Spring Boot Reference

Spring Boot Reference Guide
1.4.1.RELEASE
Phillip Webb , Dave Syer , Josh Long , Stphane Nicoll , Rob Winch ,
Andy Wilkinson , Marcel Overdijk , Christian Dupuis , Sbastien Deleuze
Copyright 2013-2016
Copies of this document may be made for your own use and for distribution to others, provided that you do not charge any fee
for such copies and further provided that each copy contains this Copyright Notice, whether distributed in print or electronically.
Table of Contents
I. Spring Boot Documentation ...................................................................................................... 1
1. About the documentation ................................................................................................ 2
2. Getting help .................................................................................................................... 3
3. First steps ...................................................................................................................... 4
4. Working with Spring Boot ................................................................................................ 5
5. Learning about Spring Boot features ................................................................................ 6
6. Moving to production ....................................................................................................... 7
7. Advanced topics ............................................................................................................. 8
II. Getting started ........................................................................................................................ 9
8. Introducing Spring Boot ................................................................................................. 10
9. System Requirements ................................................................................................... 11
9.1. Servlet containers ............................................................................................... 11
10. Installing Spring Boot .................................................................................................. 12
10.1. Installation instructions for the Java developer ................................................... 12
Maven installation ............................................................................................. 12
Gradle installation ............................................................................................. 13
10.2. Installing the Spring Boot CLI ........................................................................... 14
Manual installation ............................................................................................ 14
Installation with SDKMAN! ................................................................................. 14
OSX Homebrew installation ............................................................................... 15
MacPorts installation ......................................................................................... 15
Command-line completion ................................................................................. 15
Quick start Spring CLI example ......................................................................... 15
10.3. Upgrading from an earlier version of Spring Boot ............................................... 16
11. Developing your first Spring Boot application ................................................................ 17
11.1. Creating the POM ............................................................................................ 17
11.2. Adding classpath dependencies ........................................................................ 18
11.3. Writing the code ............................................................................................... 18
The @RestController and @RequestMapping annotations .................................. 19
The @EnableAutoConfiguration annotation ........................................................ 19
The main method ........................................................................................... 19
11.4. Running the example ........................................................................................ 19
11.5. Creating an executable jar ................................................................................ 20
12. What to read next ....................................................................................................... 22
III. Using Spring Boot ................................................................................................................ 23
13. Build systems ............................................................................................................. 24
13.1. Dependency management ................................................................................ 24
13.2. Maven .............................................................................................................. 24
Inheriting the starter parent ............................................................................... 25
Using Spring Boot without the parent POM ........................................................ 25
Changing the Java version ................................................................................ 26
Using the Spring Boot Maven plugin .................................................................. 26
13.3. Gradle .............................................................................................................. 26
13.4. Ant ................................................................................................................... 27
13.5. Starters ............................................................................................................ 28
14. Structuring your code .................................................................................................. 34
14.1. Using the default package .............................................................................. 34
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14.2. Locating the main application class ................................................................... 34

15. Configuration classes .................................................................................................. 36
15.1. Importing additional configuration classes .......................................................... 36
15.2. Importing XML configuration .............................................................................. 36
16. Auto-configuration ....................................................................................................... 37
16.1. Gradually replacing auto-configuration ............................................................... 37
16.2. Disabling specific auto-configuration .................................................................. 37
17. Spring Beans and dependency injection ....................................................................... 38
18. Using the @SpringBootApplication annotation .............................................................. 39
19. Running your application ............................................................................................. 40
19.1. Running from an IDE ........................................................................................ 40
19.2. Running as a packaged application ................................................................... 40
19.3. Using the Maven plugin .................................................................................... 40
19.4. Using the Gradle plugin .................................................................................... 41
19.5. Hot swapping ................................................................................................... 41
20. Developer tools ........................................................................................................... 42
20.1. Property defaults .............................................................................................. 42
20.2. Automatic restart .............................................................................................. 43
Excluding resources .......................................................................................... 44
Watching additional paths .................................................................................. 44
Disabling restart ................................................................................................ 44
Using a trigger file ............................................................................................ 45
Customizing the restart classloader .................................................................... 45
Known limitations .............................................................................................. 45
20.3. LiveReload ....................................................................................................... 46
20.4. Global settings ................................................................................................. 46
20.5. Remote applications ......................................................................................... 46
Running the remote client application ................................................................. 46
Remote update ................................................................................................. 47
Remote debug tunnel ........................................................................................ 48
21. Packaging your application for production ..................................................................... 49
22. What to read next ....................................................................................................... 50
IV. Spring Boot features ............................................................................................................ 51
23. SpringApplication ......................................................................................................... 52
23.1. Startup failure ................................................................................................... 52
23.2. Customizing the Banner .................................................................................... 53
23.3. Customizing SpringApplication .......................................................................... 54
23.4. Fluent builder API ............................................................................................. 54
23.5. Application events and listeners ........................................................................ 55
23.6. Web environment ............................................................................................. 55
23.7. Accessing application arguments ....................................................................... 56
23.8. Using the ApplicationRunner or CommandLineRunner ........................................ 56
23.9. Application exit ................................................................................................. 57
23.10. Admin features ............................................................................................... 57
24. Externalized Configuration ........................................................................................... 58
24.1. Configuring random values ............................................................................... 59
24.2. Accessing command line properties .................................................................. 59
24.3. Application property files ................................................................................... 60
24.4. Profile-specific properties .................................................................................. 61
24.5. Placeholders in properties ................................................................................. 61
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24.6. Using YAML instead of Properties ..................................................................... 61

Loading YAML .................................................................................................. 62
Exposing YAML as properties in the Spring Environment .................................... 62
Multi-profile YAML documents ........................................................................... 63
YAML shortcomings .......................................................................................... 63
Merging YAML lists ........................................................................................... 63
24.7. Type-safe Configuration Properties .................................................................... 64
Third-party configuration .................................................................................... 66
Relaxed binding ................................................................................................ 66
Properties conversion ........................................................................................ 67
@ConfigurationProperties Validation .................................................................. 67
@ConfigurationProperties vs. @Value ............................................................... 68
25. Profiles ....................................................................................................................... 70
25.1. Adding active profiles ....................................................................................... 70
25.2. Programmatically setting profiles ....................................................................... 70
25.3. Profile-specific configuration files ....................................................................... 71
26. Logging ....................................................................................................................... 72
26.1. Log format ....................................................................................................... 72
26.2. Console output ................................................................................................. 72
Color-coded output ............................................................................................ 73
26.3. File output ........................................................................................................ 74
26.4. Log Levels ....................................................................................................... 74
26.5. Custom log configuration .................................................................................. 75
26.6. Logback extensions .......................................................................................... 76
Profile-specific configuration .............................................................................. 77
Environment properties ...................................................................................... 77
27. Developing web applications ........................................................................................ 78
27.1. The Spring Web MVC framework .................................................................... 78
Spring MVC auto-configuration .......................................................................... 78
HttpMessageConverters .................................................................................... 79
Custom JSON Serializers and Deserializers ....................................................... 79
MessageCodesResolver .................................................................................... 80
Static Content ................................................................................................... 80
ConfigurableWebBindingInitializer ...................................................................... 81
Template engines .............................................................................................. 82
Error Handling .................................................................................................. 82
Custom error pages .................................................................................. 83
Mapping error pages outside of Spring MVC .............................................. 84
Error Handling on WebSphere Application Server ....................................... 84
Spring HATEOAS .............................................................................................. 84
CORS support .................................................................................................. 85
27.2. JAX-RS and Jersey .......................................................................................... 85
27.3. Embedded servlet container support .................................................................. 86
Servlets, Filters, and listeners ............................................................................ 86
Registering Servlets, Filters, and listeners as Spring beans ......................... 86
Servlet Context Initialization ............................................................................... 87
Scanning for Servlets, Filters, and listeners ................................................ 87
The EmbeddedWebApplicationContext ............................................................... 87
Customizing embedded servlet containers .......................................................... 87
Programmatic customization ...................................................................... 88
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Customizing ConfigurableEmbeddedServletContainer directly ...................... 88

JSP limitations .................................................................................................. 88
28. Security ...................................................................................................................... 90
28.1. OAuth2 ............................................................................................................ 91
Authorization Server .......................................................................................... 91
Resource Server ............................................................................................... 91
28.2. Token Type in User Info ................................................................................... 92
28.3. Customizing the User Info RestTemplate ........................................................... 92
Client ................................................................................................................ 92
Single Sign On ................................................................................................. 93
28.4. Actuator Security .............................................................................................. 94
29. Working with SQL databases ....................................................................................... 95
29.1. Configure a DataSource ................................................................................... 95
Embedded Database Support ............................................................................ 95
Connection to a production database ................................................................. 96
Connection to a JNDI DataSource ..................................................................... 97
29.2. Using JdbcTemplate ......................................................................................... 97
29.3. JPA and Spring Data ...................................................................................... 97
Entity Classes ................................................................................................... 98
Spring Data JPA Repositories ........................................................................... 99
Creating and dropping JPA databases ............................................................... 99
29.4. Using H2s web console ................................................................................. 100
Changing the H2 consoles path ...................................................................... 100
Securing the H2 console ................................................................................. 100
29.5. Using jOOQ ................................................................................................... 100
Code Generation ............................................................................................. 100
Using DSLContext ........................................................................................... 101
Customizing jOOQ .......................................................................................... 101
30. Working with NoSQL technologies ............................................................................. 103
30.1. Redis ............................................................................................................. 103
Connecting to Redis ........................................................................................ 103
30.2. MongoDB ....................................................................................................... 103
Connecting to a MongoDB database ................................................................ 103
MongoTemplate .............................................................................................. 104
Spring Data MongoDB repositories .................................................................. 105
Embedded Mongo ........................................................................................... 105
30.3. Neo4j ............................................................................................................. 105
Connecting to a Neo4j database ...................................................................... 106
Using the embedded mode .............................................................................. 106
Neo4jSession .................................................................................................. 106
Spring Data Neo4j repositories ........................................................................ 106
Repository example ......................................................................................... 107
30.4. Gemfire .......................................................................................................... 107
30.5. Solr ................................................................................................................ 107
Connecting to Solr .......................................................................................... 107
Spring Data Solr repositories ........................................................................... 108
30.6. Elasticsearch .................................................................................................. 108
Connecting to Elasticsearch using Jest ............................................................ 108
Connecting to Elasticsearch using Spring Data ................................................. 108
Spring Data Elasticsearch repositories ............................................................. 109
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30.7. Cassandra ...................................................................................................... 109

Connecting to Cassandra ................................................................................ 109
Spring Data Cassandra repositories ................................................................. 110
30.8. Couchbase ..................................................................................................... 110
Connecting to Couchbase ................................................................................ 110
Spring Data Couchbase repositories ................................................................ 110
31. Caching .................................................................................................................... 112
31.1. Supported cache providers ............................................................................. 112
Generic ........................................................................................................... 113
JCache (JSR-107) ........................................................................................... 113
EhCache 2.x ................................................................................................... 114
Hazelcast ........................................................................................................ 114
Infinispan ........................................................................................................ 115
Couchbase ...................................................................................................... 115
Redis .............................................................................................................. 115
Caffeine .......................................................................................................... 116
Guava ............................................................................................................. 116
Simple ............................................................................................................ 116
None ............................................................................................................... 116
32. Messaging ................................................................................................................ 118
32.1. JMS ............................................................................................................... 118
ActiveMQ support ............................................................................................ 118
Artemis support ............................................................................................... 118
HornetQ support .............................................................................................. 119
Using a JNDI ConnectionFactory ..................................................................... 120
Sending a message ........................................................................................ 120
Receiving a message ...................................................................................... 121
32.2. AMQP ............................................................................................................ 122
RabbitMQ support ........................................................................................... 122
Sending a message ........................................................................................ 122
Receiving a message ...................................................................................... 123
33. Calling REST services ............................................................................................... 125
33.1. RestTemplate customization ............................................................................ 125
34. Sending email ........................................................................................................... 127
35. Distributed Transactions with JTA .............................................................................. 128
35.1. Using an Atomikos transaction manager .......................................................... 128
35.2. Using a Bitronix transaction manager .............................................................. 128
35.3. Using a Narayana transaction manager ........................................................... 129
35.4. Using a Java EE managed transaction manager .............................................. 129
35.5. Mixing XA and non-XA JMS connections ......................................................... 129
35.6. Supporting an alternative embedded transaction manager ................................ 130
36. Hazelcast .................................................................................................................. 131
37. Spring Integration ...................................................................................................... 132
38. Spring Session .......................................................................................................... 133
39. Monitoring and management over JMX ...................................................................... 134
40. Testing ...................................................................................................................... 135
40.1. Test scope dependencies ............................................................................... 135
40.2. Testing Spring applications ............................................................................. 135
40.3. Testing Spring Boot applications ..................................................................... 135
Detecting test configuration .............................................................................. 136
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Excluding test configuration ............................................................................. 137

Working with random ports .............................................................................. 137
Mocking and spying beans .............................................................................. 138
Auto-configured tests ....................................................................................... 138
Auto-configured JSON tests ............................................................................. 139
Auto-configured Spring MVC tests ................................................................... 140
Auto-configured Data JPA tests ....................................................................... 141
Auto-configured REST clients .......................................................................... 142
Auto-configured Spring REST Docs tests ......................................................... 143
Using Spock to test Spring Boot applications .................................................... 144
40.4. Test utilities .................................................................................................... 144
ConfigFileApplicationContextInitializer ............................................................... 144
EnvironmentTestUtils ....................................................................................... 145
OutputCapture ................................................................................................. 145
TestRestTemplate ........................................................................................... 145
41. WebSockets .............................................................................................................. 147
42. Web Services ............................................................................................................ 148
43. Creating your own auto-configuration ......................................................................... 149
43.1. Understanding auto-configured beans .............................................................. 149
43.2. Locating auto-configuration candidates ............................................................ 149
43.3. Condition annotations ..................................................................................... 149
Class conditions .............................................................................................. 150
Bean conditions .............................................................................................. 150
Property conditions .......................................................................................... 150
Resource conditions ........................................................................................ 150
Web application conditions .............................................................................. 150
SpEL expression conditions ............................................................................. 151
43.4. Creating your own starter ................................................................................ 151
Naming ........................................................................................................... 151
Autoconfigure module ...................................................................................... 151
Starter module ................................................................................................ 152
44. What to read next ..................................................................................................... 153
V. Spring Boot Actuator: Production-ready features .................................................................. 154
45. Enabling production-ready features ............................................................................ 155
46. Endpoints .................................................................................................................. 156
46.1. Customizing endpoints .................................................................................... 157
46.2. Hypermedia for actuator MVC endpoints .......................................................... 158
46.3. CORS support ................................................................................................ 158
46.4. Adding custom endpoints ................................................................................ 158
46.5. Health information .......................................................................................... 159
46.6. Security with HealthIndicators ......................................................................... 159
Auto-configured HealthIndicators ...................................................................... 159
Writing custom HealthIndicators ....................................................................... 160
46.7. Application information .................................................................................... 160
Auto-configured InfoContributors ...................................................................... 160
Custom application info information .................................................................. 161
Git commit information ..................................................................................... 161
Build information ............................................................................................. 161
Writing custom InfoContributors ....................................................................... 162
47. Monitoring and management over HTTP .................................................................... 163
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47.1. Securing sensitive endpoints ........................................................................... 163

47.2. Customizing the management endpoint paths .................................................. 163
47.3. Customizing the management server port ........................................................ 164
47.4. Configuring management-specific SSL ............................................................. 164
47.5. Customizing the management server address .................................................. 164
47.6. Disabling HTTP endpoints ............................................................................... 165
47.7. HTTP health endpoint access restrictions ........................................................ 165
48. Monitoring and management over JMX ...................................................................... 166
48.1. Customizing MBean names ............................................................................. 166
48.2. Disabling JMX endpoints ................................................................................. 166
48.3. Using Jolokia for JMX over HTTP ................................................................... 166
Customizing Jolokia ......................................................................................... 166
Disabling Jolokia ............................................................................................. 166
49. Monitoring and management using a remote shell ....................................................... 168
49.1. Connecting to the remote shell ........................................................................ 168
Remote shell credentials ................................................................................. 168
49.2. Extending the remote shell .............................................................................. 169
Remote shell commands ................................................................................. 169
Remote shell plugins ....................................................................................... 169
50. Metrics ...................................................................................................................... 171
50.1. System metrics ............................................................................................... 171
50.2. DataSource metrics ........................................................................................ 172
50.3. Cache metrics ................................................................................................ 172
50.4. Tomcat session metrics .................................................................................. 173
50.5. Recording your own metrics ............................................................................ 173
50.6. Adding your own public metrics ....................................................................... 173
50.7. Special features with Java 8 ........................................................................... 174
50.8. Metric writers, exporters and aggregation ......................................................... 174
Example: Export to Redis ................................................................................ 174
Example: Export to Open TSDB ...................................................................... 175
Example: Export to Statsd ............................................................................... 176
Example: Export to JMX .................................................................................. 176
50.9. Aggregating metrics from multiple sources ....................................................... 176
50.10. Dropwizard Metrics ....................................................................................... 177
50.11. Message channel integration ......................................................................... 177
51. Auditing ..................................................................................................................... 178
52. Tracing ..................................................................................................................... 179
52.1. Custom tracing ............................................................................................... 179
53. Process monitoring .................................................................................................... 180
53.1. Extend configuration ....................................................................................... 180
53.2. Programmatically ............................................................................................ 180
54. What to read next ..................................................................................................... 181
VI. Deploying Spring Boot applications ..................................................................................... 182
55. Deploying to the cloud ............................................................................................... 183
55.1. Cloud Foundry ................................................................................................ 183
Binding to services .......................................................................................... 184
55.2. Heroku ........................................................................................................... 184
55.3. OpenShift ....................................................................................................... 186
55.4. Boxfuse and Amazon Web Services ................................................................ 186
55.5. Google App Engine ........................................................................................ 187
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56. Installing Spring Boot applications .............................................................................. 188

56.1. Unix/Linux services ......................................................................................... 188
Installation as an init.d service (System V) ....................................................... 188
Securing an init.d service ........................................................................ 189
Installation as a systemd service ..................................................................... 190
Customizing the startup script .......................................................................... 190
Customizing script when its written .......................................................... 191
Customizing script when it runs ............................................................... 191
56.2. Microsoft Windows services ............................................................................ 192
57. What to read next ..................................................................................................... 193
VII. Spring Boot CLI ................................................................................................................ 194
58. Installing the CLI ....................................................................................................... 195
59. Using the CLI ............................................................................................................ 196
59.1. Running applications using the CLI ................................................................. 196
Deduced grab dependencies ......................................................................... 197
Deduced grab coordinates ............................................................................. 198
Default import statements ................................................................................ 198
Automatic main method ................................................................................... 198
Custom dependency management ................................................................... 198
59.2. Testing your code ........................................................................................... 199
59.3. Applications with multiple source files .............................................................. 199
59.4. Packaging your application ............................................................................. 199
59.5. Initialize a new project .................................................................................... 200
59.6. Using the embedded shell .............................................................................. 200
59.7. Adding extensions to the CLI .......................................................................... 201
60. Developing application with the Groovy beans DSL ..................................................... 202
61. Configuring the CLI with settings.xml .......................................................................... 203
62. What to read next ..................................................................................................... 204
VIII. Build tool plugins ............................................................................................................. 205
63. Spring Boot Maven plugin .......................................................................................... 206
63.1. Including the plugin ........................................................................................ 206
63.2. Packaging executable jar and war files ............................................................ 207
64. Spring Boot Gradle plugin .......................................................................................... 208
64.1. Including the plugin ........................................................................................ 208
64.2. Gradle dependency management .................................................................... 208
64.3. Packaging executable jar and war files ............................................................ 209
64.4. Running a project in-place .............................................................................. 209
64.5. Spring Boot plugin configuration ...................................................................... 210
64.6. Repackage configuration ................................................................................. 210
64.7. Repackage with custom Gradle configuration ................................................... 211
Configuration options ....................................................................................... 212
Available layouts ............................................................................................. 212
64.8. Understanding how the Gradle plugin works .................................................... 212
64.9. Publishing artifacts to a Maven repository using Gradle .................................... 213
Configuring Gradle to produce a pom that inherits dependency management ...... 213
Configuring Gradle to produce a pom that imports dependency management ...... 214
65. Spring Boot AntLib module ........................................................................................ 215
65.1. Spring Boot Ant tasks ..................................................................................... 215
spring-boot:exejar ............................................................................................ 215
Examples ........................................................................................................ 215
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65.2. spring-boot:findmainclass ................................................................................ 216

Examples ........................................................................................................ 216
66. Supporting other build systems .................................................................................. 217
66.1. Repackaging archives ..................................................................................... 217
66.2. Nested libraries .............................................................................................. 217
66.3. Finding a main class ....................................................................................... 217
66.4. Example repackage implementation ................................................................ 217
67. What to read next ..................................................................................................... 218
IX. How-to guides .................................................................................................................. 219
68. Spring Boot application .............................................................................................. 220
68.1. Create your own FailureAnalyzer ..................................................................... 220
68.2. Troubleshoot auto-configuration ....................................................................... 220
68.3. Customize the Environment or ApplicationContext before it starts ...................... 221
68.4. Build an ApplicationContext hierarchy (adding a parent or root context) .............. 221
68.5. Create a non-web application .......................................................................... 221
69. Properties & configuration .......................................................................................... 222
69.1. Automatically expand properties at build time ................................................... 222
Automatic property expansion using Maven ...................................................... 222
Automatic property expansion using Gradle ...................................................... 222
69.2. Externalize the configuration of SpringApplication ............................................. 223
69.3. Change the location of external properties of an application .............................. 224
69.4. Use short command line arguments ............................................................... 224
69.5. Use YAML for external properties .................................................................... 225
69.6. Set the active Spring profiles .......................................................................... 225
69.7. Change configuration depending on the environment ........................................ 225
69.8. Discover built-in options for external properties ................................................ 226
70. Embedded servlet containers ..................................................................................... 227
70.1. Add a Servlet, Filter or Listener to an application .............................................. 227
Add a Servlet, Filter or Listener using a Spring bean ......................................... 227
Disable registration of a Servlet or Filter ................................................... 227
Add Servlets, Filters, and Listeners using classpath scanning ............................ 227
70.2. Change the HTTP port ................................................................................... 228
70.3. Use a random unassigned HTTP port .............................................................. 228
70.4. Discover the HTTP port at runtime .................................................................. 228
70.5. Configure SSL ................................................................................................ 228
70.6. Configure Access Logging .............................................................................. 229
70.7. Use behind a front-end proxy server ................................................................ 229
Customize Tomcats proxy configuration ........................................................... 230
70.8. Configure Tomcat ........................................................................................... 230
70.9. Enable Multiple Connectors with Tomcat ......................................................... 230
70.10. Use Tomcats LegacyCookieProcessor .......................................................... 231
70.11. Use Jetty instead of Tomcat .......................................................................... 231
70.12. Configure Jetty ............................................................................................. 232
70.13. Use Undertow instead of Tomcat ................................................................... 232
70.14. Configure Undertow ...................................................................................... 233
70.15. Enable Multiple Listeners with Undertow ........................................................ 233
70.16. Use Tomcat 7.x or 8.0 .................................................................................. 233
Use Tomcat 7.x or 8.0 with Maven .................................................................. 233
Use Tomcat 7.x or 8.0 with Gradle .................................................................. 234
70.17. Use Jetty 9.2 ................................................................................................ 234
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Use Jetty 9.2 with Maven ................................................................................ 234

Use Jetty 9.2 with Gradle ................................................................................ 234
70.18. Use Jetty 8 ................................................................................................... 234
Use Jetty 8 with Maven ................................................................................... 235
Use Jetty 8 with Gradle ................................................................................... 235
70.19. Create WebSocket endpoints using @ServerEndpoint .................................... 235
70.20. Enable HTTP response compression ............................................................. 236
71. Spring MVC .............................................................................................................. 237
71.1. Write a JSON REST service ........................................................................... 237
71.2. Write an XML REST service ........................................................................... 237
71.3. Customize the Jackson ObjectMapper ............................................................. 237
71.4. Customize the @ResponseBody rendering ...................................................... 239
71.5. Handling Multipart File Uploads ....................................................................... 239
71.6. Switch off the Spring MVC DispatcherServlet ................................................... 239
71.7. Switch off the Default MVC configuration ......................................................... 240
71.8. Customize ViewResolvers ............................................................................... 240
71.9. Velocity .......................................................................................................... 241
71.10. Use Thymeleaf 3 .......................................................................................... 241
72. HTTP clients ............................................................................................................. 243
72.1. Configure RestTemplate to use a proxy ........................................................... 243
73. Logging ..................................................................................................................... 244
73.1. Configure Logback for logging ......................................................................... 244
Configure logback for file only output ............................................................... 245
73.2. Configure Log4j for logging ............................................................................. 245
Use YAML or JSON to configure Log4j 2 ......................................................... 246
74. Data Access ............................................................................................................. 247
74.1. Configure a DataSource .................................................................................. 247
74.2. Configure Two DataSources ........................................................................... 247
74.3. Use Spring Data repositories .......................................................................... 248
74.4. Separate @Entity definitions from Spring configuration ..................................... 248
74.5. Configure JPA properties ................................................................................ 248
74.6. Use a custom EntityManagerFactory ............................................................... 249
74.7. Use Two EntityManagers ................................................................................ 249
74.8. Use a traditional persistence.xml ..................................................................... 250
74.9. Use Spring Data JPA and Mongo repositories .................................................. 250
74.10. Expose Spring Data repositories as REST endpoint ........................................ 250
74.11. Configure a component that is used by JPA ................................................... 250
75. Database initialization ................................................................................................ 252
75.1. Initialize a database using JPA ....................................................................... 252
75.2. Initialize a database using Hibernate ............................................................... 252
75.3. Initialize a database using Spring JDBC .......................................................... 252
75.4. Initialize a Spring Batch database ................................................................... 253
75.5. Use a higher-level database migration tool ....................................................... 253
Execute Flyway database migrations on startup ................................................ 253
Execute Liquibase database migrations on startup ............................................ 253
76. Batch applications ..................................................................................................... 255
76.1. Execute Spring Batch jobs on startup .............................................................. 255
77. Actuator .................................................................................................................... 256
77.1. Change the HTTP port or address of the actuator endpoints ............................. 256
77.2. Customize the whitelabel error page .............................................................. 256
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77.3. Actuator and Jersey ........................................................................................ 256

