2014 EERI Technical Seminar Series - Performance Based Design State of The Practice For Tall Buildings
2014 EERI Technical Seminar Series - Performance Based Design State of The Practice For Tall Buildings
2014 EERI Technical Seminar Series - Performance Based Design State of The Practice For Tall Buildings
Co-sponsors
ASCE Metropolitan Los Angeles Branch
ASCE Seattle
EERI Regional Chapters: Northern California,
Southern California, and Washington
Structural Engineers Association of Washington - Seattle (SEAW)
Structural Engineers Association of Oregon (SEAO)
Structural Engineers Association of Southern California (SEAOSC)
Print a certificate for PDH credits for the 2014 EERI Technical Seminar Series at
https://eeri.org/2014TechSem-PDH
Earthquake Engineering Research Institute 499 14th Street, Suite 220 Oakland, CA 94612-1934, USA (510) 451-0905 F: (510) 451-5411 www.eeri.org [email protected]
An EERI Seminar
November 6, 2014
Motif Seattle
Seattle, Washington
November 7, 2014
Embassy Suites Los Angeles International Airport
Los Angeles, California
COSPONSORS:
American Society of Civil Engineers: Metropolitan Los Angeles Branch
American Society of Civil Engineers: Seattle Branch
EERI: Northern California, Southern California, and Washington Chapters
SEAO- Structural Engineers Association of Oregon
SEAOSC- Structural Engineers Association of Southern California
SEAW- Structural Engineers Association of Washington
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:
Funding for the technical seminar is provided under a cooperative agreement
(EMW-2013-CA-K00164) with FEMA/U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
EERI Staff
Jay Berger, Executive Director
Venue coordinator: Sonya Hollenbeck, Controller/Member Relations
Publicity: My Davidson, Membership and Communications Manager
Notebook: Samy Labbouz and Alexandria Julius, Graduate Interns
Registration: Juliane Lane, Membership Coordinator
EERI
The Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI) is a nonprofit professional
association with academic and professional members throughout the world who
share a common interest in reducing the effects of earthquakes on society. The
primary objective of EERI is to reduce earthquake risk by
advancing the science and practice of earthquake engineering;
improving understanding of the impacts of earthquakes on the physical, social,
economic, political, and cultural environment;
advocating comprehensive and realistic measures to reduce the harmful effects of
earthquakes.
FEMA
An agency of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, FEMA is a partner of
the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). In fulfilling this
role, FEMA supports conferences that enhance the effectiveness of earthquake
hazard reduction science and technology, and that increase opportunities for
participation by individuals who can then contribute to the advancement and
progress of the program. With FEMA support, EERI has developed a series of
technical seminars to further the goals of NEHRP, and to provide the professional
community in the United States with innovative techniques to mitigate the risks of
earthquakes.
ii
An EERI Technical Seminar
1:45 2:30 p.m. Case Study 2: Steel and Composite Construction Design. 167
Leonard Joseph, Thorton Tomasetti, Inc. (Los Angeles and San Francisco)
Nabih Youssef, Nabih Youssef & Associates (Seattle)
2:30 3:15 p.m. Lessons from Performance Based Design PEER Reviews. 245
Jack Moehle, University of California, Berkeley (Seattle)
Farzad Naeim, Farzad Naeim, Inc. (Los Angeles and San Francisco)
3:30 4:00 p.m. Future of Performance Based Design and ATC 58. 263
Ron Hamburger, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger
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4:00 4:15 p.m. Local Jurisdiction Applications. 279
Gary Ho, San Francisco, Department of Building Inspection
Colin Kumabe, Los Angeles, Department of Building and Safety
Steve Pfeiffer, Seattle, Department of Planning and Development
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Introduction & History of
Performance-based Seismic
Design
2014 EERI Technical Seminar Series:
Performance Based Design State of the Practice for Tall Buildings
1
RonaldO.Hamburger
Ron Hamburger is a Senior Principal and Western Regional Head of Structural Engineering at
Simpson Gumpertz & Heger. Mr. Hamburger has 40 years of experience in engineering,
construction, failure investigation and research. He is a past President of the Structural
Engineers Association of California, and of the National Council of Structural Engineering
Associations, as well as the Structural Engineering Certification Board. He also is a past Vice
President of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute and a fellow of the Structural
Engineering Institute.
Mr. Hamburger has been engaged in the development of building codes and standards for more
than 25 years with a particular emphasis on performance-based earthquake engineering
procedures. He was a member of the ATC-33 and ATC-40 project teams, the SEAOC Vision
2000 committee, the FEMA 356 development panel, and since 2001 has served as project
technical director for the ATC-58 project to develop next-generation performance-based design
criteria. He is a member of the ASCE 41 Committee and chair of the ASCE 7 committee. In
2014, the Structural Engineering Institute awarded Mr. Hamburger the Walter P. Moore award
for a lifetime achievement in development of building codes.
2
Introduction & History of
Performance-based Seismic
Design
2014 EERI Technical Seminar Series:
Performance Based Design State of the Practice for Tall Buildings
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
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PBD What is it?
An approach to obtain:
Buildings that perform better than typical code
confirming buildings?
Buildings that dont meet the code, but can
perform as well as a code-conforming
building?
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
The Essence
A Decision-maker states a
desire that a building be able to
perform in a certain way-
Protect life safety
Minimize potential repair costs
Minimize disruption of use
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
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The Essence
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
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The Past
1970s, 80s and early 90s
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Life Safety
I want my existing
building to be safe-
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
Life Safety
X 0.75
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Immediate Occupancy
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
Immediate Occupancy
1.5 x
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8
PML<20%
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
x Y
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
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1st Generation Procedures
Seismic rehabilitation
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The PBD Process
Select Performance Objectives
No Revise
Acceptable?
Design
Yes
Construction
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
Performance Objectives
+
Ground
Motion
x% - 50 years Performance
Level
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Standard Performance Levels
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Structural Performance
EQ effect
dj
qj
qi
di
Force
B C
D E
A
Deformation
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
Acceptance Criteria
| Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
Nonstructural Performance
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PBD Today
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Guideline Documents
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FarzadNaeim
Farzad is the founder and President of Farzad Naeim, Inc. Prior to founding this firm, he
was the Technical Director at John A. Martin & Associates (JAMA) and it's General
Counsel. Farzad has been instrumental in development of the LATBSDC PBD
guidelines and has chaired the committee in charge of development of that series of
guidelines since 2005. He has also been a member of the task group that developed the
PEER-TBI Guideline. Dr. Naeim has served as the Chair of Seismic Peer Review Panel
for numerous tall buildings designed according to PBD methodologies.
JackMoehle
Jack Moehle is the T.Y. and Margaret Lin Professor of Engineering in the Department of
Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. His
research and teaching interests are related to structural engineering, with emphasis on
reinforced concrete and earthquake engineering. A licensed Civil Engineer in the State of
California, Dr. Moehle works regularly as a consulting engineer, offering advice and
expert peer review, including high-rise building projects in Seattle, San Francisco, Los
Angeles, and San Diego. He is Honorary Member of the Structural Engineers Association
of Northern California, member of the College of Fellows of the Structural Engineers
Association of California, and elected member of the U.S. National Academy of
Engineering. He has served on the Boards of Directors of the Structural Engineers
Association of Northern California, the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, and
the American Concrete Institute. He has been a member of the ACI 318 Building Code
Committee since 1989, chair of ACI 318H (Seismic Provisions) from 1995 to 2014, and
is Chair of ACI 318 for the 2014-2019 code cycle.
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Guideline Documents
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
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Why PBD for Tall Buildings?
Tall Buildings are a special class of structures with very
particular characteristics and requirements:
long period
multi-mode behavior
Significance of P-delta effects
large occupancy
impact of failure and/or collapse
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
4 to 13 Stories
93%
14 Stories and
Taller
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Example:
2002 Los Angeles Building Code Story Drift
Requirement:
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
Example:
0.0500
0.0450
0.0400
0.0350
Drift (rad)
0.0300
0.0250
0.0200
0.0150
0.0100
0.0050
0.0000
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
T (sec)
Illustrations courtesy of
CTBUH
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Examples of the Need
Core Wall System
The great majority of
tall buildings
under design or
construction in western Figure courtesy of MKA
The Mechanism
Alternative Methods Clause in the Codes
Section 104.11 of 2012 IBC:
The provisions of this code are not intended to prevent the
installation of any material or to prohibit any design or
method of construction not specifically prescribed by this
code, provided that any such alternative has been approved.
An alternative material, design or method of construction
shall be approved where the building official finds that the
proposed design is satisfactory and complies with the intent
of the provisions of this code, and that the material, method
or work offered is, for the purpose intended, at least the
equivalent of that prescribed in this code in quality, strength,
effectiveness, fire resistance, durability and safety.
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
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The Mechanism
Alternative Methods Clause in the Codes
Section 12.6 of ASCE 7-10:
"The structural analysis required by Chapter 12 shall consist
of one of the types permitted in Table 12.6.1, based on the
structure's seismic design category, structural system,
dynamic properties, and regularity, or with the approval of the
authority having jurisdiction, an alternative generally
accepted procedure is permitted to be used.....
Section 1.3 of ASCE 7-10 also permits
performance-based approaches that use analysis,
testing, or a combination thereof, as acceptable
alternative means.
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
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That is where guidelines come in!
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
Guidelines
The two mostly used guidelines are:
2010 PEER-TBI
2014 LATBSDC
They both refer to:
ASCE 41and ASCE 7 Standards
ATC-72-1
Jurisdictional differences in adaptation:
Los Angeles
San Diego
San Francisco
Seattle
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2010 PEER-TBI Organization 104 pages
1. Introduction
2. Design Performance Objectives
3. Design Process Overview
4. Design Criteria Documentation
5. Seismic Input
6. Preliminary Design
7. Service Level Evaluation
8. MCE Evaluation
9. Presentation of Results
10. Project Review
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
1. Introduction
2. Intent, Scope, Justification, and Methodology
3. Analysis and Design Procedure
1. General
2. Modeling Requirements
3. Serviceability Requirements
4. Collapse Prevention Evaluation
5. Specific Provisions for R/C Structures
4. Peer Review Requirements
5. Seismic Instrumentation
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
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ASCE 41and the Guidelines
ASCE41 is officially intended for seismic
rehabilitation of existing structures
However, its component-based performance
limits for NDP are routinely referenced by
guidelines for performance based design of tall
buildings
Engineers who believe ASCE 41limits are too
conservative, or are not applicable to their
project, have the opportunity to present and
substantiate other appropriate limits
Peer review approval is always necessary for any
deviation from ASCE 41
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Performance Objectives
2010 TBI:
Basic Performance Objective (BPO)
Performance equivalent to Code design buildings
Two Level Design
Enhanced Performance Objective (EPO)
Better than BPO
Specifics and criteria not laid out
2014 LATBSDC:
Serviceable performance under frequent events
Repairable following very rare events
Hazard Levels Considered:
Serviceability: 43 years mean return period (50% in 30 years)
Very Rare Event:
PEER-TBI: ASCE 7-05, 7-10 MCE
2014 LATBSDC: MCER per ASCE 7-10 with clarifications
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Analytical Procedures
ASCE-41 permits four types of analyses:
1. Linear elastic static procedure (LSP)
2. Linear dynamic procedure (LDP) or response
spectrum analysis
3. Non-linear static procedure (NSP) commonly
referred to as the push-over analysis, and
4. Dynamic nonlinear response analysis (NDP).
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Capacity Design
Both guidelines use capacity design
principles:
The capacity design criteria shall be described in
the project-specific seismic design criteria.
