Chapter01:CircularMotion

01 CircularMotion

Formulae n
ii. = 2
t
Section 1: Angular Displacement, Relation where, n = change in frequency of the
Between Linear Velocity and Angular particle in circular motion during a time
Velocity interval t.
1. Angular velocity: Section 3: Centripetal and Tangential Acceleration
v
i. = 1. Centripetal (or radial) acceleration:
r
where, v2
ar = = v = r2
v = linear velocity r
r = radius of the circle along which
2. Tangential acceleration:
particle performs circular motion.
aT = r

ii. = 3. Resultant or total acceleration:
t
where, = angular displacement of the a = a 2t a 2r 2a t a r cos
particle in circular motion during time where,
interval t. = angle made by ar with at
iii. = 2n
where, a= a 2t a 2r when = 90.
n = frequency of revolution of particle 4. For U.C.M.:
in circular motion.
v2
2 a = ar = = v
iv. = r
T
where, T = period of revolution of at = 0
particle performing circular motion.
Section 4: Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces
2. Angular displacement:
1. Centripetal force:
= t
mv 2
3. Time period: i. Fc = ii. Fc = mv
r
2r 2 iii. Fc = mr2 iv. Fc = 42mrn2
i. T= ii. T=
v 42mr
v. Fc =
4. Frequency of revolution: T2
1 where, m = mass of particle performing
n=
T 2 circular motion
5. Linear velocity:
Section 5: Motion of a Vehicle along a Curved
i. v = r ii. v = 2nr
Unbanked Road
Section 2: Angular Acceleration
1. The necessary centripetal force:
1. Angular acceleration: mv 2
Fc = mg =
i. = r
t where,
where, = change in the angular m = mass of vehicle
velocity of a particle in circular motion v = velocity of the vehicle
during a time interval t. r = radius of the curve road
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Std.XIISci.:PhysicsNumericals
= coefficient of friction between the tyres 2. Angular velocity:
of the vehicle and the surface of the road. g g tan
= =
2. The maximum velocity with which a vehicle l cos r
can take a turn safely without skidding:
3. Periodic time:
v= rg
2 l cos
T= = 2
3. The maximum angular velocity with which g
a vehicle can take a turn safely without
skidding: h
= 2
g g
=
r where,
l = length of conical pendulum
Section 6: Banking of Roads h = the height of the fixed support from the
centre of the circle or axial height of the
For motion of vehicles along a banked curve cone
road: = semivertical angle of the cone.
1. The proper velocity or optimum velocity:
v = rg tan 4. Tension in the string:
mg
where, = angle of banking T=
cos
2. The maximum velocity without skidding:
Section 8: Vertical Circular Motion
tan
vmax = rg s
1 s tan 1. Velocity at any point in vertical circular
where, motion:
s = coefficient of friction between the tyres i. vP = v 2L 2gr (1 cos)
of the vehicle and surface of the road ii. vL = 5rg
3. Angle of banking: iii. vH = rg
v2 v2
= tan1 or tan = iv. vM = 3rg
rg rg
where,
4. Height of inclined road: vP = velocity of the particle at any
h = d sin point P along the circle.
where, vL = Minimum velocity at the lowest
d = distance between the two front or rear point on the circle so that it can
wheels. safely travel along the vertical
circle (looping the loop).
5. The maximum velocity with which a vehicle vH = Minimum velocity of the particle at
can go on a banked curved road without the highest point on the circle so
toppling: that the string will not be
d slackened.
v= rg
2H vM = Minimum velocity of the particle
where, H = height of centre of gravity (C.G.) at a mid-way point so that it can
of the vehicle from the road. travel along the circle.
r = radius of the vertical circle.
Section 7: Conical Pendulum = angle between the position vectors
at the given position of particle
1. Linear speed of bob: and that of the lowest point on the
v = rg tan vertical circle.
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 Chapter01:CircularMotion
2. Relation between velocities at different iii. Highest point H,
points in vertical circular motion: mv 2H mv 2L
i. v 2L = v 2H + 4gr TH = mg = 5 mg
r r
ii. v 2M = v 2H + 2gr iv. Midway point M,
mv 2M mv 2L
3. Tension at: TM = = 2 mg
i. Any point P, r r
mv 2 4. Total energy at any point:
TP = + mg cos
r 1
E= mv2 + mgr (1 cos )
ii. Lowest point L, 2
mv 2L mv 2H 5
TL = + mg = + 5mg = mgr
r r 2

Section 9: Kinematical Equations

Analogy between translatory motion and circular motion

No. Translatory Motion Circular Motion


1. dr d
Linear velocity v = Angular velocity =
dt dt

d v d r

Angular acceleration
Linear acceleration a = 2
2. dt dt
d d
= 2
dt dt

3. Linear momentum p = m v Angular momentum L = I

4. Linear impulse = F (t) = p Angular impulse = (t) = L

5. Force F = m a Torque = I

6. Work W = F . r Work W = .
Kinetic energy of translation Kinetic energy of rotation
7. 1 1 2
Et = mv2 Er = I
2 2
8. Equations of linear motion Equations of rotational motion
i. v = u + at i. 2 = 1 + t
1 2 1 2
ii. s = ut + at ii. = 1t + t
2 2
iii. v2 u2 = 2 as iii. 22 12 = 2

a
iv. sn = u + (2n 1) iv. n = 1 + (2n 1)
2 2

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Std.XIISci.:PhysicsNumericals
Shortcuts 10. For looping the loop of radius r, the minimum
height from which the body should be released
1. Angular acceleration (): is given by,
If number of rotations or revolutions is given,
5r
then h=
2 2
= (n2 n1) rad/s2 11. i. For a vehicle moving over a convex
t
bridge which is in the shape of an arc of
v2 a circle,
2. If linear velocity is given, apply ar = and
r mv 2
if angular velocity is given, apply ar = 2r to N = mg
r
find ar.
ii. For the motor cyclist at the upper most
3. If number of revolutions in a particular time is point in the globe of death in a circus,
given, apply ar = 42n2r. mv 2
4. If some mass is placed on a rotating body, N= mg
r
then angular motion changes due to frictional
where,
force between the mass and the body.
N = normal reaction acting on the
Coefficient of friction can be calculated by
vehicle or the motorcycle.
applying the formula,
mv 2 Solved Examples
= mg or
r
Section 1: Angular Displacement, Relation
v2 2 r 42 n 2 r Between Linear Velocity and Angular
= = =
rg g g Velocity
5. Breaking tension is the maximum centripetal
force which is given by the relation, Example 1.1
mv 2 A wheel of radius 2 metre is making
F= = m2r 60 revolutions per minute. Calculate the angular
r
velocity of any point on the rim.
6. Speed of a vehicle on a banked road or Solution:
circular turn depends upon the curvature of the Given: n = 60 r.p.m. = 60/60 = 1 rps, r = 2 m
road. To find: Angular velocity ()
v2 Formula: = 2n
tan =
rg Calculation: From formula,
7. To avoid skidding, v rg where is the = 2 1
= 2 rad/s
coefficient of friction between the tyres and
Ans: The angular velocity of any point on the rim
road.
of the wheel is 2 rad/s.
d
= where d is the distance between two
2h Example 1.2
wheels. Find the angular displacement of a particle
8. In case of conical pendulum if l be the length moving on a circle with angular velocity
and r be the radius of the horizontal circle then (2/3) rad/s in 15 s.
height of the rigid point of suspension is Solution:
calculated by the formula, Given: t = 15 s, = (2/3) rad/s
To find: Angular displacement ()
h= l 2 r2 Formula: = t
9. Use the expressions, v L = 5gr and vT = gr Calculation: From formula,
for the following cases: 2
= 15
i. Bucket full of water whirled in a vertical 3
circle. = 10 rad
ii. Motor cyclist riding in a vertical circle Ans: The angular displacement of the particle is
in hollow sphere. 10 rad.
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 Chapter01:CircularMotion
Example 1.3 Example 1.6
What is the angular speed of the second hand of a A particle is revolving in a circle of radius 10 cm
clock? If the second hand is 10 cm long, then find with linear speed of 20 m/s. Find (i) its period of
the linear speed of its tip. revolution and (ii) frequency.
Solution: Solution:
Given: r = 10 cm = 101 m, T = 60 s Given: r = 10 cm = 10 102 m,
To find: i. Angular speed () v = 20 m/s
ii. Linear speed (v) To find: i. Period of revolution (T)
2 ii. Frequency (n)
Formulae: i. = ii. v = r
T 2r
Formulae: i. T=
Calculation: From formula (i), v
2 2 3.14 1
= = ii. n=
T 60 T
= 1.047 101 rad/s Calculation: From formula (i),
From formula (ii), 2 3.14 10 102
v = r T=
20
v = 1.047 101 0.1 = 3.14 102
v = 1.047 102 m/s. T = 0.0314 s
Ans: i. The angular speed of the second hand of From formula (ii),
a clock is 1.047 101 rad/s. 1 1
ii. The linear speed of the tip of the second n= =
T 0.0314
hand is 1.047 102 m/s.
n = 31.85 s1
Example 1.4 Ans: i. The period of revolving particle is
If a body rotates in a horizontal circle of radius 0.0314 s
15 cm with an angular velocity of 0.8 rad/s, then ii. The frequency of the particle is
what is its linear velocity? n = 31.85 s1.
Solution:
Given: r = 15 cm = 0.15 m, = 0.8 rad/s Example 1.7
To find: Linear velocity (v) What is the angular velocity of the minute hand
Formula: v = r of a clock? If the minute hand is 5 cm long, what
Calculation: From formula, is the linear velocity of its tip? [Oct 04]
v = 0.15 0.8 Solution:
v = 0.12 m/s. Given: R = 5 cm = 5 102 m,
Ans: The linear velocity of the rotating body is T = 1h = 3600 s
0.12 m/s. To find: i. Angular velocity ()
ii. Linear velocity of the tip (v)
Example 1.5
2
The linear velocity of a body is 0.2 m/s. If it Formulae: i. =
rotates in a horizontal circle having radius 0.5 m, T
what is its angular velocity? ii. v = r
Solution: Calculation: From formula (i),
Given: r = 0.5 m, 2 2 3.14
= =
v = 0.2 m/s T 3600
To find: Angular velocity () = 1.74 103 rad/s
Formula: v = r From formula (ii),
Calculation: From formula, v = 5 102 1.74 103
v 0.2 v = 8.7 105 m/s
= =
r 0.5 Ans: For the minute hand of the clock,
= 0.4 rad/s i. The angular velocity is 1.74 103 rad/s.
Ans: The angular velocity of the rotating body is ii. The linear velocity of the tip is
0.4 rad/s. 8.7 105 m/s.