78. Security ..................................................................................................................... 257
78.1. Switch off the Spring Boot security configuration .............................................. 257
78.2. Change the AuthenticationManager and add user accounts .............................. 257
78.3. Enable HTTPS when running behind a proxy server ......................................... 257
79. Hot swapping ............................................................................................................ 259
79.1. Reload static content ...................................................................................... 259
79.2. Reload templates without restarting the container ............................................. 259
Thymeleaf templates ....................................................................................... 259
FreeMarker templates ...................................................................................... 259
Groovy templates ............................................................................................ 259
Velocity templates ........................................................................................... 259
79.3. Fast application restarts .................................................................................. 259
79.4. Reload Java classes without restarting the container ........................................ 259
Configuring Spring Loaded for use with Maven ................................................. 260
Configuring Spring Loaded for use with Gradle and IntelliJ IDEA ........................ 260
80. Build ......................................................................................................................... 261
80.1. Generate build information .............................................................................. 261
80.2. Generate git information .................................................................................. 261
80.3. Customize dependency versions ..................................................................... 262
80.4. Create an executable JAR with Maven ............................................................ 262
80.5. Use a Spring Boot application as a dependency ............................................... 263
80.6. Extract specific libraries when an executable jar runs ....................................... 263
80.7. Create a non-executable JAR with exclusions .................................................. 264
80.8. Remote debug a Spring Boot application started with Maven ............................. 265
80.9. Remote debug a Spring Boot application started with Gradle ............................. 265
80.10. Build an executable archive from Ant without using spring-boot-antlib ............... 266
80.11. How to use Java 6 ....................................................................................... 266
Embedded servlet container compatibility ......................................................... 267
Jackson .......................................................................................................... 267
JTA API compatibility ...................................................................................... 267
81. Traditional deployment ............................................................................................... 268
81.1. Create a deployable war file ........................................................................... 268
81.2. Create a deployable war file for older servlet containers .................................... 269
81.3. Convert an existing application to Spring Boot .................................................. 269
81.4. Deploying a WAR to WebLogic ....................................................................... 270
81.5. Deploying a WAR in an Old (Servlet 2.5) Container .......................................... 271
X. Appendices ......................................................................................................................... 273
A. Common application properties ................................................................................... 274
B. Configuration meta-data .............................................................................................. 295
B.1. Meta-data format .............................................................................................. 295
Group Attributes .............................................................................................. 296
Property Attributes ........................................................................................... 297
Hint Attributes ................................................................................................. 298
Repeated meta-data items ............................................................................... 299
B.2. Providing manual hints ..................................................................................... 299
Value hint ....................................................................................................... 300
Value provider ................................................................................................. 300
Any ......................................................................................................... 301
Class reference ....................................................................................... 301
1.4.1.RELEASE Spring Boot xii

Handle As ............................................................................................... 302

Logger name .......................................................................................... 303
Spring bean reference ............................................................................. 304
Spring profile name ................................................................................. 304
B.3. Generating your own meta-data using the annotation processor .......................... 305
Nested properties ............................................................................................ 306
Adding additional meta-data ............................................................................ 306
C. Auto-configuration classes ........................................................................................... 307
C.1. From the spring-boot-autoconfigure module .................................................... 307
C.2. From the spring-boot-actuator module ............................................................ 310
D. Test auto-configuration annotations ............................................................................. 312
E. The executable jar format ........................................................................................... 313
E.1. Nested JARs ................................................................................................... 313
The executable jar file structure ....................................................................... 313
The executable war file structure ..................................................................... 313
E.2. Spring Boots JarFile class ............................................................................. 314
Compatibility with the standard Java JarFile ................................................... 314
E.3. Launching executable jars ................................................................................ 314
Launcher manifest ........................................................................................... 315
Exploded archives ........................................................................................... 315
E.4. PropertiesLauncher Features ............................................................................ 315
E.5. Executable jar restrictions ................................................................................. 316
Zip entry compression ..................................................................................... 316
System ClassLoader ....................................................................................... 316
E.6. Alternative single jar solutions .......................................................................... 317
F. Dependency versions .................................................................................................. 318
1.4.1.RELEASE Spring Boot xiii

Part I. Spring Boot Documentation
This section provides a brief overview of Spring Boot reference documentation. Think of it as map for
the rest of the document. You can read this reference guide in a linear fashion, or you can skip sections
if something doesnt interest you.
1. About the documentation

The Spring Boot reference guide is available as html, pdf and epub documents. The latest copy is
available at docs.spring.io/spring-boot/docs/current/reference.
Copies of this document may be made for your own use and for distribution to others, provided that
you do not charge any fee for such copies and further provided that each copy contains this Copyright
Notice, whether distributed in print or electronically.
1.4.1.RELEASE Spring Boot 2

2. Getting help
Having trouble with Spring Boot, Wed like to help!
Try the How-tos they provide solutions to the most common questions.
Learn the Spring basics Spring Boot builds on many other Spring projects, check the spring.io web-
site for a wealth of reference documentation. If you are just starting out with Spring, try one of the
guides.
Ask a question - we monitor stackoverflow.com for questions tagged with spring-boot.
Report bugs with Spring Boot at github.com/spring-projects/spring-boot/issues.
Note
All of Spring Boot is open source, including the documentation! If you find problems with the docs;
or if you just want to improve them, please get involved.

3. First steps
If youre just getting started with Spring Boot, or 'Spring' in general, this is the place to start!
From scratch: Overview | Requirements | Installation
Tutorial: Part 1 | Part 2
Running your example: Part 1 | Part 2

4. Working with Spring Boot

Ready to actually start using Spring Boot? Weve got you covered.
Build systems: Maven | Gradle | Ant | Starters
Best practices: Code Structure | @Configuration | @EnableAutoConfiguration | Beans and

Dependency Injection
Running your code IDE | Packaged | Maven | Gradle
Packaging your app: Production jars
Spring Boot CLI: Using the CLI

5. Learning about Spring Boot features

Need more details about Spring Boots core features? This is for you!
Core Features: SpringApplication | External Configuration | Profiles | Logging
Web Applications: MVC | Embedded Containers
Working with data: SQL | NO-SQL
Messaging: Overview | JMS
Testing: Overview | Boot Applications | Utils
Extending: Auto-configuration | @Conditions

6. Moving to production
When youre ready to push your Spring Boot application to production, weve got some tricks that you
might like!
Management endpoints: Overview | Customization
Connection options: HTTP | JMX | SSH
Monitoring: Metrics | Auditing | Tracing | Process

7. Advanced topics
Lastly, we have a few topics for the more advanced user.
Deploy Spring Boot Applications: Cloud Deployment | OS Service
Build tool plugins: Maven | Gradle
Appendix: Application Properties | Auto-configuration classes | Executable Jars

Part II. Getting started
If youre just getting started with Spring Boot, or 'Spring' in general, this is the section for you! Here we
answer the basic what?, how? and why? questions. Youll find a gentle introduction to Spring Boot
along with installation instructions. Well then build our first Spring Boot application, discussing some
core principles as we go.
8. Introducing Spring Boot

Spring Boot makes it easy to create stand-alone, production-grade Spring based Applications that you
can just run. We take an opinionated view of the Spring platform and third-party libraries so you can
get started with minimum fuss. Most Spring Boot applications need very little Spring configuration.
You can use Spring Boot to create Java applications that can be started using java -jar or more
traditional war deployments. We also provide a command line tool that runs spring scripts.
Our primary goals are:
Provide a radically faster and widely accessible getting started experience for all Spring development.
Be opinionated out of the box, but get out of the way quickly as requirements start to diverge from
the defaults.
Provide a range of non-functional features that are common to large classes of projects (e.g.
embedded servers, security, metrics, health checks, externalized configuration).
Absolutely no code generation and no requirement for XML configuration.

9. System Requirements
By default, Spring Boot 1.4.1.RELEASE requires Java 7 and Spring Framework 4.3.3.RELEASE or
above. You can use Spring Boot with Java 6 with some additional configuration. See Section 80.11,
How to use Java 6 for more details. Explicit build support is provided for Maven (3.2+) and Gradle
(1.12 or 2.x). Gradle 3 is not supported.
Tip
Although you can use Spring Boot with Java 6 or 7, we generally recommend Java 8 if at all
possible.
9.1 Servlet containers

The following embedded servlet containers are supported out of the box:
Name Servlet Version Java Version
Tomcat 8 3.1 Java 7+
Tomcat 7 3.0 Java 6+
Jetty 9.3 3.1 Java 8+
Jetty 9.2 3.1 Java 7+
Jetty 8 3.0 Java 6+
Undertow 1.3 3.1 Java 7+
You can also deploy Spring Boot applications to any Servlet 3.0+ compatible container.

10. Installing Spring Boot

Spring Boot can be used with classic Java development tools or installed as a command line tool.
Regardless, you will need Java SDK v1.6 or higher. You should check your current Java installation
before you begin:
$ java -version
If you are new to Java development, or if you just want to experiment with Spring Boot you might want
to try the Spring Boot CLI first, otherwise, read on for classic installation instructions.
Tip
Although Spring Boot is compatible with Java 1.6, if possible, you should consider using the latest
version of Java.
10.1 Installation instructions for the Java developer

You can use Spring Boot in the same way as any standard Java library. Simply include the appropriate
spring-boot-*.jar files on your classpath. Spring Boot does not require any special tools
integration, so you can use any IDE or text editor; and there is nothing special about a Spring Boot
application, so you can run and debug as you would any other Java program.
Although you could just copy Spring Boot jars, we generally recommend that you use a build tool that
supports dependency management (such as Maven or Gradle).
Maven installation
Spring Boot is compatible with Apache Maven 3.2 or above. If you dont already have Maven installed
you can follow the instructions at maven.apache.org.
Tip
On many operating systems Maven can be installed via a package manager. If youre an OSX
Homebrew user try brew install maven. Ubuntu users can run sudo apt-get install
maven.
Spring Boot dependencies use the org.springframework.boot groupId. Typically your Maven
POM file will inherit from the spring-boot-starter-parent project and declare dependencies to
one or more Starters. Spring Boot also provides an optional Maven plugin to create executable jars.
Here is a typical pom.xml file:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.example</groupId>
<artifactId>myproject</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>


<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>1.4.1.RELEASE</version>
</parent>


<dependencies>
<dependency>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
</dependencies>


<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
Tip
The spring-boot-starter-parent is a great way to use Spring Boot, but it might not be
suitable all of the time. Sometimes you may need to inherit from a different parent POM, or you
might just not like our default settings. See the section called Using Spring Boot without the parent
POM for an alternative solution that uses an import scope.
Gradle installation
Spring Boot is compatible with Gradle 1.12 or 2.x. 2.14.1 is recommended. Gradle 3 is not supported.
If you dont already have Gradle installed you can follow the instructions at www.gradle.org/.
Spring Boot dependencies can be declared using the org.springframework.boot group. Typically
your project will declare dependencies to one or more Starters. Spring Boot provides a useful Gradle
plugin that can be used to simplify dependency declarations and to create executable jars.
Gradle Wrapper
The Gradle Wrapper provides a nice way of obtaining Gradle when you need to build a project.
Its a small script and library that you commit alongside your code to bootstrap the build process.
See docs.gradle.org/2.14.1/userguide/gradle_wrapper.html for details.
Here is a typical build.gradle file:
buildscript {
repositories {
jcenter()
maven { url "http://repo.spring.io/snapshot" }
maven { url "http://repo.spring.io/milestone" }
}
dependencies {
classpath("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-gradle-plugin:1.4.1.RELEASE")
}
}
apply plugin: 'java'

apply plugin: 'spring-boot'

jar {
baseName = 'myproject'
version = '0.0.1-SNAPSHOT'
}
repositories {
jcenter()
maven { url "http://repo.spring.io/snapshot" }
maven { url "http://repo.spring.io/milestone" }
}
dependencies {
compile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web")
testCompile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test")
}
10.2 Installing the Spring Boot CLI

The Spring Boot CLI is a command line tool that can be used if you want to quickly prototype with Spring.
It allows you to run Groovy scripts, which means that you have a familiar Java-like syntax, without so
much boilerplate code.
You dont need to use the CLI to work with Spring Boot but its definitely the quickest way to get a Spring
application off the ground.
Manual installation
You can download the Spring CLI distribution from the Spring software repository:
spring-boot-cli-1.4.1.RELEASE-bin.zip
spring-boot-cli-1.4.1.RELEASE-bin.tar.gz
Cutting edge snapshot distributions are also available.
Once downloaded, follow the INSTALL.txt instructions from the unpacked archive. In summary: there
is a spring script (spring.bat for Windows) in a bin/ directory in the .zip file, or alternatively you
can use java -jar with the .jar file (the script helps you to be sure that the classpath is set correctly).
Installation with SDKMAN!

SDKMAN! (The Software Development Kit Manager) can be used for managing multiple versions of
various binary SDKs, including Groovy and the Spring Boot CLI. Get SDKMAN! from sdkman.io and
install Spring Boot with
$ sdk install springboot

$ spring --version
Spring Boot v1.4.1.RELEASE
If you are developing features for the CLI and want easy access to the version you just built, follow
these extra instructions.
$ sdk install springboot dev /path/to/spring-boot/spring-boot-cli/target/spring-boot-cli-1.4.1.RELEASE-

bin/spring-1.4.1.RELEASE/
$ sdk default springboot dev
$ spring --version
Spring CLI v1.4.1.RELEASE
This will install a local instance of spring called the dev instance. It points at your target build location,
so every time you rebuild Spring Boot, spring will be up-to-date.

You can see it by doing this:
$ sdk ls springboot
================================================================================
Available Springboot Versions
================================================================================
> + dev
* 1.4.1.RELEASE
================================================================================
+ - local version
* - installed
> - currently in use
================================================================================
OSX Homebrew installation
If you are on a Mac and using Homebrew, all you need to do to install the Spring Boot CLI is:
$ brew tap pivotal/tap

$ brew install springboot
Homebrew will install spring to /usr/local/bin.
Note
If you dont see the formula, your installation of brew might be out-of-date. Just execute brew
update and try again.
MacPorts installation
If you are on a Mac and using MacPorts, all you need to do to install the Spring Boot CLI is:
$ sudo port install spring-boot-cli
Command-line completion
Spring Boot CLI ships with scripts that provide command completion for BASH and zsh shells. You can
source the script (also named spring) in any shell, or put it in your personal or system-wide bash
completion initialization. On a Debian system the system-wide scripts are in /shell-completion/
bash and all scripts in that directory are executed when a new shell starts. To run the script manually,
e.g. if you have installed using SDKMAN!
$ . ~/.sdkman/candidates/springboot/current/shell-completion/bash/spring
$ spring <HIT TAB HERE>
grab help jar run test version
Note
If you install Spring Boot CLI using Homebrew or MacPorts, the command-line completion scripts
are automatically registered with your shell.
Quick start Spring CLI example
Heres a really simple web application that you can use to test your installation. Create a file called
app.groovy:

@RestController
class ThisWillActuallyRun {
@RequestMapping("/")
String home() {
"Hello World!"
}
Then simply run it from a shell:
$ spring run app.groovy
Note
It will take some time when you first run the application as dependencies are downloaded.
Subsequent runs will be much quicker.
Open localhost:8080 in your favorite web browser and you should see the following output:
Hello World!
10.3 Upgrading from an earlier version of Spring Boot

If you are upgrading from an earlier release of Spring Boot check the release notes hosted on the
project wiki. Youll find upgrade instructions along with a list of new and noteworthy features for each
release.
To upgrade an existing CLI installation use the appropriate package manager command (for example
brew upgrade) or, if you manually installed the CLI, follow the standard instructions remembering to
update your PATH environment variable to remove any older references.

11. Developing your first Spring Boot application

Lets develop a simple Hello World! web application in Java that highlights some of Spring Boots key
features. Well use Maven to build this project since most IDEs support it.
Tip
The spring.io web site contains many Getting Started guides that use Spring Boot. If youre
looking to solve a specific problem; check there first.
You can shortcut the steps below by going to start.spring.io and choosing the web starter from
the dependencies searcher. This will automatically generate a new project structure so that you
can start coding right the way. Check the documentation for more details.
Before we begin, open a terminal to check that you have valid versions of Java and Maven installed.
$ java -version
java version "1.7.0_51"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.7.0_51-b13)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 24.51-b03, mixed mode)
$ mvn -v
Apache Maven 3.2.3 (33f8c3e1027c3ddde99d3cdebad2656a31e8fdf4; 2014-08-11T13:58:10-07:00)
Maven home: /Users/user/tools/apache-maven-3.1.1
Java version: 1.7.0_51, vendor: Oracle Corporation
Note
This sample needs to be created in its own folder. Subsequent instructions assume that you have
created a suitable folder and that it is your current directory.
11.1 Creating the POM

We need to start by creating a Maven pom.xml file. The pom.xml is the recipe that will be used to build
your project. Open your favorite text editor and add the following:

<groupId>com.example</groupId>
<artifactId>myproject</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<parent>
</parent>

</project>
This should give you a working build, you can test it out by running mvn package (you can ignore the
jar will be empty - no content was marked for inclusion! warning for now).

Note
At this point you could import the project into an IDE (most modern Java IDEs include built-in
support for Maven). For simplicity, we will continue to use a plain text editor for this example.
11.2 Adding classpath dependencies

Spring Boot provides a number of Starters that make easy to add jars to your classpath. Our sample
application has already used spring-boot-starter-parent in the parent section of the POM.
The spring-boot-starter-parent is a special starter that provides useful Maven defaults. It
also provides a dependency-management section so that you can omit version tags for blessed
dependencies.
Other Starters simply provide dependencies that you are likely to need when developing a specific
type of application. Since we are developing a web application, we will add a spring-boot-starter-
web dependency but before that, lets look at what we currently have.
$ mvn dependency:tree
[INFO] com.example:myproject:jar:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT
The mvn dependency:tree command prints a tree representation of your project dependencies.
You can see that spring-boot-starter-parent provides no dependencies by itself. Lets edit our
pom.xml and add the spring-boot-starter-web dependency just below the parent section:
<dependencies>
<dependency>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
If you run mvn dependency:tree again, you will see that there are now a number of additional
dependencies, including the Tomcat web server and Spring Boot itself.
11.3 Writing the code

To finish our application we need to create a single Java file. Maven will compile sources from src/
main/java by default so you need to create that folder structure, then add a file named src/main/
java/Example.java:
import org.springframework.boot.*;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.*;
import org.springframework.stereotype.*;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
@RestController
@EnableAutoConfiguration
public class Example {
String home() {
return "Hello World!";
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

SpringApplication.run(Example.class, args);
}

Although there isnt much code here, quite a lot is going on. Lets step through the important parts.
The @RestController and @RequestMapping annotations
The first annotation on our Example class is @RestController. This is known as a stereotype
annotation. It provides hints for people reading the code, and for Spring, that the class plays a specific
role. In this case, our class is a web @Controller so Spring will consider it when handling incoming
web requests.
The @RequestMapping annotation provides routing information. It is telling Spring that any HTTP
request with the path / should be mapped to the home method. The @RestController annotation
tells Spring to render the resulting string directly back to the caller.
Tip
The @RestController and @RequestMapping annotations are Spring MVC annotations (they
are not specific to Spring Boot). See the MVC section in the Spring Reference Documentation
for more details.
The @EnableAutoConfiguration annotation
The second class-level annotation is @EnableAutoConfiguration. This annotation tells Spring

Boot to guess how you will want to configure Spring, based on the jar dependencies that you have
added. Since spring-boot-starter-web added Tomcat and Spring MVC, the auto-configuration
will assume that you are developing a web application and setup Spring accordingly.
Starters and Auto-Configuration
Auto-configuration is designed to work well with Starters, but the two concepts are not directly
tied. You are free to pick-and-choose jar dependencies outside of the starters and Spring Boot will
still do its best to auto-configure your application.
The main method
The final part of our application is the main method. This is just a standard method that follows
the Java convention for an application entry point. Our main method delegates to Spring Boots
SpringApplication class by calling run. SpringApplication will bootstrap our application,
starting Spring which will in turn start the auto-configured Tomcat web server. We need to pass
Example.class as an argument to the run method to tell SpringApplication which is the primary
Spring component. The args array is also passed through to expose any command-line arguments.
11.4 Running the example

At this point our application should work. Since we have used the spring-boot-starter-parent
POM we have a useful run goal that we can use to start the application. Type mvn spring-boot:run
from the root project directory to start the application:
$ mvn spring-boot:run
. ____ _ __ _ _

/\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ \ \ \ \

( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \
\\/ ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| | ) ) ) )
' |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / /
=========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/
:: Spring Boot :: (v1.4.1.RELEASE)
....... . . .
....... . . . (log output here)
....... . . .
........ Started Example in 2.222 seconds (JVM running for 6.514)
If you open a web browser to localhost:8080 you should see the following output:
Hello World!
To gracefully exit the application hit ctrl-c.
11.5 Creating an executable jar

Lets finish our example by creating a completely self-contained executable jar file that we could run in
production. Executable jars (sometimes called fat jars) are archives containing your compiled classes
along with all of the jar dependencies that your code needs to run.
Executable jars and Java
Java does not provide any standard way to load nested jar files (i.e. jar files that are themselves
contained within a jar). This can be problematic if you are looking to distribute a self-contained
application.
To solve this problem, many developers use uber jars. An uber jar simply packages all classes,
from all jars, into a single archive. The problem with this approach is that it becomes hard to see
which libraries you are actually using in your application. It can also be problematic if the same
filename is used (but with different content) in multiple jars.
Spring Boot takes a different approach and allows you to actually nest jars directly.
To create an executable jar we need to add the spring-boot-maven-plugin to our pom.xml. Insert
the following lines just below the dependencies section:
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
Note
The spring-boot-starter-parent POM includes <executions> configuration to bind the

repackage goal. If you are not using the parent POM you will need to declare this configuration
yourself. See the plugin documentation for details.
Save your pom.xml and run mvn package from the command line:

$ mvn package
[INFO] Scanning for projects...

[INFO]
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Building myproject 0.0.1-SNAPSHOT
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] .... ..
[INFO] --- maven-jar-plugin:2.4:jar (default-jar) @ myproject ---
[INFO] Building jar: /Users/developer/example/spring-boot-example/target/myproject-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
[INFO]
[INFO] --- spring-boot-maven-plugin:1.4.1.RELEASE:repackage (default) @ myproject ---
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
If you look in the target directory you should see myproject-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar. The file
should be around 10 Mb in size. If you want to peek inside, you can use jar tvf:
$ jar tvf target/myproject-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
You should also see a much smaller file named myproject-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar.original in

the target directory. This is the original jar file that Maven created before it was repackaged by Spring
Boot.
To run that application, use the java -jar command:
$ java -jar target/myproject-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
. ____ _ __ _ _
/\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ \ \ \ \
( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \
\\/ ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| | ) ) ) )
' |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / /
=========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/
:: Spring Boot :: (v1.4.1.RELEASE)
....... . . .
....... . . . (log output here)
....... . . .
........ Started Example in 2.536 seconds (JVM running for 2.864)
As before, to gracefully exit the application hit ctrl-c.

12. What to read next

Hopefully this section has provided you with some of the Spring Boot basics, and got you on your way
to writing your own applications. If youre a task-oriented type of developer you might want to jump over
to spring.io and check out some of the getting started guides that solve specific How do I do that with
Spring problems; we also have Spring Boot-specific How-to reference documentation.
The Spring Boot repository has also a bunch of samples you can run. The samples are independent of
the rest of the code (that is you dont need to build the rest to run or use the samples).
Otherwise, the next logical step is to read Part III, Using Spring Boot. If youre really impatient, you
could also jump ahead and read about Spring Boot features.

Part III. Using Spring Boot
This section goes into more detail about how you should use Spring Boot. It covers topics such as build
systems, auto-configuration and how to run your applications. We also cover some Spring Boot best
practices. Although there is nothing particularly special about Spring Boot (it is just another library that
you can consume), there are a few recommendations that, when followed, will make your development
process just a little easier.
If youre just starting out with Spring Boot, you should probably read the Getting Started guide before
diving into this section.
13. Build systems

It is strongly recommended that you choose a build system that supports dependency management,
and one that can consume artifacts published to the Maven Central repository. We would recommend
that you choose Maven or Gradle. It is possible to get Spring Boot to work with other build systems (Ant
for example), but they will not be particularly well supported.
13.1 Dependency management

Each release of Spring Boot provides a curated list of dependencies it supports. In practice, you do not
need to provide a version for any of these dependencies in your build configuration as Spring Boot is
managing that for you. When you upgrade Spring Boot itself, these dependencies will be upgraded as
well in a consistent way.
Note
You can still specify a version and override Spring Boots recommendations if you feel thats
necessary.
The curated list contains all the spring modules that you can use with Spring Boot as well as a
refined list of third party libraries. The list is available as a standard Bills of Materials (spring-boot-
dependencies) and additional dedicated support for Maven and Gradle are available as well.
Warning
Each release of Spring Boot is associated with a base version of the Spring Framework so we
highly recommend you to not specify its version on your own.
13.2 Maven
Maven users can inherit from the spring-boot-starter-parent project to obtain sensible defaults.
The parent project provides the following features:
Java 1.6 as the default compiler level.
UTF-8 source encoding.
A Dependency Management section, allowing you to omit <version> tags for common
dependencies, inherited from the spring-boot-dependencies POM.
Sensible resource filtering.
Sensible plugin configuration (exec plugin, surefire, Git commit ID, shade).
Sensible resource filtering for application.properties and application.yml including

profile-specific files (e.g. application-foo.properties and application-foo.yml)
On the last point: since the default config files accept Spring style placeholders (${}) the Maven
filtering is changed to use @..@ placeholders (you can override that with a Maven property
resource.delimiter).