The structural system for the building shall be
clearly demonstrated to have well defined inelastic
behavior where nonlinear action is limited to the
clearly identified members and regions.
All other members should be stronger than the
elements designed to experience nonlinear
behavior.
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
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Classification of Structural Actions
All actions must be classified as either
Force-Controlled, or
Deformation-Controlled
Force-Controlled actions
must further be categorized
as either
Critical, or
Non-Critical
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Evaluation Procedures
Both guidelines require a three-
dimensional detailed mathematical
model of the physical structure
Realistic estimates of stiffness, strength
and damping
Strength:
2014 LATBSDC uses expected material
properties and reduction factor of 1.0.
2010 PEER-TBI uses the same for MCE
but specified properties and code reduction
factors for serviceability evaluation.
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
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Strength (ksi)
Yield Strength for
Structural steel
Hot-rolled structural shapes and bars
ASTM A36/A36M 1.5Fy
ASTM A572/A572M Grade 42 (290) 1.3Fy
ASTM A992/A992M 1.1Fy
All other grades 1.1Fy
Hollow Structural Sections
ASTM A500, A501, A618 and A847 1.3Fy
Steel Pipe
ASTM A53/A53M 1.4Fy
Plates 1.1Fy
All other products 1.1Fy
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
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PEER-TBI & LATBSDC Provisions
1. Use 2.5% damping instead of 5% damping but permit
DCR = 1.5 for deformation controlled members for
serviceability.
2. 2014 LATBSDC limits DCR to 0.70 for force controlled
members in serviceability check.
3. 2010 PEER requirements for collapse prevention are
more elaborate and detailed than 2011 LATBSDC
4. No minimum base shear capacity requirement in either
document
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
Analysis Methods
Serviceability:
Can use either
1. Linear Response Spectrum Analyses
CQC mode combination
90% mass participation
2. Nonlinear Dynamic Response Analyses
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Accidental Eccentricity (AE)
2014 LATBSDC
Consider implications during serviceability
evaluation
Address if significant during MCE evaluation
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Floor Diaphragms
Floor diaphragms shall be included in the mathematical model using
realistic stiffness properties.
Regardless of the relative rigidity or flexibility of floor diaphragms,
flexibility of diaphragms with significant force transfer (for example
podium levels and other setback levels) shall be explicitly included
in the mathematical model.
Diaphragm chord and drag forces shall be established in a manner
consistent with the floor characteristics, geometry, and well-
established principles of structural mechanics.
Both shear and bending stresses in diaphragms must be
considered.
At diaphragm discontinuities, such as openings and re-entrant
corners, the dissipation or transfer of edge (chord) forces combined
with other forces in the diaphragm shall be evaluated.
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
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Load Combinations
(a) Response Spectrum Analysis
1.0D + Lexp + 1.0Ex + 0.3Ey
where D is the service dead load and Lexp is the expected service live load. Lexp may be taken
as 25% of the unreduced live load unless otherwise substantiated and shall be included in all
gravity calculations and P-D analyses.
C.3.4.3. Building Code response modification factors do not apply (that is, R, W 0, r , and Cd,
are all taken as unity). Lexp need not be included in the mass calculations.
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
P- Inclusion
P- effects must be
included in all
analyses ROOF DRIFT ANGLE vs. NORMALIZED BASE SHEAR
Pushover (NEHRP '94 k=2 pattern); LA 20-Story
0.14
P-Delta effect included
Normalized Base Shear (V/W)
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Figure courtesy of Prof. Helmut Krawinkler Roof Drift Angle
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Modeling Nonlinear Behavior
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Modeling Strength / Stiffness Degradation
2014 LATBSDC
Adopts the first two of the detailed
procedures contained in 2010 PEER.
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Soil-Foundation-Structure-Interaction (SFSI)
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SFSI
2010 PEER TBI Suggested
Modeling Techniques for SFSI
2014 LATBSDC
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Foundations
Modeling, Rocking and Uplift:
Foundation components that have significant
flexibility or will experience significant inelastic
behavior shall be modeled following the same
approach outlined for components of the
superstructure.
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
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Backstay Effects
2010 PEER-TBI
Refers to ATC-72 provisions
Lower and upper bound stiffness
values for diaphragms and walls
are used to envelope the backstay
effect impact.
2014 LATBSDC
Uses a similar but simplified
procedure where only lower and (Illustration from ATC-72)
upper bound stiffness of the
diaphragms are modeled.
Table 4. Stiffness parameters for Upper Bound and Lower Bound Models
Stiffness Parameters UB LB
Diaphragms at the podium and below
Ec Ieff 0.5 0.20 to 0.25
Gc A 0.5 0.20 to 0.25
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
Damping
2014 LATBSDC
Limits viscous damping to 2.5% for both
serviceability and MCE.
2010 PEER-TBI
2.5% for linear serviceability evaluation
Refers to ATC-72 for nonlinear evaluation
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Ground Motion Selection and Scaling
Three General Methods:
Code Scaling in time-domain so that the
average of spectra of records stays above
design spectrum over a range of periods
Spectral Matching by modifying the frequency
content of the ground motion
Conditional Mean Spectrum (CMS) by scaling
at a particular period or periods
All three methods permitted by both
guidelines
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
Code Scaling
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Spectral Matching
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
CMS Scaling
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Ground Motion Selection and Scaling
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f
High-Strength Concrete
Table 7. Intermediate and final strength values for high-strength concrete
s max
Stress, s
0.5s max
Strain, e
Figure 3.6.2.1. Strain capacity requirements
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Instrumentation Requirements
2010 PEER TBI
No requirements
2011 LATBSDC
Detailed requirements
Consistent with CGS / CSMIP
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2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
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Image courtesy of Mr. John Hooper, MKA
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44
45
46
Image courtesy of Mr. John Hooper, MKA
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Image courtesy of Mr. John Hooper, MKA
Acceptance Criteria
Key differences to be aware of:
Reduction Factors:
In 2014 LATBSDC, = 1.0, always.
In 2010 PEER-TBI, = 1.0 for serviceability;
= code values for MCE
Risk Categories:
2014 LATBSDC considers various categories
2010 PEER-TBI assumes Risk Category to be II
Modeling Dispersion:
2014 LATBSDC uses 1.5 x mean
2010 PEER-TBI uses 1.5 x mean, or
mean + 1.3 x SD > 1.2 x mean, depending on the situation.
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Risk Category Reduction Factor
2014 LATBSDC
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
MCE or MCER:
0.030 x Ki max average at any story
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Acceptance Criteria -- Residual Drift
Collapse Prevention:
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Acceptance Criteria
Strength Loss:
In any nonlinear dynamic response analysis,
deformation imposed at any story shall not
result in a loss of total story strength that
exceeds 20% of the initial strength.
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Acceptance Criteria -- Serviceability
2014 LATBSDC
Force-Controlled Actions:
Strength Demand < 0.7 x Capacity
Deformation-Controlled Actions:
Response Spectrum Analysis
Strength Demand < 1.50 x Capacity,
(Risk Category I, II)
Strength Demand < 1.20 x Capacity, (Risk Category III)
Talk to SPRP for Risk Category > III
Nonlinear Analysis
Can use up to IO limit of ASCE 41
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| Earthquake Engineering
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| Earthquake Engineering
70 Research Institute
51
Acceptance Criteria -- MCE
2014 LATBSDC
Force-Controlled Actions:
Critical Actions:
Fuc k if Fn,e
where
Different in PEER-TBI Fuc = 1.5 times the mean value of demand.
Fn,e = nominal strength as computed from applicable material codes but based on
expected material properties.
Different in PEER-TBI f = 1.0.
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
| Earthquake Engineering
71 Research Institute
Fn,e = nominal strength as computed from applicable material codes but based on
expected material properties.
f = 1.0.
Different in PEER-TBI k i = Risk reduction factor given in Table 6.
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
| Earthquake Engineering
72 Research Institute
52
Upper Limit on Column Axial Forces
Large axial forces reduce available R/C
column ductility
2014 LATBSDC
MCE: P < 0.4fcAg
2010 PEER-TBI
MCE: P < balanced load
< 0.3fcAg
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
| Earthquake Engineering
73 Research Institute
| Earthquake Engineering
74 Research Institute
53
APPLICATION EXAMPLES
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
Applications
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
| Earthquake Engineering
76 Research Institute
54
888 Olive Street
in downtown Los
Angeles
34 stories
Core wall construction
Podium
Subterranean levels
Basement walls
Flat plates
Gravity columns
2014 EERIand
Illustrations TECHNICAL SEMINAR:
drawings courtesy PERFORMANCE
of Onni Group BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
and Glotman-Simpson
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
Illustrations and drawings courtesy of Onni Group and Glotman-Simpson
| Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
55
LEVEL 49 615.33'
12' - 8"
LEVEL 48 602.67'
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
12' - 8"
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LEVEL 46 577.33'
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Research Institute
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| Earthquake Engineering
LEVEL 24 298.67' LEVEL 20 245.33' LEVEL 20 245.33'
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TOWN HOUSES
LEVEL 7 83.33'
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12' - 8"
AMENITY AMENITY LEVEL 2 17.33' LEVEL 2 17.33'
STORE AREA
LEVEL 6 70.67'
17'-4"
W. 12TH STREET RES. LOBBY ELEV. RES. LOBBY EXISTING ALLEY W. 12TH STREET RES. LOBBY ELEV. GARBAGE ALLEY
12' - 8"
L5 PARKADE
LEVEL 5 58.00' LEVEL 1 0.00' LEVEL 1 0.00'
RESIDENTIAL AMENITY
12'-0"
12' - 8"
PARKING ELEV. PARKING PARKING ELEV. PARKING
96' - 0"
11'-11" 11'-11"
PARKING ELEV. PARKING PARKING ELEV. PARKING
12' - 8"
L3 PARKADE SERVICE AREA LEVEL P2 -23.92' LEVEL P2 -23.92'
STAIRS
LEVEL 3 32.67'
PARKING ELEV. PARKING PARKING ELEV. PARKING
12' - 8"
L2 PARKADE LEVEL P3 -35.84' LEVEL P3 -35.84'
LEVEL 2 20.00' STORAGE
20' - 0"
COMMERCIAL/ L1
RETAIL L1 PARKADE STORAGE ELEVATOR RESIDENTIAL
LOBBY LEVEL 1 0.00'
33' - 0"
BIKE STORAGE P2 PARKADE STORAGE
LEVEL P2 -22.00' A201 1/32" = 1'-0" A201 1/32" = 1'-0"
STORAGE P3 PARKADE
LEVEL P3 -33.00'
1 Section 9
A201 1/32" = 1'-0" P5 -45.00'
FLOWER ST. MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENT BUILDING SECTIONS DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
OLIVE ST. MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENT SECTION Design Development A305
CHRIS DIKEAKOS 817 - 825 Hil St. & 820 S. Olive St., Los Angeles, CA SCALE: 1/32" = 1'-0" August 26th, 2013 A306 CHRIS DIKEAKOS
ARCHITECTS INC.