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Std.XIISci.:PhysicsNumericals
Example 1.8 2 60
An aircraft takes a turn along a circular path of =
60 18
radius 2000 metre. If the linear speed of the 3.142
aircraft is 500 m/s, find the angular speed and the
time required by it to complete half the circular 9 9
path. = 0.349 rad/s2
Solution: Ans: The angular acceleration of the particle is
Given: r = 2000 m, v = 500 m/s 0.349 rad/s2.
To find: i. Angular speed ()
ii. Time required to complete half Example 2.2
the circular path (t) The frequency of a particle performing circular
v 2r / 2 motion changes from 60 r.p.m to 180 r.p.m in
Formulae: i. = ii. v= 20 second. Calculate the angular acceleration.
r t [Oct 98]
Calculation: From formula (i), Solution:
500 60
= Given: n1 = 60 r.p.m = = 1 rev/s,
2000 60
= 0.25 rad/s 180
From formula (ii), n2 = 180 r.p.m = = 3 rev/s,
60
2 3.14 2000
t= t = 20 s
2 500
To find: Angular acceleration ()
t = 12.56 s 1
Ans: i. The angular speed of the aircraft is Formula: = 2
t
0.25 rad/s.
Calculation: From formula,
ii. The time required by the aircraft to
complete half the circular path is 2n 2 2n1 2 3 1
= =
12.56 s. t 20
2 3.142 2
Section 2: Angular Acceleration =
20
Example 2.1
A particle performing UCM changes its angular = 3.142
5
velocity from 70 r.p.m to 130 r.p.m in 18 s. Find = 0.6284 rad/s2
the angular acceleration of the particle. Ans: Angular acceleration of the particle is
Solution: 0.6284 rad/s2.
70
Given: n1 = 70/min = /s,
60 Example 2.3
130 A fly wheel rotating at 420 r.p.m. slows down at a
n2 = 130/min = /s, t = 18 s
60 constant rate of 2 rad/s2. What time is required to
To find: Angular acceleration () stop the fly wheel ?
2 n 2 n1 Solution:
Formula: = 2 1 = 420
t t Given: n1 = 420 r.p.m. = r.p.s.
Calculation: From formula, 60
2 n 2 2 n1 = 7 r.p.s
= = 2 rad/s2, 2 = 0
t
To find: Time required (t)
130 70
2 Formulae: i. = 2n
= 60 60 ii. 2 = 1 + t
18 Calculation: From formula (i),
130 70 1 = 2n1
2
60
= = 2 7
18 = 14 rad/sec
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 Chapter01:CircularMotion
From formula (ii), Example 2.6
0 = 14 + (2) t A satellite revolves around the earth in a circular
0 = 14 2t orbit of radius 7000 km. If its period of
2t = 14 revolution is 2 h, calculate its angular speed,
14 14 22 linear speed and its centripetal acceleration.
t= = Solution:
2 2 7
t = 22 s Given: r = 7000 km = 7000 103 m,
Ans: The time required to stop the flywheel is 22 s. T = 2h = 2 3600 = 7200 s
To find: i. Angular speed ()
Example 2.4 ii. Linear speed (v)
A particle performs circular motion with a iii. Centripetal acceleration (ar)
constant angular acceleration of 4 rad/s2. If the 2
radius of the circular path is 20 cm and the initial Formulae: i. = ii. v = r
T
angular speed of the particle is 2 rad/s, find the
iii. ar = r2
angular speed of the particle after 0.5 sec.
Calculation: From formula (i),
Solution:
2 3.14
Given: = 4 rad/s2, r = 20 cm = 0.2 m, =
1 = 2 rad/s, t = 0.5 s 7200
To find: Angular speed (2) = 8.72 104 rad/s
Formula: 2 = 1 + t From formula (ii),
Calculation: From formula, v = 7000 103 8.72 104
2 = 2 + 4 0.5 v = 61.04 102
=2+2 v = 6.104 103 m/s.
2 = 4 rad/s v = 6.104 km/s.
Ans: The angular speed of the particle after 0.5 s is From formula (iii),
4 rad/s. ar = 7000 103 (8.72 104)2
= 7 (8.72)2 105
Example 2.5 ar = 5.32 m/s2
A stone tied to one end of a string is whirled in a Ans: For the revolving satellite:
horizontal circle of radius 40 cm with a frequency i. the angular speed is 8.72 104 rad/s,
of 30 r.p.m. Find the angular velocity and linear ii. the linear speed is 6.104 km/s
velocity of the stone. iii. the centripetal acceleration is 5.32 m/s2
Solution:
Given: r = 40 cm = 40 102 m Example 2.7
30 The earth moves round the sun in an almost
n = 30 rpm = rps = 0.5 rps
60 circular orbit of radius 1.5 1011 m with constant
To find: i. Angular velocity () angular speed. Calculate its
ii. Linear velocity (v) i. angular velocity
Formulae: i. = 2n ii. linear velocity
ii. v = r iii. centripetal acceleration
Calculation: From formula (i), [Given: 1 year = 3.156 107 sec,
= 2 3.14 0.5 Mass of earth = 5.98 1024 kg]
= 1.0 3.14 Solution:
= 3.14 rad/s Given: r = 1.5 1011 m,
From formula (ii), m = 5.98 1024 kg,
v = 40 102 3.14 T = 1 yr = 3.156 107 s
= 4 3.14 102 To find: i. Angular velocity ()
= 125.6 102 ii. Linear velocity (v)
v = 1.256 m/s iii. Centripetal acceleration (ar)
Ans: For the stone: 2
Formulae: i. = ii. v = r
i. the angular velocity is 3.14 rad/s T
ii. the linear velocity is 1.256 m/s. iii. ar = r2
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Std.XIISci.:PhysicsNumericals
Calculation: Solution:
From formula (i), Given: r = 80 cm = 0.80 m, n = 14/25 s1
2 3.14 To find: Centripetal acceleration (ar)
=
3.156 107 Formula: Centripetal acceleration,
1.99 107 rad/s. ar = r2
From formula (ii), Calculation: From formula,
v = 1.5 1011 1.99 107 ar = 42n2r .[ = 2n]
v = 2.985 104 m/s
2
From formula (iii), 14
2
= 4 (3.142) 0.8
ar = 1.5 1011 (1.99 107)2 25

ar = antilog log 1.5 log 1.99

2
=
4 3.142 14 0.8
2 2

25
2
1011 1014
= antilog 0.1716 2 0.2989 103 = 9.908
= antilog 0.1761 0.5978 10 3 ar 9.91 m/s2
Ans: The magnitude of centripetal acceleration is
= antilog 0.7739 103 9.91 m/s2.
ar = 5.941 103 m/s2
Ans: For the earth moving round the sun: Example 3.3
i. the angular velocity is 1.99 107 rad/s, A racing car completes 5 rounds of a circular
ii. the linear velocity is 2.985 104 m/s and track in 2 minutes. Find the radius of the track if
iii. the centripetal acceleration is the car has uniform centripetal acceleration of
3
5.941 10 m/s . 2 2 m/s2. [Oct 13]
Solution:
Section 3: Centripetal and Tangential Acceleration Given: 5 rounds = 2r(5), t = 2 minutes = 120 s
Example 3.1 To find: Radius (R)
A 0.5 kg mass is rotated in a horizontal circle Formulae: acp = 2r
of radius 20 cm. Calculate the centripetal Calculation: From formula,
acceleration if the angular velocity is 0.6 rad/s acp = 2r
Solution:
v2
Given: m = 0.5 kg, r = 20 cm = 0.2 m, 2 =
= 0.6 rad/s r
To find: Centripetal acceleration (ar) 2r (5) 10r
But v = =
v2 t t
Formulae: i. v = r ii. ar =
r 100 r 2 2
2 =
Calculation: From formula (i), rt 2
v = r = 0.2 0.6 m/s 120 120
From formula (ii), r= = 144 m
100
(0.2 0.6) 2 Ans: The radius of the track is 144 m.
ar =
0.2
ar = 0.072 m/s2 Example 3.4
Ans: The centripetal acceleration of the mass is The tangential acceleration of the tip of a blade is
0.072 m/s2. 47.13 m/s2 and its centripetal acceleration is
473.9 m/s2. Find the value of linear acceleration of
Example 3.2 the tip of the blade.
A stone tied to the end of a string which is 80 cm Solution:
long is whirled in a horizontal circle with a Given: at = 47.13 m/s2, ar = 473.9 m/s2
constant speed. If the stone makes 14 revolutions To find: Linear acceleration (a)
in 25 s, what is the magnitude of centripetal
acceleration? Formula: a= a 2r a 2t

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 Chapter01:CircularMotion
Calculation: From formula, 40 2
= 0.2
a = (473.9) (47.13)
2 2
19
Now, 38
= 0.2
(473.9)2 = antilog [2 log(473.9)] 19
= antilog [2 2.6757] = 0.2 2
= antilog [5.3514] = 0.4 m /s2
= 2.246 105 ar 320
(47.13)2 = antilog [2 log(47.13)] =
= antilog [2 1.6733] at 0.4
= antilog [3.3466] 3200
=
= 2221 4
ar = 473.9
2
47.13
2 ar : at = 800 : 1
Ans: The ratio of centripetal acceleration to
= 2.246 105 2221 tangential acceleration of the particle is 800 : 1.
= 226821
Example 3.6
1
= antilog log 226821 The tangential acceleration of a body is
2 29.48 m/s2 and its linear acceleration is 52.3 m/s2.
1 Find its radial acceleration.
= antilog 5.3556
2 Solution:
= antilog [2.6778] Given : a = 52.3 m/s2, at = 29.48 m/s2
ar = 476.2 To find: Radial acceleration (ar)
= 4.762 102 m/s2 Formula: a = a 2t a 2r or a2 = a 2t + a 2r
Ans: The value of linear acceleration of the tip of
or ar = a 2 a 2t
the blade is 4.762 102 m/s2.
Calculation:
Example 3.5 From formula,
A particle is revolving in a circle. Its angular
speed increases from 2 rad/s to 40 rad/s in 19 sec. ar = (52.3) 2 (29.48) 2
The radius of the circle is 20 cm. Compare the Now,
ratio of centripetal acceleration to tangential (52.3)2 = antilog [2 log (52.3)]
acceleration. = antilog [2 1.7185]
Solution: = antilog [3.4370]
Given: 1 = 2 rad /s = 2735
2 = 40 rad /s (29.48)2= antilog [2 log (29.48)]
t = 19 s = antilog [2 1.4695]
r = 20 cm = antilog [2.9390]
= 20 102 m = 869
= 0.2 m
52.3 29.48
2 2
ar =
To find: Ratio of centripetal to tangential
acceleration (ar : at) = 2735 869
Formulae: i. ar = 2r ii. at = r = 1866
Calculation: From formula (i),
1
ar = r 2 = antilog log 1866
= 0.2 (40)2 2
= 0.2 1600 1
= antilog 3.2709
ar = 320 m /s2 2
From formula (ii) = antilog [1.63545]
at = r ar = 43.1 m/s2
1 Ans: The radial acceleration of the body is
=r 2
t 43.1 m/s2.
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Std.XIISci.:PhysicsNumericals
Calculation: Substituting formula (ii) in (i),
Section 4: Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces

2
m rg tan
Example 4.1 FCP =
r
A 0.2 kg mass is rotated in a horizontal circle of
= mg tan
radius 10 cm. If its angular speed is 0.4 rad/s, find
= 1 9.8 tan 30
the centripetal force acting on it.
Given: m = 0.2 kg, 1 9.8
= 9.8 =
r = 10 cm = 10 102 m, 3 1.732
= 0.4 rad /s = 5.658 N
To find: Centripetal force (Fc) Ans: The centripetal force acting on stone is 5.658 N.
Formula: Fc = mr2
Calculation: From formula, Example 4.4
A coin is placed on a revolving disc which revolves
Fc = 0.2 10 102 (0.4)2
at 60 r.p.m. It does not slip-off when it is at 15 cm
= 0.32 102 N from the axis of rotation. What should be the
Fc = 0.0032 N distance of the coin from the axis of rotation so
Ans: The centripetal force acting on the rotating that it does not slip-off, when the speed of the
mass is 0.0032 N. revolving disc is changed to 75 r.p.m?
Solution:
Example 4.2 Given: r1 = 15 cm = 0.15 m
A car of mass 1500 kg rounds a curve of radius 60
250m at 90 km/hour. Calculate the centripetal n1 = 60 r.p.m = = 1 r.p.s.
60
force acting on it. [Feb 13]
1 = 2n1 = 2 rad/s
Solution:
= 2 3.14
Given: m = 1500 kg, r = 250 m,
= 6.28 rad/s
5
v = 90 km/h = 90 = 25 m/s 75
18 n2 = 75 r.p.m. = r.p.s
60
To find: Centripetal force (FCP) = 1.25 r.p.s
mv 2 2 = 1.25 2 3.14
Formula: FCP =
r = 7.85 rad/sec
Calculation: From formula, To find: Distance of the coin from the axis (r2)
1500 25
2
FCP = Formula: mr1 12 = mr2 22
250 Calculation:
FCP = 3750 N From formula,
Ans: The centripetal force acting on the car is r 2
3750 N. r2 = 1 21
2
0.15 6.28
2
Example 4.3 =
7.85
2
A stone of mass 1 kg is whirled in horizontal
circle attached at the end of a 1 m long string. If
r2 = antilog [log (0.15) + log(6.28)2 log(7.85)2]
the string makes an angle of 30 with vertical, = antilog [log(0.15) + 2 log(6.28)
calculate the centripetal force acting on the stone. 2 log (7.85)]
(g = 9.8 m/s2). [Mar 14]
= antilog [ 1.1761+ 2 0.7980 2 0.8949]
Solution:
Given: m = 1 kg, l = 1 m, = 30, = antilog [ 1 .1761 + 1.5960 1.7898]
g = 9.8 m/s2 = antilog [0.7726 + 2 .2102]
To find: Centripetal force (FCP) = antilog [ 2 .9828]
mv 2 = 0.09612 m 0.096 m
Formulae: i. FCP = r2 = 9.6 cm
r
Ans: The distance of the coin from the axis so that
ii. v = rg tan it does not slip-off is 9.6 cm.
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 Chapter01:CircularMotion
Example 4.5 Calculation:
A string breaks under tension of 10 kgwt. If the From formula (i),
string is used to revolve a body of mass 1.2 kg in a 2
4
horizontal circle of radius 50 cm, what is the T = 0.3 1
maximum speed with which the body can be 3
revolved? What is its period then? T = 5.258 N
Solution: Now, for maximum velocity, tension is
Given: Tension, Tmax = 10 9.8 = 98N, maximum.
m = 1.2 kg, r = 0.5 m From formula (ii),
To find: i. Maximum speed (vmax)
Tmax r 200 1 2000
ii. Time Period (T) vmax = = =
mv 2max m 0.3 3
Formulae: i. Tmax =
1
r vmax = antilog log 2000 log 3
2r 2
ii. v=
T 1
Calculation: From formula (i), = antilog 3.3010 0.4771
2
T r
v 2max = max 1
m = antilog 2.8239
98 0.5 2
= = 40.833 = antilog 1.41195
1 .2
vmax = 40.83 = antilog 1.4120
= 6.39 m/s. vmax = 25.82 ms1
From formula (ii),
Ans: For the stone whirled in a circle:
2 3.14 0.5 3.14
T= = i. the tension in the string is 5.258 N.
6.39 6.39 ii. the maximum speed is 25.82 m/s.
T = 0.4914 s
Ans: i. The maximum speed with which the
Example 4.7
body can be revolved is 6.39 m/s.
ii. The period of revolution of the body is A certain string breaks under a tension of
45 kg-wt. A mass of 100 g is attached to this
0.4914 s.
string of length 500 cm and whirled in a
horizontal circle. Find the maximum number of
Example 4.6
revolutions per second without breaking the
A stone of mass 0.3 kg is tied to the end of a
string. [Mar 92]
string. It is whirled in a circle of radius 1m with a
Solution:
speed of 40 rev min1. If the string can withstand
a maximum tension of 200 N, then find the Given: T = 45 kg-wt = 45 9.8 N,
tension and maximum speed with which the stone m = 100 g = 100 103 g = 0.1 kg,
can be whirled. r = 500 cm = 5 m
Solution: To find: Maximum number of revolution per
Given: m = 0.3 kg, r = 1 m, second (n)
40 2 mv 2
n = 40 rpm = rps = rps, Formulae: i. F=T=
60 3 r
2 4 ii. v = r = r (2n)
= 2n = 2 = rad s1,
3 3 Calculation:
Tmax = 200 N From formula (i) and (ii),
To find: i. Tension (T)
ii. Maximum speed (vmax) m(2 r n) 2
T= = m 42 n2r
Formulae: i. Tension, T = mr2 r
mv 2max T
ii. Tmax = n2 =
r 4 2 r m

11
Std.XIISci.:PhysicsNumericals
1
45 9.8
n= 1.6 1 2
4 (3.14) 2 5 0.1 = 10+17
5.3 4 3.14 2 0.53
45 4.9
=
3.14
2

= antilog log 1.6 log 5.3
45 4.9
=
3.14 1 1
log 4 log 3.14 log 0.53 10+17
1 2 2
= antilog log 45 log 4.9 log 3.14
2 1
= antilog 0.2041 0.7243 0.6021
1 2
= antilog 1.6532 0.6902 0.4969
2 1
1 0.4969 1.7243 10+17
= antilog 2.3434 0.4969 2
2

= antilog {1.1717 0.4969} = antilog 1.4798 0.3011 0.4969
= antilog (0.6748)
n = 4.73 Hz
Ans: The maximum number of revolutions of the
1
2
10
2 1.7243 +17

mass without breaking the string are 4.729.

Example 4.8 = antilog 1.1787 0.4969 1.8621 10 +17

An electron of mass 9 1031 kg moves in a

circular orbit of radius 5.3 1011 m around a
= antilog 2.6818 1 0.8621 1017
proton in a hydrogen atom. If the charges are = antilog 2.6818 0.1379 10 17

1.6 1019 C each, find the frequency of

revolution. = antilog 2.8197 10 17

Solution:
Given: me = 9 1031 kg, n = 6.604 102 1017
r = 5.3 1011 m, n = 6.604 1015 Hz
qe = qp = 1.6 1019 C Ans: The frequency of revolution of electron is
(magnitudes only) 6.604 1015 Hz.
To find: Frequency of revolution (n) Section 5: Motion of a Vehicle along a Curved
1 qeqp Unbanked Road
Formula: F = . = 42 mrn2
40 r 2 Example 5.1
Calculation: A vehicle driving at 54 km/hr can safely negotiate
From formula, a curved road of 50 m radius. If the road is
qeqp 1 qeqe 1 unbanked, find the co-efficient of friction
n= . = between the road surface and the tyres.
4 mr 40
2 3
4 mr r 4 0
2 2
Solution:
qe 1 1 Given: r = 50 m, v = 54 km/h
=
r 4 mr 40
2 54 5
= = 15 m/s
18
1.6 10 19 9 109
= To find: Coefficient of friction ()
5.31011 4 3.14 9 1031 5.3 1011
2

Formula: v = rg
1

1.6 109 2 Calculation:

n= 108 From formula,
4 3.14 0.53 1030 1011
2
5.3
(15) 2
1 =
2 50 9.8
1.6 1050
= 108 = antilog [2 log (15) log (50) log (9.8)]
4 3.14 0.53
2
5.3 = antilog [2 1.1761 1.6990 0.9912]
12
 Chapter01:CircularMotion
= antilog [2.3522 2.6902] (2n) 2 r 4 2 n 2 r
= = .[ = 2n]
= antilog 1.6620 g g
= 0.459 4 (3.14) 2 (2) 2 1.5 102
=
Ans: The coefficient of friction between the road 9.8
surface and the tyres of the vehicle is 0.459. 16 (3.14) 2 1.5 102
=
Example 5.2 9.8
A cyclist speeding at 18 km h1 on a level road
= antilog log 16 2log 3.14
takes a sharp circular turn of radius 3 m without
reducing the speed and without bending towards
log 1.5 log 9.8 102
the centre of the circular path. The coefficient of = antilog 1.2041 2 0.4969
static friction between the tyres and the road is
0.1. Will the cyclist slip while taking the turn? 0.1761 0.9912 102
Solution:
5
= antilog 1.2041 0.998 0.1761
Given: v = 18 km/h = 18 = 5 m/s,
18 0.9912 102
r = 3 m, = 0.1
To find: Whether the cyclist can take the turn or
= antilog 2.3740 0.9912 102
not without slipping
Formula: Maximum safe speed of cyclist = antilog 1.3828 10 2

vmax = rg = 2.414 101 102

Calculation: = 0.2414
From formula, Ans: The coeffcient of friction between the coin
and disc is 0.2414.
vmax = 0.1 3 9.8 = 2.94
vmax = 1.715 m/s Example 5.4
A coin kept at a distance of 5 cm from the centre
V > Vmax
of a turntable of radius 1.5 m just begins to slip
Ans: As the actual speed is greater than the
when the turnable rotates at a speed of 90 r.p.m.
maximum safe speed, the cyclist will slip
Calculate the coefficient of static friction between
while taking the turn.
the coin and the turntable. [g = 9.8 m/s2]. [Mar 16]
Example 5.3 Solution:
A coin just remains on a disc rotating at Given: r = 5 cm = 0.05 m
120 r.p.m. when kept at a distance of 1.5 cm from 90
n = 90 r.p.m. = r.p.s.
the axis of rotation. Find the coefficient of friction 60
between the coin and the disc. g = 9.8 m/s2
Solution: To find: Coefficient of static friction (s)
Given: n = 120 r.p.m r2
= 120 rev/60 s Formula: s =
g
= 2 rev /s
= 2 Hz Calculation:
r = 1.5 cm 2 90
Since, = 2n = = 3 rad/s
= 1.5 102 m 60
g = 9.8 m/ s2 0.05 (3) 2
s =
To find: Coefficient of frictions () 9.8
Formula: mr2 = .m.g OR 0.45 (3.14) 2
2
r = g =
9.8
Calculation:
= {antilog [(1.6532)
From formula, + 2(0.4969) (0.9912)]}
2 r = {antilog(1.6558)}
=
g = 0.4527
13
Std.XIISci.:PhysicsNumericals
Ans: The coefficient of static friction between the Solution:
coin and the turntable is 0.4527.
Given: dry = , wet =
Example 5.5
2
vdry = 8 m/s
A coin placed on a revolving disc at a distance of
To find: Maximum speed permitted (vdry)
4.8 cm from the axis of rotation does not slip. If
the coefficient of friction between the coin and Formula: v = gr
the disc is 0.4, then what is the angular velocity of Calculation:
the disc? From formula for dry road,
Solution: 8 = gr .(i)
Given : r = 4.8 cm = 0.048 m, = 0.4
From formula for wet road,
To find: Angular velocity ()

Formula: v = rg = r vwet = gr
2
Calculation:
From formula, gr
vwet = .(ii)
v = 0.4 0.048 9.8 2
Dividing eq. (ii) by eq. (i),
1 1
v = antilog log 0.4 log 0.048 v wet gr 1
2 2 =
1 8 2 gr
log 9.8

2
2 4 2
8
1 1 vwet = = =4 2
= antilog 1.6021 2.6812 2 2
2 2 = 4 1.414
1 vwet = 5.656 m/s
0.9912
2 Ans: The maximum speed permitted when the road
is wet is 5.656 m/s.
1

= antilog 2 1.6021 1.3406 0.4956
2

Section 6: Banking of Roads
= antilog 1.8011 1.8362 Example 6.1
A curve of radius 900 m is banked so that no
= antilog 1.6373 friction is required at a speed of 30 ms1.
= 0.4338 Calculate the angle of banking.
0.43 m/s Solution:
Also, from formula, Given: v = 30 ms1, r = 900 m,
v 0.43 g = 9.8 ms2
= =
r 0.048 To find: Angle of banking ()
= antilog [log (0.43) log (0.048)] v2
Formula: tan =
= antilog 1.6335 2.6812 rg
= antilog [0.9523] Calculation:
From formula,
= 8.96 rad/s
30
2
Ans: The angular velocity of the disc is 8.96 rad/s.
tan =
900 9.8
Example 5.6
The coefficient of friction of a road is when it is 900 1
tan = = = 0.1021
dry and the maximum speed of a car in a circular 900 9.8 9.8
path along the road is 8 m/s. The coefficient of .[using table of reciprocals]
Angle of banking,
friction becomes when the road is wet. What
2 = tan1(0.1021) = 550
will be the maximum speed permitted in this 6
situation? Ans: The angle of banking of the curve is 6.
14
 Chapter01:CircularMotion
Example 6.2 1
= antilog 2.2020 0.9912 1.6024
An aircraft executes a horizontal loop at a speed 2
of 720 km h1 with its wing banked at 15.
Calculate the radius of the loop. 1
= antilog 1.1010 0.4956 (2 1.6024)
Solution: 2
Given: v = 720 kmh1 = antilog 1.5966 1.8012
720 1000
= ms1 = antilog 1.3978
3600
= 200 ms1, v = 25 m/s
= 15 Ans: The speed of the motor cyclist is 25 m/s.
To find: Radius of the loop (r)
v2 v2 Example 6.4
Formula: tan = or r =
rg g tan Calculate the angle through which a cyclist bends
Calculation: from the vertical when he crosses a circular path
From formula, of circumference 34.3 m in 22 s.
(200) 2 (200) 2 [Take g = 9.8 ms2].
r= =
9.8 tan15 9.8 0.2679 Solution:
r = antilog 2 log (200) log(9.8) log(0.2679) Given: Circumference = 34.3 m,
t = 22 s
= antilog 2 2.3010 0.9912 1.4280
To find: Bending angle of cyclist ()
= antilog 4.6020 0.9912 0.5720 v2
Formula: tan =
= antilog 3.6108 0.5720 rg
= antilog 4.1828 circumference
Calculation: r =
= 1.524 10 m 4
2
r = 15.24 km 34.3
=
Ans: The radius of the loop is 15.24 km. 22
2
7
Example 6.3 34.3 7
A motor cyclist is going along a banked circular = m
2 22
path of length 1 km. He has to lean inwards
making an angle of 21 49 with the vertical in Velocity of cyclist,
order to keep his balance. Find his speed. Length of path
v=
Solution: Time taken
Given: = 210 49,
34.3
Distance(s) = Circumference = ms1
1000 22
2r = 1 km = 1000 m or r = m From formula,
2
2
= 159.23 m 34.3 34.3 7
tan = g
To find: Speed (v) 22 2 22
Formula: v = rg tan 2
34.3 2 22 1
Calculation: = 34.3 7 9.8
From formula, 22
v = 159.23 9.8 tan 210 49' =1
= tan1 (1)
= 159.23 9.8 0.4003
= 45
v = antilog log(159.23) log(9.8) log(0.4003)
1 Ans: The angle through which the cyclist bends

2 from the vertical is 45.