Inheriting the starter parent

To configure your project to inherit from the spring-boot-starter-parent simply set the parent:


<parent>
</parent>
Note
You should only need to specify the Spring Boot version number on this dependency. If you import
additional starters, you can safely omit the version number.
With that setup, you can also override individual dependencies by overriding a property in your own
project. For instance, to upgrade to another Spring Data release train youd add the following to your
pom.xml.
<properties>
<spring-data-releasetrain.version>Fowler-SR2</spring-data-releasetrain.version>
</properties>
Tip
Check the spring-boot-dependencies pom for a list of supported properties.
Using Spring Boot without the parent POM

Not everyone likes inheriting from the spring-boot-starter-parent POM. You may have your
own corporate standard parent that you need to use, or you may just prefer to explicitly declare all your
Maven configuration.
If you dont want to use the spring-boot-starter-parent, you can still keep the benefit of the
dependency management (but not the plugin management) by using a scope=import dependency:
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>

<artifactId>spring-boot-dependencies</artifactId>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
That setup does not allow you to override individual dependencies using a property as explained above.
To achieve the same result, youd need to add an entry in the dependencyManagement of your project
before the spring-boot-dependencies entry. For instance, to upgrade to another Spring Data
release train youd add the following to your pom.xml.
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>

<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.data</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-data-releasetrain</artifactId>
<version>Fowler-SR2</version>
<type>pom</type>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<artifactId>spring-boot-dependencies</artifactId>
<type>pom</type>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
Note
In the example above, we specify a BOM but any dependency type can be overridden that way.
Changing the Java version

The spring-boot-starter-parent chooses fairly conservative Java compatibility. If you want to
follow our recommendation and use a later Java version you can add a java.version property:
<properties>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
</properties>
Using the Spring Boot Maven plugin

Spring Boot includes a Maven plugin that can package the project as an executable jar. Add the plugin
to your <plugins> section if you want to use it:
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
Note
If you use the Spring Boot starter parent pom, you only need to add the plugin, there is no need
for to configure it unless you want to change the settings defined in the parent.
13.3 Gradle
Gradle users can directly import starters in their dependencies section. Unlike Maven, there is no
super parent to import to share some configuration.
repositories {
jcenter()
}
dependencies {
compile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web:1.4.1.RELEASE")

The spring-boot-gradle-plugin is also available and provides tasks to create executable jars
and run projects from source. It also provides dependency management that, among other capabilities,
allows you to omit the version number for any dependencies that are managed by Spring Boot:
buildscript {
repositories {
jcenter()
}
dependencies {
}
}

repositories {
jcenter()
}
dependencies {
testCompile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test")
}
13.4 Ant
It is possible to build a Spring Boot project using Apache Ant+Ivy. The spring-boot-antlib AntLib
module is also available to help Ant create executable jars.
To declare dependencies a typical ivy.xml file will look something like this:
<ivy-module version="2.0">
<info organisation="org.springframework.boot" module="spring-boot-sample-ant" />
<configurations>
<conf name="compile" description="everything needed to compile this module" />
<conf name="runtime" extends="compile" description="everything needed to run this module" />
</configurations>
<dependencies>
<dependency org="org.springframework.boot" name="spring-boot-starter"
rev="${spring-boot.version}" conf="compile" />
</dependencies>
</ivy-module>
A typical build.xml will look like this:
<project
xmlns:ivy="antlib:org.apache.ivy.ant"
xmlns:spring-boot="antlib:org.springframework.boot.ant"
name="myapp" default="build">
<property name="spring-boot.version" value="1.3.0.BUILD-SNAPSHOT" />
<target name="resolve" description="--> retrieve dependencies with ivy">

<ivy:retrieve pattern="lib/[conf]/[artifact]-[type]-[revision].[ext]" />
</target>
<target name="classpaths" depends="resolve">

<path id="compile.classpath">
<fileset dir="lib/compile" includes="*.jar" />
</path>
</target>

<target name="init" depends="classpaths">

<mkdir dir="build/classes" />
</target>
<target name="compile" depends="init" description="compile">

<javac srcdir="src/main/java" destdir="build/classes" classpathref="compile.classpath" />
</target>
<target name="build" depends="compile">

<spring-boot:exejar destfile="build/myapp.jar" classes="build/classes">
<spring-boot:lib>
<fileset dir="lib/runtime" />
</spring-boot:lib>
</spring-boot:exejar>
</target>
</project>
Tip
See the Section 80.10, Build an executable archive from Ant without using spring-boot-antlib
How-to if you dont want to use the spring-boot-antlib module.
13.5 Starters
Starters are a set of convenient dependency descriptors that you can include in your application. You
get a one-stop-shop for all the Spring and related technology that you need, without having to hunt
through sample code and copy paste loads of dependency descriptors. For example, if you want to get
started using Spring and JPA for database access, just include the spring-boot-starter-data-
jpa dependency in your project, and you are good to go.
The starters contain a lot of the dependencies that you need to get a project up and running quickly and
with a consistent, supported set of managed transitive dependencies.
Whats in a name
All official starters follow a similar naming pattern; spring-boot-starter-*, where * is a

particular type of application. This naming structure is intended to help when you need to find
a starter. The Maven integration in many IDEs allow you to search dependencies by name. For
example, with the appropriate Eclipse or STS plugin installed, you can simply hit ctrl-space in
the POM editor and type spring-boot-starter for a complete list.
As explained in the Creating your own starter section, third party starters should not start with
spring-boot as it is reserved for official Spring Boot artifacts. A third-party starter for acme will
be typically named acme-spring-boot-starter.
The following application starters are provided by Spring Boot under the
org.springframework.boot group:
Table 13.1. Spring Boot application starters
Name Description Pom
spring-boot-starter- Starter for building MVC web Pom

thymeleaf applications using Thymeleaf
views
spring-boot-starter-ws Starter for using Spring Web Pom

Services. Deprecated as of


1.4 in favor of spring-boot-
starter-web-services
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using Couchbase Pom

data-couchbase document-oriented database
and Spring Data Couchbase
spring-boot-starter- Starter for JMS messaging Pom

artemis using Apache Artemis
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using Spring Web Pom

web-services Services
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using Java Mail Pom

mail and Spring Frameworks email
sending support
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using Redis key- Pom

data-redis value data store with Spring
Data Redis and the Jedis client
spring-boot-starter-web Starter for building web, Pom

including RESTful, applications
using Spring MVC. Uses
Tomcat as the default
embedded container
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using GemFire Pom

data-gemfire distributed data store and
Spring Data GemFire

activemq using Apache ActiveMQ
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using Elasticsearch Pom

data-elasticsearch search and analytics engine
and Spring Data Elasticsearch
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using Spring Pom

integration Integration
spring-boot-starter- Starter for testing Spring Boot Pom

test applications with libraries
including JUnit, Hamcrest and
Mockito

hornetq using HornetQ. Deprecated
as of 1.4 in favor of spring-
boot-starter-artemis
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using JDBC with the Pom

jdbc Tomcat JDBC connection pool

spring-boot-starter- Starter for building web Pom

mobile applications using Spring
Mobile
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using Java Bean Pom

validation Validation with Hibernate
Validator
spring-boot-starter- Starter for building hypermedia- Pom

hateoas based RESTful web application
with Spring MVC and Spring
HATEOAS
spring-boot-starter- Starter for building RESTful Pom

jersey web applications using JAX-RS
and Jersey. An alternative to
spring-boot-starter-web
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using Neo4j graph Pom

data-neo4j database and Spring Data
Neo4j
spring-boot-starter- Starter for building WebSocket Pom

websocket applications using Spring
Frameworks WebSocket
support
spring-boot-starter-aop Starter for aspect-oriented Pom

programming with Spring AOP
and AspectJ
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using Spring AMQP Pom

amqp and Rabbit MQ
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using Cassandra Pom

data-cassandra distributed database and Spring
Data Cassandra
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using Spring Social Pom

social-facebook Facebook
spring-boot-starter- Starter for JTA transactions Pom

jta-atomikos using Atomikos
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using Spring Security Pom

security

mustache applications using Mustache
views
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using Spring Data Pom

data-jpa JPA with Hibernate

spring-boot-starter Core starter, including auto- Pom

configuration support, logging
and YAML

velocity applications using Velocity
views. Deprecated since 1.4

groovy-templates applications using Groovy
Templates views

freemarker applications using FreeMarker
views
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using Spring Batch Pom

batch
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using Redis key- Pom

redis value data store with Spring
Data Redis and the Jedis client.
Deprecated as of 1.4 in favor
of spring-boot-starter-
data-redis
spring-boot-starter- Stater for using Spring Social Pom

social-linkedin LinkedIn
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using Spring Pom

cache Frameworks caching support
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using the Apache Pom

data-solr Solr search platform with Spring
Data Solr
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using MongoDB Pom

data-mongodb document-oriented database
and Spring Data MongoDB
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using jOOQ to Pom

jooq access SQL databases. An
alternative to spring-boot-
starter-data-jpa or
spring-boot-starter-
jdbc
spring-boot-starter- Spring Boot Narayana JTA Pom

jta-narayana Starter
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using Spring Cloud Pom

cloud-connectors Connectors which simplifies
connecting to services in cloud


platforms like Cloud Foundry
and Heroku
spring-boot-starter- Starter for JTA transactions Pom

jta-bitronix using Bitronix
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using Spring Social Pom

social-twitter Twitter
spring-boot-starter- Starter for exposing Spring Pom

data-rest Data repositories over REST
using Spring Data REST
In addition to the application starters, the following starters can be used to add production ready features:
Table 13.2. Spring Boot production starters
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using Spring Boots Pom

actuator Actuator which provides
production ready features to
help you monitor and manage
your application
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using the CRaSH Pom

remote-shell remote shell to monitor and
manage your application over
SSH
Finally, Spring Boot also includes some starters that can be used if you want to exclude or swap specific
technical facets:
Table 13.3. Spring Boot technical starters
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using Undertow Pom

undertow as the embedded servlet
container. An alternative to
tomcat
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using Jetty as the Pom

jetty embedded servlet container. An
alternative to spring-boot-
starter-tomcat
spring-boot-starter- Starter for logging using Pom

logging Logback. Default logging starter
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using Tomcat as the Pom

tomcat embedded servlet container.


Default servlet container starter
used by spring-boot-
starter-web
spring-boot-starter- Starter for using Log4j2 for Pom

log4j2 logging. An alternative to
logging
Tip
For a list of additional community contributed starters, see the README file in the spring-boot-
starters module on GitHub.

14. Structuring your code

Spring Boot does not require any specific code layout to work, however, there are some best practices
that help.
14.1 Using the default package

When a class doesnt include a package declaration it is considered to be in the default package.
The use of the default package is generally discouraged, and should be avoided. It can cause
particular problems for Spring Boot applications that use @ComponentScan, @EntityScan or
@SpringBootApplication annotations, since every class from every jar, will be read.
Tip
We recommend that you follow Javas recommended package naming conventions and use a
reversed domain name (for example, com.example.project).
14.2 Locating the main application class

We generally recommend that you locate your main application class in a root package above other
classes. The @EnableAutoConfiguration annotation is often placed on your main class, and it
implicitly defines a base search package for certain items. For example, if you are writing a JPA
application, the package of the @EnableAutoConfiguration annotated class will be used to search
for @Entity items.
Using a root package also allows the @ComponentScan annotation to be used without needing to
specify a basePackage attribute. You can also use the @SpringBootApplication annotation if your
main class is in the root package.
Here is a typical layout:
com
+- example
+- myproject
+- Application.java
|
+- domain
| +- Customer.java
| +- CustomerRepository.java
|
+- service
| +- CustomerService.java
|
+- web
+- CustomerController.java
The Application.java file would declare the main method, along with the basic @Configuration.
package com.example.myproject;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
@Configuration
@ComponentScan

public class Application {
public static void main(String[] args) {

SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
}

15. Configuration classes

Spring Boot favors Java-based configuration. Although it is possible to call
SpringApplication.run() with an XML source, we generally recommend that your primary source
is a @Configuration class. Usually the class that defines the main method is also a good candidate
as the primary @Configuration.
Tip
Many Spring configuration examples have been published on the Internet that use XML
configuration. Always try to use the equivalent Java-based configuration if possible. Searching for
enable* annotations can be a good starting point.
15.1 Importing additional configuration classes

You dont need to put all your @Configuration into a single class. The @Import annotation can
be used to import additional configuration classes. Alternatively, you can use @ComponentScan to
automatically pick up all Spring components, including @Configuration classes.
15.2 Importing XML configuration

If you absolutely must use XML based configuration, we recommend that you still start with a
@Configuration class. You can then use an additional @ImportResource annotation to load XML
configuration files.

16. Auto-configuration
Spring Boot auto-configuration attempts to automatically configure your Spring application based on the
jar dependencies that you have added. For example, If HSQLDB is on your classpath, and you have
not manually configured any database connection beans, then we will auto-configure an in-memory
database.
You need to opt-in to auto-configuration by adding the @EnableAutoConfiguration or

@SpringBootApplication annotations to one of your @Configuration classes.
Tip
You should only ever add one @EnableAutoConfiguration annotation. We generally

recommend that you add it to your primary @Configuration class.
16.1 Gradually replacing auto-configuration

Auto-configuration is noninvasive, at any point you can start to define your own configuration to replace
specific parts of the auto-configuration. For example, if you add your own DataSource bean, the default
embedded database support will back away.
If you need to find out what auto-configuration is currently being applied, and why, start your application
with the --debug switch. This will enable debug logs for a selection of core loggers and log an auto-
configuration report to the console.
16.2 Disabling specific auto-configuration

If you find that specific auto-configure classes are being applied that you dont want, you can use the
exclude attribute of @EnableAutoConfiguration to disable them.
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.*;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.*;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.*;
@Configuration
@EnableAutoConfiguration(exclude={DataSourceAutoConfiguration.class})
public class MyConfiguration {
}
If the class is not on the classpath, you can use the excludeName attribute of the annotation and specify
the fully qualified name instead. Finally, you can also control the list of auto-configuration classes to
exclude via the spring.autoconfigure.exclude property.
Tip
You can define exclusions both at the annotation level and using the property.

17. Spring Beans and dependency injection

You are free to use any of the standard Spring Framework techniques to define your beans and their
injected dependencies. For simplicity, we often find that using @ComponentScan to find your beans, in
combination with @Autowired constructor injection works well.
If you structure your code as suggested above (locating your application class in a root package), you
can add @ComponentScan without any arguments. All of your application components (@Component,
@Service, @Repository, @Controller etc.) will be automatically registered as Spring Beans.
Here is an example @Service Bean that uses constructor injection to obtain a required RiskAssessor
bean.
package com.example.service;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
public class DatabaseAccountService implements AccountService {
private final RiskAssessor riskAssessor;
@Autowired
public DatabaseAccountService(RiskAssessor riskAssessor) {
this.riskAssessor = riskAssessor;
}
// ...
Tip
Notice how using constructor injection allows the riskAssessor field to be marked as final,
indicating that it cannot be subsequently changed.

18. Using the @SpringBootApplication annotation

Many Spring Boot developers always have their main class annotated with @Configuration,
@EnableAutoConfiguration and @ComponentScan. Since these annotations are so frequently
used together (especially if you follow the best practices above), Spring Boot provides a convenient
@SpringBootApplication alternative.
The @SpringBootApplication annotation is equivalent to using @Configuration,

@EnableAutoConfiguration and @ComponentScan with their default attributes:
package com.example.myproject;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
@SpringBootApplication // same as @Configuration @EnableAutoConfiguration @ComponentScan


}
Note
@SpringBootApplication also provides aliases to customize the attributes of

@EnableAutoConfiguration and @ComponentScan.

19. Running your application

One of the biggest advantages of packaging your application as jar and using an embedded HTTP
server is that you can run your application as you would any other. Debugging Spring Boot applications
is also easy; you dont need any special IDE plugins or extensions.
Note
This section only covers jar based packaging, If you choose to package your application as a war
file you should refer to your server and IDE documentation.
19.1 Running from an IDE

You can run a Spring Boot application from your IDE as a simple Java application, however, first you
will need to import your project. Import steps will vary depending on your IDE and build system. Most
IDEs can import Maven projects directly, for example Eclipse users can select Import Existing
Maven Projects from the File menu.
If you cant directly import your project into your IDE, you may be able to generate IDE metadata using
a build plugin. Maven includes plugins for Eclipse and IDEA; Gradle offers plugins for various IDEs.
Tip
If you accidentally run a web application twice you will see a Port already in use error. STS users
can use the Relaunch button rather than Run to ensure that any existing instance is closed.
19.2 Running as a packaged application

If you use the Spring Boot Maven or Gradle plugins to create an executable jar you can run your
application using java -jar. For example:
$ java -jar target/myproject-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
It is also possible to run a packaged application with remote debugging support enabled. This allows
you to attach a debugger to your packaged application:
$ java -Xdebug -Xrunjdwp:server=y,transport=dt_socket,address=8000,suspend=n \

-jar target/myproject-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
19.3 Using the Maven plugin

The Spring Boot Maven plugin includes a run goal which can be used to quickly compile and run your
application. Applications run in an exploded form just like in your IDE.
$ mvn spring-boot:run
You might also want to use the useful operating system environment variable:
$ export MAVEN_OPTS=-Xmx1024m -XX:MaxPermSize=128M

19.4 Using the Gradle plugin

The Spring Boot Gradle plugin also includes a bootRun task which can be used to run your application
in an exploded form. The bootRun task is added whenever you import the spring-boot-gradle-
plugin:
$ gradle bootRun
You might also want to use this useful operating system environment variable:
$ export JAVA_OPTS=-Xmx1024m -XX:MaxPermSize=128M
19.5 Hot swapping

Since Spring Boot applications are just plain Java applications, JVM hot-swapping should work out of the
box. JVM hot swapping is somewhat limited with the bytecode that it can replace, for a more complete
solution JRebel or the Spring Loaded project can be used. The spring-boot-devtools module also
includes support for quick application restarts.
See the Chapter 20, Developer tools section below and the Hot swapping How-to for details.

20. Developer tools

Spring Boot includes an additional set of tools that can make the application development experience a
little more pleasant. The spring-boot-devtools module can be included in any project to provide
additional development-time features. To include devtools support, simply add the module dependency
to your build:
Maven.
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<artifactId>spring-boot-devtools</artifactId>
<optional>true</optional>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
Gradle.
dependencies {
compile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-devtools")
}
Note
Developer tools are automatically disabled when running a fully packaged application. If your
application is launched using java -jar or if its started using a special classloader, then it
is considered a production application. Flagging the dependency as optional is a best practice
that prevents devtools from being transitively applied to other modules using your project. Gradle
does not support optional dependencies out-of-the-box so you may want to have a look to the
propdeps-plugin in the meantime.
Tip
If you want to ensure that devtools is never included in a production build, you can use the
excludeDevtools build property to completely remove the JAR. The property is supported with
both the Maven and Gradle plugins.
20.1 Property defaults

Several of the libraries supported by Spring Boot use caches to improve performance. For example,
Thymeleaf will cache templates to save repeatedly parsing XML source files. Whilst caching is very
beneficial in production, it can be counter productive during development. If you make a change to a
template file in your IDE, youll likely want to immediately see the result.
Cache options are usually configured by settings in your application.properties file. For
example, Thymeleaf offers the spring.thymeleaf.cache property. Rather than needing to set
these properties manually, the spring-boot-devtools module will automatically apply sensible
development-time configuration.
Tip
For a complete list of the properties that are applied see DevToolsPropertyDefaultsPostProcessor.

20.2 Automatic restart

Applications that use spring-boot-devtools will automatically restart whenever files on the
classpath change. This can be a useful feature when working in an IDE as it gives a very fast feedback
loop for code changes. By default, any entry on the classpath that points to a folder will be monitored for
changes. Note that certain resources such as static assets and view templates do not need to restart
the application.
Triggering a restart
As DevTools monitors classpath resources, the only way to trigger a restart is to update the
classpath. The way in which you cause the classpath to be updated depends on the IDE that you
are using. In Eclipse, saving a modified file will cause the classpath to be updated and trigger a
restart. In IntelliJ IDEA, building the project (Build # Make Project) will have the same effect.
Note
You can also start your application via the supported build plugins (i.e. Maven and Gradle) as long
as forking is enabled since DevTools need an isolated application classloader to operate properly.
Gradle does this by default and you can force the Maven plugin to fork the process as follows:
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<configuration>
<fork>true</fork>
</configuration>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
Tip
Automatic restart works very well when used with LiveReload. See below for details. If you use
JRebel automatic restarts will be disabled in favor of dynamic class reloading. Other devtools
features (such as LiveReload and property overrides) can still be used.
Note
DevTools relies on the application contexts shutdown hook to close it during a

restart. It will not work correctly if you have disabled the shutdown hook (
SpringApplication.setRegisterShutdownHook(false)).
Note
When deciding if an entry on the classpath should trigger a restart when it changes, DevTools
automatically ignores projects named spring-boot, spring-boot-devtools, spring-
boot-autoconfigure, spring-boot-actuator, and spring-boot-starter.

Restart vs Reload
The restart technology provided by Spring Boot works by using two classloaders. Classes that dont
change (for example, those from third-party jars) are loaded into a base classloader. Classes that
youre actively developing are loaded into a restart classloader. When the application is restarted,
the restart classloader is thrown away and a new one is created. This approach means that
application restarts are typically much faster than cold starts since the base classloader is already
available and populated.
If you find that restarts arent quick enough for your applications, or you encounter classloading
issues, you could consider reloading technologies such as JRebel from ZeroTurnaround. These
work by rewriting classes as they are loaded to make them more amenable to reloading. Spring
Loaded provides another option, however it doesnt support as many frameworks and it isnt
commercially supported.
Excluding resources
Certain resources dont necessarily need to trigger a restart when they are changed. For example,
Thymeleaf templates can just be edited in-place. By default changing resources in /META-INF/
maven, /META-INF/resources ,/resources ,/static ,/public or /templates will not trigger
a restart but will trigger a live reload. If you want to customize these exclusions you can use the
spring.devtools.restart.exclude property. For example, to exclude only /static and /
public you would set the following:
spring.devtools.restart.exclude=static/**,public/**
Tip
if you want to keep those defaults and add additional exclusions, use the
spring.devtools.restart.additional-exclude property instead.
Watching additional paths

You may want your application to be restarted or reloaded when you make changes to files
that are not on the classpath. To do so, use the spring.devtools.restart.additional-
paths property to configure additional paths to watch for changes. You can use the
spring.devtools.restart.exclude property described above to control whether changes
beneath the additional paths will trigger a full restart or just a live reload.
Disabling restart
If you dont want to use the restart feature you can disable it using the
spring.devtools.restart.enabled property. In most cases you can set this in your
application.properties (this will still initialize the restart classloader but it wont watch for file
changes).
If you need to completely disable restart support, for example, because it doesnt work with a specific
library, you need to set a System property before calling SpringApplication.run(). For example:

System.setProperty("spring.devtools.restart.enabled", "false");
SpringApplication.run(MyApp.class, args);
}

Using a trigger file
If you work with an IDE that continuously compiles changed files, you might prefer to trigger restarts
only at specific times. To do this you can use a trigger file, which is a special file that must be modified
when you want to actually trigger a restart check. Changing the file only triggers the check and the
restart will only occur if Devtools has detected it has to do something. The trigger file could be updated
manually, or via an IDE plugin.
To use a trigger file use the spring.devtools.restart.trigger-file property.
Tip
You might want to set spring.devtools.restart.trigger-file as a global setting so that

all your projects behave in the same way.
Customizing the restart classloader
As described in the Restart vs Reload section above, restart functionality is implemented by using
two classloaders. For most applications this approach works well, however, sometimes it can cause
classloading issues.
By default, any open project in your IDE will be loaded using the restart classloader, and any regular
.jar file will be loaded using the base classloader. If you work on a multi-module project, and not
each module is imported into your IDE, you may need to customize things. To do this you can create
a META-INF/spring-devtools.properties file.
The spring-devtools.properties file can contain restart.exclude. and

restart.include. prefixed properties. The include elements are items that should be pulled up
into the restart classloader, and the exclude elements are items that should be pushed down into
the base classloader. The value of the property is a regex pattern that will be applied to the classpath.
For example:
restart.exclude.companycommonlibs=/mycorp-common-[\\w-]+\.jar
restart.include.projectcommon=/mycorp-myproj-[\\w-]+\.jar
Note
All property keys must be unique. As long as a property starts with restart.include. or
restart.exclude. it will be considered.
Tip
All META-INF/spring-devtools.properties from the classpath will be loaded. You can

package files inside your project, or in the libraries that the project consumes.
Known limitations
Restart functionality does not work well with objects that are deserialized
using a standard ObjectInputStream. If you need to deserialize data, you
may need to use Springs ConfigurableObjectInputStream in combination with
Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().

Unfortunately, several third-party libraries deserialize without considering the context classloader. If you
find such a problem, you will need to request a fix with the original authors.
20.3 LiveReload
The spring-boot-devtools module includes an embedded LiveReload server that can be used
to trigger a browser refresh when a resource is changed. LiveReload browser extensions are freely
available for Chrome, Firefox and Safari from livereload.com.
If you dont want to start the LiveReload server when your application runs you can set the
spring.devtools.livereload.enabled property to false.
Note
You can only run one LiveReload server at a time, if you start multiple applications from your IDE
only the first will have livereload support.
20.4 Global settings

You can configure global devtools settings by adding a file named .spring-boot-
devtools.properties to your $HOME folder (note that the filename starts with .). Any properties
added to this file will apply to all Spring Boot applications on your machine that use devtools. For
example, to configure restart to always use a trigger file, you would add the following:
~/.spring-boot-devtools.properties.
spring.devtools.reload.trigger-file=.reloadtrigger
20.5 Remote applications

The Spring Boot developer tools are not just limited to local development. You can also use several
features when running applications remotely. Remote support is opt-in, to enable it you need to set a
spring.devtools.remote.secret property. For example:
spring.devtools.remote.secret=mysecret
Warning
Enabling spring-boot-devtools on a remote application is a security risk. You should never

enable support on a production deployment.
Remote devtools support is provided in two parts; there is a server side endpoint that accepts
connections, and a client application that you run in your IDE. The server component is automatically
enabled when the spring.devtools.remote.secret property is set. The client component must
be launched manually.
Running the remote client application

The remote client application is designed to be run from within you IDE. You need to
run org.springframework.boot.devtools.RemoteSpringApplication using the same
classpath as the remote project that youre connecting to. The non-option argument passed to the
application should be the remote URL that you are connecting to.