1212 S. Flower Street, Los Angeles, CA SCALE: 1/32" = 1'-0" August 26, 2013
ARCHITECTS INC.
81
Thank you!
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
| Earthquake Engineering
82 Research Institute
57
58
Ground Motions and SSI for
Performance Based Design
59
JonathanP.Stewart
Jonathan P. Stewart is Professor and Chair of the Civil & Environmental Engineering at
UCLA. His technical expertise is in geotechnical earthquake engineering and engineering
seismology, with emphases on seismic soil-structure interaction, engineering
characterization of earthquake ground motions, seismic performance of levees and other
embankments, and seismic ground failure. Results of work by his research group are
widely utilized in engineering practice, including the NEHRP Provisions, ASCE-7, and
ASCE-41. He has led major multi-investigator research efforts related to ground motion
characterization (NGA and GEM projects, via PEER center) nonlinear site response
analysis (with PEER center), soil-structure interaction (with Applied Technology
Council), and seismic ground failure (NGL project, via PEER center). He is a former
Chief Editor for the ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
and is the current Editor of Earthquake Spectra. His research team has produced 20 Ph.D.
graduates since 2001 and over 70 journal articles since 1995.
MarshallLew
Dr. Marshall Lew is a Principal and Vice President of AMEC Environmental and
Infrastructure, Inc. and is stationed in the Los Angeles office. He is a specialist in
geotechnical and earthquake engineering. Dr. Lew is a graduate of UCLA having earned
B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees, all from UCLA. Dr. Lew is a registered Professional Civil
and Geotechnical Engineer in California, and is a registered Professional Engineer 10
other states.
Dr. Lew has worked extensively in geotechnical and earthquake engineering. Dr. Lew
participated in the development of the Los Angeles Tall Buildings Structural Design
Councils An Alternative Procedure for Seismic Analysis and Design of Tall Buildings
Located in the Los Angeles Region. Dr. Lew has performed ground motion evaluations
for new and existing buildings using Performance Based Earthquake Engineering
principles for analysis and design; he has also been a peer reviewer for numerous PBEE
projects in Los Angeles, San Diego, and Seattle.
60
Ground Motions and SSI for
Performance Based Design
Outline
A. Ground motions
1. Conceptual issues
2. Current implementation
3. Changes in NEHRP Recommendations, Chapter 16
B. Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI)
1. Modeling of flexible-base condition
2. Kinematic effects on ground motion
3. Application in pushover analysis and response
history analysis (RHA)
61
A.1. Ground Motions: Conceptual
Issues
Role of ground motions in Performance Based
Seismic Design (PBD)
Explanation of processes/terms used with
ground motions developed for current PBD
applications
Concept of scenario spectra (being added to
2015 NEHRP Recommendations, Chapter 16)
62
A.1. Ground Motions: Conceptual
Issues
PBD procedures (PEER TBI and LATBSDC)
require evaluation for two conditions:
Serviceability during ground motions due to
frequent earthquakes
Low Probability of Collapse due to extremely rare
earthquake ground motions (MCER)
Some jurisdictions may require evaluation for
the Design Ea th uake defined in ACE 7
A.1.2: Processes/Terms
Earthquake Rupture
Forecast (ERF) models
63
A.1.2: Processes/Terms
Earthquake Rupture
Forecast (ERF) models
Ground motion
prediction equations
(GMPEs)
A.1.2: Processes/Terms
Earthquake Rupture
Forecast (ERF) models
Ground motion
prediction equations
(GMPEs)
Probabilistic Seismic
Hazard Analysis
(PSHA)
64
A.1.2: Processes/Terms
Earthquake Rupture
Forecast (ERF) models
Ground motion
prediction equations
(GMPEs)
PSHA
A.1.2: Processes/Terms
Earthquake Rupture
Forecast (ERF) models
Ground motion
prediction equations
(GMPEs)
PSHA
65
A.1.2: Processes/Terms
Earthquake Rupture
Forecast (ERF) models
Ground motion
prediction equations
(GMPEs)
PSHA
Uniform hazard
spectra (UHS) PSA (g)
A.1.2: Processes/Terms
Earthquake Rupture
Forecast (ERF) models
Ground motion
prediction equations
(GMPEs)
PSHA
Uniform hazard
PSA (0.2 sec) 1.0 g
PSA (g)
spectra (UHS)
PSA (1.0 sec) 0.4 g
Deterministic cap
66
A.1.2: Processes/Terms
Risk-targeted ground
motion, based on
consequence analysis
0.0
IM
lIM
DlIM
IM
14
Steve Kramer, Univ. of Washington
67
A.1.2: Processes/Terms
Risk-targeted ground Select trial building strength
motion, based on
Sets fragility curves
consequence analysis
Evaluate lC
Adjust strength and repeat
until lC = target value
Strength is proportional to
PSA, develop MCER
spectrum
Luco et al., 2008
A.1.2: Processes/Terms
Risk-targeted ground
motion, based on
consequence analysis
Maximum-component
ground motion
68
A.1.3 : Processes/Terms
Scenario Spectra:
Conditional mean spectrum (CMS)
Conditional spectra (CS)
Motivation:
1. Spectra are more physically meaningful
2. Easier to find compatible time series
Outline
A. Ground motion
1. Conceptual issues
2. Current implementation
3. Changes in NEHRP Recommendations, Chapter 16
B. Soil Structure Interaction (SSI)
1. Modeling of flexible-base condition
2. Kinematic effects on ground motion
3. Application in pushover analysis and response
history analysis (RHA)
69
A.2. Current Implementation
By cu ent, we ean ACE 7-10 standard.
Chapters 11, 16, 21 (cited by 2012 IBC)
MCER ground motions set at 1% P(collapse) in
50 years. Corresponding ground motion levels
generally near 2% PE in 50 years (MCE)
Conservative bias applied through maximum
component factors
Higher collapse probabilities accepted in zones
with deterministic cap
70
A.2. Current Implementation
Standard (prescriptive)
code spectrum
Ss & S1:
Apply for 760 m/s
Standard (prescriptive)
code spectrum
Fa & Fv:
Adjust PSAs for
site class effects
71
A.2. Current Implementation
Fa and Fv depend on VS30
Standard (prescriptive) Measure from:
code spectrum Ground surface?
Foundation depth?
Intermediate depth?
72
A.2. Current Implementation
Standard (prescriptive)
code spectrum Ss Fa = SDS S1 Fv = SD1
Can be problematic at
SDS
long periods may SDS
T
not descend at 1/T
SD1 SD1 TL
T2
73
A.2. Current Implementation
Benefits of site-specific analysis
Applies for specific site location (no interpolation)
More robust implementation of site factors possible
Spectrum valid at long periods important for tall
buildings
BSSC, 2010
28
74
A.2. Current Implementation
Apply RTE factors
75
A.2. Current Implementation
Apply RTE factors
Design PSA is 2/3 of MCER
When site specific analysis
Apply max component performed, resulting design
factors PSA cannot be < 0.8
prescriptive PSA.
When 0.8 rule applies, adjust
Check for deterministic MCER so that it is
cap 1.5prescriptive PSA
Design spectrum
76
A.2. Current Implementation
Time series for RHA
Problems encountered
Confusion over use of SRSS with max-
component ground motions. Alternatives:
Match both horizontal components to MCER?
Match one components to MCER and one to
geomean spectrum?
Even if both components matched to geomean
spectrum, their SRSS will usually exceed MCER.
77
A.2. Current Implementation
Time series for RHA
Recommendations
2014 LATBSDC commentary recommends:
1. If geomean spectra are used, the target SRSS
spectrum should be taken as 130% of the risk-targeted
MCE geomean spectrum
2. If MD [maximum direction] spectra are used, the
target SRSS spectrum should be taken as 100% of the
risk-targeted MCE geomean spectrum
These recommendations were developed by LATBSDC in collaboration
with Mr. Ron Hamburger.
78
Outline
A. Ground motion
1. Conceptual issues
2. Current implementation
3. Changes in NEHRP Recommendations, Chapter 16
B. Soil Structure Interaction (SSI)
1. Modeling of flexible-base condition
2. Kinematic effects on ground motion
3. Application in pushover analysis and response
history analysis (RHA)
79
A.3. Changes in 2015 NEHRP
Minimum of 11 ground motion pairs
Spectral matching: average PSA for all motions in
given horizontal direction must exceed target (more
stringent than direct scaling)
Motions applied to building model with random
orientations
40
80
Summary: Ground Motions
Modest penalty for use of spectrum compatible
motions instead of directly-scaled motions.
A conventional code design would produce higher
lateral forces primarily because:
Inability to account for site-specific site response and
PSHA effects
Lack of mitigation of the max component factor
Should provide motivation for implementation of
structure- and site-specific PBEE.
41
Outline
A. Ground motion
1. Conceptual issues
2. Current implementation
3. Changes in NEHRP Recommendations, Chapter 16
B. Soil Structure Interaction (SSI)
1. Modeling of flexible-base condition
2. Kinematic effects on ground motion
3. Application in pushover analysis and response
history analysis (RHA)
81
Some key points
Required inputs can be obtained from standard
(high-quality) geotechnical/geophysical
investigation.
Flexibility and damping at foundation/soil
interface unlikely to affect first mode of tall
buildings. However, demand profiles are
affected.
Ground motion reductions possible from
kinematic effects, but most pronounced for T <
1.0 sec.
Foundation Modelling
Required soil properties
Model elements (from NIST, 2012)
Use of distributed springs
Limiting spring forces
44
82
Required Soil Properties
Geotechnical and Vs
profiles.
Geotechnical and Vs
profile.
Soil shear strength
(undrained below
ground water table)
83
Required Soil Properties
Geotechnical and Vs
profile.
Soil shear strength
(undrained below gwt)
oil Poissons atio,
(can be evaluated from
Vp/Vs above gwt)
Geotechnical and Vs
profile.