15
Std.XIISci.:PhysicsNumericals
Example 6.5 1
Calculate the maximum speed with which a car = antilog 2.5653
2
can be safely driven along a curved road of
radius 30 m and banked at 30 with the = antilog 1.2827
horizontal [g = 9.8 m/s2] [Mar 96] vmax = 19.17 ms 1
Solution: Ans: The greatest speed at which the car can turn
Given: r = 30 m, = 30, g = 9.8 m/s2 without overturning is 19.17 ms 1.
To find: Maximum speed (vmax)
Formula: vmax = rg tan Example 6.7
Calculation: Find the angle of banking of a railway track of
From formula, radius of curvature 1600 m. The optimum
vmax = 30 9.8 tan(30) velocity of the train is 20 m/s. Also find the
elevation of the outer track above the inner track
= 30 9.8 0.5774
if the distance between the two tracks is 1.8 m.
vmax = antilog log (30) log(9.8) log(0.5774)
1
[g = 9.8 m/s2].
2
Solution:
1
= antilog 1.4771 0.9912 1.7615 Given: r = 1600 m, v = 20 m/s, l = 1.8 m
2 To find: i. Angle of banking ()
1
= antilog 2.2298 ii. Elevation of outer track (h)
2 v2
= antilog[1.1149] Formulae: i. tan =
rg
vmax = 13.03 m/s
Ans: The maximum speed with which the car can ii. h = l sin
drive safely along the curve of the road is Calculation:
13.03 m/s. From formula (i),
Example 6.6 v2
= tan1
What is the greatest speed at which a car having rg
a 1.5 m wide track can turn in a circular path of
radius 24.5 m without overturning? Assume that 400
= tan1
the centre of gravity of the car is 0.49 m above the 1600 9.8
ground.
1
Solution: = tan1
Given: 2d = 1.5 m, d = 0.75 m, 4 9.8
h = 0.49 m, r = 24.5 m 1
To find: Greatest speed (Vmax) = tan1
39.2
grd
Formula: vmax = = tan1 [0.02551]
h .[Using the table of reciprocals]
Calculation:
= 1 28
From formula,
Let h be the elevation of the outer track above the
9.8 24.5 0.75 inner track and l be the distance between them.
vmax =
0.49 From formula (ii),
vmax = antilog
h = 1.8 sin(1 28)
1
log (9.8) log(24.5) log(0.75) log(0.49) = 1.8 0.0256
2
h = 0.046 m
1
= antilog 0.9912 1.3892 1.8751 1.6902 Ans: i. The angle of banking of the railway
2
track is 128.
1
= antilog 2.2555 1.6902 ii. The elevation of the outer track above
2 the inner track is 0.046 m.
16
 Chapter01:CircularMotion
Example 6.8 tan
A car moves round a curved path of radius 50 m Formula: vmax = rg
on a road banked through 14. If the coefficient 1 tan
of friction between the car tyres and the road Calculation:
surface is 0.3, what is the maximum permissible From formula,
velocity of the car for safe travel ? v 2 rg
Solution: tan = max 2
rg v max
Given: r = 50 m, = 14, = 0.3
2
To find: Maximum permissible velocity (vmax) 25
0.2 30 9.8
=
tan 3
Formula: vmax = rg 2
1 tan 25
30 9.8 0.2
Calculation: 3
From formula, 625
58.8
0.3 tan14 = 9
vmax = 50 9.8 125
1 0.3tan14 294
9
0.3 0.2493
= 50 4.9 69.44 58.8
=
1 0.3 0.2493 294 13.89
490 0.5493 10.64
= =
0.9252 307.89
= antilog[log(10.64) log(307.89)]
= antilog log(490) log(0.5493) log(0.9252)
1
2 = antilog[1.0270 2.4882]
1 = antilog 2.5388
= antilog 2.6902 1.7398 1.9662
2 = 0.03457
1 = tan1 (0.03457) = 159
= antilog 2.4310 1.9662
2 Ans: The angle of banking of the road should be
1 159.
= antilog 2.4648
2
= antilog 1.2324 Example 6.10
The maximum speed of a car to take a turn of
vmax = 17.08 m/s radius 35 m on a banked road is 50 km/h. If the
Ans: The maximum possible velocity of the car for angle of banking is 21.2, what should be the
safe travel is 17.08 m/s. coefficient of friction between the car tyres and
the road surface so that the car can negotiate the
Example 6.9 turn?
A road is designed for vehicles to have a Solution:
maximum velocity of 30 km/h. A turn on the road
Given: r = 35 m,
has a radius of 30 m. If the coefficient of friction
between the vehicle tyres and the road surface is vmax = 50 km/hr
0.2, what should be the angle of banking? 50 1000
= m/s
Solution: 60 60
Given: vmax = 30 km/hr 125
= m/s,
30 1000 9
= m/s
60 60 = 21.2
25 To find: coefficient of friction()
= m/s
3 1/ 2
tan
r = 30 m, = 0.2 Formula: vmax = rg
To find: Angle of banking () 1 tan
17
Std.XIISci.:PhysicsNumericals
Calculation: Example 6.11
From formula, A motorcyclist rounds a curve of radius 25 m at
v 2 rg tan the speed of 36 km/hr. The combined mass of
= max 2 .(i) motorcycle and motorcyclist is 150 kg.
rg v max tan
(g = 9.8 m/s2)
2
125 a. What is centripetal force exerted on the
35 9.8 tan 21.2 motorcyclist?
= 9
2 b. What is upward force exerted on the
125
35 9.8 .tan 21.2 motorcyclist?
9 c. What angle does the motorcycle make with
125
2 the vertical? [Feb 13 old course]
9 35 9.8 0.3879 Solution:
= 5
125
2
Given: r = 25 m, v = 36 = 10 m/s,
35 9.8 0.3879 18
9 m = 150 kg
Now, To find: i. Centripetal force (F)
2
125 ii. Upward force (N)
= antilog 2 log(125) log(9) iii. Angle with the vertical ()
9
mv 2
= antilog 2 2.0969 0.9542 Formulae: i. F=
r
= antilog 2 1.1427 ii. N cos = mg
= antilog 2.2854 v2
iii. tan =
rg
= 193
3.5 9.8 0.3879 = antilog[log (35) + log(9.8) Calculation:
From formula (i),
+ log(0.3879)]
150 (10) 2
= antilog 1.5441 0.9912 1.5887 F=
25
= antilog[2.1230] F = 600 N
= 132 From formula (ii),
Also, N = 9.8 150
125
2 N = 1470 N
0.3879 = 193 0.3879 From formula (iii),
9
v2
= antilog[log(193) + log(0.3879)] = tan1
= antilog[2.2856 1.5887] rg
= antilog[1.8743] 1
10 2 4
= tan = tan1
= 74.87 25 9.8 9.8

Substituting the values, we get,
= tan1{antilog[log(4) log(9.8)]}
193 132
= .[from (i)] = tan1 {antilog[0.6021 0.9912]}
343 74.87
=
61
= tan1 anti log 1.6109
1
417.87 = tan [0.4083] = 22.2
= antilog[log(61) log(417.9)] = 2212
= antilog[1.7853 2.6210] Ans: i. The centripetal force exerted on the
= antilog 1.1643 motocyclist is 600 N.
ii. The upward force exerted on the
= 0.146 motocyclist is 1470 N.
Ans: The coefficient of friction between the car iii. The angle made by the motor cycle with
tyres and the road surface should be 0.146. the vertical is 2212.
18
 Chapter01:CircularMotion
Example 6.12 From formula (ii),
A vehicle enters a circular bend of radius 200 m h = 5 sin (1132)
at 72 km/h. The road surface at the bend is = 5 0.2
banked at 10. Is it safe? At what angle should
h = 1.0 m
the road surface be ideally banked for safe
Ans: i. It is unsafe for the vehicle to enter the
driving at this speed? If the road is 5 m wide,
circular bend.
what would be the elevation of the outer edge of
the road surface above the inner edge? ii. For safe driving, the road surface should
Solution: be ideally banked at 1132.
Given: r = 200 m, iii. The elevation of the outer edge of the
5 road surface above the inner edge would
v = 72 km/h = 72 m/s be 1.0 m.
18
= 20 m/s.
= 10, l = 5 m. Example 6.13
To find: i. To decide if it is safe for the Find the angle of banking of the railway track of
vehicle to enter the circular bend. radius of curvature 1600 metre if the optimum
ii. The angle of banking for safe velocity of the train is 20 m/s. Also find the
driving = () elevation of the outer track above the inner track
iii. Elevation of the outer edge (h) if the distance between the two tracks is 1.8 m.
Formulae: i. v = rg tan [Mar 90]
Solution:
ii. h = l sin
Calculation: Given: r = 1600 m, v = 20 m/s, = 1.8 m.
From formula (i), To find: i. Angle of banking ()
1
v = 200 9.8 tan10 2 ii. Elevation of the outer track (h)
1 v2 v2
= 100 19.6 0.1763 2 Formulae: i. tan = or = tan1
rg rg
= antilog [log(100) log(19.6) log(0.1763)]
1
h
2 ii. sin =

1
= antilog [2.0000 1.2923 1.2462] .[ is small, sin tan .]
2
Calculation: From formula (i),
1
= antilog [2.5385] = antilog 1.2693 20 20
2 = tan1
v 18.6 m/s 1600 9.8
As the given speed of the vehicle exceeds the 1
safety limit i.e. 18.6 m/s, it is unsafe for it to = tan1
39.2
enter the circular bend.
Now, on squaring and rearranging formula (i) = tan1 (0.0255)
we get, .[Using the table of reciprocals]
v2 = 1 28
tan = From formula (ii),
rg
h
(20) 2 = 0.0255
=
200 9.8
1 h = 0.0255 1.8
= = 0.2041 h = 0.0459 m
4.9
.[Using table of reciprocals] Ans: i. The angle of banking of the railway track
= tan1 (0.2041) is 128.
11.53 11 + 60 0.53 ii. The elevation of the outer track above the
1132 inner track is 0.0459 m.