For example, if you are using Eclipse or STS, and you have a project named my-app that youve
deployed to Cloud Foundry, you would do the following:
Select Run Configurations from the Run menu.
Create a new Java Application launch configuration.
Browse for the my-app project.
Use org.springframework.boot.devtools.RemoteSpringApplication as the main class.
Add https://myapp.cfapps.io to the Program arguments (or whatever your remote URL is).
A running remote client will look like this:
. ____ _ __ _ _
/\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ ___ _ \ \ \ \
( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | | _ \___ _ __ ___| |_ ___ \ \ \ \
\\/ ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| []::::::[] / -_) ' \/ _ \ _/ -_) ) ) ) )
' |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | |_|_\___|_|_|_\___/\__\___|/ / / /
=========|_|==============|___/===================================/_/_/_/
:: Spring Boot Remote :: 1.4.1.RELEASE
2015-06-10 18:25:06.632 INFO 14938 --- [ main] o.s.b.devtools.RemoteSpringApplication :

Starting RemoteSpringApplication on pwmbp with PID 14938 (/Users/pwebb/projects/spring-boot/code/
spring-boot-devtools/target/classes started by pwebb in /Users/pwebb/projects/spring-boot/code/spring-
boot-samples/spring-boot-sample-devtools)
2015-06-10 18:25:06.671 INFO 14938 --- [ main] s.c.a.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext :
Refreshing org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext@2a17b7b6: startup
date [Wed Jun 10 18:25:06 PDT 2015]; root of context hierarchy
2015-06-10 18:25:07.043 WARN 14938 --- [ main] o.s.b.d.r.c.RemoteClientConfiguration : The
connection to http://localhost:8080 is insecure. You should use a URL starting with 'https://'.
2015-06-10 18:25:07.074 INFO 14938 --- [ main] o.s.b.d.a.OptionalLiveReloadServer :
LiveReload server is running on port 35729
2015-06-10 18:25:07.130 INFO 14938 --- [ main] o.s.b.devtools.RemoteSpringApplication :
Started RemoteSpringApplication in 0.74 seconds (JVM running for 1.105)
Note
Because the remote client is using the same classpath as the real application it can directly read
application properties. This is how the spring.devtools.remote.secret property is read
and passed to the server for authentication.
Tip
Its always advisable to use https:// as the connection protocol so that traffic is encrypted and
passwords cannot be intercepted.
Tip
If you need to use a proxy to access the remote application, configure the
spring.devtools.remote.proxy.host and spring.devtools.remote.proxy.port
properties.
Remote update
The remote client will monitor your application classpath for changes in the same way as the local restart.
Any updated resource will be pushed to the remote application and (if required) trigger a restart. This

can be quite helpful if you are iterating on a feature that uses a cloud service that you dont have locally.
Generally remote updates and restarts are much quicker than a full rebuild and deploy cycle.
Note
Files are only monitored when the remote client is running. If you change a file before starting the
remote client, it wont be pushed to the remote server.
Remote debug tunnel
Java remote debugging is useful when diagnosing issues on a remote application. Unfortunately, its
not always possible to enable remote debugging when your application is deployed outside of your data
center. Remote debugging can also be tricky to setup if you are using a container based technology
such as Docker.
To help work around these limitations, devtools supports tunneling of remote debug traffic over HTTP.
The remote client provides a local server on port 8000 that you can attach a remote debugger to. Once
a connection is established, debug traffic is sent over HTTP to the remote application. You can use the
spring.devtools.remote.debug.local-port property if you want to use a different port.
Youll need to ensure that your remote application is started with remote debugging enabled. Often
this can be achieved by configuring JAVA_OPTS. For example, with Cloud Foundry you can add the
following to your manifest.yml:
---
env:
JAVA_OPTS: "-Xdebug -Xrunjdwp:server=y,transport=dt_socket,suspend=n"
Tip
Notice that you dont need to pass an address=NNNN option to -Xrunjdwp. If omitted Java will
simply pick a random free port.
Note
Debugging a remote service over the Internet can be slow and you might need to increase timeouts
in your IDE. For example, in Eclipse you can select Java Debug from Preferences and
change the Debugger timeout (ms) to a more suitable value (60000 works well in most
situations).

21. Packaging your application for production

Executable jars can be used for production deployment. As they are self-contained, they are also ideally
suited for cloud-based deployment.
For additional production ready features, such as health, auditing and metric REST or JMX end-
points; consider adding spring-boot-actuator. See Part V, Spring Boot Actuator: Production-
ready features for details.


You should now have good understanding of how you can use Spring Boot along with some best
practices that you should follow. You can now go on to learn about specific Spring Boot features in
depth, or you could skip ahead and read about the production ready aspects of Spring Boot.

Part IV. Spring Boot features
This section dives into the details of Spring Boot. Here you can learn about the key features that you will
want to use and customize. If you havent already, you might want to read the Part II, Getting started
and Part III, Using Spring Boot sections so that you have a good grounding of the basics.
23. SpringApplication
The SpringApplication class provides a convenient way to bootstrap a Spring application that
will be started from a main() method. In many situations you can just delegate to the static
SpringApplication.run method:

SpringApplication.run(MySpringConfiguration.class, args);
}
When your application starts you should see something similar to the following:
. ____ _ __ _ _
/\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ \ \ \ \
( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \
\\/ ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| | ) ) ) )
' |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / /
=========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/
:: Spring Boot :: v1.4.1.RELEASE
2013-07-31 00:08:16.117 INFO 56603 --- [ main] o.s.b.s.app.SampleApplication :

Starting SampleApplication v0.1.0 on mycomputer with PID 56603 (/apps/myapp.jar started by pwebb)
2013-07-31 00:08:16.166 INFO 56603 --- [ main] ationConfigEmbeddedWebApplicationContext :
Refreshing
org.springframework.boot.context.embedded.AnnotationConfigEmbeddedWebApplicationContext@6e5a8246:
startup date [Wed Jul 31 00:08:16 PDT 2013]; root of context hierarchy
2014-03-04 13:09:54.912 INFO 41370 --- [ main] .t.TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory :
Server initialized with port: 8080
2014-03-04 13:09:56.501 INFO 41370 --- [ main] o.s.b.s.app.SampleApplication :
Started SampleApplication in 2.992 seconds (JVM running for 3.658)
By default INFO logging messages will be shown, including some relevant startup details such as the
user that launched the application.
23.1 Startup failure

If your application fails to start, registered FailureAnalyzers get a chance to provide a dedicated
error message and a concrete action to fix the problem. For instance if you start a web application on
port 8080 and that port is already in use, you should see something similar to the following:
***************************
APPLICATION FAILED TO START
***************************
Description:
Embedded servlet container failed to start. Port 8080 was already in use.
Action:
Identify and stop the process that's listening on port 8080 or configure this application to listen on
another port.
Note
Spring Boot provides numerous FailureAnalyzer implementations and you can add your own
very easily.
If no failure analyzers are able to handle the exception, you can still display
the full auto-configuration report to better understand what went wrong. To do

so you need to enable the debug property or enable DEBUG logging for
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.logging.AutoConfigurationReportLoggingInitializer
For instance, if you are running your application using java -jar you can enable the debug property
as follows:
$ java -jar myproject-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar --debug
23.2 Customizing the Banner

The banner that is printed on start up can be changed by adding a banner.txt file to your classpath,
or by setting banner.location to the location of such a file. If the file has an unusual encoding you
can set banner.charset (default is UTF-8). In addition to a text file, you can also add a banner.gif,
banner.jpg or banner.png image file to your classpath, or set a banner.image.location
property. Images will be converted into an ASCII art representation and printed above any text banner.
Inside your banner.txt file you can use any of the following placeholders:
Table 23.1. Banner variables
Variable Description
${application.version} The version number of your application as

declared in MANIFEST.MF. For example
Implementation-Version: 1.0 is printed
as 1.0.
${application.formatted-version} The version number of your application as

declared in MANIFEST.MF formatted for display
(surrounded with brackets and prefixed with v).
For example (v1.0).
${spring-boot.version} The Spring Boot version that you are using. For
example 1.4.1.RELEASE.
${spring-boot.formatted-version} The Spring Boot version that you are using

formatted for display (surrounded with
brackets and prefixed with v). For example
(v1.4.1.RELEASE).
${Ansi.NAME} (or ${AnsiColor.NAME}, Where NAME is the name of an ANSI escape

${AnsiBackground.NAME}, code. See AnsiPropertySource for details.
${AnsiStyle.NAME})
${application.title} The title of your application as declared

in MANIFEST.MF. For example
Implementation-Title: MyApp is printed
as MyApp.
Tip
The SpringApplication.setBanner() method can be used if you want to generate

a banner programmatically. Use the org.springframework.boot.Banner interface and
implement your own printBanner() method.

You can also use the spring.main.banner-mode property to determine if the banner has to be
printed on System.out (console), using the configured logger (log) or not at all (off).
The printed banner will be registered as a singleton bean under the name springBootBanner.
Note
YAML maps off to false so make sure to add quotes if you want to disable the banner in your
application.
spring:
main:
banner-mode: "off"
23.3 Customizing SpringApplication

If the SpringApplication defaults arent to your taste you can instead create a local instance and
customize it. For example, to turn off the banner you would write:

SpringApplication app = new SpringApplication(MySpringConfiguration.class);
app.setBannerMode(Banner.Mode.OFF);
app.run(args);
}
Note
The constructor arguments passed to SpringApplication are configuration sources for spring
beans. In most cases these will be references to @Configuration classes, but they could also
be references to XML configuration or to packages that should be scanned.
It is also possible to configure the SpringApplication using an application.properties file.

See Chapter 24, Externalized Configuration for details.
For a complete list of the configuration options, see the SpringApplication Javadoc.
23.4 Fluent builder API

If you need to build an ApplicationContext hierarchy (multiple contexts with a parent/
child relationship), or if you just prefer using a fluent builder API, you can use the
SpringApplicationBuilder.
The SpringApplicationBuilder allows you to chain together multiple method calls, and includes
parent and child methods that allow you to create a hierarchy.
For example:
new SpringApplicationBuilder()
.sources(Parent.class)
.child(Application.class)
.bannerMode(Banner.Mode.OFF)
.run(args);

Note
There are some restrictions when creating an ApplicationContext hierarchy, e.g. Web
components must be contained within the child context, and the same Environment will be
used for both parent and child contexts. See the SpringApplicationBuilder Javadoc for
full details.
23.5 Application events and listeners

In addition to the usual Spring Framework events, such as ContextRefreshedEvent, a
SpringApplication sends some additional application events.
Note
Some events are actually triggered before the ApplicationContext is

created so you cannot register a listener on those as a @Bean.
You can register them via the SpringApplication.addListeners() or
SpringApplicationBuilder.listeners() methods.
If you want those listeners to be registered automatically regardless of the way the application is
created you can add a META-INF/spring.factories file to your project and reference your
listener(s) using the org.springframework.context.ApplicationListener key.
org.springframework.context.ApplicationListener=com.example.project.MyListener
Application events are sent in the following order, as your application runs:
1. An ApplicationStartedEvent is sent at the start of a run, but before any processing except the
registration of listeners and initializers.
2. An ApplicationEnvironmentPreparedEvent is sent when the Environment to be used in the

context is known, but before the context is created.
3. An ApplicationPreparedEvent is sent just before the refresh is started, but after bean definitions
have been loaded.
4. An ApplicationReadyEvent is sent after the refresh and any related callbacks have been
processed to indicate the application is ready to service requests.
5. An ApplicationFailedEvent is sent if there is an exception on startup.
Tip
You often wont need to use application events, but it can be handy to know that they exist.
Internally, Spring Boot uses events to handle a variety of tasks.
23.6 Web environment

A SpringApplication will attempt to create the right type of ApplicationContext
on your behalf. By default, an AnnotationConfigApplicationContext or
AnnotationConfigEmbeddedWebApplicationContext will be used, depending on whether you
are developing a web application or not.

The algorithm used to determine a web environment is fairly simplistic (based on the presence of a few
classes). You can use setWebEnvironment(boolean webEnvironment) if you need to override
the default.
It is also possible to take complete control of the ApplicationContext type that will be used by
calling setApplicationContextClass().
Tip
It is often desirable to call setWebEnvironment(false) when using SpringApplication

within a JUnit test.
23.7 Accessing application arguments

If you need to access the application arguments that were passed to SpringApplication.run(
) you can inject a org.springframework.boot.ApplicationArguments bean. The
ApplicationArguments interface provides access to both the raw String[] arguments as well as
parsed option and non-option arguments:
import org.springframework.boot.*
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.*
import org.springframework.stereotype.*
@Component
public class MyBean {
@Autowired
public MyBean(ApplicationArguments args) {
boolean debug = args.containsOption("debug");
List<String> files = args.getNonOptionArgs();
// if run with "--debug logfile.txt" debug=true, files=["logfile.txt"]
}
Tip
Spring Boot will also register a CommandLinePropertySource with the Spring Environment.
This allows you to also inject single application arguments using the @Value annotation.
23.8 Using the ApplicationRunner or CommandLineRunner

If you need to run some specific code once the SpringApplication has started, you can implement
the ApplicationRunner or CommandLineRunner interfaces. Both interfaces work in the same
way and offer a single run method which will be called just before SpringApplication.run()
completes.
The CommandLineRunner interfaces provides access to application arguments as a simple string

array, whereas the ApplicationRunner uses the ApplicationArguments interface discussed
above.
import org.springframework.boot.*
@Component
public class MyBean implements CommandLineRunner {

public void run(String... args) {

// Do something...
}
You can additionally implement the org.springframework.core.Ordered interface or use the

org.springframework.core.annotation.Order annotation if several CommandLineRunner or
ApplicationRunner beans are defined that must be called in a specific order.
23.9 Application exit

Each SpringApplication will register a shutdown hook with the JVM to ensure that the
ApplicationContext is closed gracefully on exit. All the standard Spring lifecycle callbacks (such
as the DisposableBean interface, or the @PreDestroy annotation) can be used.
In addition, beans may implement the org.springframework.boot.ExitCodeGenerator

interface if they wish to return a specific exit code when the application ends.
23.10 Admin features

It is possible to enable admin-related features for the application by
specifying the spring.application.admin.enabled property. This exposes the
SpringApplicationAdminMXBean on the platform MBeanServer. You could use this feature to
administer your Spring Boot application remotely. This could also be useful for any service wrapper
implementation.
Tip
If you want to know on which HTTP port the application is running, get the property with key
local.server.port.
Note
Take care when enabling this feature as the MBean exposes a method to shutdown the
application.

24. Externalized Configuration

Spring Boot allows you to externalize your configuration so you can work with the same application
code in different environments. You can use properties files, YAML files, environment variables and
command-line arguments to externalize configuration. Property values can be injected directly into your
beans using the @Value annotation, accessed via Springs Environment abstraction or bound to
structured objects via @ConfigurationProperties.
Spring Boot uses a very particular PropertySource order that is designed to allow sensible overriding
of values. Properties are considered in the following order:
1. Devtools global settings properties on your home directory (~/.spring-boot-

devtools.properties when devtools is active).
2. @TestPropertySource annotations on your tests.
3. @SpringBootTest#properties annotation attribute on your tests.
4. Command line arguments.
5. Properties from SPRING_APPLICATION_JSON (inline JSON embedded in an environment variable

or system property)
6. ServletConfig init parameters.
7. ServletContext init parameters.
8. JNDI attributes from java:comp/env.
9. Java System properties (System.getProperties()).
10.OS environment variables.
11.A RandomValuePropertySource that only has properties in random.*.
12.Profile-specific application properties outside of your packaged jar (application-

{profile}.properties and YAML variants)
13.Profile-specific application properties packaged inside your jar (application-

{profile}.properties and YAML variants)
14.Application properties outside of your packaged jar (application.properties and YAML

variants).
15.Application properties packaged inside your jar (application.properties and YAML variants).
16.@PropertySource annotations on your @Configuration classes.
17.Default properties (specified using SpringApplication.setDefaultProperties).
To provide a concrete example, suppose you develop a @Component that uses a name property:
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.*

@Component
@Value("${name}")
private String name;
// ...
On your application classpath (e.g. inside your jar) you can have an application.properties
that provides a sensible default property value for name. When running in a new environment, an
application.properties can be provided outside of your jar that overrides the name; and for
one-off testing, you can launch with a specific command line switch (e.g. java -jar app.jar --
name="Spring").
Tip
The SPRING_APPLICATION_JSON properties can be supplied on the command line with an

environment variable. For example in a UN*X shell:
$ SPRING_APPLICATION_JSON='{"foo":{"bar":"spam"}}' java -jar myapp.jar
In this example you will end up with foo.bar=spam in the Spring Environment. You can also
supply the JSON as spring.application.json in a System variable:
$ java -Dspring.application.json='{"foo":"bar"}' -jar myapp.jar
or command line argument:
$ java -jar myapp.jar --spring.application.json='{"foo":"bar"}'
or as a JNDI variable java:comp/env/spring.application.json.
24.1 Configuring random values

The RandomValuePropertySource is useful for injecting random values (e.g. into secrets or test
cases). It can produce integers, longs, uuids or strings, e.g.
my.secret=${random.value}
my.number=${random.int}
my.bignumber=${random.long}
my.uuid=${random.uuid}
my.number.less.than.ten=${random.int(10)}
my.number.in.range=${random.int[1024,65536]}
The random.int* syntax is OPEN value (,max) CLOSE where the OPEN,CLOSE are any character
and value,max are integers. If max is provided then value is the minimum value and max is the
maximum (exclusive).
24.2 Accessing command line properties

By default SpringApplication will convert any command line option arguments (starting with --,
e.g. --server.port=9000) to a property and add it to the Spring Environment. As mentioned
above, command line properties always take precedence over other property sources.

If you dont want command line properties to be added to the Environment you can disable them using
SpringApplication.setAddCommandLineProperties(false).
24.3 Application property files

SpringApplication will load properties from application.properties files in the following
locations and add them to the Spring Environment:
1. A /config subdirectory of the current directory.
2. The current directory
3. A classpath /config package
4. The classpath root
The list is ordered by precedence (properties defined in locations higher in the list override those defined
in lower locations).
Note
You can also use YAML ('.yml') files as an alternative to '.properties'.
If you dont like application.properties as the configuration file name you can switch to
another by specifying a spring.config.name environment property. You can also refer to an
explicit location using the spring.config.location environment property (comma-separated list
of directory locations, or file paths).
$ java -jar myproject.jar --spring.config.name=myproject
or
$ java -jar myproject.jar --spring.config.location=classpath:/default.properties,classpath:/

override.properties
Warning
spring.config.name and spring.config.location are used very early to determine

which files have to be loaded so they have to be defined as an environment property (typically
OS env, system property or command line argument).
If spring.config.location contains directories (as opposed to files) they should end in / (and will
be appended with the names generated from spring.config.name before being loaded, including
profile-specific file names). Files specified in spring.config.location are used as-is, with no
support for profile-specific variants, and will be overridden by any profile-specific properties.
The default search path classpath:,classpath:/config,file:,file:config/ is always

used, irrespective of the value of spring.config.location. This search path is ordered from
lowest to highest precedence (file:config/ wins). If you do specify your own locations, they take
precedence over all of the default locations and use the same lowest to highest precedence ordering. In
that way you can set up default values for your application in application.properties (or whatever
other basename you choose with spring.config.name) and override it at runtime with a different
file, keeping the defaults.

Note
If you use environment variables rather than system properties, most operating systems disallow
period-separated key names, but you can use underscores instead (e.g. SPRING_CONFIG_NAME
instead of spring.config.name).
Note
If you are running in a container then JNDI properties (in java:comp/env) or servlet context
initialization parameters can be used instead of, or as well as, environment variables or system
properties.
24.4 Profile-specific properties

In addition to application.properties files, profile-specific properties can also be defined using
the naming convention application-{profile}.properties. The Environment has a set of
default profiles (by default [default]) which are used if no active profiles are set (i.e. if no profiles are
explicitly activated then properties from application-default.properties are loaded).
Profile-specific properties are loaded from the same locations as standard

application.properties, with profile-specific files always overriding the non-specific ones
irrespective of whether the profile-specific files are inside or outside your packaged jar.
If several profiles are specified, a last wins strategy applies. For example, profiles specified by the
spring.profiles.active property are added after those configured via the SpringApplication
API and therefore take precedence.
Note
If you have specified any files in spring.config.location, profile-specific variants of those

files will not be considered. Use directories in`spring.config.location` if you also want to also use
profile-specific properties.
24.5 Placeholders in properties

The values in application.properties are filtered through the existing Environment when they
are used so you can refer back to previously defined values (e.g. from System properties).
app.name=MyApp
app.description=${app.name} is a Spring Boot application
Tip
You can also use this technique to create short variants of existing Spring Boot properties. See
the Section 69.4, Use short command line arguments how-to for details.
24.6 Using YAML instead of Properties

YAML is a superset of JSON, and as such is a very convenient format for specifying hierarchical
configuration data. The SpringApplication class will automatically support YAML as an alternative
to properties whenever you have the SnakeYAML library on your classpath.

Note
If you use Starters SnakeYAML will be automatically provided via spring-boot-starter.
Loading YAML
Spring Framework provides two convenient classes that can be used to load YAML documents. The
YamlPropertiesFactoryBean will load YAML as Properties and the YamlMapFactoryBean will
load YAML as a Map.
For example, the following YAML document:
environments:
dev:
url: http://dev.bar.com
name: Developer Setup
prod:
url: http://foo.bar.com
name: My Cool App
Would be transformed into these properties:
environments.dev.url=http://dev.bar.com
environments.dev.name=Developer Setup
environments.prod.url=http://foo.bar.com
environments.prod.name=My Cool App
YAML lists are represented as property keys with [index] dereferencers, for example this YAML:
my:
servers:
- dev.bar.com
- foo.bar.com
Would be transformed into these properties:
my.servers[0]=dev.bar.com
my.servers[1]=foo.bar.com
To bind to properties like that using the Spring DataBinder utilities (which is what
@ConfigurationProperties does) you need to have a property in the target bean of type
java.util.List (or Set) and you either need to provide a setter, or initialize it with a mutable value,
e.g. this will bind to the properties above
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix="my")
public class Config {
private List<String> servers = new ArrayList<String>();
public List<String> getServers() {

return this.servers;
}
}
Exposing YAML as properties in the Spring Environment
The YamlPropertySourceLoader class can be used to expose YAML as a PropertySource in the

Spring Environment. This allows you to use the familiar @Value annotation with placeholders syntax
to access YAML properties.