Soil shear strength
(undrained below gwt) Seed & Idriss, 1970
oil Poissons atio,
Vucetic & Dobry,
(can be evaluated from 1991
Vp/Vs above gwt)
Soil hysteretic
damping, D
84
Model Elements
Model Elements
85
Model Elements
Model Elements
86
Distributed springs (z-direction)
Stiffness intensity:
kz
k zi
4 BL
Take Re =0.3-0.5
Rk from Eqns 2.21 (NIST, 2012)
Embedded foundation:
Component of stiffness associated
with base slab applied at slab (e.g.,
kx/hx)
87
Limiting Spring Forces
Outline
A. Ground motion
1. Conceptual issues
2. Current implementation
3. Changes in NEHRP Recommendations, Chapter 16
B. Soil Structure Interaction (SSI)
1. Modeling of flexible-base condition
2. Kinematic effects on ground motion
3. Application in pushover analysis and response
history analysis (RHA)
88
Kinematic Interaction
FIML
H u w H w
u FIM
ug ug
89
Physical Basis for Base Slab Averaging
Plan view
90
Physical Basis for Base Slab Averaging
Plan view
Low f e ue cy co po e ts
91
Physical Basis for Base Slab Averaging
High f e ue cy co po e ts
Low frequency
Long wavelength
l = Vs/f
uFIM ug
FIM 0
92
Physical Basis for Embedment Effect
High frequency
Short wavelength
l = Vs/f
uFIM < ug
FIM > 0
93
Models for Base Slab Averaging
Closed form
equations. Sec 3.1
94
Models for Embedment
fL affected by frequency
content of ground motion
95
Implementation in Design Standards
96
Example of foundation / free-field ground motion variations:
97
Outline
A. Ground motion
1. Conceptual issues
2. Current implementation
3. Changes in NEHRP Recommendations, Chapter 16
B. Soil Structure Interaction (SSI)
1. Modeling of flexible-base condition
2. Kinematic effects on ground motion
3. Application in pushover analysis and response
history analysis (RHA)
98
Application in RHA
e o e d athtu odel:
Includes foundation springs
Base motion can be reduced
for kinematic
No spatial variability of input
motions
Deep embedment?
Consider depth-variable
input motions
These also control kinematic
wall pressures.
Summary
Critical soil properties are stratigraphy, VS
p ofile, Poissons atio, and shea st ength
Springs/dashpots exert strong influence on
first-mode response if h/(VST) > 0.1; seldom
true for tall buildings.
Foundation springs essential for evaluation
of subterranean demands on walls
Foundation modeling affects shear and
acceleration profiles in superstructure.
99
Summary
Consideration of inertial effects (springs,
dashpots) can be critical for dual systems
(walls-frames).
Kinematic effects most pronounced for
large footprint areas, embedded
foundations.
Kinematic effects are most pronounced at
T < 1 sec. For tall buildings, beneficial
effects most likely for higher modes.
100
Nonlinear Structural Analysis
Gregory Deierlein
Stanford University
101
GregoryG.Deierlein
Deierlein is the John A. Blume Professor of Engineering in the Department of Civil & Environmental
Engineering at Stanford University where he directs the Blume Earthquake Engineering Center. He
holds a doctorate from the University of Texas at Austin, a master of science from the University of
California at Berkeley, and a bachelor of science from Cornell University. From 2000 to 2007, he
served as the deputy director for research of the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER)
Center. Deierlein specializes in the design and behavior of innovative steel, concrete and composite
structures, nonlinear structural analysis, computational fracture and damage mechanics, and
performance-based earthquake engineering. He is a registered professional engineer and maintains
professional activities as a structural engineering consultant, design peer reviewer, and participant in
national technical and building code standards committees.
102
Nonlinear Structural Analysis
Gregory Deierlein
Stanford University
Outline
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
103
INTRODUCTION --- Guidelines and Standards
Recent Developments & Resources
ATC 40 (1996), Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings
ASCE 41 Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings (2013, 2007)
FEMA 273 (ATC 33, 1997) NEHRP Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation
FEMA 356 (2000) Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation
FEMA 440 (2006) Improvement of Nonlinear Static Seismic Analysis
Procedures
Guidelines for Tall Buildings (2008-2012) - PEER TBI, LATBSDC, CTBUH
ATC 72-1 Modeling and Acceptance Criteria for Seismic Design and Analysis of
Tall buildings (2009)
FEMA P-58 Performance Based Seismic Design (2012)
FEMA P-695 Quantification of Building Seismic Performance Factors (2010)
NIST Tech Brief #4 Nonlinear Structural Analysis for Seismic Design (2010)
NIST GCR 14-917-27 Nonlinear Analysis Research and Development
Program for Performance-Based Seismic Engineering (2014)
NEHRP 2015 Recommended Provisions ASCE 7 Chapter 16 (2014)
Base
Shear Joes
Demand Beer! Beer!
Food! Food!
Lateral Deformation
Ref: R.O. Hamburger
104
INTRODUCTION --- Guidelines and Standards
Background and Motivation
105
INTRODUCTION --- Guidelines and Standards
ASCE 41-13 Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings
General performance assessment framework (IO, LS, CP)
Structural component modeling parameters and
acceptance criteria
Nonlinear static (pushover) analysis procedure
Guideline Documents
Performance Objectives
Design Process and Documentation
Seismic Input and Modeling Criteria
Preliminary Design
Service Level Evaluation
MCE Level Evaluation
Documentation and Peer Review
8
106
INTRODUCTION --- Guidelines and Standards
10
107
INTRODUCTION --- Guidelines and Standards
11
108
INTRODUCTION --- ANALYSIS FOR DESIGN
MODELING REQUIREMENTS:
Deformation-Controlled Components
Modeled Inelastically
Deformation (or strain) demand parameters
A epta e ite ia fo ode desig
- onset of damage/inelasticity
- onset of significant strength degradation
Force-Controlled Components
Modeled Elastically
Force (or stress) demand parameters
Acceptance criteria Desirable nonlinear mechanism
- Must remain essentially elastic in coupled RC wall (ATC 72-1)
- Force demands less than expected strength
13
Deformation-Controlled Components
Deformation Measures:
Hinge Rotation (beams, columns, wall flexure) - Peak (maximum)
Deformation (axial, shear, sliding) - Residual ?
Ductility (D/Dy or e/ey) - Cumulative ?
Strain (gage lengths?)
Generalized Strain (curvature, axial) Total vs. Inelastic (plastic)
Velocity (e.g., for dampers)
Force-Controlled Components
Force and/or Moment
Stress (gage length or averaging area?)
14
109
INTRODUCTION --- MEDIAN MODEL PARAMETERS
110
INTRODUCTION --- Illustrative Example
64 Story RC Wall System Dynamic Analysis
111
INTRODUCTION --- UNCERTAINTIES IN SEISMIC ANALYSIS
3.5
3
Ground Motion Characteristics (bRTR: 0.4 to 0.6)
Sag.m.(T=1.0s)[g]
0.5
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15
Maximum Interstory Drift Ratio
19
Drift Demand
10%
Dm D*
Lognormal Probability Density of Demand
20
112
INTRODUCTION --- UNCERTAINTIES IN SEISMIC ANALYSIS
Dm 10%
C m
Lognormal Probability Density of Demand and Capacity
21
Force Demand, Dm
Strength, Cm > a Dm
Dm 10%
C m
Lognormal Probability Density of Demand and Capacity
22
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Outline
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
Phenomenological Fundamental
Drift
24
114
Demand Parameters and Model Attributes: Plastic Hinge Models
Virtues:
- Computationally efficient
- Easier to relate to overall
component response
Continuum FEM
(shell or brick elements)
Fiber-Type Models
Spread of Plasticity & Fiber Hinge
26
115
Demand Parameters and Model Attributes: Wall Models
Phenomenological Fundamental
28
Test Data: Gatto & Uang, ASCE JSE, Oct. 2003
116
Demand Parameters and Model Attributes: Loading History Effects
Hysteretic Component Response From Earthquake Time Histories
Time, sec
117
Demand Parameters and Model Attributes: Cyclic Degradation
Option 1 (best):
Cyclic and in-cycle degradation explicitly modeled
during analysis; backbone curve hardens/softens as a
function of damage (e.g., Ibarra-Krawinkler)
Options 2-3:
Post-peak capping and cyclic degradation modeled
with fixed backbone curve that remains fixed during
analysis; backbone curve is defined based on
measured (data) or assumed cyclic softening (e.g.,
ASCE 41)
118
Demand Parameters and Model Attributes: Backbone Curves
Backbone Curves for Alternative Model Types (after PEER TBI & ATC 72-1)
Option 1 (best):
Cyclic and in-cycle degradation explicitly modeled
during analysis; backbone curve hardens/softens as a
function of damage (e.g., Ibarra-Krawinkler)
Options 2-3:
Post-peak capping and cyclic degradation modeled
with fixed backbone curve that remains fixed during
analysis; backbone curve is defined based on
measured (data) or assumed cyclic softening (e.g.,
ASCE 41)
119
Demand Parameters and Model Attributes: P-D Effects
Geometric Nonlinear (P-D) Effects
Negative stiffness effect of P-D:
V
h
W = SPg
D
Kg = -W/h
Increases internal forces associated with overturning:
V W
Mot=Vh + PD
Key Points
W should efle t the seis i ass that is ei g sta ilized the late al s ste
(not just the tributary gravity load)
Li ea P-D fo ulatio s a u ate fo d ift atios up to a out -10%; for larger
d ifts, la ge otatio e.g., o- otatio al fo ulatio s should e used.
P-D effects are can have large effect on post-peak degradation, even if they
appear negligible for the elastic structure.
V
h
W = SPg
D
Kg = -W/h
Increases internal forces associated with overturning:
V W
Mot=Vh + PD
Key Points
Gravity Load Combination for NL Analysis (ASCE 7-10, Tall Building Guidelines):
1.0D + Lexp, where Lexp is 25% of the specified (unreduced) live load
(note ASCE 41-06 applies a 1.1 multiplier to this load combination)
120
Outline
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
RC Moment Frames
Primary Components
- beams, columns, beam-column joints
Preferred Model: concentrated plasticity (hinge) type
Resources
- ASCE 41, w/supplement 1 (2008)
- ATC 72-1 (2010)
- PEER RC Column Database (~400 tests)
http://nisee.berkeley.edu/spd/
- Tall Building Guidelines (LATBSDC, PEER TBI)
Status of Models
- considerable data on flexure-dominant beam-columns
with low to moderate axial load and beam-column joints
- more limited data on beams, columns with high shear
and/or axial load, splices
- uniaxial hinges well developed hysteretic models that
account for degradation
- P-M hinges basic models available but with limited
hysteretic degradation capabilities
38
121
Modeling of Structural Components: Moment Frames
Example: Member Parameters for RC Beam-Columns
Key Parameters:
strength
initial stiffness
post-yield stiffness
plastic rotation (capping) capacity
post-capping slope
cyclic deterioration rate
Calibration Process:
250+ columns (PEER database)
flexure & flexure-shear dominant
calibrated to expected values
Demand Parameter Output: hinge rotation
1.5
KEY ASSUMPTION: bond slip is incorporated in the
beam-column model parameters
Moment (M/My)
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
Chord Rotation (radian x 10-2)
39
100
50
Shear Force (kN)
Ke = 3.1779e+007
Kinit = 7.4024e+007
as = 0.02
-100
ac = -0.04 (ND = 1)
y = 0.0091
cap,pl = 0.069 (LB = 1)
u,mono,pl = 0.116 (LB = 1)
-150
= 85, c = 1.20
isPDeltaRemoved = 1
-200
-100 -50 0 50 100 150
Column Top Horizontal Deflection (mm)
122
Modeling of Structural Components: Moment Frames
120
Kstf Ky
P/Po 0.1 0.3 0.6
100
Fy 0.4Py (EI/EIg) 0.30 0.60 0.80
80
Force (kN)
20
s(ln) = 0.36
stf_40 y
0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008
Chord Rotation (rad)
0.01 0.012 0.014
Haselton, et al. (2007)
41
Qcap
Dispersion:
123
Modeling of Structural Components: Moment Frames
Example: Post Peak Degradation RC Beam-Columns
0.6 fc Ag
P
M
0.15 fc Ag
124
Modeling of Structural Components: Moment Frames
Column Spring
Beam Spring
Joint Panel Spring
Recommended rigid end zone offsets for RC joints, based on relative column
and beam strengths (Elwood et al., 2007; ASCE 41-13).