19
Std.XIISci.:PhysicsNumericals
Calculation:
Section 7: Conical Pendulum
From formula,
Example 7.1 1.5 cos30
A conical pendulum has a length of 100 cm and T = 2 3.14
9.8
the angle made by the string with the vertical is
8. Find the period of circular motion of the bob. 1.5 0.8660
= 6.28
Solution: 9.8
Given: l = 100 cm = 1m, = 8 1
= antilog log 6.28 log1.5 log 0.8660 log 9.8
To find: Period (T) 2

Formula: T = 2
l cos
g
1

= antilog 0.7980 0.1761 1.9375 0.9912
2

Calculation: 1
= antilog 0.7980 0.1136 0.9912
From formula, 2
1 cos8 1
T = 2 3.14 = antilog 0.7980 0.8776
9.8 2
0.9903 = antilog[0.3592]
= 6.28 T = 2.2875 s
9.8
Ans: Period of revolution is 2.287 s.
= antilog log(6.28) log(0.9903) log(9.8)
1
2
Example 7.3
1 A conical pendulum has length 80 cm. Its bob of
= antilog 0.7980 [1.9957 0.9912]
2 mass 200 g performs uniform circular motion in
the horizontal plane so as to have radius of path
1
= antilog 0.7980 [1.0045] 40 cm. Calculate
2 i. the angle made by the string with the vertical.
1 ii. the tension in the supporting thread.
= antilog 0.7980 [2 1.0045] iii. the speed of bob.
2
Solution:
= antilog 0.7980 1.50225 Given: m = 200g = 0.2 kg,
= antilog 0.7980 1.5023 l = 80 cm = 0.8 m,
r = 40 cm = 0.4 m
= antilog{0.3003} To find: i. Angle made by the string with the
T = 1.996 sec. vertical ()
Ans: The period of circular motion of the bob is ii. Tension in the thread (T)
1.996 s. iii. Speed of the bob (V)
r
Formulae: i. tan =
Example 7.2 h
A stone of mass 2 kg is whirled in a horizontal ii. T cos = mg
circle attached at the end of 1.5 m long string. If iii. v = rg tan
the string makes an angle of 30o with vertical,
compute its period. (g = 9.8 m/s2) [July 16] Calculation:
Solution: h= l 2 r2
Given: m = 2 kg = 0.64 0.16 = 0.48
l = 1.5 m
= 0.4 1.732
= 30
0.693 m
g = 9.8 m/s2
From formula (i),
To find: Period (T)
r 0.4
l cos tan = = = 0.5773
Formula: T = 2 h 0.693
g = 30.
20
 Chapter01:CircularMotion
We have, 1
= antilog [log(0.98) log(146) log(11)]
h 0.693 2
cos = = 0.8663
l 0.8 1
From formula (ii), = antilog 1.9912 2.1644 1.0414
2
T 0.8663 = 0.2 9.8
0.2 9.8 = antilog 1.9912 1.0822 1.0414
T= = 2.262 N
0.8663 = antilog{1.0734 1.0414}
From formula (iii), = antilog{0.0320}
v = 0.4 9.8 0.5773 T = 1.076 N.
Ans: The tension in the thread is 1.076 N.
1
= antilog [log(0.4) log(9.8) log(0.5773)] Example 7.5
2 The string of a conical pendulum is of length
1 120 cm. If the radius of the circle in which the
= antilog 1.6021 0.9912 1.7614
2 bob moves is 32 cm and the mass of the bob is
1 250 g, then what is the tension in the string?
= antilog 0.3547 Solution:
2 Given : l = 120 cm = 1.2 m,
= antilog{0.17735} r = 32 cm = 0.32 m,
= antilog{0.1774} m = 250 gm = 0.25 kg
v = 1.504 m/s To find: Tension (T)
Ans: i. The angle made by the string with the mg l
vertical is 30. Formula: T =
l r 2
2 1/2
ii. The tension in the thread is 2.262 N.
iii. The speed of revolving pendulum bob is Calculation:
1.504 m/s. From formula,
Example 7.4 0.25 9.8 1.2
T=
A bob of mass 100 g is suspended from a fixed
support by a thread. The bob moves in a

1.2 0.32
2

2 1/ 2

horizontal circle of radius 25 cm. The height of 0.25 9.81.2

T= 1
the fixed support from the centre of the circle is
[1.3376] 2
0.55 m. What is the tension in the thread?
Solution: log(0.25) log(9.8) log(1.2)

Given : m = 100 g = 0.1 kg, = antilog 1
r = 25 cm = 0.25 m, log(1.3376)
2
h = 0.55 m
= antilog 1.3979 0.9912 0.0792 0.1265
1
To find: Tension (T)
2 2
r = antilog{0.4683 0.06325}
Formula: T = mg 1
h = antilog(0.4683 0.0633}
Calculation: = antilog{0.4050}
From formula, T = 2.541 N
2 Ans: The tension in the string is 2.541 N.
0.25
T = 0.1 9.8 1
0.55 Example 7.6
2
A conical pendulum has a bob which moves in a
5 circle of radius 15 cm. If the angle which the
= 0.98 1
11 thread of the pendulum makes with the vertical is
6, what is the angular velocity of the bob?
121 25
= 0.98 Solution:
121 Given : r = 15 cm = 0.15 m,
0.98 = 6
= 146
11 To find: Angular velocity ()
21
Std.XIISci.:PhysicsNumericals

g tan Solution:
Formula: = Given: m = 0.4 kg, r = 1.2 m, n = 2 rps
r
Angular speed,
Calculation:
From formula, = 2n = 2 2 = 4 rad s1
To find: i. Tension in the string at the bottom
9.8 tan 6 9.8 0.1051 (Tbottom).
= =
0.15 0.15 ii. Tension in the string at the top
1 (Ttop).
= antilog [log(9.8) log(0.1051) log(0.15)]
2 Formulae: i. Tbottom = m(42n2 r + g)
1 ii. Ttop = m (42 n2 r g)
= antilog [0.9912 1.0216 1.1761] Calculation:
2
From formula (i),
1 Tbottom = 0.4[4(3.14)2 (2)2 1.2 + 9.8]
= antilog [0.0128 1.1761]
2 = 6.4 (3.14)2 1.2 + 3.92
1 = 75.71 + 3.92
= antilog 0.8367
2 Tbottom= 79.63 N
= antilog{0.41635} From formula (ii),
= antilog{0.4164} Ttop = 0.4[4(3.14)2 (2)2 1.2 9.8]
= 2.608 2.61 = 75.71 3.92
= 2.61 rad/s Ttop = 71.79 N.
Ans: The angular velocity of the bob is 2.61 rad/s. Ans: i. The tension in the string at the bottom of
the circle is 79.63 N.
Section 8: Vertical Circular Motion ii. The tension in the string at the top of the
circle is 71.79 N.
Example 8.1
A motor cyclist rides in a vertical hollow sphere Example 8.3
of radius 7 m. Find the minimum angular speed A bucket containing water is tied to one end of a
required so that it does not lose contact with the rope of length 2.5 m and rotated about the other
sphere at the highest point. [g = 9.8 m/s2] end in a vertical circle in such a way that the
Solution: water in it does not spill. What is the minimum
Given: r = 7 m, g = 9.8 m/sec2 velocity of the bucket at which this happens and
To find: Minimum angular speed () how many rotations per minute is it making
then? [g = 10 ms2]
g
Formula: = Solution:
r Given: r = 2.5 m
Calculation: From formula, To find: i. Minimum velocity of the bucket
9.8 (Vmim).
= ii. Number of revolutions per minute
7
(n).
= 1.4
Formulae: i. vmin = rg
= 1.18 rad/s
Ans: The minimum angular speed required by the
ii. n=
motor cyclist is 1.18 rad/s. 2
Calculation:
Example 8.2 From Formula (i),
A body weighing 0.4 kg is whirled in a vertical vmin at the top = rg = 2.5 10
circle making 2 revolutions per second. If the
radius of the circle is 1.2 m, find the tension in the vmin = 5 m/s
string when the body is Using,
i. at the bottom of the circle v 5
= = = 2 rad s1
ii. at the top of the circle. r 2 .5

22
 Chapter01:CircularMotion
From Formula (ii), 3
= 0.1 4 + 0.98
Number of rotations n = 2
2
= 0.4 + 0.98 0.8660 . 3 1.732
2 2 60
= rps = 60 rpm = r.p.m. = 0.4 + 0.849
2 2
n 19 r.p.m. T = 1.249 N
Ans: i. The minimum velocity of the bucket so Ans: The tension in the chord is 1.249 N.
that the water in it does not spill is
5 m/s. Example 8.6
ii. The number of revolutions of the bucket A particle of mass 0.1 kg is tied at the end of a
per minute are 19. string and whirled in a vertical circle of radius
1 m at a constant speed of 5 m/s. Find the tension
Example 8.4 in the string at the highest point of its path.
A flyover bridge is in the form of a circular arc of Solution:
radius 30 m. Find the limiting speed with which a Given: m = 0.1 kg, r = 1 m, VH = 5 m/s
car can cross the bridge without losing contact To find: Tension at highest point (TH)
with the road at the highest point. Assume the mv 2H
Formula: TH = mg
centre of gravity of the car to be 0.5 m above the r
road. Calculation: From formula,
Solution:
v2
Given: r = 30 m, h = 0.5 m, TH = m H g
R = r + h = 30 + 0.5 = 30.5 m, r
g = 9.8 m/s2 (5) 2
To find: Limiting speed (V) = 0.1 9.8
mv 2 1
Formula: FC = = mg (Weight) = 0.1 (25 9.8)
R
= 0.1 (15.2)
Calculation: From formula,
v2 = Rg TH = 1.52 N
Ans: The tension in the string at the highest point is
v = Rg
1.52 N.
= 30.5 9.8
= 298.9 Example 8.7
v = 17.29 m/s. A 4 kg ball tied at the end of a chord 1 m long,
Ans: The limiting speed of the car is 17.29 m/s. swings in a vertical circle. At what maximum
speed can it swing if the chord can sustain a
maximum tension of 163.6 N?
Example 8.5
Solution:
A small body of mass 0.1 kg is tied at the end of a
Given: m = 4 kg, r = 1 m, TL = 163.6 N
chord of length 1m and swings in a vertical circle
To find: Maximum speed (vL)
with speed 2 m/s. When the chord makes an angle
of 30 with the vertical, find the tension in the mv 2L
Formula: TL = + mg
chord. r
Solution: Calculation: From formula,
Given: m = 0.1 kg, r = 1 m, v = 2 m/s, mv 2L
= TL mg
= 30 r
To find: Tension in the chord (T) 4 v 2L
= 163.6 4 9.8
mv 2 1
Formula: T = + mg cos
r 4 v 2L = 163.6 39.2
Calculation:
From formula, 4 v 2L = 124.4
0.1 (2) 2 124.4
T= + 0.1 9.8 cos 30 v 2L =
1 4
23
Std.XIISci.:PhysicsNumericals