Multi-profile YAML documents
You can specify multiple profile-specific YAML documents in a single file by using a spring.profiles
key to indicate when the document applies. For example:
server:
address: 192.168.1.100
---
spring:
profiles: development
server:
address: 127.0.0.1
---
spring:
profiles: production
server:
address: 192.168.1.120
In the example above, the server.address property will be 127.0.0.1 if the development profile
is active. If the development and production profiles are not enabled, then the value for the property
will be 192.168.1.100.
The default profiles are activated if none are explicitly active when the application context starts. So in
this YAML we set a value for security.user.password that is only available in the "default" profile:
server:
port: 8000
---
spring:
profiles: default
security:
user:
password: weak
whereas in this example, the password is always set because it isnt attached to any profile, and it would
have to be explicitly reset in all other profiles as necessary:
server:
port: 8000
security:
user:
password: weak
Spring profiles designated using the "spring.profiles" element may optionally be negated using the !
character. If both negated and non-negated profiles are specified for a single document, at least one
non-negated profile must match and no negated profiles may match.
YAML shortcomings
YAML files cant be loaded via the @PropertySource annotation. So in the case that you need to load
values that way, you need to use a properties file.
Merging YAML lists
As we have seen above, any YAML content is ultimately transformed to properties. That process may
be counter intuitive when overriding list properties via a profile.
For example, assume a MyPojo object with name and description attributes that are null by default.
Lets expose a list of MyPojo from FooProperties:

@ConfigurationProperties("foo")
public class FooProperties {
private final List<MyPojo> list = new ArrayList<>();
public List<MyPojo> getList() {

return this.list;
}
Consider the following configuration:
foo:
list:
- name: my name
description: my description
---
spring:
profiles: dev
foo:
list:
- name: my another name
If the dev profile isnt active, FooProperties.list will contain one MyPojo entry as defined above.
If the dev profile is enabled however, the list will still only contain one entry (with name my another
name and description null). This configuration will not add a second MyPojo instance to the list, and
it wont merge the items.
When a collection is specified in multiple profiles, the one with highest priority is used (and only that one):
foo:
list:
- name: my name
description: my description
- name: another name
description: another description
---
spring:
profiles: dev
foo:
list:
- name: my another name
In the example above, considering that the dev profile is active, FooProperties.list will contain
one MyPojo entry (with name my another name and description null).
24.7 Type-safe Configuration Properties

Using the @Value("${property}") annotation to inject configuration properties can sometimes be
cumbersome, especially if you are working with multiple properties or your data is hierarchical in nature.
Spring Boot provides an alternative method of working with properties that allows strongly typed beans
to govern and validate the configuration of your application. For example:
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix="connection")
public class ConnectionProperties {
private String username;
private InetAddress remoteAddress;
// ... getters and setters

Note
The getters and setters are advisable, since binding is via standard Java Beans property
descriptors, just like in Spring MVC. They are mandatory for immutable types or those that are
directly coercible from String. As long as they are initialized, maps, collections, and arrays need
a getter but not necessarily a setter since they can be mutated by the binder. If there is a setter,
Maps, collections, and arrays can be created. Maps and collections can be expanded with only a
getter, whereas arrays require a setter. Nested POJO properties can also be created (so a setter
is not mandatory) if they have a default constructor, or a constructor accepting a single value
that can be coerced from String. Some people use Project Lombok to add getters and setters
automatically.
Tip
See also the differences between @Value and @ConfigurationProperties.
You also need to list the properties classes to register in the @EnableConfigurationProperties
annotation:
@Configuration
@EnableConfigurationProperties(ConnectionProperties.class)
}
Note
When @ConfigurationProperties bean is registered that way, the bean will have a
conventional name: <prefix>-<fqn>, where <prefix> is the environment key prefix specified
in the @ConfigurationProperties annotation and <fqn> the fully qualified name of the bean.
If the annotation does not provide any prefix, only the fully qualified name of the bean is used.
The bean name in the example above will be connection-

com.example.ConnectionProperties, assuming that ConnectionProperties sits in the
com.example package.
Even if the configuration above will create a regular bean for ConnectionProperties, we recommend
that @ConfigurationProperties only deal with the environment and in particular does not
inject other beans from the context. Having said that, The @EnableConfigurationProperties
annotation is also automatically applied to your project so that any existing bean annotated with
@ConfigurationProperties will be configured from the Environment properties. You could
shortcut MyConfiguration above by making sure ConnectionProperties is a already a bean:
@Component
This style of configuration works particularly well with the SpringApplication external YAML
configuration:

# application.yml
connection:
username: admin
remoteAddress: 192.168.1.1
# additional configuration as required
To work with @ConfigurationProperties beans you can just inject them in the same way as any
other bean.
@Service
public class MyService {
private final ConnectionProperties connection;
@Autowired
public MyService(ConnectionProperties connection) {
this.connection = connection;
}
//...
@PostConstruct
public void openConnection() {
Server server = new Server();
this.connection.configure(server);
}
Tip
Using @ConfigurationProperties also allows you to generate meta-data files that can be
used by IDEs. See the Appendix B, Configuration meta-data appendix for details.
Third-party configuration
As well as using @ConfigurationProperties to annotate a class, you can also use it on public
@Bean methods. This can be particularly useful when you want to bind properties to third-party
components that are outside of your control.
To configure a bean from the Environment properties, add @ConfigurationProperties to its

bean registration:
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "foo")
@Bean
public FooComponent fooComponent() {
...
}
Any property defined with the foo prefix will be mapped onto that FooComponent bean in a similar
manner as the ConnectionProperties example above.
Relaxed binding
Spring Boot uses some relaxed rules for binding Environment properties to
@ConfigurationProperties beans, so there doesnt need to be an exact match between the
Environment property name and the bean property name. Common examples where this is useful
include dashed separated (e.g. context-path binds to contextPath), and capitalized (e.g. PORT
binds to port) environment properties.

For example, given the following @ConfigurationProperties class:
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix="person")
public class OwnerProperties {
private String firstName;
public String getFirstName() {

return this.firstName;
}
public void setFirstName(String firstName) {

this.firstName = firstName;
}
The following properties names can all be used:
Table 24.1. relaxed binding
Property Note
Standard camel case syntax.

person.firstName
person.first- Dashed notation, recommended for use in .properties and .yml files.
name
Underscore notation, alternative format for use in .properties and .yml

person.first_name
files.
Upper case format. Recommended when using a system environment

PERSON_FIRST_NAME
variables.
Properties conversion
Spring will attempt to coerce the external application properties to the right type when it binds to
the @ConfigurationProperties beans. If you need custom type conversion you can provide a
ConversionService bean (with bean id conversionService) or custom property editors (via
a CustomEditorConfigurer bean) or custom Converters (with bean definitions annotated as
@ConfigurationPropertiesBinding).
Note
As this bean is requested very early during the application lifecycle, make sure to limit the
dependencies that your ConversionService is using. Typically, any dependency that you
require may not be fully initialized at creation time. You may want to rename your custom
ConversionService if its not required for configuration keys coercion and only rely on custom
converters qualified with @ConfigurationPropertiesBinding.
@ConfigurationProperties Validation
Spring Boot will attempt to validate external configuration, by default using JSR-303 (if it is on
the classpath). You can simply add JSR-303 javax.validation constraint annotations to your
@ConfigurationProperties class:

@NotNull
private InetAddress remoteAddress;
In order to validate values of nested properties, you must annotate the associated field as @Valid to
trigger its validation. For example, building upon the above ConnectionProperties example:
@NotNull
@Valid
private RemoteAddress remoteAddress;
public static class RemoteAddress {
@NotEmpty
public String hostname;
You can also add a custom Spring Validator by creating a bean definition called
configurationPropertiesValidator. The @Bean method should be declared static. The
configuration properties validator is created very early in the applications lifecycle and declaring
the @Bean method as static allows the bean to be created without having to instantiate the
@Configuration class. This avoids any problems that may be caused by early instantiation. There is
a property validation sample so you can see how to set things up.
Tip
The spring-boot-actuator module includes an endpoint that exposes all

@ConfigurationProperties beans. Simply point your web browser to /configprops or use
the equivalent JMX endpoint. See the Production ready features. section for details.
@ConfigurationProperties vs. @Value

@Value is a core container feature and it does not provide the same features as type-
safe Configuration Properties. The table below summarizes the features that are supported by
@ConfigurationProperties and @Value:
Feature @ConfigurationProperties
@Value
Relaxed binding Yes No
Meta-data support Yes No
SpEL evaluation No Yes
If you define a set of configuration keys for your own components, we recommend you to group them in a
POJO annotated with @ConfigurationProperties. Please also be aware that since @Value does

not support relaxed binding, it isnt a great candidate if you need to provide the value using environment
variables.
Finally, while you can write a SpEL expression in @Value, such expressions are not processed from
Application property files.

25. Profiles
Spring Profiles provide a way to segregate parts of your application configuration and make it
only available in certain environments. Any @Component or @Configuration can be marked with
@Profile to limit when it is loaded:
@Configuration
@Profile("production")
public class ProductionConfiguration {
// ...
In the normal Spring way, you can use a spring.profiles.active Environment property to
specify which profiles are active. You can specify the property in any of the usual ways, for example
you could include it in your application.properties:
spring.profiles.active=dev,hsqldb
or specify on the command line using the switch --spring.profiles.active=dev,hsqldb.
25.1 Adding active profiles

The spring.profiles.active property follows the same ordering rules as other properties,
the highest PropertySource will win. This means that you can specify active profiles in
application.properties then replace them using the command line switch.
Sometimes it is useful to have profile-specific properties that add to the active profiles rather than replace
them. The spring.profiles.include property can be used to unconditionally add active profiles.
The SpringApplication entry point also has a Java API for setting additional profiles (i.e. on top of
those activated by the spring.profiles.active property): see the setAdditionalProfiles()
method.
For example, when an application with following properties is run using the switch --
spring.profiles.active=prod the proddb and prodmq profiles will also be activated:
---
my.property: fromyamlfile
---
spring.profiles: prod
spring.profiles.include: proddb,prodmq
Note
Remember that the spring.profiles property can be defined in a YAML document to

determine when this particular document is included in the configuration. See Section 69.7,
Change configuration depending on the environment for more details.
25.2 Programmatically setting profiles

You can programmatically set active profiles by calling
SpringApplication.setAdditionalProfiles() before your application runs. It is also
possible to activate profiles using Springs ConfigurableEnvironment interface.

25.3 Profile-specific configuration files

Profile-specific variants of both application.properties (or application.yml) and files
referenced via @ConfigurationProperties are considered as files are loaded. See Section 24.4,
Profile-specific properties for details.

26. Logging
Spring Boot uses Commons Logging for all internal logging, but leaves the underlying log implementation
open. Default configurations are provided for Java Util Logging, Log4J2 and Logback. In each case
loggers are pre-configured to use console output with optional file output also available.
By default, If you use the Starters, Logback will be used for logging. Appropriate Logback routing is
also included to ensure that dependent libraries that use Java Util Logging, Commons Logging, Log4J
or SLF4J will all work correctly.
Tip
There are a lot of logging frameworks available for Java. Dont worry if the above list seems
confusing. Generally you wont need to change your logging dependencies and the Spring Boot
defaults will work just fine.
26.1 Log format

The default log output from Spring Boot looks like this:
2014-03-05 10:57:51.112 INFO 45469 --- [ main] org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine :

Starting Servlet Engine: Apache Tomcat/7.0.52
2014-03-05 10:57:51.253 INFO 45469 --- [ost-startStop-1] o.a.c.c.C.[Tomcat].[localhost].[/] :
Initializing Spring embedded WebApplicationContext
2014-03-05 10:57:51.253 INFO 45469 --- [ost-startStop-1] o.s.web.context.ContextLoader :
Root WebApplicationContext: initialization completed in 1358 ms
2014-03-05 10:57:51.698 INFO 45469 --- [ost-startStop-1] o.s.b.c.e.ServletRegistrationBean :
Mapping servlet: 'dispatcherServlet' to [/]
2014-03-05 10:57:51.702 INFO 45469 --- [ost-startStop-1] o.s.b.c.embedded.FilterRegistrationBean :
Mapping filter: 'hiddenHttpMethodFilter' to: [/*]
The following items are output:
Date and Time Millisecond precision and easily sortable.
Log Level ERROR, WARN, INFO, DEBUG or TRACE.
Process ID.
A --- separator to distinguish the start of actual log messages.
Thread name Enclosed in square brackets (may be truncated for console output).
Logger name This is usually the source class name (often abbreviated).
The log message.
Note
Logback does not have a FATAL level (it is mapped to ERROR)
26.2 Console output

The default log configuration will echo messages to the console as they are written. By default ERROR,
WARN and INFO level messages are logged. You can also enable a debug mode by starting your
application with a --debug flag.

$ java -jar myapp.jar --debug
Note
you can also specify debug=true in your application.properties.
When the debug mode is enabled, a selection of core loggers (embedded container, Hibernate and
Spring Boot) are configured to output more information. Enabling the debug mode does not configure
your application to log all messages with DEBUG level.
Alternatively, you can enable a trace mode by starting your application with a --trace flag (or
trace=true in your application.properties). This will enable trace logging for a selection of
core loggers (embedded container, Hibernate schema generation and the whole Spring portfolio).
Color-coded output
If your terminal supports ANSI, color output will be used to aid readability. You can set
spring.output.ansi.enabled to a supported value to override the auto detection.
Color coding is configured using the %clr conversion word. In its simplest form the converter will color
the output according to the log level, for example:
%clr(%5p)
The mapping of log level to a color is as follows:
Level Color
FATAL Red
ERROR Red
WARN Yellow
INFO Green
DEBUG Green
TRACE Green
Alternatively, you can specify the color or style that should be used by providing it as an option to the
conversion. For example, to make the text yellow:
%clr(%d{yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS}){yellow}
The following colors and styles are supported:
blue
cyan
faint
green
magenta

red
yellow
26.3 File output

By default, Spring Boot will only log to the console and will not write log files. If you want to write log
files in addition to the console output you need to set a logging.file or logging.path property
(for example in your application.properties).
The following table shows how the logging.* properties can be used together:
Table 26.1. Logging properties
logging.file Example
logging.path Description
(none) (none) Console only logging.
Specific file (none) my.log Writes to the specified log file. Names can be an exact
location or relative to the current directory.
(none) Specific /var/log Writes spring.log to the specified directory. Names

directory can be an exact location or relative to the current
directory.
Log files will rotate when they reach 10 Mb and as with console output, ERROR, WARN and INFO level
messages are logged by default.
Note
The logging system is initialized early in the application lifecycle and as such logging properties
will not be found in property files loaded via @PropertySource annotations.
Tip
Logging properties are independent of the actual logging infrastructure. As a result, specific
configuration keys (such as logback.configurationFile for Logback) are not managed by
spring Boot.
26.4 Log Levels

All the supported logging systems can have the logger levels set in the Spring Environment (so
for example in application.properties) using logging.level.*=LEVEL where LEVEL is one of
TRACE, DEBUG, INFO, WARN, ERROR, FATAL, OFF. The root logger can be configured using
logging.level.root. Example application.properties:
logging.level.root=WARN
logging.level.org.springframework.web=DEBUG
logging.level.org.hibernate=ERROR
Note
By default Spring Boot remaps Thymeleaf INFO messages so that they are logged at DEBUG
level. This helps to reduce noise in the standard log output. See LevelRemappingAppender
for details of how you can apply remapping in your own configuration.

26.5 Custom log configuration

The various logging systems can be activated by including the appropriate libraries on the classpath,
and further customized by providing a suitable configuration file in the root of the classpath, or in a
location specified by the Spring Environment property logging.config.
You can force Spring Boot to use a particular logging system using the
org.springframework.boot.logging.LoggingSystem system property. The value should be
the fully-qualified class name of a LoggingSystem implementation. You can also disable Spring Boots
logging configuration entirely by using a value of none.
Note
Since logging is initialized before the ApplicationContext is created, it isnt possible to control
logging from @PropertySources in Spring @Configuration files. System properties and the
conventional Spring Boot external configuration files work just fine.)
Depending on your logging system, the following files will be loaded:
Logging System Customization
Logback logback-spring.xml, logback-

spring.groovy, logback.xml or
logback.groovy
Log4j2 log4j2-spring.xml or log4j2.xml
JDK (Java Util Logging) logging.properties
Note
When possible we recommend that you use the -spring variants for your logging configuration
(for example logback-spring.xml rather than logback.xml). If you use standard
configuration locations, Spring cannot completely control log initialization.
Warning
There are known classloading issues with Java Util Logging that cause problems when running
from an executable jar. We recommend that you avoid it if at all possible.
To help with the customization some other properties are transferred from the Spring Environment
to System properties:
Spring Environment System Property Comments
logging.exception- The conversion word thats

LOG_EXCEPTION_CONVERSION_WORD
conversion-word used when logging exceptions.
logging.file LOG_FILE Used in default log

configuration if defined.

Spring Environment System Property Comments
logging.path LOG_PATH Used in default log

configuration if defined.
logging.pattern.console CONSOLE_LOG_PATTERN The log pattern to use on

the console (stdout). (Only
supported with the default
logback setup.)
logging.pattern.file FILE_LOG_PATTERN The log pattern to use in a file

(if LOG_FILE enabled). (Only
supported with the default
logback setup.)
logging.pattern.level LOG_LEVEL_PATTERN The format to use to render

the log level (default %5p).
(Only supported with the default
logback setup.)
PID PID The current process ID

(discovered if possible and
when not already defined as an
OS environment variable).
All the logging systems supported can consult System properties when parsing their configuration files.
See the default configurations in spring-boot.jar for examples.
Tip
If you want to use a placeholder in a logging property, you should use Spring Boots syntax and
not the syntax of the underlying framework. Notably, if youre using Logback, you should use :
as the delimiter between a property name and its default value and not :-.
Tip
You can add MDC and other ad-hoc content to log lines by overriding only the
LOG_LEVEL_PATTERN (or logging.pattern.level with Logback). For example, if you use
logging.pattern.level=user:%X{user} %5p then the default log format will contain an
MDC entry for "user" if it exists, e.g.
2015-09-30 12:30:04.031 user:juergen INFO 22174 --- [ nio-8080-exec-0] demo.Controller

Handling authenticated request
26.6 Logback extensions

Spring Boot includes a number of extensions to Logback which can help with advanced configuration.
You can use these extensions in your logback-spring.xml configuration file.
Note
You cannot use extensions in the standard logback.xml configuration file since its loaded too
early. You need to either use logback-spring.xml or define a logging.config property.

Profile-specific configuration
The <springProfile> tag allows you to optionally include or exclude sections of configuration based
on the active Spring profiles. Profile sections are supported anywhere within the <configuration>
element. Use the name attribute to specify which profile accepts the configuration. Multiple profiles can
be specified using a comma-separated list.
<springProfile name="staging">

</springProfile>
<springProfile name="dev, staging">


</springProfile>
<springProfile name="!production">

</springProfile>
Environment properties
The <springProperty> tag allows you to surface properties from the Spring Environment for use
within Logback. This can be useful if you want to access values from your application.properties
file in your logback configuration. The tag works in a similar way to Logbacks standard <property>
tag, but rather than specifying a direct value you specify the source of the property (from the
Environment). You can use the scope attribute if you need to store the property somewhere other
than in local scope. If you need a fallback value in case the property is not set in the Environment,
you can use the defaultValue attribute.
<springProperty scope="context" name="fluentHost" source="myapp.fluentd.host"

defaultValue="localhost"/>
<appender name="FLUENT" class="ch.qos.logback.more.appenders.DataFluentAppender">
<remoteHost>${fluentHost}</remoteHost>
...
</appender>
Tip
The RelaxedPropertyResolver is used to access Environment properties. If specify

the source in dashed notation (my-property-name) all the relaxed variations will be tried
(myPropertyName, MY_PROPERTY_NAME etc).

27. Developing web applications

Spring Boot is well suited for web application development. You can easily create a self-contained HTTP
server using embedded Tomcat, Jetty, or Undertow. Most web applications will use the spring-boot-
starter-web module to get up and running quickly.
If you havent yet developed a Spring Boot web application you can follow the "Hello World!" example
in the Getting started section.
27.1 The Spring Web MVC framework

The Spring Web MVC framework (often referred to as simply Spring MVC) is a rich model view
controller web framework. Spring MVC lets you create special @Controller or @RestController
beans to handle incoming HTTP requests. Methods in your controller are mapped to HTTP using
@RequestMapping annotations.
Here is a typical example @RestController to serve JSON data:
@RestController
@RequestMapping(value="/users")
public class MyRestController {
@RequestMapping(value="/{user}", method=RequestMethod.GET)
public User getUser(@PathVariable Long user) {
// ...
}
@RequestMapping(value="/{user}/customers", method=RequestMethod.GET)
List<Customer> getUserCustomers(@PathVariable Long user) {
// ...
}
@RequestMapping(value="/{user}", method=RequestMethod.DELETE)
public User deleteUser(@PathVariable Long user) {
// ...
}
Spring MVC is part of the core Spring Framework and detailed information is available in the reference
documentation. There are also several guides available at spring.io/guides that cover Spring MVC.
Spring MVC auto-configuration
Spring Boot provides auto-configuration for Spring MVC that works well with most applications.
The auto-configuration adds the following features on top of Springs defaults:
Inclusion of ContentNegotiatingViewResolver and BeanNameViewResolver beans.
Support for serving static resources, including support for WebJars (see below).
Automatic registration of Converter, GenericConverter, Formatter beans.
Support for HttpMessageConverters (see below).
Automatic registration of MessageCodesResolver (see below).

Static index.html support.
Custom Favicon support.
Automatic use of a ConfigurableWebBindingInitializer bean (see below).
If you want to keep Spring Boot MVC features, and you just want to add additional MVC
configuration (interceptors, formatters, view controllers etc.) you can add your own @Configuration
class of type WebMvcConfigurerAdapter, but without @EnableWebMvc. If you wish to provide
custom instances of RequestMappingHandlerMapping, RequestMappingHandlerAdapter or
ExceptionHandlerExceptionResolver you can declare a WebMvcRegistrationsAdapter
instance providing such components.
If you want to take complete control of Spring MVC, you can add your own @Configuration annotated
with @EnableWebMvc.
HttpMessageConverters
Spring MVC uses the HttpMessageConverter interface to convert HTTP requests and responses.
Sensible defaults are included out of the box, for example Objects can be automatically converted to
JSON (using the Jackson library) or XML (using the Jackson XML extension if available, else using
JAXB). Strings are encoded using UTF-8 by default.
If you need to add or customize converters you can use Spring Boots HttpMessageConverters
class:
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.HttpMessageConverters;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.*;
import org.springframework.http.converter.*;
@Configuration
@Bean
public HttpMessageConverters customConverters() {
HttpMessageConverter<?> additional = ...
HttpMessageConverter<?> another = ...
return new HttpMessageConverters(additional, another);
}
Any HttpMessageConverter bean that is present in the context will be added to the list of converters.
You can also override default converters that way.
Custom JSON Serializers and Deserializers
If youre using Jackson to serialize and deserialize JSON data, you might want to write your own
JsonSerializer and JsonDeserializer classes. Custom serializers are usually registered with
Jackson via a Module, but Spring Boot provides an alternative @JsonComponent annotation which
makes it easier to directly register Spring Beans.
You can use @JsonComponent directly on JsonSerializer or JsonDeserializer

implementations. You can also use it on classes that contains serializers/deserializers as inner-classes.
For example:
import java.io.*;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.*;

import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.*;
import org.springframework.boot.jackson.*;
@JsonComponent
public class Example {
public static class Serializer extends JsonSerializer<SomeObject> {

// ...
}
public static class Deserializer extends JsonDeserializer<SomeObject> {

// ...
}
All @JsonComponent beans in the ApplicationContext will be automatically registered with

Jackson, and since @JsonComponent is meta-annotated with @Component, the usual component-
scanning rules apply.
Spring Boot also provides JsonObjectSerializer and JsonObjectDeserializer base classes

which provide useful alternatives to the standard Jackson versions when serializing Objects. See the
Javadoc for details.
MessageCodesResolver
Spring MVC has a strategy for generating error codes for rendering error messages from binding errors:
MessageCodesResolver. Spring Boot will create one for you if you set the spring.mvc.message-
codes-resolver.format property PREFIX_ERROR_CODE or POSTFIX_ERROR_CODE (see the
enumeration in DefaultMessageCodesResolver.Format).
Static Content
By default Spring Boot will serve static content from a directory called /static (or /public or /
resources or /META-INF/resources) in the classpath or from the root of the ServletContext.
It uses the ResourceHttpRequestHandler from Spring MVC so you can modify that behavior by
adding your own WebMvcConfigurerAdapter and overriding the addResourceHandlers method.
In a stand-alone web application the default servlet from the container is also enabled, and acts as a
fallback, serving content from the root of the ServletContext if Spring decides not to handle it. Most
of the time this will not happen (unless you modify the default MVC configuration) because Spring will
always be able to handle requests through the DispatcherServlet.
You can customize the static resource locations using spring.resources.staticLocations

(replacing the default values with a list of directory locations). If you do this the default welcome page
detection will switch to your custom locations, so if there is an index.html in any of your locations on
startup, it will be the home page of the application.
In addition to the standard static resource locations above, a special case is made for Webjars content.
Any resources with a path in /webjars/** will be served from jar files if they are packaged in the
Webjars format.
Tip
Do not use the src/main/webapp directory if your application will be packaged as a jar. Although
this directory is a common standard, it will only work with war packaging and it will be silently
ignored by most build tools if you generate a jar.

Spring Boot also supports advanced resource handling features provided by Spring MVC, allowing use
cases such as cache busting static resources or using version agnostic URLs for Webjars.
To use version agnostic URLs for Webjars, simply add the webjars-locator dependency. Then
declare your Webjar, taking jQuery for example, as "/webjars/jquery/dist/jquery.min.js"
which results in "/webjars/jquery/x.y.z/dist/jquery.min.js" where x.y.z is the Webjar
version.
Note
If you are using JBoss, youll need to declare the webjars-locator-jboss-vfs dependency
instead of the webjars-locator; otherwise all Webjars resolve as a 404.
To use cache bursting, the following configuration will configure a cache busting solution for all
static resources, effectively adding a content hash in URLs, such as <link href="/css/
spring-2a2d595e6ed9a0b24f027f2b63b134d6.css"/>:
spring.resources.chain.strategy.content.enabled=true
spring.resources.chain.strategy.content.paths=/**
Note
Links to resources are rewritten at runtime in template, thanks to a

ResourceUrlEncodingFilter, auto-configured for Thymeleaf, Velocity and FreeMarker. You
should manually declare this filter when using JSPs. Other template engines arent automatically
supported right now, but can be with custom template macros/helpers and the use of the
ResourceUrlProvider.
When loading resources dynamically with, for example, a JavaScript module loader, renaming files is
not an option. Thats why other strategies are also supported and can be combined. A "fixed" strategy
will add a static version string in the URL, without changing the file name:
spring.resources.chain.strategy.content.enabled=true
spring.resources.chain.strategy.content.paths=/**
spring.resources.chain.strategy.fixed.enabled=true
spring.resources.chain.strategy.fixed.paths=/js/lib/
spring.resources.chain.strategy.fixed.version=v12
With this configuration, JavaScript modules located under "/js/lib/" will use a fixed versioning
strategy "/v12/js/lib/mymodule.js" while other resources will still use the content one <link
href="/css/spring-2a2d595e6ed9a0b24f027f2b63b134d6.css"/>.
See ResourceProperties for more of the supported options.
Tip
This feature has been thoroughly described in a dedicated blog post and in Spring Frameworks
reference documentation.
ConfigurableWebBindingInitializer
Spring MVC uses a WebBindingInitializer to initialize a WebDataBinder for a particular
request. If you create your own ConfigurableWebBindingInitializer @Bean, Spring Boot will
automatically configure Spring MVC to use it.