46
125
Modeling of Structural Components: Steel Moment Frames
Status of Models
- considerable data on beams and beam-column joints
- more limited data on columns, particularly ones where
torsional-flexural buckling is possible
- uniaxial hinges well developed hysteretic models that
account for degradation
- P-M hinges basic models available but with limited
hysteretic degradation capabilities
47
Fracture to beam-column
connections and column splices
Weak columns and panel zones
tendency for story mechanisms
ATC 58 Fragility Models & ASCE 41
Ref: Lee et al., U.Mich. 48
126
Modeling of Structural Components: RC Shear Walls
RC Shear Walls
Primary Components
- slender walls, squat walls, coupling beams
Preferred Model: fiber wall panels, or in limited cases,
lumped plasticity beam-column idealizations
Resources
- ASCE 41-13
- ATC 72-1 (2010)
- Po ell, G., Detailed E a ple of a Tall hea Wall
Buildi g usi g PEFOM D , CI, Be kele , CA.
Status of Models
- reasonable confidence for modeling coupling beams and
slender shear walls with low axial stress
- less well-developed models for squat shear walls or
slender walls that are sensitive to compressive or shear
failures
- determination of strains are sensitive fiber-element
discretization and assumed gage length
49
127
Modeling of Structural Components: RC Shear Walls
52
128
Modeling of Structural Components: RC Shear Walls
Shear wall strength check: Vu < 1.5 Vn,exp (or 1.5f Vn,exp)
129
Modeling of Structural Components: Braced Frames
Steel Braced Frames (SCBF)
Primary Components: steel braces, steel frame
Preferred Model: fiber beam-column with geometric
imperfection to simulate buckling
Resources
- ASCE 41-13
- NIST Tech Brief #8 Seismic Design of Steel SCBF Systems
- Fell, et al. (2006), Buckling and Fracture of Concentric Braces
Under Inelastic Cyclic Loading, Steel Tips, Structural Steel
Education Council.
- U iz, P., Mahi , .A. 8 , To a d Ea th uake-Resistant
Design of Concentrically Braced Steel-F a e t u tu es, PEER
Report 2008/08.
Status of Models
- when calibrated with appropriate imperfections, fiber
beam-column can simulate overall brace buckling
under cyclic loads
- maximum drifts and/or brace deformations should be
L/10 L/20
limited unless local buckling and fracture is considered
in the model
- Ongoing research to use continuum finite element
L/2 L/2 with fundamental 3D stress-strain fracture criteria 55
300
Experiment
200 Model
Force (k)
100 .
-100
.
-200
-2 -1 0 1 2
Axial Displacement (in)
56
130
Modeling of Structural Components: Braced Frames
Fundamental (micro)modeling of fracture
critical e critical
R p
sm
ln
R0 monotonic
C
0
exp(1.5
se
).de p
fracture
Node 1
Node 2
57
Resources
- ASCE 41-13
- ANSI/AISC 341-10 App. K Cyclic Qualification Testing Provisions
Status of Models
- BRB --- relatively easy to model, well developed
- Models to simulate connection failures (e.g., fracture and
degradation in gusset plates) are less well developed.
Require limits on hinge rotations (or through story drifts)
- NL analysis offers economy through more realistic
determination of column force demands
131
Modeling of Structural Components: Response Modification Devices
Response Modification Devices
[c]i
Primary Components
- Energy dissipaters (viscous or hysteretic dampers)
- Seismic isolators
Resources
- ASCE 7-10 (Chp. 17 and 18)
- ASCE 41(Chp. 9)
Status of Models
- Idealized hysteretic spring models are generally
available that can be calibrated to data available
from manufacturers of response modification
devices
59
Outline
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Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis
61
M x C x K x -M xg P
Raleigh (proportional) Damping:
a 1 b
C a M b K ; n n
2 n 2
Modal Damping:
c1
C T ( -1)
c2 ( -1)
...
Explicit Damping Elements
C ci [c]i
133
Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis: Damping
Viscous Damping with NLTH Analysis
Elastic Response
Definition: reduction in dynamic building response =0
due to energy dissipation of structural and = 2%
= 5%
nonstructural components of the building, its = 30%
foundation, and the underlying soil/rock materials = 10%
Inelastic Response
1 T/Tp
Complicating Factors: The interpretation and representation of damping is
complicated by
relationship of mathematical representation of damping to the physical
sources of damping, e.g.,
(1) artificial distinctions between energy dissipation of structural components that is
modeled by nonlinear hysteretic response versus equivalent viscous damping,
(2) modification of input motions to account for reduction in response due to SSI effects
amplitude dependency (displacement, velocity, acceleration) of damping
effects and its effect on building performance for different overall
intensity of building response, and (b) different effects for alternative
vibration modes.
SUPERSTRUCTURE NONTUCTUAL
Exterior Cladding a likely source of considerable damping, depending on the
material, method of attachment, expansion joints.
Interior Wall Partitions and Finishes (issues materials, method of attachment of
finishes to structural walls/braces/columns, method of attachment of partitions to
sla s, de sit of pa titio s i.e., open office versus partitioned residential)
Mech/Electrical - piping, electrical conduit, HVAC risers, elevator rails and cables,
stairs, etc.
134
Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis: Damping
18
16
14
% Damping 12
10
8 Longitudinal
6 Transverse
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Number of Stories
REF: Chopra/Goel
Observations:
1. Measured damping in the range of 2% to 8% of critical
2. Effective damping seems to decrease with increasing buidling height
3. Difficult (impossible) to distinguish hysteretic and viscous damping
The plot above is a typical example, where damping during wind events is typically around
0.5% to 1% of critical.
135
Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis: Damping
Suggested values:
1% to 3%, depending on building height, structural and architectural
materials, and shaking amplitude (service EQ versus MCE)
specify critical damping in first few modes (~0.2T to 1.5T)
be aware how analysis software implements damping (check sensitivity
of results to specified damping)
Outline
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Software Considerations
Element Library
concentrated hinge --- fiber --- continuum
Solution Algorithms
Post-Processing
Statistics from multiple ground motions
Software Considerations
CSI Perform3D
LARSA 4D Structure
ABAQUS
137
Nonlinear Analysis Quality Assurance
Quality Assurance in Nonlinear Response History Analysis
Basic Checks of Analysis Model and Ground Motions
Elastic modes, masses, effective masses, etc.
Generate elastic (displacement) spectra of the input ground motions
Perform elastic response spectra and elastic dynamic analyses
Nonlinear Static Analysis
Check response against elastic analysis and/or inelastic strength limits
Equilibrium checks of selected components
Perform model sensitivity analyses
Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis
Check response against elastic analysis and/or inelastic strength limits
Plot hysteresis responses of selected components
Perform model sensitivity analyses
Above all:
1. Know the capabilities and limitations of the software
2. Use capacity design to control response
3. Exercise good judgment!
71
Thank you
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
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Design of Transbay Tower
in San Francisco, California
139
JohnHooper
John Hooper is a Senior Principal and the Director of Earthquake Engineering at
Magnusson Klemencic Associates, a consulting structural and civil engineering firm in
Seattle, Washington. He received his Bachelor of Civil Engineering from Seattle
University and a Master of Science from the University of California at Berkeley.
John has over 30 years of engineering experience in the fields of renovation, seismic
engineering, earthquake engineering, and structural analysis. He is Chair of the
American Society of Civil Engineer (ASCE 7s) Seismic Subcommittee and is a member
of the Main Committee, member of the NEHRP Advisory Committee on Earthquake
Hazards Reduction (ACEHR), and a member of the Building Seismic Safety Council
(BSSC) NEHRP Provisions Update Committee.
John has been involved in the majority of MKAs Performance-Based Seismic high-rise
designs over the past 15 years and has been part of the Project Technical Committee
responsible for developing the FEMA P-58 Seismic Performance Assessment of
Buildings Methodology.
140
Design of Transbay Tower
in San Francisco, California
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High-Rise Structural System Options
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Floor Plan Layout
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143
One RinconSan Francisco
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
Project Overview
San Francisco, California
Mission Street between First and Fremont
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Project Overview
1,070 feet tall
901 feet to top occupied floor
Office occupancy, with
occupant load > 5,000
Occupancy (Risk) Category III
Permitted under 2010
San Francisco Building Code,
including AB-083
Adjacent to new Transbay
Transit Center
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
Project Overview
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145
Structural Systems
Gravity: Structural steel columns and floor framing
supporting composite deck
Walls 48 to 24 thick
Ly,base = 89 ft
h/Lx = 12.9
h/Ly = 12.0
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Design Response Spectra
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Acceleration Histories for MCE
Identify fundamental structural modes (~6.3s) and period
range of interest (1.2s to 9.5s)
Deaggregate MCER hazard to identify dominant sources
at various periods
Select two conditioning periods (7.5s & 0.75s) around
which conditional mean spectra have an envelope
75%MCE for extended period range of interest (0.6s to
10s)
Perform probabilistic and deterministic seismic hazard
analyses to establish target rock spectra for each
scenario
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Acceleration Histories for MCE
Select, scale, and match 11 bi-directional seed motions
(at rock) for each scenario
Long-period conditioned motions:
address T = 4s to 10s
8 of 11 motions include pulse effects with pulse periods, Tp =
5.1s to 9.4s
2 of 11 motions are relatively long duration
Short-period conditioned motions:
address T = 1s to 4s
2 of 11 motions include pulse effects with Tp = 1.5s to 2s (near
second mode)
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
modified
free field
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149
Kinematic Soil-Structure Interaction
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150
SSI: Embedment
embedment
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151
Floor Including Kinematic SSI
Scale motions to satisfy adjusted limits
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have at least one pulse period less than and one pulse period
greater than fundamental translational mode in that direction
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152
Orientation of Applied Ground Motions
Minimize directional bias
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Elastic Dynamic Response
Nearly bi-symmetric response
First two modes dominate
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Occupancy / Risk Category III
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Occupancy / Risk Category III PBD
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Yielding Hierarchy
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Results Story Drift
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Foundation System
Mat supported by 42 rectangular deep foundation
elements (barrettes)
510-6 barrettes
185 to 230 long
5 ft mat
socketed into rock: (transition)
10 at perimeter;
25 to 55 at core
14 ft mat
installed from grade,
55 above future mat
MCE demand up to:
22,000 kips comp
6,500 kips tension
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
Foundation Demands
Consider bi-directional
demands from core
MCE average for
barrettes and mat
flexure
1.5MCE average for
mat shear
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Barrette Design and Detailing
current grade
Compression, tension;
shear and flexure from
inertial interaction
Compression; flexure
top of rock from kinematic
interaction
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Structure-Soil-Structure Interaction
Performed by Arup North America
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161
SSSI Model: Level of Detail
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SSSI: Diaphragm Interaction (Transverse)
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Tower Top Design
Central BMU support mast
Perimeter braced frames
Spokes and ring trusses
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Tower Top Design Acceleration
z
Basic code equation (Eq. 13.3-1) 0.4a p S DS 1 2
h
2 a
3 MCE , avg
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Thank You!