v 2L = 31.1 ii. the force exerted by the pilot on his seat

at the lowest position of the circle is
vL = 31.1 4485 N.
vL = 5.58 m/s.
Ans: The maximum speed of the ball is 5.58 m/s. Example 8.9
A stone of mass 10 kg tied with a string of length
Example 8.8 0.5 m is rotated in a vertical circle. Find the total
An aeroplane is flying in the sky with a speed of energy of the stone at the highest position.
360 km/hr in a vertical circle of radius 200 m. Solution:
The weight of the pilot sitting in it is 75 kg. What
Given: m = 10 kg, r = 0.5 m
is the force with which the pilot presses his seat
when the aeroplane is To find: Total energy (TE)
i. at the highest position? 5
Formula: (T.E.)H = mrg
ii. at the lowest position of the circle? 2
Solution: Calculation: From formula,
5 5
Given: v = 360 km/hr = 360 m/s (T.E.)H = 10 0.5 9.8
18 2
= 100 m/s = 5 5 4.9
r = 200 m, m = 75 kg (T.E.)H = 122.5 J
To find: i. Force exerted by pilot at highest Ans: The total energy of the stone at the highest
position (TH) position is 122.5 J.
ii. Force exerted by pilot at lowest
position (TL)
Example 8.10
mv 2H
Formulae: i. TH = mg A 500 g particle tied to one end of a string is
r whirled in a vertical circle of circumference 14 m.
mv 2L If the tension at the highest point of its path is
ii. TL = + mg
r 2 N, what is its speed?
Calculation: Solution:
From formula (i), Given: m = 500 g = 0.5 kg,
v 2H circumference = 14 m = 2r
TH = m g
14
r r= m,
100 2 2
= 75 9.8 T=2N
200
To find: Speed (v)
10000 mv 2
= 75 9.8 Formula: T = mg
200 r
= 75 (50 9.8) = 75 40.2 Calculation:
TH = 3015 N From formula,
From formula (ii), mv 2
= T + mg
v 2L r
TL = m g 1/ 2
r r
v = T mg
100 2 m
= 75 9.8 1/ 2
200 14
= (2 0.5 9.8)
2 0.5
TL = 75 (50 + 9.8) = 75 59.8
1/2
TL = 4485 N = [4.4586 6.9]
Ans: i. The force exerted by the pilot on his seat v = 5.546 m/s
when the aeroplane is at the highest Ans: The speed of the particle at the highest point is
position is 3015 N. 5.546 m/s.
24
 Chapter01:CircularMotion
Example 8.11 Example 8.13
A stone of mass 100 g attached to a string of A bridge over a railway track is in the form of a
length 50 cm is whirled in a vertical circle by circular arc of radius 55 m. What is the limiting
giving velocity at lowest point as 7 m/s. Find the speed with which a car can cross the bridge so
velocity at the highest point. that no contact is lost if the centre of gravity of
[Acceleration due to gravity = 98 m/s2] [Oct 15] the car is 0.4 m above the road?
Solution: Solution:
Given: m = 100 g= 0.1 kg, r = 50 cm = 0.5m, Given : r = 55m, h = 0.4 m
g = 9.8 m/s2, vL = 7 m/s Total distance R = 55 + 0.4 = 55.4 m
To find: Velocity at the highest point (vH) To find: Limiting speed (v)
mv 2
2 T.E.(H) Formula: F = = mg
Formula: vH = 4gr R
m Calculation: From formula,
Calculation: Total energy at highest point, v = Rg = 55.4 9.8
1
T.E.(H)= K.E. at lowest point = mv 2L v = 23.3 m/s
2 Ans: The limiting speed of the car is 23.3 m/s.
1
T.E.(H) = 0.1 7 2 Section 9: Kinematical Equations
2
= 2.45 J Example 9.1
From formula, On the application of a constant torque, a wheel
2 2.45 is turned from rest through 400 radian in 10 s.
vH = 4 9.8 0.5 Calculate its angular acceleration.
0.1
Solution:
= 29.4 Given: = 400 rad, 1 = 0, t = 10 s
vH = 5.422 m/s To find: Angular acceleration ()
Ans: The velocity at the highest point is 5.422 m/s. 1 2
Formula: = 1t + t
2
Example 8.12 Calculation: From formula,
A stone of mass 5 kg, tied to one end of a rope of 1
length 0.8 m, is whirled in a vertical circle. Find 400 = 0 + (10)2
2
the minimum velocity at the highest point and at
2 400
the midway point. [g = 98 m/s2] [Oct 14] =
Solution: 100
Given: m = 5 kg, r = 0.8 m, g = 9.8 m/s2 = 8 rad s2.
To find: i. Minimum velocity at the highest Ans: The angular acceleration of the wheel is
point (vH) 8 rad/s2.
ii. Minimum velocity at midway
point (vM) Example 9.2
The initial angular speed of a wheel is 4 rad/s. If
Formulae: i. vH = rg
its angular displacement is 200 rad, find its
ii. vM = 3rg angular acceleration after 10 s.
Calculation: From formula (i), Solution:
Given: 1 = 4 rad/s,
vH = 0.8 9.8 = 7.84 = 2.8 m/s
= 200 rad,
From formula (ii), t = 10 s
vM = 3 0.8 9.8 To find: Angular acceleration ()
= 3 2.8 1 2
Formula: = 1t + t
= 4.85 m/s 2
Ans: The minimum velocity at the highest point and Calculation: From formula,
midway point is 2.8 m/s and 4.85 m/s 1
200 = 4 10 + 10 10
respectively. 2
25
Std.XIISci.:PhysicsNumericals
200 = 40 + 50 Example 9.5
160 The spin dryer of a washing machine rotating at
= 15 r.p.s. slows down to 5 r.p.s. after making
50
= 3.2 rad/s2 50 revolutions. Find its angular acceleration.
Ans: The angular acceleration of the wheel is [Mar 15]
3.2 rad/s2. Solution:
Given: n0 = 15 r.p.s., n = 5 r.p.s.,
Example 9.3 No. of revolutions = 50
A particle moves along a circular path of length To find: Angular acceleration ()
15 cm with a constant angular acceleration of
Formulae: i. = 2n
4 rad/s2. If the initial angular speed of the particle
is 5 rad/s, find the angular displacement of the ii. 2 = 02 2
particle in 5 sec. Calculation: Using formula (i),
Solution: = 2 5 = 10
Given: Circumference = 15 cm
0 = 2 5 = 30
= 0.15 m,
2 In 1 revolution, angular displacement
= 4 rad/s , 1 = 5 rad/s, t = 5s
To find: Angular displacement () = 2
1 2 in 50 revolutions, angular
Formula: = 1t + t displacement = = 100
2
Calculation: From formula, Using formula (ii),
1 (10)2 = (30 )2 + 2(100 )
=55+ 4 (5)2
2 900 2 100 2
=
= 25 + 50 200
= 75 rad
= 4 rad/s2
Ans: The angular displacement of the particle is
75 rad. = 12.56 rad/s2
Ans: Angular acceleration of spin dryer is
Example 9.4 12.56 rad/s2.
A gramophone turntable rotating at an angular
velocity of 3 rad/s stops after one revolution. Find Example 9.6
the angular retardation. A fly wheel gains a speed of 240 rpm in 3 s.
Solution: Calculate the change in its angular speed in three
Given: 1 = 3 rad/sec, = 1 rev. = 2 rad, seconds.
2 = 0 Solution:
To find: Angular retardation () 0
Formula: 22 = 12 + 2 Given: n1 = 0 rpm = rps = 0 rps,
60
Calculation: From formula, 240
0 = 32 + 2 2 n2 = 240 rpm = = 4 rps,
60
0 = 9 + 4
t = 3s
4=9
9 To find: Change in angular speed ()
= Formula: w = 2 1= 2 (n2 n1)
4
9 Calculation: By using formula,
= = 2(4) 2(0)
4 3.142
9 = 8 rad/s
=
12.568 = 8 3.14
= 0.716 rad/s2 = 25.12 rad/s
Ans: The angular retardation of the turn table is Ans: The change in the angular speed of the
0.716 rad/s2. flywheel is 25.12 rad/s.
26
 Chapter01:CircularMotion
Example 9.7 2. A flywheel turns at 600 rpm. Compute the
A wheel rotating at 500 r.p.m. slows down to angular speed at any point on the wheel and
400 r.p.m. at a constant rate of 5 rad/s2. What is the tangential speed 0.5 m from the centre.
the angular displacement of the wheel?
3. A particle moves along a circular path of
Solution:
radius 20 cm making 240 revolutions per
500 minute. Find the angular and linear velocities
Given: n1 = 500 r.p.m = r.p.s.,
60 of the particle.
400
n2 = 400 r.p.m = r.p.s., 4. What is the angular displacement of the
60 minute hand of a clock in 20 minutes?
= 5 rad/s2
5. Find the angular displacement of the tip of
To find: Angular displacement () second hand of clock whose length is 5 cm
Formula: 22 12 = 2 and sweeps an arc of length 7.25 cm.
Calculation: 6. If a body moves on a circular path of radius
1 = 2n1 10 m with a linear velocity of 2 m/s, find its
500 angular displacement in 15 s.
= 2 rad/s
60 7. Calculate the angular velocity of earth due to
1 = 52.33 rad/s its spin motion.
2 = 2n2
8. An aircraft takes a turn along a circular path of
400 radius 1500 m. If the linear speed of the
= 2 rad/s
60 aircraft is 300 m/s, find its angular speed and
2 = 41.87 rad/s time taken by it to complete (1/5)th of the
From formula, circular path.
2 12 9. A body is fixed to one end of a rope and the
= 2
2 other end of the rope is fixed to a peg on the
(52.33) 2 (41.87) 2 ground. The body rotates with a uniform
= .(1) angular velocity of 5 rad/s around the peg. If
25
the radius of the circle in which the body
Now, (52.33)2 (41.87)2 rotates is 50 cm, what is its linear velocity?
= antilog [2 log(52.33)] antilog[2 log(41.87)]
Section 2: Angular Acceleration
= antilog[2 1.7187] antilog [2 1.6219]
= antilog[3.4374] antilog[3.2438] 10. Determine the angular acceleration of a
= 2738 1753 rotating body which slows down from
= 985 500 r.p.m. to rest in 10 second.
Substituting the value in eq (1), we get 11. The speed of a wheel increases from 600 rpm
985 to 1200 rpm in 20 s. What is its angular
= acceleration and how many revolutions does it
10
make during this time?
= 98.5 rad
Ans: The angular displacement of the wheel is 12. The motor of an engine is rotating about its
98.5 rad. axis with an angular velocity of 100 rpm. It
comes to rest in 15 s after being switched-off.
Problems for Practice Assuming constant angular retardation,
calculate the number of revolutions made by it
Section 1: Angular Displacement, Relation before coming to rest.
Between Linear Velocity and Angular
13. A car is moving at a speed of 72 kmh1. The
Velocity
diameter of its wheels is 0.50 m. If the wheels
1. Calculate the angular speed and linear speed are stopped in 20 rotations by applying brakes,
of the tip of a second hand of a clock, if the calculate the angular retardation produced by
second hand is 4 cm long. the brakes.
27
Std.XIISci.:PhysicsNumericals
23. Find the centripetal force required to revolve a
Section 3: Centripetal and Tangential
body of mass 0.2 kg along a circular path of
Acceleration
radius 2 metre at a uniform rate of 300
14. If a particle has a radial acceleration of revolutions per minute in the horizontal plane.
123.62 m/s2 and a tangential acceleration of
91.41 m/s2, then what is its linear 24. A coin kept on a horizontal rotating disc has
acceleration? its centre at a distance of 0.25 m from the axis
of rotation of the disc. If = 0.2, find the
15. A particle moves in a circle of radius 5 cm and angular velocity of the disc at which the coin
has its velocity of rotation increased by 100 is about to slip-off. [g = 9.8 m/s2.]
rotations in 5 seconds. Calculate its angular
acceleration and tangential acceleration. 25. A body of mass 1 kg is tied to a string and
16. A car is moving along a circular road at a revolved in a horizontal circle of radius 1 m.
speed of 20 m/s. The radius of the circular Calculate the maximum number of revolutions
road is 10 m. If the speed is increased at the per minute so that the string does not break.
rate of 30 m/s2, what is the resultant Breaking tension of the string is 9.86 N.
acceleration? 26. A 0.5 kg mass tied to the end of a string is
17. A 0.5 kg mass is rotated in a horizontal circle whirled in a horizontal circle of radius 1.5 m
of radius 20 cm. Calculate the centripetal with a angular speed of
acceleration acting on it, if its angular speed of 4 rad/s. The maximum tension that the string
revolution is 0.8 rad/s. can withstand is 250 N. What is the maximum
speed with which the stone can be whirled?
18. To simulate acceleration of large rockets, What is the tension in the string?
astronauts are spun at the end of a long
rotating beam of length 9.8 m. What angular 27. A coin placed on a revolving disc at a distance
velocity is required to generate a centripetal of 25 cm from the axis does not slip-off when
acceleration the disc revolves at 80 r.p.m. The coin is then
8 times the acceleration due to gravity? placed 40 cm from the axis. How fast can the
(g = 9.8 m/s2) disc revolve without the coin slipping-off?
19. A motor car is travelling at 20 m/s on a Section 5: Motion of a Vehicle along a Curved
circular curve of radius 100 m. It is increasing Unbanked Road
its speed at the rate of 5 m/s2. What is its
acceleration? 28. With what maximum speed can a car be safely
driven along a curve of radius 40 m on a
