
4 2
4 5 2

7 8 9
3 4
C = 3 4 5 = 2 2 = 3.5 4.4 = 1
B
4 5
4 5 2
 7 8 9
8 9
CA = 3 4 5 = 2 2 = 8.2 9.5 = 29
5 2
4 5 2

7 8 9
7 9
CAA = 3 4 5 = 2 2 = 7.2 9.4 = 22
4 2
4 5 2

7 8 9
7 8
CAB = 3 4 5 = 2 2 = 7.5 8.4 = 3
4 5
4 5 2

7 8 9
8 9
CB = 3 4 5 = 2 2 = 8.5 9.4 = 4
4 5
4 5 2

7 8 9
7 9
CBA = 3 4 5 = 2 2 = 7.5 9.3 = 8
3 5
4 5 2

7 8 9
7 8
CBB = 3 4 5 = 2 2 = 7.4 8.3 = 4
3 4
4 5 2

C CA CB
Therefore the Minor of A = CA CAA CAB
CB CBA CBB

17 14 1
MA = 29 22 3
4 8 4
 c. Cofactor , (Cij)
The cofactor , Cij for the element aij is defined as Cij = (1)i + j M ij

Example :

17 14 1 E EA EB
MA = 29 22 3 therefore the Cofactor of A = EA EAA EAB
4 8 4 EB EBA EBB

C12 = ( 1)1+ 2 M 12

C12 = ( 1)1+ 2 ( 14)

C12 = ( 1)3 ( 14)

C12 = ( 1) ( 14)

C12 = 14

Or we can simply apply the Checkerboard on the Minor matrix.

17 14 1 + + 17 14 1
29 22 3 + 29 22 3
4 8 4 + + 4 8 4
Minor Matrix Checkerboard Cofactor Matrix

17 14 1
Therefore the Cofactor of A = 29 22 3
4 8 4
Adjoint, Aij

The Adjoint , Aij for the element aij is defined as Aij = (Cij )T
Example

17 14 1 17 29 4
Cofactor of A = 29 22 3 therefore the Adjoint matrix of A = 14 22 8
4 8 4 1 3 4

Cramers rule

Cramers Rule for 3 Equations

Given a triple of simultaneous equations
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
a3x + b3y + c3z = d2
then x, y, and z can be found by

0 ! 1
Let A = 0A !A 1A
0B !B 1B

Steps:

1. Find the Determinant of A

2. Setup the matrix of A1 and find the determinant of A1

! 1
A1 = A !A 1A
B !B 1B
3. Setup the matrix of A2 and find the determinant of A2

0 1
A2 = 0A A 1A
0B B 1B
4. Setup the matrix of A3 and find the determinant of A3

0 !
0
A3 = A !A A
0B !B B
5. Therefore

A1 A2 A3
x= y= z=
A A A
Example

2 x1 3 x 2 x3 = 1
x1 + 2 x2 x3 = 4
2 x1 x2 + x3 = 3

Write in the form of , Ax = B

2 3 1 x1 1
1 2 1 x = 4
2
2 1 1 x3 3

A X B

Find the determinant of A

2 3 1

A = 1 2 1
2 1 1

2 1 1 1 1 2
A = 2 3 + (1)
1 1 2 1 2 1

= 2(1) 3(1) 1(3)

A = 2
Find the determinant of A1, A2 and A3

1 3 1
2 1 4 1 4 2
A1 = 4 2 1 , A1 = 1 3 + (1)
1 1 3 1 3 1
3 1 1
= 1(1) 3(1) 1(2)
= 4

2 1 1
4 1 1 1 1 4
A2 = 1 4 1 , A2 = 2 1 + (1)
3 1 2 1 2 3
2 3 1
= 2(1) 1(1) 1(5)
= 6

2 3 1
2 4 1 4 1 2
A2 = 1 2 4 , A3 = 2 3 +1
1 3 2 3 2 1
2 1 3
= 2(2) 3(5) + 1(3)
= 8

Therefore, from the Cramers rule

A1 4
x1 = = = 2
A 2

A2 6
x2 = = = 3
A 2

A3 8 x1 2
= = = 4
nilai bagi x 2 = 3
x3
A 2
x3 4
Exercises

1. Solve the following equation. Given:

1 2 2 3 0 2
A = B = C =
3 0 1 4 3 1

i) A + (B C )
ii) ( A + B) C

4 6 1 3 4 2
5 3 2 1 1 6
2. Given A = ,B= and C = , find the values of

i) (A + B) C

ii) (C + B) A

iii) AC BA

3 2 1 3 3 5 3
3. Given A= 2 B= 4 1 2 C= 2 1 1 , find
4 3 2 4 4 3 1

a) CA + A
b) BC B
c) 2B C

4 2
2 9 4 4 0 4
4. If A = B= C = 7 1
6 1 2 3 4 5 3 6

i) 3A B
ii) 4BT + C
iii) BC
 1 3 5
4. Given the minor matrix of M = 4 7 2 and its determinant is given as |C| =
2 6 1
8, evaluate

i) Adjoint of matrix M, Adj (M)

ii) Inverse of matrix M, M-1

5. Solve the following equations by using Inverse Method

x + 2 y 4z = 5
a) x y + 6 z = 6
2 x + 3 y 12 z = 9

x + 2 y 4 z = 4
b) 2 x + 5 y 9 z = 10
3x 2 y + 3z = 11

2 x + 4 y + 7 z = 26
c) 5 x 6 y + 9 z = 169
3x + 6 y 5 z = 225

x + 5 y + 4 z = 99
d) 6 x y + 7 z = 75
4 x + 6 y + z =125
6. Solve the following equations by using Cramers Rule

x + 2 y + 4 z = 8
a) 3x + 2 y z = 2
x + y + 2z = 2

x + y + 2z = 4
b) 2 x + 3 y + 6 z = 10
3x + 6 y + 10 z = 14

x + 2 y 3z = 1
c) 2 x + 3 y + 2 z = 2
3x 4 y + z = 6

3x 4 y + 5 z =18
d) 9 x + 8 y + 7 z = 13
5 x 7 y +10 z = 33