Template engines
As well as REST web services, you can also use Spring MVC to serve dynamic HTML content. Spring
MVC supports a variety of templating technologies including Velocity, FreeMarker and JSPs. Many other
templating engines also ship their own Spring MVC integrations.
Spring Boot includes auto-configuration support for the following templating engines:
FreeMarker
Groovy
Thymeleaf
Velocity (deprecated in 1.4)
Mustache
Tip
JSPs should be avoided if possible, there are several known limitations when using them with
embedded servlet containers.
When youre using one of these templating engines with the default configuration, your templates will
be picked up automatically from src/main/resources/templates.
Tip
IntelliJ IDEA orders the classpath differently depending on how you run your application. Running
your application in the IDE via its main method will result in a different ordering to when you
run your application using Maven or Gradle or from its packaged jar. This can cause Spring
Boot to fail to find the templates on the classpath. If youre affected by this problem you can
reorder the classpath in the IDE to place the modules classes and resources first. Alternatively,
you can configure the template prefix to search every templates directory on the classpath:
classpath*:/templates/.
Error Handling
Spring Boot provides an /error mapping by default that handles all errors in a sensible way, and
it is registered as a global error page in the servlet container. For machine clients it will produce a
JSON response with details of the error, the HTTP status and the exception message. For browser
clients there is a whitelabel error view that renders the same data in HTML format (to customize
it just add a View that resolves to error). To replace the default behaviour completely you can
implement ErrorController and register a bean definition of that type, or simply add a bean of type
ErrorAttributes to use the existing mechanism but replace the contents.
Tip
The BasicErrorController can be used as a base class for a custom ErrorController.

This is particularly useful if you want to add a handler for a new content type (the default is
to handle text/html specifically and provide a fallback for everything else). To do that just
extend BasicErrorController and add a public method with a @RequestMapping that has
a produces attribute, and create a bean of your new type.

You can also define a @ControllerAdvice to customize the JSON document to return for a particular
controller and/or exception type.
@ControllerAdvice(basePackageClasses = FooController.class)
public class FooControllerAdvice extends ResponseEntityExceptionHandler {
@ExceptionHandler(YourException.class)
@ResponseBody
ResponseEntity<?> handleControllerException(HttpServletRequest request, Throwable ex) {
HttpStatus status = getStatus(request);
return new ResponseEntity<>(new CustomErrorType(status.value(), ex.getMessage()), status);
}
private HttpStatus getStatus(HttpServletRequest request) {

Integer statusCode = (Integer) request.getAttribute("javax.servlet.error.status_code");
if (statusCode == null) {
return HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR;
}
return HttpStatus.valueOf(statusCode);
}
In the example above, if YourException is thrown by a controller defined in the same package as
FooController, a json representation of the CustomerErrorType POJO will be used instead of the
ErrorAttributes representation.
Custom error pages
If you want to display a custom HTML error page for a given status code, you add a file to an /error
folder. Error pages can either be static HTML (i.e. added under any of the static resource folders) or
built using templates. The name of the file should be the exact status code or a series mask.
For example, to map 404 to a static HTML file, your folder structure would look like this:
src/
+- main/
+- java/
| + <source code>
+- resources/
+- public/
+- error/
| +- 404.html
+- <other public assets>
To map all 5xx errors using a FreeMarker template, youd have a structure like this:
src/
+- main/
+- java/
| + <source code>
+- resources/
+- templates/
+- error/
| +- 5xx.ftl
+- <other templates>
For more complex mappings you can also add beans that implement the ErrorViewResolver
interface.
public class MyErrorViewResolver implements ErrorViewResolver {
@Override
public ModelAndView resolveErrorView(HttpServletRequest request,

HttpStatus status, Map<String, Object> model) {

// Use the request or status to optionally return a ModelAndView
return ...
}
You can also use regular Spring MVC features like @ExceptionHandler methods and
@ControllerAdvice. The ErrorController will then pick up any unhandled exceptions.
Mapping error pages outside of Spring MVC
For applications that arent using Spring MVC, you can use the ErrorPageRegistrar interface to
directly register ErrorPages. This abstraction works directly with the underlying embedded servlet
container and will work even if you dont have a Spring MVC DispatcherServlet.
@Bean
public ErrorPageRegistrar errorPageRegistrar(){
return new MyErrorPageRegistrar();
}
// ...
private static class MyErrorPageRegistrar implements ErrorPageRegistrar {
@Override
public void registerErrorPages(ErrorPageRegistry registry) {
registry.addErrorPages(new ErrorPage(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST, "/400"));
}
N.B. if you register an ErrorPage with a path that will end up being handled by a Filter (e.g. as is
common with some non-Spring web frameworks, like Jersey and Wicket), then the Filter has to be
explicitly registered as an ERROR dispatcher, e.g.
@Bean
public FilterRegistrationBean myFilter() {
FilterRegistrationBean registration = new FilterRegistrationBean();
registration.setFilter(new MyFilter());
...
registration.setDispatcherTypes(EnumSet.allOf(DispatcherType.class));
return registration;
}
(the default FilterRegistrationBean does not include the ERROR dispatcher type).
Error Handling on WebSphere Application Server
When deployed to a servlet container, a Spring Boot uses its error page filter to forward a request with an
error status to the appropriate error page. The request can only be forwarded to the correct error page if
the response has not already been committed. By default, WebSphere Application Server 8.0 and later
commits the response upon successful completion of a servlets service method. You should disable
this behaviour by setting com.ibm.ws.webcontainer.invokeFlushAfterService to false
Spring HATEOAS
If youre developing a RESTful API that makes use of hypermedia, Spring Boot provides auto-
configuration for Spring HATEOAS that works well with most applications. The auto-configuration
replaces the need to use @EnableHypermediaSupport and registers a number of beans to ease

building hypermedia-based applications including a LinkDiscoverers (for client side support)

and an ObjectMapper configured to correctly marshal responses into the desired representation.
The ObjectMapper will be customized based on the spring.jackson.* properties or a
Jackson2ObjectMapperBuilder bean if one exists.
You can take control of Spring HATEOASs configuration by using @EnableHypermediaSupport.

Note that this will disable the ObjectMapper customization described above.
CORS support
Cross-origin resource sharing (CORS) is a W3C specification implemented by most browsers that allows
you to specify in a flexible way what kind of cross domain requests are authorized, instead of using
some less secure and less powerful approaches like IFRAME or JSONP.
As of version 4.2, Spring MVC supports CORS out of the box. Using controller method CORS
configuration with @CrossOrigin annotations in your Spring Boot application does not require any
specific configuration. Global CORS configuration can be defined by registering a WebMvcConfigurer
bean with a customized addCorsMappings(CorsRegistry) method:
@Configuration
@Bean
public WebMvcConfigurer corsConfigurer() {
return new WebMvcConfigurerAdapter() {
@Override
public void addCorsMappings(CorsRegistry registry) {
registry.addMapping("/api/**");
}
};
}
}
27.2 JAX-RS and Jersey

If you prefer the JAX-RS programming model for REST endpoints you can use one of the available
implementations instead of Spring MVC. Jersey 1.x and Apache CXF work quite well out of the box
if you just register their Servlet or Filter as a @Bean in your application context. Jersey 2.x has
some native Spring support so we also provide auto-configuration support for it in Spring Boot together
with a starter.
To get started with Jersey 2.x just include the spring-boot-starter-jersey as a dependency and
then you need one @Bean of type ResourceConfig in which you register all the endpoints:
@Component
public class JerseyConfig extends ResourceConfig {
public JerseyConfig() {
register(Endpoint.class);
}
You can also register an arbitrary number of beans implementing ResourceConfigCustomizer for
more advanced customizations.
All the registered endpoints should be @Components with HTTP resource annotations (@GET etc.), e.g.

@Component
@Path("/hello")
public class Endpoint {
@GET
public String message() {
return "Hello";
}
Since the Endpoint is a Spring @Component its lifecycle is managed by Spring and you can
@Autowired dependencies and inject external configuration with @Value. The Jersey servlet will be
registered and mapped to /* by default. You can change the mapping by adding @ApplicationPath
to your ResourceConfig.
By default Jersey will be set up as a Servlet in a @Bean of type ServletRegistrationBean

named jerseyServletRegistration. By default, the servlet will be initialized lazily but you
can customize it with spring.jersey.servlet.load-on-startup .You can disable or override
that bean by creating one of your own with the same name. You can also use a Filter instead
of a Servlet by setting spring.jersey.type=filter (in which case the @Bean to replace or
override is jerseyFilterRegistration). The servlet has an @Order which you can set with
spring.jersey.filter.order. Both the Servlet and the Filter registrations can be given init
parameters using spring.jersey.init.* to specify a map of properties.
There is a Jersey sample so you can see how to set things up. There is also a Jersey 1.x sample.
Note that in the Jersey 1.x sample that the spring-boot maven plugin has been configured to unpack
some Jersey jars so they can be scanned by the JAX-RS implementation (because the sample asks
for them to be scanned in its Filter registration). You may need to do the same if any of your JAX-
RS resources are packaged as nested jars.
27.3 Embedded servlet container support

Spring Boot includes support for embedded Tomcat, Jetty, and Undertow servers. Most developers will
simply use the appropriate Starter to obtain a fully configured instance. By default the embedded server
will listen for HTTP requests on port 8080.
Servlets, Filters, and listeners

When using an embedded servlet container you can register Servlets, Filters and all the listeners from
the Servlet spec (e.g. HttpSessionListener) either by using Spring beans or by scanning for Servlet
components.
Registering Servlets, Filters, and listeners as Spring beans
Any Servlet, Filter or Servlet *Listener instance that is a Spring bean will be registered with
the embedded container. This can be particularly convenient if you want to refer to a value from your
application.properties during configuration.
By default, if the context contains only a single Servlet it will be mapped to /. In the case of multiple
Servlet beans the bean name will be used as a path prefix. Filters will map to /*.
If convention-based mapping is not flexible enough you can use the ServletRegistrationBean,
FilterRegistrationBean and ServletListenerRegistrationBean classes for complete
control.

Servlet Context Initialization
Embedded servlet containers will not directly execute the Servlet

3.0+ javax.servlet.ServletContainerInitializer interface, or Springs
org.springframework.web.WebApplicationInitializer interface. This is an intentional
design decision intended to reduce the risk that 3rd party libraries designed to run inside a war will break
Spring Boot applications.
If you need to perform servlet context initialization in a Spring

Boot application, you should register a bean that implements the
org.springframework.boot.context.embedded.ServletContextInitializer interface.
The single onStartup method provides access to the ServletContext, and can easily be used as
an adapter to an existing WebApplicationInitializer if necessary.
Scanning for Servlets, Filters, and listeners
When using an embedded container, automatic registration of @WebServlet, @WebFilter, and

@WebListener annotated classes can be enabled using @ServletComponentScan.
Tip
@ServletComponentScan will have no effect in a standalone container, where the containers

built-in discovery mechanisms will be used instead.
The EmbeddedWebApplicationContext
Under the hood Spring Boot uses a new type of ApplicationContext for embedded servlet container
support. The EmbeddedWebApplicationContext is a special type of WebApplicationContext
that bootstraps itself by searching for a single EmbeddedServletContainerFactory bean. Usually a
TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory, JettyEmbeddedServletContainerFactory,
or UndertowEmbeddedServletContainerFactory will have been auto-configured.
Note
You usually wont need to be aware of these implementation classes. Most

applications will be auto-configured and the appropriate ApplicationContext and
EmbeddedServletContainerFactory will be created on your behalf.
Customizing embedded servlet containers
Common servlet container settings can be configured using Spring Environment properties. Usually
you would define the properties in your application.properties file.
Common server settings include:
Network settings: listen port for incoming HTTP requests (server.port), interface address to bind
to server.address, etc.
Session settings: whether the session is persistent (server.session.persistence), session

timeout (server.session.timeout), location of session data (server.session.store-dir)
and session-cookie configuration (server.session.cookie.*).

Error management: location of the error page (server.error.path), etc.
SSL
HTTP compression
Spring Boot tries as much as possible to expose common settings but this is not always possible.
For those cases, dedicated namespaces offer server-specific customizations (see server.tomcat
and server.undertow). For instance, access logs can be configured with specific features of the
embedded servlet container.
Tip
See the ServerProperties class for a complete list.
Programmatic customization
If you need to configure your embedded servlet container programmatically you can
register a Spring bean that implements the EmbeddedServletContainerCustomizer
interface. EmbeddedServletContainerCustomizer provides access to the
ConfigurableEmbeddedServletContainer which includes numerous customization setter
methods.
import org.springframework.boot.context.embedded.*;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
public class CustomizationBean implements EmbeddedServletContainerCustomizer {
@Override
public void customize(ConfigurableEmbeddedServletContainer container) {
container.setPort(9000);
}
Customizing ConfigurableEmbeddedServletContainer directly
If the above customization techniques are too limited, you can register the
TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory, JettyEmbeddedServletContainerFactory
or UndertowEmbeddedServletContainerFactory bean yourself.
@Bean
public EmbeddedServletContainerFactory servletContainer() {
TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory factory = new TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory();
factory.setPort(9000);
factory.setSessionTimeout(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
factory.addErrorPages(new ErrorPage(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND, "/notfound.html"));
return factory;
}
Setters are provided for many configuration options. Several protected method hooks are also provided
should you need to do something more exotic. See the source code documentation for details.
JSP limitations
When running a Spring Boot application that uses an embedded servlet container (and is packaged as
an executable archive), there are some limitations in the JSP support.

With Tomcat it should work if you use war packaging, i.e. an executable war will work, and will also
be deployable to a standard container (not limited to, but including Tomcat). An executable jar will not
work because of a hard coded file pattern in Tomcat.
With Jetty it should work if you use war packaging, i.e. an executable war will work, and will also be
deployable to any standard container.
Undertow does not support JSPs.
Creating a custom error.jsp page wont override the default view for error handling, custom error
pages should be used instead.
There is a JSP sample so you can see how to set things up.

28. Security
If Spring Security is on the classpath then web applications will be secure by default with basic
authentication on all HTTP endpoints. To add method-level security to a web application you can also
add @EnableGlobalMethodSecurity with your desired settings. Additional information can be found
in the Spring Security Reference.
The default AuthenticationManager has a single user (user username and random password,
printed at INFO level when the application starts up)
Using default security password: 78fa095d-3f4c-48b1-ad50-e24c31d5cf35
Note
If you fine-tune your logging configuration, ensure that the

org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.security category is set to log INFO
messages, otherwise the default password will not be printed.
You can change the password by providing a security.user.password. This and other useful
properties are externalized via SecurityProperties (properties prefix "security").
The default security configuration is implemented in SecurityAutoConfiguration and in

the classes imported from there (SpringBootWebSecurityConfiguration for web security
and AuthenticationManagerConfiguration for authentication configuration which is also
relevant in non-web applications). To switch off the default web application security configuration
completely you can add a bean with @EnableWebSecurity (this does not disable the
authentication manager configuration or Actuators security). To customize it you normally use
external properties and beans of type WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter (e.g. to add form-based
login). To also switch off the authentication manager configuration you can add a bean of type
AuthenticationManager, or else configure the global AuthenticationManager by autowiring an
AuthenticationManagerBuilder into a method in one of your @Configuration classes. There
are several secure applications in the Spring Boot samples to get you started with common use cases.
The basic features you get out of the box in a web application are:
An AuthenticationManager bean with in-memory store and a single user (see

SecurityProperties.User for the properties of the user).
Ignored (insecure) paths for common static resource locations (/css/**, /js/**, /images/**, /
webjars/** and **/favicon.ico).
HTTP Basic security for all other endpoints.
Security events published to Springs ApplicationEventPublisher (successful and

unsuccessful authentication and access denied).
Common low-level features (HSTS, XSS, CSRF, caching) provided by Spring Security are on by
default.
All of the above can be switched on and off or modified using external
properties (security.*). To override the access rules without changing any other
auto-configured features add a @Bean of type WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter with
@Order(SecurityProperties.ACCESS_OVERRIDE_ORDER) and configure it to meet your needs.

Note
By default, a WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter will match any path. If you dont want to

completely override Spring Boots auto-configured access rules, your adapter must explicitly
configure the paths that you do want to override.
28.1 OAuth2
If you have spring-security-oauth2 on your classpath you can take advantage of some auto-
configuration to make it easy to set up Authorization or Resource Server. For full details, see the Spring
Security OAuth 2 Developers Guide.
Authorization Server
To create an Authorization Server and grant access tokens you need to use
@EnableAuthorizationServer and provide security.oauth2.client.client-id and
security.oauth2.client.client-secret] properties. The client will be registered for you in an
in-memory repository.
Having done that you will be able to use the client credentials to create an access token, for example:
$ curl client:secret@localhost:8080/oauth/token -d grant_type=password -d username=user -d password=pwd
The basic auth credentials for the /token endpoint are the client-id and client-secret. The
user credentials are the normal Spring Security user details (which default in Spring Boot to user and
a random password).
To switch off the auto-configuration and configure the Authorization Server features yourself just add a
@Bean of type AuthorizationServerConfigurer.
Resource Server
To use the access token you need a Resource Server (which can be the same as the Authorization
Server). Creating a Resource Server is easy, just add @EnableResourceServer and provide some
configuration to allow the server to decode access tokens. If your application is also an Authorization
Server it already knows how to decode tokens, so there is nothing else to do. If your app is a standalone
service then you need to give it some more configuration, one of the following options:
security.oauth2.resource.user-info-uri to use the /me resource (e.g. https://

uaa.run.pivotal.io/userinfo on PWS)
security.oauth2.resource.token-info-uri to use the token decoding endpoint (e.g.

https://uaa.run.pivotal.io/check_token on PWS).
If you specify both the user-info-uri and the token-info-uri then you can set a flag to say that
one is preferred over the other (prefer-token-info=true is the default).
Alternatively (instead of user-info-uri or token-info-uri) if the tokens are JWTs you can
configure a security.oauth2.resource.jwt.key-value to decode them locally (where the key
is a verification key). The verification key value is either a symmetric secret or PEM-encoded RSA public
key. If you dont have the key and its public you can provide a URI where it can be downloaded (as a
JSON object with a value field) with security.oauth2.resource.jwt.key-uri. E.g. on PWS:
$ curl https://uaa.run.pivotal.io/token_key
{"alg":"SHA256withRSA","value":"-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----\nMIIBI...\n-----END PUBLIC KEY-----\n"}

Warning
If you use the security.oauth2.resource.jwt.key-uri the authorization server needs to

be running when your application starts up. It will log a warning if it cant find the key, and tell
you what to do to fix it.
28.2 Token Type in User Info

Google, and certain other 3rd party identity providers, are more strict about the token type name that
is sent in the headers to the user info endpoint. The default is Bearer which suits most providers and
matches the spec, but if you need to change it you can set security.oauth2.resource.token-
type.
28.3 Customizing the User Info RestTemplate

If you have a user-info-uri, the resource server features use an OAuth2RestTemplate
internally to fetch user details for authentication. This is provided as a qualified @Bean with id
userInfoRestTemplate, but you shouldnt need to know that to just use it. The default should be fine
for most providers, but occasionally you might need to add additional interceptors, or change the request
authenticator (which is how the token gets attached to outgoing requests). To add a customization just
create a bean of type UserInfoRestTemplateCustomizer - it has a single method that will be called
after the bean is created but before it is initialized. The rest template that is being customized here is
only used internally to carry out authentication.
Tip
To set an RSA key value in YAML use the pipe continuation marker to split it over multiple lines
(|) and remember to indent the key value (its a standard YAML language feature). Example:
security:
oauth2:
resource:
jwt:
keyValue: |
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKC...
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----
Client
To make your web-app into an OAuth2 client you can simply add @EnableOAuth2Client and
Spring Boot will create a OAuth2ClientContext and OAuth2ProtectedResourceDetails that
are necessary to create an OAuth2RestOperations. Spring Boot does not automatically create such
bean but you can easily create your own:
@Bean
public OAuth2RestTemplate oauth2RestTemplate(OAuth2ClientContext oauth2ClientContext,
OAuth2ProtectedResourceDetails details) {
return new OAuth2RestTemplate(details, oauth2ClientContext);
}
Note
You may want to add a qualifier and review your configuration as more than one RestTemplate
may be defined in your application.

This configuration uses security.oauth2.client.* as credentials (the same as you might be using
in the Authorization Server), but in addition it will need to know the authorization and token URIs in the
Authorization Server. For example:
application.yml.
security:
oauth2:
client:
clientId: bd1c0a783ccdd1c9b9e4
clientSecret: 1a9030fbca47a5b2c28e92f19050bb77824b5ad1
accessTokenUri: https://github.com/login/oauth/access_token
userAuthorizationUri: https://github.com/login/oauth/authorize
clientAuthenticationScheme: form
An application with this configuration will redirect to Github for authorization when you attempt to use
the OAuth2RestTemplate. If you are already signed into Github you wont even notice that it has
authenticated. These specific credentials will only work if your application is running on port 8080
(register your own client app in Github or other provider for more flexibility).
To limit the scope that the client asks for when it obtains an access token you can set
security.oauth2.client.scope (comma separated or an array in YAML). By default the scope
is empty and it is up to Authorization Server to decide what the defaults should be, usually depending
on the settings in the client registration that it holds.
Note
There is also a setting for security.oauth2.client.client-authentication-scheme

which defaults to header (but you might need to set it to form if, like Github for instance, your
OAuth2 provider doesnt like header authentication). In fact, the security.oauth2.client.*
properties are bound to an instance of AuthorizationCodeResourceDetails so all its
properties can be specified.
Tip
In a non-web application you can still create an OAuth2RestOperations and it is still wired
into the security.oauth2.client.* configuration. In this case it is a client credentials token
grant you will be asking for if you use it (and there is no need to use @EnableOAuth2Client
or @EnableOAuth2Sso). To prevent that infrastructure to be defined, just remove the
security.oauth2.client.client-id from your configuration (or make it the empty string).
Single Sign On
An OAuth2 Client can be used to fetch user details from the provider (if such features are available)
and then convert them into an Authentication token for Spring Security. The Resource Server
above support this via the user-info-uri property This is the basis for a Single Sign On (SSO)
protocol based on OAuth2, and Spring Boot makes it easy to participate by providing an annotation
@EnableOAuth2Sso. The Github client above can protect all its resources and authenticate using the
Github /user/ endpoint, by adding that annotation and declaring where to find the endpoint (in addition
to the security.oauth2.client.* configuration already listed above):
application.yml.
security:
oauth2:

...
resource:
userInfoUri: https://api.github.com/user
preferTokenInfo: false
Since all paths are secure by default, there is no home page that you can show to
unauthenticated users and invite them to login (by visiting the /login path, or the path specified by
security.oauth2.sso.login-path).
To customize the access rules or paths to protect, so you can add a home page for instance,
@EnableOAuth2Sso can be added to a WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter and the annotation will
cause it to be decorated and enhanced with the necessary pieces to get the /login path working. For
example, here we simply allow unauthenticated access to the home page at "/" and keep the default
for everything else:
@Configuration
public class WebSecurityConfiguration extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter {
@Override
public void init(WebSecurity web) {
web.ignore("/");
}
@Override
protected void configure(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
http.antMatcher("/**").authorizeRequests().anyRequest().authenticated();
}
28.4 Actuator Security

If the Actuator is also in use, you will find:
The management endpoints are secure even if the application endpoints are insecure.
Security events are transformed into AuditEvents and published to the AuditService.
The default user will have the ADMIN role as well as the USER role.
The Actuator security features can be modified using external properties (management.security.*).
To override the application access rules add a @Bean of type WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter and
use @Order(SecurityProperties.ACCESS_OVERRIDE_ORDER) if you dont want to override the
actuator access rules, or @Order(ManagementServerProperties.ACCESS_OVERRIDE_ORDER)
if you do want to override the actuator access rules.

29. Working with SQL databases

The Spring Framework provides extensive support for working with SQL databases. From direct JDBC
access using JdbcTemplate to complete object relational mapping technologies such as Hibernate.
Spring Data provides an additional level of functionality, creating Repository implementations directly
from interfaces and using conventions to generate queries from your method names.
29.1 Configure a DataSource

Javas javax.sql.DataSource interface provides a standard method of working with database
connections. Traditionally a DataSource uses a URL along with some credentials to establish a database
connection.
Embedded Database Support
Its often convenient to develop applications using an in-memory embedded database. Obviously, in-
memory databases do not provide persistent storage; you will need to populate your database when
your application starts and be prepared to throw away data when your application ends.
Tip
The How-to section includes a section on how to initialize a database
Spring Boot can auto-configure embedded H2, HSQL and Derby databases. You dont need to provide
any connection URLs, simply include a build dependency to the embedded database that you want to
use.
For example, typical POM dependencies would be:
<dependency>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.hsqldb</groupId>
<artifactId>hsqldb</artifactId>
<scope>runtime</scope>
</dependency>
Note
You need a dependency on spring-jdbc for an embedded database to be auto-configured. In

this example its pulled in transitively via spring-boot-starter-data-jpa.
Tip
If, for whatever reason, you do configure the connection URL for an embedded database, care
should be taken to ensure that the databases automatic shutdown is disabled. If youre using
H2 you should use DB_CLOSE_ON_EXIT=FALSE to do so. If youre using HSQLDB, you should
ensure that shutdown=true is not used. Disabling the databases automatic shutdown allows
Spring Boot to control when the database is closed, thereby ensuring that it happens once access
to the database is no longer needed.

Connection to a production database
Production database connections can also be auto-configured using a pooling DataSource. Heres the
algorithm for choosing a specific implementation:
We prefer the Tomcat pooling DataSource for its performance and concurrency, so if that is available
we always choose it.
Otherwise, if HikariCP is available we will use it.
If neither the Tomcat pooling datasource nor HikariCP are available and if Commons DBCP is
available we will use it, but we dont recommend it in production.
Lastly, if Commons DBCP2 is available we will use it.
If you use the spring-boot-starter-jdbc or spring-boot-starter-data-jpa starters you

will automatically get a dependency to tomcat-jdbc.
Note
You can bypass that algorithm completely and specify the connection pool to use via the
spring.datasource.type property. This is especially important if you are running your
application in a Tomcat container as tomcat-jdbc is provided by default.
Tip
Additional connection pools can always be configured manually. If you define your own
DataSource bean, auto-configuration will not occur.
DataSource configuration is controlled by external configuration properties in spring.datasource.*.

For example, you might declare the following section in application.properties:
spring.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost/test
spring.datasource.username=dbuser
spring.datasource.password=dbpass
spring.datasource.driver-class-name=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
Note
You should at least specify the url using the spring.datasource.url property or Spring Boot
will attempt to auto-configure an embedded database.
Tip
You often wont need to specify the driver-class-name since Spring boot can deduce it for
most databases from the url.
Note
For a pooling DataSource to be created we need to be able to verify that a valid

Driver class is available, so we check for that before doing anything. I.e. if you set
spring.datasource.driver-class-name=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver then that class has
to be loadable.