Questions??
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
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166
Wilshire Grand Tower
Los Angeles
167
LeonardM.Joseph
In the past 39 years Mr. Joseph has analyzed, designed and reviewed projects across the US and
around the world that reflect international and local construction practices and criteria including
seismic, wind and other environmental hazards Projects have included tall buildings such as the
Petronas Towers, sports facilities such as AT&T Park, hangars, hotels, historic buildings,
factories and parking decks. Structural systems have included steel, reinforced concrete, precast
and post-tensioned concrete, masonry, wood and light gage framing. With a BS from Cornell and
MS and MBA degrees from Stanford, Mr. Joseph has been active in technical development and
teaching, He also lectures and writes articles and books on structural design for both technical
and general audiences.
168
Wilshire Grand Tower
Los Angeles
Project Participants
Owner Hanjin /Korean Air
Architect A C Martin Partners
Structural Engineer of Record Brandow & Johnston
High Rise Consulting Engineer Thornton Tomasetti
Geotechnical Consultant AMEC
Project Manager Martin Project Management
General Contractor Turner Construction Co.
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169
Why This Design?
Program
Behavior
Strength
Constructability
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Architectural Concept in Context
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400,00 sf Offices
Parking
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Design Reflects Programming
900 Hotel Rooms
400,00 sf Offices
Parking
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Stacked Programming
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Outriggers for Slender Core
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Belt Trusses
At low and top outrigger levels
Engage all perimeter columns
Column shortening strains
Column overturning strains
Stiffness of non-OR columns
Expressed by glazing
Architectural feature
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Wind Loading and Comfort
Strength level wind
1700 year Mean Recurrence Interval
Importance factor from high occupancy
115 mph (code) 3s gust at 33
Compare to LRFD capacities
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Seismic Hazard
Bullet point
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
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Project Parameters
Occupancy Category: III
>5000 persons (IBC 2006)
Seismic Parameters
Seismic Design Category: D
Sds = 1.41 g , Sd1 = 0.62 g
San Francisco downtown: Sds = 1.0 g , Sd1 = 0.52 g
2014 EERI TECHNICAL SEMINAR: PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR TALL BUILDINGS
PBD Parameters
Maximum Considered Earthquake
(MCE)
Smaller of
2% probability of being exceeded
in 50 years
Deterministic earthquake
At least deterministic lower limit
177
Initial Design Steps
Estimate NRHA demand
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MCE Fault Normal or Parallel
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BRBs at Outriggers
Cap forces in
Columns
Shear wall panel zone
Connections
Mat foundation
Allow long unbraced lengths
Efficient angles
Dramatic architecture
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Low Outrigger
Middle Outriggers
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Top Outrigger
Analysis Parameters
MCE
Nonlinear Response History Analysis (NRHA)
2% damped
11 Ground motion pairs: AK, CA, Iran, Taiwan, Turkey
6 FN & 5 FP oriented NS
5 FP & 6 FN oriented EW
SLE
RSA
2% damped
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NRHA Models
Element modeling
Walls fiber model flexure, elastic shear
Coupling beams as shear links, most stories similar
Outrigger diagonals bilinear
Filled columns bilinear or fiber
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Phantom Openings
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Phantom Openings Improve Story Drift
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Trapezoidal Openings
South
Elevation
North
Elevation TRAPEZOIDAL
OPENINGS FOR
TRANSITIONS
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Mat Bearing 50%X + 100%Y
58 ksf < 75 ksf
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#18 Gr 75 @ 15
NS x7, EW x6
TYPE 2 COUPLERS
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Mat Shear Reinforcing
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Tower/Basement Interaction
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Tower/Basement Interaction
Stiffness from unit load studies
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Tower/Basement Interaction
Dummy frames provide stiffness
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NRHA Models
Models foundation condition ranges
Stand alone, rigid base
Within basement box, rigid base
Within basement box, spring base
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Bracketing Possible Interactions
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Base Shear Comparisons
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T1 = 6.5 sec
North
T2 = 3.5 sec
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Base Shear Comparisons
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Base Shear Comparisons
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Base Shear Comparisons
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Base Moment Comparisons
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Base Moment Comparisons
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Different Demands
Mean of MCE: Ductile beam rotations
BRB displacements
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Displacement-Based Acceptance
Mean MCE demands from NRHA for
Story drifts
Overall drift
Wall axial strains
Beam plastic rotations
BRB axial strains
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0.6% OK
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Mean MCE Wall Strains
OUTRIGGER
OUTRIGGER
STEEL
YIELD
OUTRIGGER
STEEL
YIELD
<< 0.003 OK
BASEMENT
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BELT
LIFE COLLAPSE
SAFETY PREVENTION
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Mean MCE BRB Ductility Demands
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Force-Based Acceptance
1.5 x mean MCE demands
Wall shear except at panel zone
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1.5 x MCE Wall Shear
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BELT
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Steel Box Column Demands
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Studies by
Dr. Amit Kanvinde, UC Davis
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Belts and Braces
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Belt Demands at 1.5 MCE
D/C
0.7
0.0
D/C
0.7
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0.0
| Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
D/C
0.0
FLEX DIAPH
D/C
FLEX DIAPH
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BRB Connections
C T
T C
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Tmax = 1.08 As Fy
Cmax = 1.14 As Fy
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Diaphragm Accelerations
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Last Design Steps
Construction staging for BRB timing effects
Squish stories, jack BRBs
Long-term shortening effects
Squash stories between BRB levels
Evaluate effect on MCE behaviors
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Differential Shortening
Outriggers enforce shortening
compatibility at core and columns
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Conclusions
Base first NRHA runs on demands greater
than code but less than elastic MCE
spectrum
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Case Study 2:
Steel Plate Building Design
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NabihYoussef
Mr. Youssef founded the firm, Nabih Youssef Structural Engineers, an internationally
recognized structural engineering firm with offices in Los Angeles, Irvine, and San
Francisco, in 1989. Some of Nabih Youssef Structural Engineers projects include: LA
Live Hotel and Residences, The Broad Museum, the Long Beach Courthouse, Our Lady
of the Angels Cathedral, LA City Hall Seismic Retrofit, LA Coliseum Seismic Retrofit,
The Getty Villa Museum, and The New Stanford Hospital with triple friction pendulum
base isolation. Nabih was the recipient of the 2013 SEAOC Fellowship, the 2010 AISC
Designer Special Achievement Award for LA Live, and the 2008 AIA Los Angeles
Chapter Presidential Award for Professional Achievement. Mr. Youssef chaired the
Seismic Safety Committee for the Governors California Building Standards
Commission, was selected to serve on the Peer Review Board for the State Seismic
Program, has written numerous technical papers, and taught classes at multiple
Universities. Nabihs dedication to his work and respect for others are leading aspects of
his character.
208
Case Study 2:
Steel Plate Building Design
LA Live Project
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Outline
I. Project Description
II. Integrated Site
III. Architecture and Structure
IV. Structural Concept
V. Research to Practice
VI. Performance Based Design
VII. Behavior and Performance
VIII. Collaboration
IX. Construction Highlights
X. Goals and Achievements
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I. Project Description
55 Residential Stories
26 Story Low-rise portion (Hotel rooms)
29 Stories of condominiums above
Tapered/Slender profile
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II. Integrated Site
-Phased Construction
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Variable Floor
Concrete vs Steel?
Upper Tower
Pool Deck
Lower Tower
Podium
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III. Architecture & Structure
-Challenges and Opportunities
650
70 35
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III. Architecture & Structure
-Challenges and Opportunities
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III. Architecture & Structure
-Challenges and Opportunities
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IV. Structural Concept
Steel Plates
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Vertical
Boundary
Element (VBE)
1/4 to 3/8 Plate
Horizontal Boundary
Element (HBE)
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IV. Structural Concept
-Wall Profiles
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BRB BRB
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V. A Brief History from Research to Practice
-Steel Plate Shear Wall (SPSW): Background
Ships
Battleship 1952
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Ships Stiffened
Plates
Hyatt Dallas
(1970s)
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V. A Brief History from Research to Practice
-Steel Plate Shear Wall (SPSW): Background
1980s
Ships Stiffened Research/
Plates Analysis
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1980s
Ships Stiffened Research/
Plates Analysis
Research results:
Excellent ductility
Resistance to degradation under cyclic loading
High initial stiffness
Inherent redundancy with moment-resisting beam/column connections
Distributed yielding (energy dissipation) over height of wall.