Section 4: Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces horizontal road if the coefficient of friction
between the car tyres and road surface is 0.3?
20. A body of mass 10 kg moves in a circle of [g = 9.8 m/s2]
radius 1 m with constant angular speed of 2
29. A car travelling at 18 km/hr just rounds a
rad/sec. Find the period of revolution and the
curve without skidding. If the road is plane
centripetal force.
and the coefficient of friction between the
21. The breaking tension of a string of length 2 road surface and the tyres is 0.25, find the
metre is 24 kg wt. A body of mass 2 kg is radius of the curve.
attached to its one end and whirled in a
horizontal circle with the end fixed. Find the 30. A car moves on a level turn having a radius of
maximum frequency of revolution possible. 62 m. What is the maximum speed the car can
Also find the velocity of the body when the take without skidding if the coefficient of
string breaks. static friction between the tyre and the road is
2.2?
22. A 1 kg mass tied at the end of a string 0.5 m
long is whirled in a horizontal circle, the other 31. What should be the coefficient of friction
end of the string being fixed. The breaking between the tyres and the road, when a car
tension in the string is 50 N. Find the greatest travelling at 60 km h1 makes a level turn of
speed that can be given to the mass. radius 40 m?
28
 Chapter01:CircularMotion
42. What is the maximum speed at which a car
Section 6: Banking of Roads
can turn on a road which is banked at an angle
32. A cyclist speeding at 6 ms1 in a circle of 18 m of 10 if the radius of the turn is 25 m and the
radius makes an angle with the vertical. coefficient of friction between the tyres and
Calculate . Also determine the minimum the road surface is 0.4?
possible value of the coefficient of friction
43. The maximum speed of a bus on turn of radius
between the tyres and the ground.
50 m is 60 km/hr. If the coefficient of friction
33. A bicycle and rider together have a mass of between the tyres and the road is 0.5, what is
90 kg. Find the angle which the rider must the angle of banking?
make with the horizontal in travelling around
a curve of 36 m radius at 44/3 m/s. Section 7: Conical Pendulum
34. A curved road of radius 90 m is to be banked
so that a vehicle may move along the curved 44. A conical pendulum has a bob of mass 200 g
road with a uniform speed of 75.6 km/hr and a length of 50 cm. If the radius of the
without any tendency to slip-off. What must circle traced by the bob is 25 cm, find the
be the angle of banking? [g = 9.8 m/s2] velocity of the bob and the period of
35. The circumference of a track is 1.256 km. pendulum. [g = 9.8 m/s2]
Find the angle of banking of the track if the 45. A conical pendulum has a length of 1.5 m and
maximum speed at which a car can be driven a bob of mass 50 g. The bob completes 20
safely along it is 25 m/s. revolutions in 45 s. Find the radius of the
36. A motorcyclist goes round a circular race circular path traced by the bob and the tension
course of diameter 320 m at 144 km h1. How in the thread. [g = 9.8 m/s2]
far from the vertical must he lean inwards to
46. The bob of a conical pendulum has mass 50 g
keep his balance? [Take g = 10 ms2] and it moves in a horizontal circle whose
37. A train has to negotiate a curve of radius radius is 24 cm. If the length of the string is
400 m. By how much should the outer rail be 75 cm, what is the tension in the string?
raised with respect to the inner rail for a speed
of 48 kmh1? The distance between the rails is 47. A conical pendulum has a bob of mass 300 g
1 m. and string of length 115 cm. If the angle made
by the string with the vertical is 12, what is
38. The C.G. of a taxi is 1.5 m above the round
the period of circular motion of the bob? What
and the distance between its wheels is 2 m.
is the tension in the string?
What is the maximum speed with which it can
go round an unbanked curve of radius 100 m Section 8: Vertical Circular Motion
without being turned upside down? What
minimum value of coefficient of friction
48. A 1.2 kg body attached to a string is whirled
would be required at this speed?
in a vertical circle of radius 3 m. What
39. A turn on a road has a radius of 55 m and is minimum speed, vm must it have at the top of
banked at an angle of 15 with the horizontal. the circle so as not to depart from the circular
If the coefficient of friction between a car tyre path? Find its velocity at lowest point and at a
and the road surface is 0.28, what is the midway position?
maximum speed of the car on the turn?
49. A vehicle weighing 4000 kg is going over a
40. An aircraft with its wings banked at 22 convex bridge, the radius of curvature of
performs a horizontal loop at a speed of which is 30 m. The height of the centre of
250 m/s. What is the radius of the loop? gravity of the vehicle from the ground is
41. A railway track has a radius of curvature of 1.2 m. If the velocity of the vehicle is 50.4
1.8 km. If the optimum velocity of a train on km/h, calculate the thrust of the vehicle on the
the track is 25 m/s, what is the angle of road at the highest point. Also find the greatest
banking? If the elevation of the outer track speed at which the vehicle can cross the bridge
above the inner track is 0.05 m, what is the without losing contact with the road at the
distance between the two tracks? highest point. [g = 9.8 m/s2]
29
Std.XIISci.:PhysicsNumericals
50. A roadway bridge over a canal is in the form 59. A stone of mass 8 kg tied with a string of
of an arc of radius 15m. What is the maximum length 1m is rotated in vertical circle. Find the
speed with which a car can cross the bridge total energy of stone at the lowest point.
without leaving the ground at the highest 60. A body of mass 4 kg is rotating in a vertical
point? [g = 9.8 m/s2] circle at the end of a string of length 0.6 m.
51. The vertical section of a road over a bridge in Calulate the difference in K.E. at the top and
the direction of its length is in the form of an bottom of the circle.
arc of a circle of radius 19.5 m. Find the 61. A 0.6 kg bob attached to a string is whirled in
limiting velocity at which a car can cross the a vertical circle at a speed of 15 rad/s. If the
bridge without losing contact with the road at radius of the circle is 1.8 m., what is the
the highest point, if the centre of gravity of the tension in the string when the bob is at the
car is 0.5 m from the ground. bottom and at the top of the circle?
52. A motorcyclist rides in a vertical circle in a Section 9: Kinematical Equations
hollow sphere of radius 5m. Find the
minimum angular speed required so that he 62. The spin drier of a washing machine revolving
does not lose contact with the sphere at the at 15 r.p.s slows down to 5 r.p.s. while making
highest point. 50 revolutions. Find the angular acceleration
[g = 9.8 m/s2] and time taken to complete the revolutions.
63. A particle moves along a circular path of
53. A stone of mass 0.3 kg is tied to one end of a
radius 10 cm with a constant angular
string 0.8 m long and rotated in a vertical
acceleration of 2 rad/s2. If the initial angular
circle. At what speed of the ball will the
speed of the particle is 5 rad/s,
tension in the string be zero at the highest
find the
point of the circle? What would be the tension
i. angular speed of the particle after 10 s.
at the lowest point in this case?
ii. angular displacement of the particle in
[Given g = 9.8 ms2] 10 s.
54. A bucket containing water is tied to one end of iii. tangential acceleration of the particle.
a rope 8 m long and rotated about the other 64. A particle moves in a circular path with an
end in vertical circle. Find the minimum angular velocity of 9 rad/s. The particle then
number of rotations per minute in order that accelerates at a constant rate of 3 rad/s2. In
water in the bucket may not spill. what time will the particle be displaced by an
[g = 9.8 m/s2] angle of 60 rad ?
55. What is the minimum speed required at the 65. A curved road having diameter 0.04 km is
bottom to perform a vertical loop, if the radius banked at an angle . If a car can travel at a
of the death-well in a circus is 25 m? maximum speed of 50 km/hr on the curved
56. A particle of 0.1 kg is whirled at the end of road and if the coefficient of friction between
string in a vertical circle of radius 1m at the tyres and the road is 0.26, what is the angle
constant speed of 7 m/s. Find the tension in of banking?
the string at the highest position.
Multiple Choice Questions
57. A stone weighing 0.5 kg tied to a rope of
length 0.5 m revolves along a circular path in
Section 1: Angular Displacement, Relation
a vertical circle. What maximum speed does it
Between Linear Velocity and
possess at the bottom where tension is 45 N?
Angular Velocity
58. A body weighing 0.4 kg tied to a string is
projected with a velocity of 15 ms1. The body 1. A body rotating in a horizontal circle has a
starts whirling in a vertical circle. If the radius linear velocity of 25 m/s and its angular
of the circle is 1.2 m, find tension in the string velocity is 0.5 rad/s. What is the radius of the
when the body is circle in which it rotates?
i. at the top of the circle and (A) 0.05 m (B) 0.5 m
ii. at the bottom of the circle. (C) 0.25 m (D) 2.5 m
30
 Chapter01:CircularMotion
2. The angular velocity of a point on the rim of a 11. A particle moves in a horizontal circle of
wheel is 8 rad/s. How many revolution per radius 2 cm with a constant angular speed of
minute (r.p.m) does the wheel make ? 14 r.p.s. What is its centripetal acceleration?
(A) 250 (B) 240 (A) 165.23 m/s2 (B) 154.59 m/s2
(C) 100 (D) 4 (C) 138.26 m/s2 (D) 101.19 m/s2
3. The angular velocity of the minute hand of a 12. If the radial acceleration of a body is 29 m/s2
clock is and its tangential acceleration is 12 m/s2,
what is its linear acceleration?
(A) rad/s (B) rad/s (A) 31.38 m/s2
60 3600
2 2 (B) 29.62 m/s2
(C) rad/s (D) rad/s (C) 24.19 m/s2
60 3600
(D) 19.26 m/s2
4. The angular displacement of the seconds
hand of a clock in 30 s is 13. A body revolves in a circle of radius 14 cm
(A) 6.28 rad (B) 3.14 rad with an angular velocity of 30 rad/s. If its
(C) 1.07 rad (D) 60 rad tangential acceleration is 0.24 m/s2, then what
is the ratio of its centripetal acceleration to its
5. If the length of the minute hand of a clock is tangential acceleration?
15 cm, then its linear velocity is (A) 600 : 1 (B) 550 : 1
(A) 1.2 104 m/s (B) 2.62 104 m/s (C) 525 : 1 (D) 1 : 400
4
(C) 3.2 10 m/s (D) 3.6 102 m/s
14. A particle rotates in a horizontal circle with an
Section 2: Angular Acceleration angular velocity of 20 rad/s. If its tangential
6. If the angular speed of a particle changes from acceleration is 0.2 m/s2 and the ratio of its
2.5 rad/s to 5 rad/s in 20 s, then its angular centripetal acceleration to its tangential
acceleration is acceleration is 600 : 1, what is the radius of
(A) 0.125 rad/s2 (B) 0.15 rad/s2 the circle in which the particle rotates?
(C) 1.5 rad/s 2
(D) 12.5 rad/s2 (A) 20 cm (B) 30 cm
(C) 15 cm (D) 10 cm
7. A body moves from rest through 100 rad in
15 s. Its angular acceleration is Section 4 : Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces
(A) 1.15 rad/s2 (B) 0.89 rad/s2
2
(C) 0.75 rad/s (D) 0.42 rad/s2 15. A coin just slips when placed at a distance of
8. A particle moving with an angular speed of 2 cm from the axis on a rotating turntable. At
4.2 rad/s accelerates to move with an angular what distance from the axis will it just slip
speed of 6.4 rad/s. If its angular displacement when the angular velocity of the turntable is
is 50 rad, then its angular acceleration is halved?
(A) 1.8 rad/s2 (B) 1.2 rad/s2 (A) 1 cm (B) 2 cm
(C) 0.32 rad/s 2
(D) 0.23 rad/s2 (C) 4 cm (D) 8 cm

