Cramers Rule 3 by 3 Notes

Using Cramers Rule to Solve Three Equations With Three Unknowns
Here we will be learning how to use Cramers Rule to solve a linear system with three equation and
three unknowns. Cramers Rule is one of many techniques that can by used to solve systems of linear
equations. Cramers Rule involves the use of determinants to find the solution and like any other
technique it has its advantages and disadvantages. Cramers Rule itself is very simple, but the notation
used requires a little bit of explanation, so lets take a look at Cramers Rule.
Cramers Rule
To help explain the notation, consider the following system of equations:
To find the values of x, y, and z there are four different values that we need to calculate, they are D, Dx,
Dy, and Dz. In all four cases the D stands for the determinant, now lets look at what they represent.
Here we use the x, y, and z values from the problem to

| |
create a 33 matrix.
Here we replace the x-values in the first column with the

| | values after the equal sign and leave the values in the y
and z columns unchanged.
Here we replace the y-values in the second column with
| | the values after the equal sign and leave the values in the x
and z columns unchanged.
Here we replace the z-values in the third column with the
| | values after the equal sign and leave the values in the x
and y columns unchanged.
Once we have calculated the values of D, Dx, Dy, and Dz we can apply Cramers Rule to find x, y, and z.
To use Cramers Rule to solve a system of three equations with three unknowns, we need to follow these
steps:
Step 1: Find the determinant, D, by using the x, y, and z values from the problem.
Step 2: Find the determinant, Dx, by replacing the x-values in the first column with
the values after the equal sign leaving the y and z columns unchanged.
Step 3: Find the determinant, Dy, by replacing the y-values in the second column
with the values after the equal sign leaving the x and z columns unchanged.
Step 4: Find the determinant, Dz, by replacing the z-values in the third column with
the values after the equal sign leaving the x and y columns unchanged.
Step 5: Use Cramers Rule to find the values of x, y, and z.
Using Cramers Rule to Solve Three Equations With Three Unknowns Notes Page 1 of 4
Now we are ready to look at a couple of examples. To review how to calculate the determinant of a 33
matrix, click here.
Example 1: Use Cramers Rule to solve .
| | | |
Step 2: Find the determinant, Dx, by replacing the x-values in the first column with the values
after the equal sign leaving the y and z columns unchanged.
| | | |
Step 3: Find the determinant, Dy, by replacing the y-values in the second column with the
values after the equal sign leaving the x and z columns unchanged.
| | | | ( )
Step 4: Find the determinant, Dz, by replacing the z-values in the third column with the values
after the equal sign leaving the x and y columns unchanged.
| | | |
Generally, the answer is written as on order triple (4, 2, 1) representing the x, y, and z values.
Example 2: Use Cramers Rule to solve .
| | | | ( )
Step 2: Find the determinant, Dx, by replacing the x-values in the first column with the values
after the equal sign leaving the y and z columns unchanged.
| | | |
Step 3: Find the determinant, Dy, by replacing the y-values in the second column with the
values after the equal sign leaving the x and z columns unchanged.
| | | | ( )
Step 4: Find the determinant, Dz, by replacing the z-values in the third column with the values
after the equal sign leaving the x and y columns unchanged.
| | | |
Answer written as on order triple: ( )
Advantages and Disadvantages of Cramers Rule
Advantages I find that one of the advantages to Cramers Rule is that you can find the value of x,
y, or z without having to know any of the other values of x, y, or z. For example, if you needed to
find just the value of y, Cramers Rule would work well. Another thing that I like about Cramers
Rule is that if any of the values of x, y, or z is are fractions, you do not have to plug in a fraction to
find the other values. Each value can be found independently.
Disadvantages One of the only disadvantages to using Cramers rule is if the value of D is zero
then Cramers Rule will not work because you cannot divide by zero. However, if the value of D is
zero then you know that the solution is either No Solution or Infinite Solutions. You will have
to use a different technique such as Addition/Elimination to find out whether the answer is No
Solution or Infinite Solutions.

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Using Cramers Rule to Solve Three Equations With Three Unknowns

To help explain the notation, consider the following system of equations:

Here we use the x, y, and z values from the problem to

Here we replace the x-values in the first column with the

Example 1: Use Cramers Rule to solve .

Step 5: Use Cramers Rule to find the values of x, y, and z.

Step 5: Use Cramers Rule to find the values of x, y, and z.

Answer written as on order triple: ( )

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