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V. A Brief History from Research to Practice
-Steel Plate Shear Wall (SPSW): Background
1980s 1990s
Ships Stiffened Research/ Unstiffened
Plates Analysis Plates
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1980s 1990s
Ships Stiffened Research/ Unstiffened Current Code
Plates Analysis Plates Implementation
2006
2001 2007
CBC CBC
Design Concept 2004-2005 Brief Bibliography:
Cyclic Test of Four-Story Steel Plate Shear Walls
--by Robert G. Driver and Geoffrey L. Kulak (1998)
FE and Simplified Models of Steel Plate Shear Wall
--by Robert G. Driver and Geoffrey L. Kulak (1998)
Steel Plate Shear Walls-An Overview
--by Geoffrey L. Kulak and D.J. Laurie Kennedy (2001)
Steel Plate Shear Walls
--by A. Astaneh-Asl (2000)
Plastic Analysis and Design of Steel Plate
--by Jeffrey Berman and Michel Bruneau (2003)
LACCH Hotel and Residence Tests and Analyses of Large Scale Steel Plates
(USA) --by KC Tsai, et al. (2006)
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V. A Brief History from Research to Practice
-Steel Plate Shear Wall (SPSW): Background
1980s 1990s
Ships Stiffened Research/ Unstiffened Current Code
Plates Analysis Plates Implementation
2006
2001 2007
CBC CBC
2006 341-05
Design
2005
DRAFT
Year
2005
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V. A Brief History from Research to Practice
-Steel Plate Shear Walls 2 Basic Types
SPSW
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Pinched Hysteresis
(frame action and
plate yielding)
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VI. Performance Based Design
-Recent Publications
PEER ATC-72
LATBC AB-083
Alternative Design Procedures was allowed by CBC 2001
SPSW + Outrigger System - No prescriptive procedures
Fully Embraced by LADBS
Collaboration of Expertise Value Added to Project
Peer Review Panel:
- Professor Stephen Mahin, UC Berkeley - James Malley, S.E., Degekolb Engineers
- Professor Jack Moehle, UC Berkeley - Paul Somerville, URS (Seismologist)
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Dynamic Analysis of three different events of
Rational alternative 4. Minimum Base
Shear
ASCE 7 Section 12.8 and 12.9 varying occurrence: 43 yr, 475yr, and 2475 yr
returns.
process with global Full 3-D linear and nonlinear dynamic analysis
criteria equivalency 5. Story Force
Distribution
ASCE 7 Section 12.8 and 12.9 models with appropriate spatial distribution of
mass and stiffness explicitly modeled.
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VI. Performance Based Design
-Global Performance Objectives
Acceptance: based upon global target performance objective
during seismic events of varying recurrence probability
Performance Performance Analysis
Design/Analysis Procedure Modeling
Level Objective Type
Vertical boundary elements (VBE) above the shear base of the wall
Local Boundary Elements (LBE) around shear-openings.
Gravity and Outrigger columns
Diaphragms
Basement walls
Mat foundation
Outrigger steel components beyond the BRB.
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VI. Performance Based Design
-Code Exceptions
Examples of rationally verified deviations from code-based guidelines:
Height limitations per structural system do not apply
= . e cept fo collecto s
Minimum base shear formulas do not apply, but Vmin limited to 0.025W.
LABC Code-based drift limit of 0.02/T1/3 replaced with a limit of 0.03 at MCE
Aspect ratio of shear wall panels may exceed the max limit of 2.5 due to
overall slender wall flexural behavior as verified by nonlinear analysis as
recommended per AISC 341.
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VII. Behavior and Performance
-NYA Collaboration with Researchers
Research Tests
Link Tests
(University of Texas)
(M. Englehardt)
(WUF-W)
BRB Tests
(Star Seismic)
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VII. Behavior and Performance
-Research Testing Calibration
Seismic Behaviour of Steel Plate Shear Walls, University of
Alberta, 1997, R. Driver, G. Kulak, D. Kennedy, A. Elwi.
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VII. Behavior and Performance
-Modeling: Strips
Tension-only
Ties
Compression-
Only Struts
Strip Modeling:
-Appropriate for dynamic nonlinear analysis
-Need to break HBEs and VBEs into multiple
elements
-Tension-only strips and compression-only
struts
-Equations for modeling obtained in AISC 341
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VII. Behavior and Performance
-Tension Strips Yielding
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VII. Behavior and Performance
-VBE Usage
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VII. Behavior and Performance
-Interstory Drift
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VII. Behavior and Performance
-Diaphragm Design
Inertia Forces
Transfer Forces
(Backstay Kickback)
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Roof / L 27
Floor Transition
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VII. Behavior and Performance
-Semi-Rigid vs Rigid
Backstay Kick-back!
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VII. Behavior and Performance
-SPSW Final Design
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VII. Behavior and Performance
-New Developments
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VIII. Collaboration with Research and Industry
-Essential for Success
On Time &
Contractor Under budget?
Software
Architect
NYA
Research
Owner
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VIII. Collaboration with Research and Industry
-Collaboration with Construction: VBEs
Collaboration Essential to Success (AISC, Herrick)
Steel VBE shape/configuration
Optimum shape strength and stiffness
Minimize welding of built-up
Splicing Configuration
Steel availability
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Plate
Configuration Grout Hole Size
Stiffener
Plate Gap
Grout
Hole
Spacing
Corner
Radius
Stiffener Plate Welding
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VIII. Collaboration with Research and Industry
-Collaboration with Construction: SPSW
Collaboration Essential to Success (AISC, Herrick)
Steel VBE shape/configuration
Optimum shape strength and stiffness
Minimize welding of built-up
Splicing Configuration
Steel availability
Composite action/constructability
Shear Plate
Attachments
Material Availability
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VIII. Collaboration with Research and Industry
-Collaboration with Construction: BRBs
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IX. Construction Highlights
-VBE Anchorage
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IX. Construction Highlights
-Transfer Beams
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IX. Construction Highlights
-Skewed Wall Panel
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IX. Construction Highlights
-VBE Splices
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X. Goals and Achievements
November, 2007
Placement of Mat
December, 2008
October, 2008 Topping Off June, 2009
Frame Erection Exterior Complete
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244
Lessons from PBD Peer Reviews
245
FarzadNaeim
Farzad is the founder and President of Farzad Naeim, Inc. Prior to founding this firm, he
was the Technical Director at John A. Martin & Associates (JAMA) and it's General
Counsel. Farzad has been instrumental in development of the LATBSDC PBD
guidelines and has chaired the committee in charge of development of that series of
guidelines since 2005. He has also been a member of the task group that developed the
PEER-TBI Guideline. Dr. Naeim has served as the Chair of Seismic Peer Review Panel
for numerous tall buildings designed according to PBD methodologies.
JackMoehle
Jack Moehle is the T.Y. and Margaret Lin Professor of Engineering in the Department of
Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. His
research and teaching interests are related to structural engineering, with emphasis on
reinforced concrete and earthquake engineering. A licensed Civil Engineer in the State of
California, Dr. Moehle works regularly as a consulting engineer, offering advice and
expert peer review, including high-rise building projects in Seattle, San Francisco, Los
Angeles, and San Diego. He is Honorary Member of the Structural Engineers Association
of Northern California, member of the College of Fellows of the Structural Engineers
Association of California, and elected member of the U.S. National Academy of
Engineering. He has served on the Boards of Directors of the Structural Engineers
Association of Northern California, the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, and
the American Concrete Institute. He has been a member of the ACI 318 Building Code
Committee since 1989, chair of ACI 318H (Seismic Provisions) from 1995 to 2014, and
is Chair of ACI 318 for the 2014-2019 code cycle.
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Lessons from PBD Peer Reviews
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Peer review
Purpose
To provide independent, objective, technical
review of any aspects that relate to seismic
performance
Conduct
EOR proposes criteria and designs to satisfy it
The SSRP reviews EOR submittals for
Consistency with performance objectives
Consistency with standards of practice
A good review provides input that promotes
resolution of comments in a collegial environment
This is not the place to force your way of doing
things
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SPRP membership
Selection,
Building Reporting
Official
SPRP
Consultation SE Tall building expertise
Geo/Seismic Hazard
Academic Specific expertise
SPRP
249
SPRP contracting models
Selection,
Building Reporting
Official
SPRP
Contract
250
Operational aspects detailed work
251
SPRP scope of services
Review Design Criteria
design approach
seismic hazard
modeling approaches
acceptance criteria
whatever else arises
Review early design concepts and details
Review final design
computer input and output
analysis results in relation to design criteria
details as expressed in drawings
Participate in SPRP meetings
Complete written reports/letters
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Example of an Unrealistic
Schedule
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Design Documentation
Basis of Design
Should be detailed and explain
approach to design
details of modeling and acceptance criteria
Computer models
Help SPRP help you
Member proportioning and details
For a foundation permit you should have an
essentially completed design
In some cases you can get a conditional excavation
permit without a complete design
Performance verification
Structural drawings
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Example BOD Table of Contents
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Example BOD Modeling Details
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The Comment Log
# Page Date Comment Response Resolution
2 2-3 x/y/z The values of Z1.0 This has been corrected Resolved
and Z2.5 listed on in the attached revised (date)
these two pages report (date)
are not consistent.
The consultant
should clarify
which set of
values were used
in the analysis.
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Dispute resolution
Differences of opinion can arise
level of complexity required for analysis
interpretation of results
Disputes are rare
Building Official is final arbiter
Advisory panels can be consulted
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Examples
The peer review process takes too long,
is too expensive, and too uncertain.
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Ground motion selection and scaling
Example 7 Conditional mean spectra
Example 7a
Example 7b
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Demand versus capacity
Example 9 Strain capacity of unconfined concrete is
0.003. Therefore, no confinement should be required if ec
< 0.003.
0.015
Concrete strain
0.005
0.000
-0.005
-0.010
Flange Stem
-0.015
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Distance along web from flange / lw
Flange in tension
Thomsen and Wallace (2004).
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Structural detailing
Example 10 The loop-de-loop hoop.
Loop-de-loop hoop
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Structural detailing
Example 11 - Diagonally reinforced coupling beams
The entire shear is carried by the diagonals, therefore
the concrete outside the diagonals is not required.
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Construction details
Example 12 Wall-slab interfaces?
(a) Probable (b) Puddle wall (c) Hold back (d) Slip form the
code violation concrete into slab concrete, wall
slab cast wall through
the slab
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Foundation mats
Example 13 Unit shear strength of members without
shear reinforcement is known to decrease with
thickness. Should a foundation mat have shear
reinforcement?
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Thank you!
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| Earthquake Engineering
30 Research Institute
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PBD The Future
Ronald O. Hamburger, SE
Simpson Gumpertz & Heger
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RonaldO.Hamburger
Ron Hamburger is a Senior Principal and Western Regional Head of Structural Engineering at
Simpson Gumpertz & Heger. Mr. Hamburger has 40 years of experience in engineering,
construction, failure investigation and research. He is a past President of the Structural
Engineers Association of California, and of the National Council of Structural Engineering
Associations, as well as the Structural Engineering Certification Board. He also is a past Vice
President of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute and a fellow of the Structural
Engineering Institute.
Mr. Hamburger has been engaged in the development of building codes and standards for more
than 25 years with a particular emphasis on performance-based earthquake engineering
procedures. He was a member of the ATC-33 and ATC-40 project teams, the SEAOC Vision
2000 committee, the FEMA 356 development panel, and since 2001 has served as project
technical director for the ATC-58 project to develop next-generation performance-based design
criteria. He is a member of the ASCE 41 Committee and chair of the ASCE 7 committee. In
2014, the Structural Engineering Institute awarded Mr. Hamburger the Walter P. Moore award
for a lifetime achievement in development of building codes.