See DataSourceProperties for more of the supported options. These are

the standard options that work regardless of the actual implementation.
It is also possible to fine-tune implementation-specific settings using their
respective prefix (spring.datasource.tomcat.*, spring.datasource.hikari.*,
spring.datasource.dbcp.* and spring.datasource.dbcp2.*). Refer to the documentation
of the connection pool implementation you are using for more details.
For instance, if you are using the Tomcat connection pool you could customize many additional settings:
# Number of ms to wait before throwing an exception if no connection is available.

spring.datasource.tomcat.max-wait=10000
# Maximum number of active connections that can be allocated from this pool at the same time.
spring.datasource.tomcat.max-active=50
# Validate the connection before borrowing it from the pool.

spring.datasource.tomcat.test-on-borrow=true
Connection to a JNDI DataSource

If you are deploying your Spring Boot application to an Application Server you might want to configure
and manage your DataSource using your Application Servers built-in features and access it using JNDI.
The spring.datasource.jndi-name property can be used as an

alternative to the spring.datasource.url, spring.datasource.username and
spring.datasource.password properties to access the DataSource from a specific JNDI location.
For example, the following section in application.properties shows how you can access a JBoss
AS defined DataSource:
spring.datasource.jndi-name=java:jboss/datasources/customers
29.2 Using JdbcTemplate

Springs JdbcTemplate and NamedParameterJdbcTemplate classes are auto-configured and you
can @Autowire them directly into your own beans:
import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;
@Component
private final JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;
@Autowired
public MyBean(JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate) {
this.jdbcTemplate = jdbcTemplate;
}
// ...
29.3 JPA and Spring Data

The Java Persistence API is a standard technology that allows you to map objects to relational
databases. The spring-boot-starter-data-jpa POM provides a quick way to get started. It
provides the following key dependencies:

Hibernate One of the most popular JPA implementations.
Spring Data JPA Makes it easy to implement JPA-based repositories.
Spring ORMs Core ORM support from the Spring Framework.
Tip
We wont go into too many details of JPA or Spring Data here. You can follow the Accessing
Data with JPA guide from spring.io and read the Spring Data JPA and Hibernate reference
documentation.
Note
By default, Spring Boot uses Hibernate 5.0.x. However its also possible to use 4.3.x or 5.2.x if
you wish. Please refer to the Hibernate 4 and Hibernate 5.2 samples to see how to do so.
Entity Classes
Traditionally, JPA Entity classes are specified in a persistence.xml file. With Spring Boot
this file is not necessary and instead Entity Scanning is used. By default all packages
below your main configuration class (the one annotated with @EnableAutoConfiguration or
@SpringBootApplication) will be searched.
Any classes annotated with @Entity, @Embeddable or @MappedSuperclass will be considered. A

typical entity class would look something like this:
package com.example.myapp.domain;
import java.io.Serializable;
import javax.persistence.*;
@Entity
public class City implements Serializable {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
private Long id;
@Column(nullable = false)
@Column(nullable = false)
private String state;
// ... additional members, often include @OneToMany mappings
protected City() {
// no-args constructor required by JPA spec
// this one is protected since it shouldn't be used directly
}
public City(String name, String state) {

this.name = name;
this.country = country;
}
public String getName() {

return this.name;
}
public String getState() {

return this.state;
}
// ... etc
Tip
You can customize entity scanning locations using the @EntityScan annotation. See the
Section 74.4, Separate @Entity definitions from Spring configuration how-to.
Spring Data JPA Repositories

Spring Data JPA repositories are interfaces that you can define to access data. JPA queries are created
automatically from your method names. For example, a CityRepository interface might declare a
findAllByState(String state) method to find all cities in a given state.
For more complex queries you can annotate your method using Spring Datas Query annotation.
Spring Data repositories usually extend from the Repository or CrudRepository interfaces.
If you are using auto-configuration, repositories will be searched from the package containing
your main configuration class (the one annotated with @EnableAutoConfiguration or
@SpringBootApplication) down.
Here is a typical Spring Data repository:
import org.springframework.data.domain.*;
import org.springframework.data.repository.*;
public interface CityRepository extends Repository<City, Long> {
Page<City> findAll(Pageable pageable);
City findByNameAndCountryAllIgnoringCase(String name, String country);
Tip
We have barely scratched the surface of Spring Data JPA. For complete details check their
reference documentation.
Creating and dropping JPA databases

By default, JPA databases will be automatically created only if you use an embedded database
(H2, HSQL or Derby). You can explicitly configure JPA settings using spring.jpa.* properties. For
example, to create and drop tables you can add the following to your application.properties.
spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=create-drop
Note
Hibernates own internal property name for this (if you happen to remember it better) is
hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto. You can set it, along with other Hibernate native properties, using

spring.jpa.properties.* (the prefix is stripped before adding them to the entity manager).
Example:
spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.globally_quoted_identifiers=true
passes hibernate.globally_quoted_identifiers to the Hibernate entity manager.
By default the DDL execution (or validation) is deferred until the ApplicationContext has started.
There is also a spring.jpa.generate-ddl flag, but it is not used if Hibernate autoconfig is active
because the ddl-auto settings are more fine-grained.
29.4 Using H2s web console

The H2 database provides a browser-based console that Spring Boot can auto-configure for you. The
console will be auto-configured when the following conditions are met:
You are developing a web application
com.h2database:h2 is on the classpath
You are using Spring Boots developer tools
Tip
If you are not using Spring Boots developer tools, but would still like to make use of H2s console,
then you can do so by configuring the spring.h2.console.enabled property with a value of
true. The H2 console is only intended for use during development so care should be taken to
ensure that spring.h2.console.enabled is not set to true in production.
Changing the H2 consoles path

By default the console will be available at /h2-console. You can customize the consoles path using
the spring.h2.console.path property.
Securing the H2 console

When Spring Security is on the classpath and basic auth is enabled, the H2 console will be automatically
secured using basic auth. The following properties can be used to customize the security configuration:
security.user.role
security.basic.authorize-mode
security.basic.enabled
29.5 Using jOOQ

Java Object Oriented Querying (jOOQ) is a popular product from Data Geekery which generates Java
code from your database, and lets you build type safe SQL queries through its fluent API. Both the
commercial and open source editions can be used with Spring Boot.
Code Generation
In order to use jOOQ type-safe queries, you need to generate Java classes from your database schema.
You can follow the instructions in the jOOQ user manual. If you are using the jooq-codegen-maven

plugin (and you also use the spring-boot-starter-parent parent POM) you can safely omit the
plugins <version> tag. You can also use Spring Boot defined version variables (e.g. h2.version)
to declare the plugins database dependency. Heres an example:
<plugin>
<groupId>org.jooq</groupId>
<artifactId>jooq-codegen-maven</artifactId>
<executions>
...
</executions>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.h2database</groupId>
<artifactId>h2</artifactId>
<version>${h2.version}</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<configuration>
<jdbc>
<driver>org.h2.Driver</driver>
<url>jdbc:h2:~/yourdatabase</url>
</jdbc>
<generator>
...
</generator>
</configuration>
</plugin>
Using DSLContext
The fluent API offered by jOOQ is initiated via the org.jooq.DSLContext interface. Spring Boot will
auto-configure a DSLContext as a Spring Bean and connect it to your application DataSource. To
use the DSLContext you can just @Autowire it:
@Component
public class JooqExample implements CommandLineRunner {
private final DSLContext create;
@Autowired
public JooqExample(DSLContext dslContext) {
this.create = dslContext;
}
Tip
The jOOQ manual tends to use a variable named create to hold the DSLContext, weve done
the same for this example.
You can then use the DSLContext to construct your queries:
public List<GregorianCalendar> authorsBornAfter1980() {

return this.create.selectFrom(AUTHOR)
.where(AUTHOR.DATE_OF_BIRTH.greaterThan(new GregorianCalendar(1980, 0, 1)))
.fetch(AUTHOR.DATE_OF_BIRTH);
}
Customizing jOOQ
You can customize the SQL dialect used by jOOQ by setting spring.jooq.sql-dialect in your
application.properties. For example, to specify Postgres you would add:

spring.jooq.sql-dialect=Postgres
More advanced customizations can be achieved by defining your own @Bean definitions which will be
used when the jOOQ Configuration is created. You can define beans for the following jOOQ Types:
ConnectionProvider
TransactionProvider
RecordMapperProvider
RecordListenerProvider
ExecuteListenerProvider
VisitListenerProvider
You can also create your own org.jooq.Configuration @Bean if you want to take complete control
of the jOOQ configuration.

30. Working with NoSQL technologies

Spring Data provides additional projects that help you access a variety of NoSQL technologies
including MongoDB, Neo4J, Elasticsearch, Solr, Redis, Gemfire, Couchbase and Cassandra. Spring
Boot provides auto-configuration for Redis, MongoDB, Neo4j, Elasticsearch, Solr and Cassandra; you
can make use of the other projects, but you will need to configure them yourself. Refer to the appropriate
reference documentation at projects.spring.io/spring-data.
30.1 Redis
Redis is a cache, message broker and richly-featured key-value store. Spring Boot offers basic auto-
configuration for the Jedis client library and abstractions on top of it provided by Spring Data Redis. There
is a spring-boot-starter-data-redis Starter for collecting the dependencies in a convenient
way.
Connecting to Redis
You can inject an auto-configured RedisConnectionFactory, StringRedisTemplate or vanilla

RedisTemplate instance as you would any other Spring Bean. By default the instance will attempt to
connect to a Redis server using localhost:6379:
@Component
private StringRedisTemplate template;
@Autowired
public MyBean(StringRedisTemplate template) {
this.template = template;
}
// ...
If you add a @Bean of your own of any of the auto-configured types it will replace the default (except in
the case of RedisTemplate the exclusion is based on the bean name redisTemplate not its type). If
commons-pool2 is on the classpath you will get a pooled connection factory by default.
30.2 MongoDB
MongoDB is an open-source NoSQL document database that uses a JSON-like schema instead
of traditional table-based relational data. Spring Boot offers several conveniences for working with
MongoDB, including the spring-boot-starter-data-mongodb Starter.
Connecting to a MongoDB database
You can inject an auto-configured org.springframework.data.mongodb.MongoDbFactory to

access Mongo databases. By default the instance will attempt to connect to a MongoDB server using
the URL mongodb://localhost/test:
import org.springframework.data.mongodb.MongoDbFactory;
import com.mongodb.DB;
@Component

private final MongoDbFactory mongo;
@Autowired
public MyBean(MongoDbFactory mongo) {
this.mongo = mongo;
}
// ...
public void example() {

DB db = mongo.getDb();
// ...
}
You can set spring.data.mongodb.uri property to change the URL and configure additional
settings such as the replica set:
spring.data.mongodb.uri=mongodb://user:[email protected]:12345,mongo2.example.com:23456/test
Alternatively, as long as youre using Mongo 2.x, specify a host/port. For example, you might declare
the following in your application.properties:
spring.data.mongodb.host=mongoserver
spring.data.mongodb.port=27017
Note
spring.data.mongodb.host and spring.data.mongodb.port are not supported if youre

using the Mongo 3.0 Java driver. In such cases, spring.data.mongodb.uri should be used
to provide all of the configuration.
Tip
If spring.data.mongodb.port is not specified the default of 27017 is used. You could simply
delete this line from the sample above.
Tip
If you arent using Spring Data Mongo you can inject com.mongodb.Mongo beans instead of
using MongoDbFactory.
You can also declare your own MongoDbFactory or Mongo bean if you want to take complete control
of establishing the MongoDB connection.
MongoTemplate
Spring Data Mongo provides a MongoTemplate class that is very similar in its design to Springs
JdbcTemplate. As with JdbcTemplate Spring Boot auto-configures a bean for you to simply inject:
import org.springframework.data.mongodb.core.MongoTemplate;
@Component

private final MongoTemplate mongoTemplate;
@Autowired
public MyBean(MongoTemplate mongoTemplate) {
this.mongoTemplate = mongoTemplate;
}
// ...
See the MongoOperations Javadoc for complete details.
Spring Data MongoDB repositories

Spring Data includes repository support for MongoDB. As with the JPA repositories discussed earlier,
the basic principle is that queries are constructed for you automatically based on method names.
In fact, both Spring Data JPA and Spring Data MongoDB share the same common infrastructure; so
you could take the JPA example from earlier and, assuming that City is now a Mongo data class rather
than a JPA @Entity, it will work in the same way.
public interface CityRepository extends Repository<City, Long> {
City findByNameAndCountryAllIgnoringCase(String name, String country);
Tip
For complete details of Spring Data MongoDB, including its rich object mapping technologies,
refer to their reference documentation.
Embedded Mongo
Spring Boot offers auto-configuration for Embedded Mongo. To use it in your Spring Boot application
add a dependency on de.flapdoodle.embed:de.flapdoodle.embed.mongo.
The port that Mongo will listen on can be configured using the spring.data.mongodb.port
property. To use a randomly allocated free port use a value of zero. The MongoClient created by
MongoAutoConfiguration will be automatically configured to use the randomly allocated port.
If you have SLF4J on the classpath, output produced by Mongo will be automatically routed to a logger
named org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mongo.embedded.EmbeddedMongo.
You can declare your own IMongodConfig and IRuntimeConfig beans to take control of the Mongo
instances configuration and logging routing.
30.3 Neo4j
Neo4j is an open-source NoSQL graph database that uses a rich data model of nodes related
by first class relationships which is better suited for connected big data than traditional rdbms

approaches. Spring Boot offers several conveniences for working with Neo4j, including the spring-
boot-starter-data-neo4j Starter.
Connecting to a Neo4j database
You can inject an auto-configured Neo4jSession, Session or Neo4jOperations instance as you

would any other Spring Bean. By default the instance will attempt to connect to a Neo4j server using
localhost:7474:
@Component
private final Neo4jTemplate neo4jTemplate;
@Autowired
public MyBean(Neo4jTemplate neo4jTemplate) {
this.neo4jTemplate = neo4jTemplate;
}
// ...
You can take full control of the configuration by adding a org.neo4j.ogm.config.Configuration

@Bean of your own. Also, adding a @Bean of type Neo4jOperations disables the auto-configuration.
You can configure the user and credentials to use via the spring.data.neo4j.* properties:
spring.data.neo4j.uri=http://my-server:7474
spring.data.neo4j.username=neo4j
spring.data.neo4j.password=secret
Using the embedded mode
Note
Neo4js embedded mode is subject to a different licensing, make sure to review it before
integrating the dependency in your application.
If you add org.neo4j:neo4j-ogm-embedded-driver to the dependencies of your application,

Spring Boot will automatically configure an in-process embedded instance of Neo4j that will
not persist any data when your application shuts down. You can explicitly disable that mode
using spring.data.neo4j.embedded.enabled=false. You can also enable persistence for the
embedded mode:
spring.data.neo4j.uri=file://var/tmp/graph.db
Neo4jSession
By default, the lifetime of the session is scope to the application. If you are running a web application
you can change it to scope or request easily:
spring.data.neo4j.session.scope=session
Spring Data Neo4j repositories
Spring Data includes repository support for Neo4j.

In fact, both Spring Data JPA and Spring Data Neo4j share the same common infrastructure; so you
could take the JPA example from earlier and, assuming that City is now a Neo4j OGM @NodeEntity
rather than a JPA @Entity, it will work in the same way.
Tip
You can customize entity scanning locations using the @EntityScan annotation.
To enable repository support (and optionally support for @Transactional), add the following two
annotations to your Spring configuration:
@EnableNeo4jRepositories(basePackages = "com.example.myapp.repository")
@EnableTransactionManagement
Repository example
public interface CityRepository extends GraphRepository<City> {
City findByNameAndCountry(String name, String country);
Tip
For complete details of Spring Data Neo4j, including its rich object mapping technologies, refer
to their reference documentation.
30.4 Gemfire
Spring Data Gemfire provides convenient Spring-friendly tools for accessing the Pivotal Gemfire data
management platform. There is a spring-boot-starter-data-gemfire Starter for collecting the
dependencies in a convenient way. There is currently no auto-configuration support for Gemfire, but you
can enable Spring Data Repositories with a single annotation (@EnableGemfireRepositories).
30.5 Solr
Apache Solr is a search engine. Spring Boot offers basic auto-configuration for the Solr 5 client library
and abstractions on top of it provided by Spring Data Solr. There is a spring-boot-starter-data-
solr Starter for collecting the dependencies in a convenient way.
Connecting to Solr
You can inject an auto-configured SolrClient instance as you would any other Spring bean. By default
the instance will attempt to connect to a server using localhost:8983/solr:
@Component
private SolrClient solr;

@Autowired
public MyBean(SolrClient solr) {
this.solr = solr;
}
// ...
If you add a @Bean of your own of type SolrClient it will replace the default.
Spring Data Solr repositories

Spring Data includes repository support for Apache Solr. As with the JPA repositories discussed earlier,
In fact, both Spring Data JPA and Spring Data Solr share the same common infrastructure; so you could
take the JPA example from earlier and, assuming that City is now a @SolrDocument class rather
than a JPA @Entity, it will work in the same way.
Tip
For complete details of Spring Data Solr, refer to their reference documentation.
30.6 Elasticsearch
Elasticsearch is an open source, distributed, real-time search and analytics engine. Spring Boot offers
basic auto-configuration for the Elasticsearch and abstractions on top of it provided by Spring Data
Elasticsearch. There is a spring-boot-starter-data-elasticsearch Starter for collecting the
dependencies in a convenient way. Spring Boot also supports Jest.
Connecting to Elasticsearch using Jest

If you have Jest on the classpath, you can inject an auto-configured JestClient targeting
localhost:9200 by default. You can further tune how the client is configured:
spring.elasticsearch.jest.uris=http://search.example.com:9200
spring.elasticsearch.jest.read-timeout=10000
spring.elasticsearch.jest.username=user
spring.elasticsearch.jest.password=secret
To take full control over the registration, define a JestClient bean.
Connecting to Elasticsearch using Spring Data

You can inject an auto-configured ElasticsearchTemplate or Elasticsearch Client instance as
you would any other Spring Bean. By default the instance will embed a local in-memory server (a Node
in Elasticsearch terms) and use the current working directory as the home directory for the server. In
this setup, the first thing to do is to tell Elasticsearch where to store its files:
spring.data.elasticsearch.properties.path.home=/foo/bar
Alternatively, you can switch to a remote server (i.e. a TransportClient) by setting

spring.data.elasticsearch.cluster-nodes to a comma-separated host:port list.
spring.data.elasticsearch.cluster-nodes=localhost:9300

@Component
private ElasticsearchTemplate template;
@Autowired
public MyBean(ElasticsearchTemplate template) {
}
// ...
If you add a @Bean of your own of type ElasticsearchTemplate it will replace the default.
Spring Data Elasticsearch repositories
Spring Data includes repository support for Elasticsearch. As with the JPA repositories discussed earlier,
In fact, both Spring Data JPA and Spring Data Elasticsearch share the same common infrastructure;
so you could take the JPA example from earlier and, assuming that City is now an Elasticsearch
@Document class rather than a JPA @Entity, it will work in the same way.
Tip
For complete details of Spring Data Elasticsearch, refer to their reference documentation.
30.7 Cassandra
Cassandra is an open source, distributed database management system designed to handle large
amounts of data across many commodity servers. Spring Boot offers auto-configuration for Cassandra
and abstractions on top of it provided by Spring Data Cassandra. There is a spring-boot-starter-
data-cassandra Starter for collecting the dependencies in a convenient way.
Connecting to Cassandra
You can inject an auto-configured CassandraTemplate or a Cassandra Session instance as

you would with any other Spring Bean. The spring.data.cassandra.* properties can be used
to customize the connection. Generally you will provide keyspace-name and contact-points
properties:
spring.data.cassandra.keyspace-name=mykeyspace
spring.data.cassandra.contact-points=cassandrahost1,cassandrahost2
@Component
private CassandraTemplate template;
@Autowired
public MyBean(CassandraTemplate template) {
}
// ...

If you add a @Bean of your own of type CassandraTemplate it will replace the default.
Spring Data Cassandra repositories
Spring Data includes basic repository support for Cassandra. Currently this is more limited than the JPA
repositories discussed earlier, and will need to annotate finder methods with @Query.
Tip
For complete details of Spring Data Cassandra, refer to their reference documentation.
30.8 Couchbase
Couchbase is an open-source, distributed multi-model NoSQL document-oriented database that
is optimized for interactive applications. Spring Boot offers auto-configuration for Couchbase and
abstractions on top of it provided by Spring Data Couchbase. There is a spring-boot-starter-
data-couchbase Starter for collecting the dependencies in a convenient way.
Connecting to Couchbase
You can very easily get a Bucket and Cluster by adding the Couchbase SDK and some configuration.
The spring.couchbase.* properties can be used to customize the connection. Generally you will
provide the bootstrap hosts, bucket name and password:
spring.couchbase.bootstrap-hosts=my-host-1,192.168.1.123
spring.couchbase.bucket.name=my-bucket
spring.couchbase.bucket.password=secret
Tip
You need to provide at least the bootstrap host(s), in which case the bucket name
is default and the password is the empty String. Alternatively, you can define your
own org.springframework.data.couchbase.config.CouchbaseConfigurer @Bean
to take control over the whole configuration.
It is also possible to customize some of the CouchbaseEnvironment settings. For instance the
following configuration changes the timeout to use to open a new Bucket and enables SSL support:
spring.couchbase.env.timeouts.connect=3000
spring.couchbase.env.ssl.key-store=/location/of/keystore.jks
spring.couchbase.env.ssl.key-store-password=secret
Check the spring.couchbase.env.* properties for more details.
Spring Data Couchbase repositories
Spring Data includes repository support for Couchbase. For complete details of Spring Data Couchbase,
refer to their reference documentation.
You can inject an auto-configured CouchbaseTemplate instance as you would with

any other Spring Bean as long as a default CouchbaseConfigurer is available
(that happens when you enable the couchbase support as explained above). If you
want to bypass the auto-configuration for Spring Data Couchbase, provide your own

org.springframework.data.couchbase.config.AbstractCouchbaseDataConfiguration
implementation.
@Component
private final CouchbaseTemplate template;
@Autowired
public MyBean(CouchbaseTemplate template) {
}
// ...
If you add a @Bean of your own of type CouchbaseTemplate named couchbaseTemplate it will
replace the default.

31. Caching
The Spring Framework provides support for transparently adding caching to an application. At its core,
the abstraction applies caching to methods, reducing thus the number of executions based on the
information available in the cache. The caching logic is applied transparently, without any interference
to the invoker.
Note
Check the relevant section of the Spring Framework reference for more details.
In a nutshell, adding caching to an operation of your service is as easy as adding the relevant annotation
to its method:
import javax.cache.annotation.CacheResult;
@Component
public class MathService {
@CacheResult
public int computePiDecimal(int i) {
// ...
}
Note
You can either use the standard JSR-107 (JCache) annotations or Springs own caching
annotations transparently. We strongly advise you however to not mix and match them.
Tip
It is also possible to update or evict data from the cache transparently.
31.1 Supported cache providers

The cache abstraction does not provide an actual store and relies on abstraction materialized by
the org.springframework.cache.Cache and org.springframework.cache.CacheManager
interfaces. Spring Boot auto-configures a suitable CacheManager according to the implementation as
long as the caching support is enabled via the @EnableCaching annotation.
Note
If you are using the cache infrastructure with beans that are not interface-based, make sure to
enable the proxyTargetClass attribute of @EnableCaching.
Tip
Use the spring-boot-starter-cache Starter to quickly add required caching

dependencies. If you are adding dependencies manually you should note that certain
implementations are only provided by the spring-context-support jar.

If you havent defined a bean of type CacheManager or a CacheResolver named cacheResolver

(see CachingConfigurer), Spring Boot tries to detect the following providers (in this order):
Generic
JCache (JSR-107) (EhCache 3, Hazelcast, Infinispan, etc)
EhCache 2.x
Hazelcast
Infinispan
Couchbase
Redis
Caffeine
Guava
Simple
Tip
It is also possible to force the cache provider to use via the spring.cache.type property. Use
this property if you need to disable caching altogether in certain environment (e.g. tests).
If the CacheManager is auto-configured by Spring Boot, you can further tune its configuration before
it is fully initialized by exposing a bean implementing the CacheManagerCustomizer interface. The
following sets the cache names to use.
@Bean
public CacheManagerCustomizer<ConcurrentMapCacheManager> cacheManagerCustomizer() {
return new CacheManagerCustomizer<ConcurrentMapCacheManager>() {
@Override
public void customize(ConcurrentMapCacheManager cacheManager) {
cacheManager.setCacheNames(Arrays.asList("one", "two"));
}
};
}
Note
In the example above, a ConcurrentMapCacheManager is expected to be configured. If that is

not the case, the customizer wont be invoked at all. You can have as many customizers as you
want and you can also order them as usual using @Order or Ordered.
Generic
Generic caching is used if the context defines at least one org.springframework.cache.Cache
bean, a CacheManager wrapping them is configured.
JCache (JSR-107)
JCache is bootstrapped via the presence of a javax.cache.spi.CachingProvider on the
classpath (i.e. a JSR-107 compliant caching library). There are various compliant libraries out there and

Spring Boot provides dependency management for Ehcache 3, Hazelcast and Infinispan). Any other
compliant library can be added as well.
It might happen that more than one provider is present, in which case the provider must be explicitly
specified. Even if the JSR-107 standard does not enforce a standardized way to define the location of
the configuration file, Spring Boot does its best to accommodate with implementation details.
# Only necessary if more than one provider is present

spring.cache.jcache.provider=com.acme.MyCachingProvider
spring.cache.jcache.config=classpath:acme.xml
Note
Since a cache library may offer both a native implementation and JSR-107 support Spring Boot
will prefer the JSR-107 support so that the same features are available if you switch to a different
JSR-107 implementation.
There are several ways to customize the underlying javax.cache.cacheManager:
Caches can be created on startup via the spring.cache.cache-names property. If a custom

javax.cache.configuration.Configuration bean is defined, it is used to customize them.
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.cache.JCacheManagerCustomizer beans
are invoked with the reference of the CacheManager for full customization.
Tip
If a standard javax.cache.CacheManager bean is defined, it is wrapped automatically in a

org.springframework.cache.CacheManager implementation that the abstraction expects.
No further customization is applied on it.
EhCache 2.x
EhCache 2.x is used if a file named ehcache.xml can be found at the root of the classpath. If EhCache
2.x and such file is present it is used to bootstrap the cache manager. An alternate configuration file
can be provide a well using:
spring.cache.ehcache.config=classpath:config/another-config.xml
Hazelcast
Spring Boot has a general support for Hazelcast. If a HazelcastInstance has been auto-configured,
it is automatically wrapped in a CacheManager.
If for some reason you need a different HazelcastInstance for caching, you can request Spring Boot
to create a separate one that will be only used by the CacheManager:
spring.cache.hazelcast.config=classpath:config/my-cache-hazelcast.xml
Tip
If a separate HazelcastInstance is created that way, it is not registered in the application

context.