9. A body performing UCM changes from 16. A 250 g mass tied to the end of a string is
50 r.p.m. to 100 r.p.m. in 20 s. Its angular whirled in a circle of radius 115 cm with a
acceleration is speed of 3 r.p.s. What is the tension in the
(A) 0.52 rad/s2 (B) 0.26 rad/s2 string?
(C) 0.12 rad/s 2
(D) 0.02 rad/s2 (A) 150.6 N (B) 112.50 N
(C) 102.05 N (D) 89.65 N
Section 3: Centripetal and Tangential Acceleration 17. A stone of mass 0.2 kg is tied to the end of a
10. What is the centripetal acceleration of a string and whirled in a horizontal circle. The
0.25 kg body which rotates in a horizontal maximum tension in the string is 300 N. If the
circle of radius 12 cm with an angular velocity maximum velocity is 4.2 m/s, what is the
of 1.1 rad/s? radius of the circle in which it is whirled?
(A) 1.2 m/s2 (B) 0.8 m/s2 (A) 1.18 cm (B) 1.82 cm
(C) 5.14 m/s 2
(D) 0.15 m/s2 (C) 2.11 cm (D) 4.36 cm
31
Std.XIISci.:PhysicsNumericals
18. A 0.2 kg bob is tied to the end of a string and 24. A road is being designed for vehicles to travel
whirled in a horizontal circle of radius 60 cm. at 80 km/h. The coefficient of friction between
The string breaks when the tension is 200 N. the road surface and the tyres is 0.2. What
What is the time period corresponding to the should be the radius of an unbanked level turn
maximum velocity with which it can be on the road for vehicles to move without
whirled? skidding?
(A) 0.189 s (B) 0.154 s (A) 251.90 m (B) 500 m
(C) 0.116 s (D) 0.009 s (C) 128.2 m (D) 202.95 m
19. A coin placed on a rotating turntable at a
Section 6: Banking of Road
distance of 12 cm from the axis does not slip
when the turntable rotates steadily at a speed
25. The turn on a banked road has a radius of
of r.p.m. If the coefficient of friction 25 m. If the coefficient of friction between a
between the coin and the turntable is 0.4, what car tyre and the road surface is 0.32 and if the
is the value of ? angle of banking is 17, what is the maximum
(A) 54.6 r.p.m. velocity at which a car can turn?
(B) 60.3 r.p.m. (A) 12.61 m/s (B) 11.47 m/s
(C) 72.9 r.p.m. (C) 13.04 m/s (D) 10.93 m/s
(D) 90.1 r.p.m.
26. The centre of gravity of a car is 0.62 m above
20. A 0.3 kg stone is tied to the end of a string and
the ground. It can turn along a track which is
whirled in a horizontal circle of radius 0.6 m.
1.24 m wide and has radius r. If the greatest
The string just breaks when the velocity of
speed at which the car can take the turn is
rotation is 10 m/s. What is the maximum
22.02 m/s, what is the value of r?
tension which the string can withstand?
(A) 62.32 m (B) 52.01 m
(A) 25 N (B) 40 N
(C) 49.48 m (D) 38.62 m
(C) 50 N (D) 100 N
27. A motorcyclist executes a horizontal loop at a
21. A 0.5 kg mass is tied to the end of a string and
speed of 65 km/h while himself making an
whirled in a circle of radius 75 cm. If the
tension in the string is 15 kg wt, what is the angle of 12 with the horizontal. What is the
linear velocity of rotation? radius of the loop?
(A) 16.23 m/s (B) 14.85 m/s (A) 156.6 m (B) 161.2 m
(C) 12.91 m/s (D) 8.23 m/s (C) 173.4 m (D) 180.9 m
28. A car executes a turn of radius 22 m on a
Section 5: Motion of a Vehicle along a Curved banked road while travelling at a speed of
Unbanked Road 45 km/h. If the height of the outer edge above
the inner edge of the road is 1.1 m, what is the
22. A vehicle takes a turn on an unbanked road, breadth of the road?
the radius of the turn being 42 m. If the (A) 2.104 m (B) 1.875 m
coefficient of friction between the tyres and (C) 1.626 m (D) 1.213 m
the road surface is 0.6, then the car travelling
at which of the following velocities will slip 29. The angle of banking of a turn of radius 75 m
while taking the turn? on a road is 30. What is the speed at which a
(A) 8 m/s (B) 12 m/s car can turn along this curve?
(C) 15 m/s (D) 18 m/s (A) 20.6 m/s (B) 22.3 m/s
(C) 24.6 m/s (D) 28.3 m/s
23. A car travels at a speed of 60 km/h on a level
road on which there is an unbanked turn of 30. If the angle of banking of a road is 32 and if a
radius 50 m. For which of the following values turn has radius 72 m, what is the maximum
of coefficient of friction between the tyres and speed at which a car can turn, given the
the road surface will the car not skid while coefficient of friction between the car tyres
turning? and the road is 0.34?
(A) 0.1 (B) 0.2 (A) 32.3 m/s (B) 29.4 m/s
(C) 0.4 (D) 0.6 (C) 28.6 m/s (D) 25.1 m/s
32
 Chapter01:CircularMotion
38. A fighter aircraft flying at 400 km/h executes
Section 7: Conical Pendulum
a vertical circular loop of radius 100 m. The
31. The mass of the bob of a conical pendulum is pilot has a weight of 60 kg. What is the force
100 g and the length of the string is 150 cm. If with which the pilot presses his seat when the
the radius of the circle in which the bob rotates aircraft is at the highest point?
is 22 cm and if the thread makes an angle of (A) 8500.9 N (B) 7200.34 N
15 with the vertical, calculate the velocity of (C) 6900.2 N (D) 6819.40 N
the bob. 39. A stone of mass m tied to a string of length
(A) 0.76 m/s (B) 0.84 m/s 60 cm is whirled in a vertical circle. If the total
(C) 1.2 m/s (D) 2.4 m/s energy of the stone at the highest position is
32. The length of the string of a conical pendulum 250 J, what is the value of m?
is 90 cm and its bob moves in a circular path (A) 20 kg (B) 18 kg
of radius 25 cm. What is the tension in the (C) 17 kg (D) 15 kg
string if the bob has mass 150 g? 40. A bucket containing water is tied to one end of
(A) 2.81 N (B) 1.53 N a rope of length 1.8 m. It is rotated about the
(C) 1.25 N (D) 0.92 N other end so that water does not spill out.
33. A conical pendulum of length 120 cm moves What is the minimum velocity of the bucket at
making an angle of 16 with the vertical. What which this can happen?
is the period of circular motion of the bob? (A) 4.2 m/s (B) 5 m/s
(A) 2.155 s (B) 2.523 s (C) 6.2 m/s (D) 7.4 m/s
(C) 3 s (D) 4.009 s 41. A motorcyclist riding in a vertical sphere does
not lose contact with the sphere at the highest
34. A conical pendulum has a bob of mass 200 g
point. If the minimum angular velocity at
and it moves in horizontal circle making an
which the motorcyclist achieves this is
angle of 8 with the vertical. What is the
1.5 rad/s, what is the radius of the sphere?
tension in the string?
(A) 3.21 m (B) 4.36 m
(A) 2.113 N (B) 1.979 N (C) 4.63 m (D) 5.56 m
(C) 1.504 N (D) 1.216 N
42. A 200 g mass is whirled in a vertical circle
Section 8: Vertical Circular Motion making 60 revolutions per minute. What is the
tension in the string at the top of the circle if
35. A gymnast hangs from one end of a rope and the radius of the circle is 0.8 m?
executes vertical circular motion. The gymnast (A) 4.35 N (B) 4.51 N
has a mass of 40 kg and the radius of the (C) 5.4 N (D) 6.22 N
circle is 2.5 m. If the gymnast whirls himself 43. A road bridge is in the form of a circular arc of
at a constant speed of 6 m/s, what is the radius 18 m. What is the limiting speed with
tension in the rope at the lowest point? which a car can traverse the bridge without
(A) 1200 N (B) 968 N losing contact at the highest point if the centre
(C) 782 N (D) 500 N of gravity of the car is 0.4 m above the
36. A 100 g mass attached to the end of a string is ground?
rotated in a vertical circle of radius 40 cm. (A) 13.428 m/s (B) 14.314 m/s
What is the total energy of the mass at the (C) 15.206 m/s (D) 16.009 m/s
highest point?
(A) 1.5 J (B) 1.1 J Section 9: Kinematical Equations
(C) 0.98 J (D) 0.76 J
44. A disc starts from rest and then accelerates at
37. A body of negligible mass tied to the end of a a constant rate of 12 rad/s2. If the angular
string is rotated in a vertical circle of radius displacement of the disc is 30 rad, then what
80 cm. At a horizontal point on the circle, is the final velocity with which the disc
what is the speed of the body? rotates?
(A) 4.85 m/s (B) 5.25 m/s (A) 32.71 rad/s (B) 26.83 rad/s
(C) 6.58 m/s (D) 8.01 m/s (C) 24.01 rad/s (D) 18.23 rad/s
33
Std.XIISci.:PhysicsNumericals
45. A flywheel executing 600 r.p.m. stops after one 34. 26 34
complete rotation. What is its angular 35. 17 41
retardation? 36. 45
(A) 3.14 rad/s2 (B) 31.4 rad/s2 37. 0.0454 m
(C) 314 rad/s2 (D) 3140 rad/s2 38. 25.56 ms1, 0.67
46. A wheel rotating at 10 rad/s accelerates to 39. vmax = 17.12 m/s
12 rad/s. If its angular displacement is 40 rad, 40. r = 15,785 m
what is its angular acceleration? 41. = 22, l = 1.412 m
(A) 1.5 rad/s2 (B) 0.55 rad/s2 42. vmax = 12.325 m/s
2
(C) 0.44 rad/s (D) 0.15 rad/s2 43. = 2 58
44. 119 cm/s; 1.32 s
47. An engine required 4 s to go from a speed of
45. 0.78 m; 0.57 N
600 rpm to 1200 rpm with a constant
acceleration. The number of revolutions made 46. T = 0.517 N
by it in this time is 47. Period = 2.13 s
(A) 6.0 (B) 600 Tension = 3 N
(C) 60 (D) 6000 48. i. 5.422 m/s ii 12.124 m/s
iii. 9.391 m/s
Answers to Problems for Practice 49. 14072 N; 17.49 m/s
1. 1 3
1.047 10 rad/s, 4.188 10 m/s 50. 12.124 m/s
2. 62.84 rad/s, 31.42 m/s 51. 14 m/s.
52. 1.4 rad/s
3. 25.12 rad/s, 5.024 m/s
4. 2.093 rad 53. 2.8 ms1, 17.64 N
5. 1.45 rad 54. 10.57 rev/min
6. 3.0 rad 55. 35 ms1
7. 7.27 105 rad/s 56. 3.92 N
8. 0.2 rad/s, 6.28 s 57. 6.332 m/s.
9. 2.5 m/s 58. i. 71.08 N ii. 78.92 N
10. 5.23 rad/s2 59. 196 J
60. 47.04 J
11. 3.14 rad s2, 300
61. 237.12 N, 248.88 N
12. 12.5
62. 12.56 rad/s2, 5 sec
13. 25.5 rad s2
63. i. 2 = 25 rad/s ii. = 150 rad
14. 153.74 m/s2
iii. at = 0.2 m/s2
15. 40 rad/s2 ; m/s2
64. t=4s
16. 50 m/s2
17. 0.128 m/s2 65. = 29 53
18. 2.828 rad/s Answers to Multiple Choice Questions
19. 6.403 m/s2
20. 3.14 s, 40 N 1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (D) 4. (B)
5. (B) 6. (A) 7. (B) 8. (D)
21. 1.22 rev/s; 15.33 m/s
9. (B) 10. (D) 11. (B) 12. (A)
22. 5 m/s
13. (C) 14. (B) 15. (D) 16. (C)
23. 394.38 N
17. (A) 18. (B) 19. (A) 20. (C)
24. 2.8 rad/s
21. (B) 22. (D) 23. (D) 24. (A)
25. 30
25. (C) 26. (C) 27. (A) 28. (B)
26. vmax = 27.39 m/s, T = 12 N
29. (A) 30. (B) 31. (A) 32. (B)
27. 63.25 r.p.m.
33. (A) 34. (B) 35. (B) 36. (C)
28. 10.84 m/s
37. (A) 38. (D) 39. (C) 40. (A)
29. 10.2 m 41. (B) 42. (A) 43. (A) 44. (B)
30. vmax = 36.56 m/s 45. (C) 46. (B) 47. (C)
31. 0.71
32. 1132, 0.2041
33. 5838
34