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PBD The Future
Ronald O. Hamburger, SE
Simpson Gumpertz & Heger
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Present Generation doesnt answer these questions
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Nonstructural Performance
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Reliability
FEMA 273
Perhaps 1 out of 10 structures may
experience poorer performance than intended
by the design
One out of 10 is not particularly good, unless
the building owner buys into this and is willing
to accept it
Noone even knows if we are really getting
90% reliability
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Performance Prediction
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The Process
D
Ground Structural
Motion Response Damage
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Predicting Performance
It is impossible to predict performance
precisely
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The Results of Next-Generation Performance Assessment
Loss Distribution
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Fragility Specification
Fragility Specification
B1044.000 Reinforced Concrete Shearwalls
ILLUSTRATION
(example photo or drawing)
MEDIAN DEMAND
1.5% 3.0% 5.0%
Patch cracks each side with caulk Remove loose concrete Shore
Paint each side Patch spalls with NS grout Demo existing wall
DAMAGE FUNCTIONS
Replace
Patch cracks each side with caulk
Paint each side Patch and paint
CONSEQUENCE FUNCTION
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Fragility Specification
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 0.1
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Fragility Specification
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Analysis
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Analysis Results
Median values of
peak transient:
Story drift
Floor acceleration
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Analysis Results
Logarithmic standard
deviation of:
Peak story drift
Peak floor acceleration
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Analysis Results
Covariance matrix
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Calculate Performance
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Demand Generation
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Performance Assessment Calculation Tool
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Repair Cost
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1
0 | Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
/
Casualties
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1
0 | Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
/
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Downtime
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Unsafe Placards
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Benefits of this new approach
Provides data directly useful for cost-benefit
analyses and decision making
Inherently acknowledges and quantifies the
possible range of performance outcomes
Recognizes the effect of nonstructural
components
Permits engineers to conveniently explore the
effects of design modification on performance
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Managing PBD of Tall Buildings
in San Francisco
Gary Ho, SE
Department of Building Inspection
San Francisco
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GaryHo
Gary Ho has been with Department of Building Inspection, San Francisco for twenty years. He
leads the plan review for the special projects that requiring Structural Design Review/Peer
Review. Gary has involved in many new high-rise construction projects, and also seismic
retrofitting and alternations of existing buildings. These projects include the new construction of
Infinity Towers, Millennium Tower, San Francisco Public Utilities Commission Headquarters,
181 Fremont Tower, and the Golden State Warriors Arena projects. He also involved in the
additions of San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, and the seismic retrofitting and alternations
of 141 New Montgomery Building.
Gary is a registered Structural Engineer in California, and has received his Master Degree in
Civil Engineering from the University of California at Davis. He had practiced in private firms
for more than ten years prior to joining SFDBI.
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Managing PBD of Tall Buildings
in San Francisco
Gary Ho, SE
Department of Building Inspection
San Francisco
overview
Introduction of Department of Building
Inspection (DBI)
History of PBD Tall Buildings in San
Francisco
Governing Documents: Administrative
Bulletins AB-082 and AB-083
Conclusions
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| Earthquake
1
Engineering Research Institute
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Introduction of DBI
Purpose: To serve the City and County of
San Francisco and the general public by
ensuring that life and property within the
City and County are safeguarded, and to
provide a public forum for community
involvement in that process.
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Introduction of DBI
Mission Statement: Under the direction
and management of the seven-member
citizen Building Inspection Commission, to
oversee the effective, efficient, fair and
safe enforcement of the City and County
of San Franciscos Building, Housing,
Plumbing, Electrical, and Mechanical
Codes, along with the Disability Access
Regulations.
4
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History of PBD Tall Buildings in San Francisco
5
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History of PBD Tall Buildings in San Francisco
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History of PBD Tall Buildings in San Francisco
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Governing Document: AB-082
Sect. 1 Structural Design Reviewer
SDR provides supplemental reviews to DBI.
EOR responsible for the structural design
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Governing Document: AB-082
Sect. 1 Structural Design Reviewer
Members of SDRP
Geotechnical engineers with expertise in
developing site-specific ground motions for PBD.
Practicing structural engineers with expertise in
PBD of tall buildings, and the proposed structural
system.
Structural engineering researchers posses
expertise in PBD tall buildings, and the proposed
structural system.
All SDR must be registered Engineers in
California. 13
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Governing Document: AB-082
Sect. 2 Projects requiring Structural
Design Review
Projects incorporating non-prescriptive or performance-based
design.
Projects incorporating building heights that exceed 240 feet.
Projects incorporating seismic response-history analyses per
Chapter 16 of ASCE 7.
Projects incorporating seismic isolation per Chapter 17 of ASCE
7.
Projects incorporating seismic damping per Chapter 18 of ASCE
7.
Projects with irregular and unusual configurations or system.
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Governing Document: AB-082
Sect. 3 Scope of Structural Design
Review Services
Detail concepts and design
Construction documents, including drawings
and specifications
Other building aspects requested by DBI
Wind loads resistance
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Governing Document: AB-82
Sect. 5 Dispute Resolution
DBI makes final decisions, may appointing
additional outside experts.
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Governing Document: AB-083
Sect. 1 Scope
For new buildings that use non-prescriptive
seismic design procedures, and
Buildings that the roofs have heights over 160
feet above average adjacent ground.
AB-083 applies to PBD Tall Buildings.
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Governing Document: AB-083
Sect. 3 Submittal Requirements
Engineer of Record (EOR) submits Seismic
Design Criteria to DBI and SDRP
Initial building plans
Description of building and structural systems
Analysis methodology
Acceptance criteria
Exceptions to the provisions of the Code
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Governing Document: AB-083
Sect. 4: Seismic Design Requirements
Sect. 4.1 Code Level Evaluation
Sect. 4.2 Service Level Evaluation
Sect. 4.3 Maximum Considered Earthquake
(MCE) Level Evaluation
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Governing Document: AB-083
Sect. 4.2 Service Level Evaluation
Similar to the provisions of, Guidelines for
Performance-Based Seismic Design of Tall
Buildings, Version 1.0, November 2010 ,
developed by Pacific Earthquake Engineer
Research Center (PEER), Report No.
2010/05
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Governing Document: AB-083
Sect. 4.3 MCE Level Evaluation
Similar to Peer guidelines
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Conclusions
When properly implemented, PBD will provide
buildings the equivalence or superior
performance than the Code.
DBI will work closely, and constantly with project
sponsors, structural engineers, geotechnical
engineers, researchers, and contractors in
modifying and improving our review process.
DBI purpose and mission safeguards life and
property by enforcing SFBC effectively and
efficiently.
31
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Questions?
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Thanks for attending!
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298
City of Los Angeles
Performance Based Design
Plan Review
2014 EERI Technical Seminar Series:
Performance Based Design State of the Practice for Tall Buildings
Colin Kumabe
299
ColinKumabe
Colin Kumabe is currently the Metro Plan Check Chief in the City of Los Angeles, Department
of Building and Safety, where he has worked for 30 years. During the past 10 years, he has
overseen the citys review of projects with performance based design. Throughout his career, he
has participated in the SEAOSC steel and existing buildings committees and the ad hoc
committees for the development of nonductile concrete chapters of the Los Angeles Building
codes. Colin has a B.S. from the University of the Pacific, M.S. UCLA, and M.B.A. from
CSULB.
300
City of Los Angeles
Performance Based Design
Plan Review
2014 EERI Technical Seminar Series:
Performance Based Design State of the Practice for Tall Buildings
Colin Kumabe
Overview
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LADBS Involvement in Process
LADBS is involved in all steps of the Peer
Review process.
LADBS staff will actively participate in all
steps of the process by reviewing all
structural components along with the Peer
Reviewers.
Prior to issuing building permits, LADBS
will use the recommendations from the
Peer Reviewers as part of the final plan
check of the structure.
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Process Overview
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Step 1: Developer Acknowledgement
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Step 3: Panel Composition
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Step 5: Final Approval
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Thank you
Questions?
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Performance Based Design
The Seattle Experience
Steven Pfeiffer
Engineering and Technical Codes Manager
City of Seattle
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StevenPfeiffer
Steve Pfeiffer is an Engineering and Technical Codes Manager for the City of Seattle,
Department of Planning and Development. He has been with the City for 30 years and has
worked on a wide range of projects including podium buildings, high-rises, stadiums, etc. He
has managed the peer reviews on projects utilizing performance based design for over 15 years
and has worked with a wide variety of engineering teams and peer review teams to assist in
getting these projects approved and built. Steve is a licensed structural engineer in the state of
Washington and is an SEAW member actively involved with the Earthquake Engineering
Committee. He currently serves on the Board of Directors of that organization.
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Performance Based Design
The Seattle Experience
Steven Pfeiffer
Engineering and Technical Codes Manager
City of Seattle
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History
First peer review project in Seattle 1999
Over 30 peer review projects
7 projects currently under review with
additional 7 under construction
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Sample Projects
Projects include residential, office, hotel,
etc.
Some project have multiple structures on
the site
Most projects are concrete cores, but may
contain BRBs, Significant transfer
elements, seismic joints, etc.
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Projects
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Projects
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Process
Initial notification of proposed peer review
project
Submittal of Documents
Formal written request for peer review
Schematic drawings
Draft Structural BOD
Draft Geotechnical BOD
Kick-off Mtg.
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Basis of Design
Basis of Design (BOD)
Frequently based on Tall Buildings Initiative
Document
May be customized subject to Peer Reviewer
approval
Currently Seattle requires a DBE design and
an MCE design/verification
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Basis of Design
Structural Basis of Design includes:
Basic building information
DBE and MCE design approach
Code Exceptions and Enhancements
Material properties
Software Programs used for analysis and design
Acceptance criteria for DBE and MCE
Link beam rotations, drift, strains. Etc.
Stiffness property assumptions
Other
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Process
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Technical Issues of Note
Stiffness properties of elements
Capacity based design or NOT?
What is essentially elastic?
Setbacks
Design of transfer diaphragm(s)
Ground Motions
Scaled vs. Matched vs. Conditional Mean (CMS)
Code based shear wall designs are not
adequate(?)
Building Height
More guidance on the above would be great!
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Conclusion
Contact the City Early in the process
Performance based design works!
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Steven Pfeiffer (206-233-7189)
Engineering and Technical Codes Manager
City of Seattle, DPD
[email protected]
Report on Workshop to Incorporate Basin Response in the Design of Tall Buildings in the
Puget Sound Region, Washington By Susan W. Chang, Arthur D. Frankel, and Craig S.
Weaver http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1196/
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EERI Technical Seminar
Using a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 as the highest rating, please rate todays presentations.
Please include comments. Thank you.
Introduction and History of PBD Case Study 2: Steel and Hybrid Building
(Ron Hamburger) Design
(Nabih Youssef or Leonard Joseph) (please
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Guideline Documents (LATBSDC/PEER) How do you rate the quality of the visuals?
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Lessons from PBD Peer Reviews
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Using Ground Motions & SFSI How do you rate the quality of the visuals?
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The Future of PBD and ATC 58
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Case Study 1: Concrete Building Design How do you rate the quality of the visuals?
(John Hooper)
Panel Discussion
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317
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EERI announcement
EERI website
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Colleague
Online (Google) Ad
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