Infinispan
Infinispan has no default configuration file location so it must be specified explicitly (or the default
bootstrap is used).
spring.cache.infinispan.config=infinispan.xml
Caches can be created on startup via the spring.cache.cache-names property. If a custom

ConfigurationBuilder bean is defined, it is used to customize them.
Couchbase
If Couchbase is available and configured, a CouchbaseCacheManager is auto-configured. It is also

possible to create additional caches on startup using the spring.cache.cache-names property.
These will operate on the Bucket that was auto-configured. You can also create additional caches on
another Bucket using the customizer: assume you need two caches on the "main" Bucket (foo and
bar) and one biz cache with a custom time to live of 2sec on the another Bucket. First, you can
create the two first caches simply via configuration:
spring.cache.cache-names=foo,bar
Then define this extra @Configuration to configure the extra Bucket and the biz cache:
@Configuration
public class CouchbaseCacheConfiguration {
private final Cluster cluster;
public CouchbaseCacheConfiguration(Cluster cluster) {

this.cluster = cluster;
}
@Bean
public Bucket anotherBucket() {
return this.cluster.openBucket("another", "secret");
}
@Bean
public CacheManagerCustomizer<CouchbaseCacheManager> cacheManagerCustomizer() {
return c -> {
c.prepareCache("biz", CacheBuilder.newInstance(anotherBucket())
.withExpirationInMillis(2000));
};
}
This sample configuration reuses the Cluster that was created via auto-configuration.
Redis
If Redis is available and configured, the RedisCacheManager is auto-configured. It is also possible to

create additional caches on startup using the spring.cache.cache-names property.
Note
By default, a key prefix is added to prevent that if two separate caches use the same key, Redis
would have overlapping keys and be likely to return invalid values. We strongly recommend to
keep this setting enabled if you create your own RedisCacheManager.

Caffeine
Caffeine is a Java 8 rewrite of Guavas cache and will supersede the Guava support in Spring Boot
2.0. If Caffeine is present, a CaffeineCacheManager is auto-configured. Caches can be created on
startup using the spring.cache.cache-names property and customized by one of the following (in
this order):
1. A cache spec defined by spring.cache.caffeine.spec
2. A com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.CaffeineSpec bean is defined
3. A com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.Caffeine bean is defined
For instance, the following configuration creates a foo and bar caches with a maximum size of 500
and a time to live of 10 minutes
spring.cache.caffeine.spec=maximumSize=500,expireAfterAccess=600s
Besides, if a com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.CacheLoader bean is defined, it is

automatically associated to the CaffeineCacheManager. Since the CacheLoader is going
to be associated to all caches managed by the cache manager, it must be defined as
CacheLoader<Object, Object>. Any other generic type will be ignored by the auto-configuration.
Guava
If Guava is present, a GuavaCacheManager is auto-configured. Caches can be created on startup
using the spring.cache.cache-names property and customized by one of the following (in this
order):
1. A cache spec defined by spring.cache.guava.spec
2. A com.google.common.cache.CacheBuilderSpec bean is defined
3. A com.google.common.cache.CacheBuilder bean is defined
For instance, the following configuration creates a foo and bar caches with a maximum size of 500
and a time to live of 10 minutes
spring.cache.guava.spec=maximumSize=500,expireAfterAccess=600s
Besides, if a com.google.common.cache.CacheLoader bean is defined, it is automatically

associated to the GuavaCacheManager. Since the CacheLoader is going to be associated to all
caches managed by the cache manager, it must be defined as CacheLoader<Object, Object>.
Any other generic type will be ignored by the auto-configuration.
Simple
If none of these options worked out, a simple implementation using ConcurrentHashMap as cache
store is configured. This is the default if no caching library is present in your application.
None
When @EnableCaching is present in your configuration, a suitable cache configuration is expected as
well. If you need to disable caching altogether in certain environments, force the cache type to none
to use a no-op implementation:

spring.cache.type=none

32. Messaging
The Spring Framework provides extensive support for integrating with messaging systems: from
simplified use of the JMS API using JmsTemplate to a complete infrastructure to receive messages
asynchronously. Spring AMQP provides a similar feature set for the Advanced Message Queuing
Protocol and Spring Boot also provides auto-configuration options for RabbitTemplate and
RabbitMQ. There is also support for STOMP messaging natively in Spring WebSocket and Spring Boot
has support for that through starters and a small amount of auto-configuration.
32.1 JMS
The javax.jms.ConnectionFactory interface provides a standard method of creating
a javax.jms.Connection for interacting with a JMS broker. Although Spring needs a
ConnectionFactory to work with JMS, you generally wont need to use it directly yourself and you can
instead rely on higher level messaging abstractions (see the relevant section of the Spring Framework
reference documentation for details). Spring Boot also auto-configures the necessary infrastructure to
send and receive messages.
ActiveMQ support
Spring Boot can also configure a ConnectionFactory when it detects that ActiveMQ is available on
the classpath. If the broker is present, an embedded broker is started and configured automatically (as
long as no broker URL is specified through configuration).
Note
If you are using spring-boot-starter-activemq the necessary dependencies to connect

or embed an ActiveMQ instance are provided, as well as the Spring infrastructure to integrate
with JMS.
ActiveMQ configuration is controlled by external configuration properties in spring.activemq.*. For

example, you might declare the following section in application.properties:
spring.activemq.broker-url=tcp://192.168.1.210:9876
spring.activemq.user=admin
spring.activemq.password=secret
See ActiveMQProperties for more of the supported options.
By default, ActiveMQ creates a destination if it does not exist yet, so destinations are resolved against
their provided names.
Artemis support
Apache Artemis was formed in 2015 when HornetQ was donated to the Apache Foundation. Make sure
to use that rather than the deprecated HornetQ support.
Note
You should not try and use Artemis and HornetQ at the same time.
Spring Boot can auto-configure a ConnectionFactory when it detects that Artemis is available on
the classpath. If the broker is present, an embedded broker is started and configured automatically

(unless the mode property has been explicitly set). The supported modes are: embedded (to make
explicit that an embedded broker is required and should lead to an error if the broker is not available in
the classpath), and native to connect to a broker using the netty transport protocol. When the latter
is configured, Spring Boot configures a ConnectionFactory connecting to a broker running on the
local machine with the default settings.
Note
If you are using spring-boot-starter-artemis the necessary dependencies to connect to

an existing Artemis instance are provided, as well as the Spring infrastructure to integrate with
JMS. Adding org.apache.activemq:artemis-jms-server to your application allows you
to use the embedded mode.
Artemis configuration is controlled by external configuration properties in spring.artemis.*. For

spring.artemis.mode=native
spring.artemis.host=192.168.1.210
spring.artemis.port=9876
spring.artemis.user=admin
spring.artemis.password=secret
When embedding the broker, you can choose if you want to enable persistence, and
the list of destinations that should be made available. These can be specified as a
comma-separated list to create them with the default options; or you can define bean(s)
of type org.apache.activemq.artemis.jms.server.config.JMSQueueConfiguration or
org.apache.activemq.artemis.jms.server.config.TopicConfiguration, for advanced
queue and topic configurations respectively.
See ArtemisProperties for more of the supported options.
No JNDI lookup is involved at all and destinations are resolved against their names, either using the
name attribute in the Artemis configuration or the names provided through configuration.
HornetQ support
Note
HornetQ is deprecated in 1.4, consider migrating to artemis
Spring Boot can auto-configure a ConnectionFactory when it detects that HornetQ is available on
the classpath. If the broker is present, an embedded broker is started and configured automatically
(unless the mode property has been explicitly set). The supported modes are: embedded (to make
explicit that an embedded broker is required and should lead to an error if the broker is not available in
the classpath), and native to connect to a broker using the netty transport protocol. When the latter
is configured, Spring Boot configures a ConnectionFactory connecting to a broker running on the
local machine with the default settings.
Note
If you are using spring-boot-starter-hornetq the necessary dependencies to connect to

an existing HornetQ instance are provided, as well as the Spring infrastructure to integrate with

JMS. Adding org.hornetq:hornetq-jms-server to your application allows you to use the

embedded mode.
HornetQ configuration is controlled by external configuration properties in spring.hornetq.*. For

spring.hornetq.mode=native
spring.hornetq.host=192.168.1.210
spring.hornetq.port=9876
spring.hornetq.user=admin
spring.hornetq.password=secret
When embedding the broker, you can choose if you want to enable persistence,
and the list of destinations that should be made available. These can be specified
as a comma-separated list to create them with the default options; or you can
define bean(s) of type org.hornetq.jms.server.config.JMSQueueConfiguration or
org.hornetq.jms.server.config.TopicConfiguration, for advanced queue and topic
configurations respectively.
See HornetQProperties for more of the supported options.
No JNDI lookup is involved at all and destinations are resolved against their names, either using the
name attribute in the HornetQ configuration or the names provided through configuration.
Using a JNDI ConnectionFactory
If you are running your application in an Application Server Spring Boot will attempt to locate
a JMS ConnectionFactory using JNDI. By default the locations java:/JmsXA and java:/
XAConnectionFactory will be checked. You can use the spring.jms.jndi-name property if you
need to specify an alternative location:
spring.jms.jndi-name=java:/MyConnectionFactory
Sending a message
Springs JmsTemplate is auto-configured and you can autowire it directly into your own beans:
import org.springframework.jms.core.JmsTemplate;
@Component
private final JmsTemplate jmsTemplate;
@Autowired
public MyBean(JmsTemplate jmsTemplate) {
this.jmsTemplate = jmsTemplate;
}
// ...

Note
JmsMessagingTemplate can be injected in a similar manner. If a DestinationResolver or

MessageConverter beans are defined, they are associated automatically to the auto-configured
JmsTemplate.
Receiving a message
When the JMS infrastructure is present, any bean can be annotated with @JmsListener to create
a listener endpoint. If no JmsListenerContainerFactory has been defined, a default one is
configured automatically. If a DestinationResolver or MessageConverter beans are defined,
they are associated automatically to the default factory.
The default factory is transactional by default. If you are running in an infrastructure where a
JtaTransactionManager is present, it will be associated to the listener container by default. If not,
the sessionTransacted flag will be enabled. In that latter scenario, you can associate your local
data store transaction to the processing of an incoming message by adding @Transactional on your
listener method (or a delegate thereof). This will make sure that the incoming message is acknowledged
once the local transaction has completed. This also includes sending response messages that have
been performed on the same JMS session.
The following component creates a listener endpoint on the someQueue destination:
@Component
@JmsListener(destination = "someQueue")
public void processMessage(String content) {
// ...
}
Tip
Check the Javadoc of @EnableJms for more details.
If you need to create more JmsListenerContainerFactory instances or if you want to override the
default, Spring Boot provides a DefaultJmsListenerContainerFactoryConfigurer that you
can use to initialize a DefaultJmsListenerContainerFactory with the same settings as the one
that is auto-configured.
For instance, the following exposes another factory that uses a specific MessageConverter:
@Configuration
static class JmsConfiguration {
@Bean
public DefaultJmsListenerContainerFactory myFactory(
DefaultJmsListenerContainerFactoryConfigurer configurer) {
DefaultJmsListenerContainerFactory factory =
new DefaultJmsListenerContainerFactory();
configurer.configure(factory, connectionFactory());
factory.setMessageConverter(myMessageConverter());
return factory;
}

Then you can use in any @JmsListener-annotated method as follows:
@Component
@JmsListener(destination = "someQueue", containerFactory="myFactory")

// ...
}
32.2 AMQP
The Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) is a platform-neutral, wire-level protocol for
message-oriented middleware. The Spring AMQP project applies core Spring concepts to the
development of AMQP-based messaging solutions. Spring Boot offers several conveniences for working
with AMQP via RabbitMQ, including the spring-boot-starter-amqp Starter.
RabbitMQ support
RabbitMQ is a lightweight, reliable, scalable and portable message broker based on the AMQP protocol.
Spring uses RabbitMQ to communicate using the AMQP protocol.
RabbitMQ configuration is controlled by external configuration properties in spring.rabbitmq.*. For

spring.rabbitmq.host=localhost
spring.rabbitmq.port=5672
spring.rabbitmq.username=admin
spring.rabbitmq.password=secret
See RabbitProperties for more of the supported options.
Tip
Check Understanding AMQP, the protocol used by RabbitMQ for more details.
Sending a message
Springs AmqpTemplate and AmqpAdmin are auto-configured and you can autowire them directly into
your own beans:
import org.springframework.amqp.core.AmqpAdmin;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.AmqpTemplate;
@Component
private final AmqpAdmin amqpAdmin;

private final AmqpTemplate amqpTemplate;
@Autowired
public MyBean(AmqpAdmin amqpAdmin, AmqpTemplate amqpTemplate) {
this.amqpAdmin = amqpAdmin;
this.amqpTemplate = amqpTemplate;
}
// ...

Note
RabbitMessagingTemplate can be injected in a similar manner. If a MessageConverter

bean is defined, it is associated automatically to the auto-configured AmqpTemplate.
Any org.springframework.amqp.core.Queue that is defined as a bean will be automatically used

to declare a corresponding queue on the RabbitMQ instance if necessary.
You can enable retries on the AmqpTemplate to retry operations, for example in the event the broker
connection is lost. Retries are disabled by default.
Receiving a message
When the Rabbit infrastructure is present, any bean can be annotated with @RabbitListener to create
a listener endpoint. If no RabbitListenerContainerFactory has been defined, a default one is
configured automatically. If a MessageConverter beans is defined, it is associated automatically to
the default factory.
The following component creates a listener endpoint on the someQueue queue:
@Component
@RabbitListener(queues = "someQueue")
// ...
}
Tip
Check the Javadoc of @EnableRabbit for more details.
If you need to create more RabbitListenerContainerFactory instances or if you want to override

the default, Spring Boot provides a SimpleRabbitListenerContainerFactoryConfigurer that
you can use to initialize a SimpleRabbitListenerContainerFactory with the same settings as
the one that is auto-configured.
For instance, the following exposes another factory that uses a specific MessageConverter:
@Configuration
static class RabbitConfiguration {
@Bean
public SimpleRabbitListenerContainerFactory myFactory(
SimpleRabbitListenerContainerFactoryConfigurer configurer) {
SimpleRabbitListenerContainerFactory factory =
new SimpleRabbitListenerContainerFactory();
configurer.configure(factory, connectionFactory);
factory.setMessageConverter(myMessageConverter());
return factory;
}

Then you can use in any @RabbitListener-annotated method as follows:
@Component
@RabbitListener(queues = "someQueue", containerFactory="myFactory")

// ...
}
You can enable retries to handle situations where your listener throws an exception. When retries are
exhausted, the message will be rejected and either dropped or routed to a dead-letter exchange if the
broker is configured so. Retries are disabled by default.
Important
If retries are not enabled and the listener throws an exception, by default the
delivery will be retried indefinitely. You can modify this behavior in two ways; set the
defaultRequeueRejected property to false and zero re-deliveries will be attempted; or,
throw an AmqpRejectAndDontRequeueException to signal the message should be rejected.
This is the mechanism used when retries are enabled and the maximum delivery attempts are
reached.

33. Calling REST services

If you need to call remote REST services from your application, you can use Spring Frameworks
RestTemplate class. Since RestTemplate instances often need to be customized before being
used, Spring Boot does not provide any single auto-configured RestTemplate bean. It does,
however, auto-configure a RestTemplateBuilder which can be used to create RestTemplate
instances when needed. The auto-configured RestTemplateBuilder will ensure that sensible
HttpMessageConverters are applied to RestTemplate instances.
Heres a typical example:
@Service
private final RestTemplate restTemplate;
public MyBean(RestTemplateBuilder restTemplateBuilder) {

this.restTemplate = restTemplateBuilder.build();
}
public Details someRestCall(String name) {

return this.restTemplate.getForObject("/{name}/details", Details.class, name);
}
Tip
RestTemplateBuilder includes a number of useful methods that can be used to quickly

configure a RestTemplate. For example, to add BASIC auth support you can use
builder.basicAuthorization("user", "password").build().
33.1 RestTemplate customization

When a RestTemplateBuilder builds a RestTemplate it can be further customized
using a RestTemplateCustomizer. Any RestTemplateCustomizer beans will be
automatically added to the auto-configured RestTemplateBuilder. Furthermore, a
new RestTemplateBuilder with additional customizers can be created by calling
additionalCustomizers(RestTemplateCustomizer).
Heres an example of a customizer that configures the use of a proxy for all hosts except 192.168.0.5:
static class ProxyCustomizer implements RestTemplateCustomizer {
@Override
public void customize(RestTemplate restTemplate) {
HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("proxy.example.com");
HttpClient httpClient = HttpClientBuilder.create()
.setRoutePlanner(new DefaultProxyRoutePlanner(proxy) {
@Override
public HttpHost determineProxy(HttpHost target,
HttpRequest request, HttpContext context)
throws HttpException {
if (target.getHostName().equals("192.168.0.5")) {
return null;
}
return super.determineProxy(target, request, context);
}

}).build();
restTemplate.setRequestFactory(
new HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory(httpClient));
}

34. Sending email

The Spring Framework provides an easy abstraction for sending email using the JavaMailSender
interface and Spring Boot provides auto-configuration for it as well as a starter module.
Tip
Check the reference documentation for a detailed explanation of how you can use
JavaMailSender.
If spring.mail.host and the relevant libraries (as defined by spring-boot-starter-mail) are

available, a default JavaMailSender is created if none exists. The sender can be further customized
by configuration items from the spring.mail namespace, see the MailProperties for more details.

35. Distributed Transactions with JTA

Spring Boot supports distributed JTA transactions across multiple XA resources using either an
Atomikos or Bitronix embedded transaction manager. JTA transactions are also supported when
deploying to a suitable Java EE Application Server.
When a JTA environment is detected, Springs JtaTransactionManager will be used to manage

transactions. Auto-configured JMS, DataSource and JPA beans will be upgraded to support XA
transactions. You can use standard Spring idioms such as @Transactional to participate in a
distributed transaction. If you are within a JTA environment and still want to use local transactions you
can set the spring.jta.enabled property to false to disable the JTA auto-configuration.
35.1 Using an Atomikos transaction manager

Atomikos is a popular open source transaction manager which can be embedded into your Spring
Boot application. You can use the spring-boot-starter-jta-atomikos Starter to pull in the
appropriate Atomikos libraries. Spring Boot will auto-configure Atomikos and ensure that appropriate
depends-on settings are applied to your Spring beans for correct startup and shutdown ordering.
By default Atomikos transaction logs will be written to a transaction-logs directory in your

application home directory (the directory in which your application jar file resides). You can customize
this directory by setting a spring.jta.log-dir property in your application.properties
file. Properties starting spring.jta.atomikos.properties can also be used to customize the
Atomikos UserTransactionServiceImp. See the AtomikosProperties Javadoc for complete
details.
Note
To ensure that multiple transaction managers can safely coordinate the same resource managers,
each Atomikos instance must be configured with a unique ID. By default this ID is the IP address
of the machine on which Atomikos is running. To ensure uniqueness in production, you should
configure the spring.jta.transaction-manager-id property with a different value for each
instance of your application.
35.2 Using a Bitronix transaction manager

Bitronix is popular open source JTA transaction manager implementation. You can use the spring-
boot-starter-jta-bitronix starter to add the appropriate Bitronix dependencies to your project.
As with Atomikos, Spring Boot will automatically configure Bitronix and post-process your beans to
ensure that startup and shutdown ordering is correct.
By default Bitronix transaction log files (part1.btm and part2.btm) will be written
to a transaction-logs directory in your application home directory. You can
customize this directory by using the spring.jta.log-dir property. Properties starting
spring.jta.bitronix.properties are also bound to the bitronix.tm.Configuration bean,
allowing for complete customization. See the Bitronix documentation for details.
Note
each Bitronix instance must be configured with a unique ID. By default this ID is the IP address

of the machine on which Bitronix is running. To ensure uniqueness in production, you should
configure the spring.jta.transaction-manager-id property with a different value for each
instance of your application.
35.3 Using a Narayana transaction manager

Narayana is popular open source JTA transaction manager implementation supported by JBoss.
You can use the spring-boot-starter-jta-narayana starter to add the appropriate Narayana
dependencies to your project. As with Atomikos and Bitronix, Spring Boot will automatically configure
Narayana and post-process your beans to ensure that startup and shutdown ordering is correct.
By default Narayana transaction logs will be written to a transaction-logs directory in your

application home directory (the directory in which your application jar file resides). You can customize
this directory by setting a spring.jta.log-dir property in your application.properties
file. Properties starting spring.jta.narayana.properties can also be used to customize the
Narayana configuration. See the NarayanaProperties Javadoc for complete details.
Note
each Narayana instance must be configured with a unique ID. By default this ID is set to 1.
To ensure uniqueness in production, you should configure the spring.jta.transaction-
manager-id property with a different value for each instance of your application.
35.4 Using a Java EE managed transaction manager

If you are packaging your Spring Boot application as a war or ear file and deploying it to a Java
EE application server, you can use your application servers built-in transaction manager. Spring
Boot will attempt to auto-configure a transaction manager by looking at common JNDI locations
(java:comp/UserTransaction, java:comp/TransactionManager etc). If you are using a
transaction service provided by your application server, you will generally also want to ensure
that all resources are managed by the server and exposed over JNDI. Spring Boot will attempt
to auto-configure JMS by looking for a ConnectionFactory at the JNDI path java:/JmsXA or
java:/XAConnectionFactory and you can use the spring.datasource.jndi-name property
to configure your DataSource.
35.5 Mixing XA and non-XA JMS connections

When using JTA, the primary JMS ConnectionFactory bean will be XA aware and participate in
distributed transactions. In some situations you might want to process certain JMS messages using a
non-XA ConnectionFactory. For example, your JMS processing logic might take longer than the
XA timeout.
If you want to use a non-XA ConnectionFactory you can inject the nonXaJmsConnectionFactory
bean rather than the @Primary jmsConnectionFactory bean. For consistency the
jmsConnectionFactory bean is also provided using the bean alias xaJmsConnectionFactory.
For example:
// Inject the primary (XA aware) ConnectionFactory

@Autowired
private ConnectionFactory defaultConnectionFactory;

// Inject the XA aware ConnectionFactory (uses the alias and injects the same as above)
@Autowired
@Qualifier("xaJmsConnectionFactory")
private ConnectionFactory xaConnectionFactory;
// Inject the non-XA aware ConnectionFactory

@Autowired
@Qualifier("nonXaJmsConnectionFactory")
private ConnectionFactory nonXaConnectionFactory;
35.6 Supporting an alternative embedded transaction manager

The XAConnectionFactoryWrapper and XADataSourceWrapper interfaces can be used
to support alternative embedded transaction managers. The interfaces are responsible for
wrapping XAConnectionFactory and XADataSource beans and exposing them as regular
ConnectionFactory and DataSource beans which will transparently enroll in the distributed
transaction. DataSource and JMS auto-configuration will use JTA variants as long as you have
a JtaTransactionManager bean and appropriate XA wrapper beans registered within your
ApplicationContext.
The BitronixXAConnectionFactoryWrapper and BitronixXADataSourceWrapper provide good examples

of how to write XA wrappers.

36. Hazelcast
If hazelcast is on the classpath, Spring Boot will auto-configure an HazelcastInstance that you can
inject in your application. The HazelcastInstance is only created if a configuration is found.
You can define a com.hazelcast.config.Config bean and well use that. If your configuration
defines an instance name, well try to locate an existing instance rather than creating a new one.
You could also specify the hazelcast.xml configuration file to use via configuration:
spring.hazelcast.config=classpath:config/my-hazelcast.xml
Otherwise, Spring Boot tries to find the Hazelcast configuration from the default locations, that is
hazelcast.xml in the working directory or at the root of the classpath. We also check if the
hazelcast.config system property is set. Check the Hazelcast documentation for more details.
Note
Spring Boot also has an explicit caching support for Hazelcast. The HazelcastInstance is
automatically wrapped in a CacheManager implementation if caching is enabled.

37. Spring Integration

Spring Boot offers several conveniences for working with Spring Integration, including the spring-
boot-starter-integration Starter. Spring Integration provides abstractions over messaging and
also other transports such as HTTP, TCP etc. If Spring Integration is available on your classpath
it will be initialized through the @EnableIntegration annotation. Message processing statistics
will be published over JMX if 'spring-integration-jmx' is also on the classpath. See the
IntegrationAutoConfiguration class for more details.

38. Spring Session

Spring Boot provides Spring Session auto-configuration for a wide range of stores:
JDBC
MongoDB
Redis
Hazelcast
HashMap
If Spring Session is available, you only need to choose the StoreType that you wish to use to store
the sessions. For instance to use JDBC as backend store, youd configure your application as follows:
spring.session.store-type=jdbc
Note
For backward compatibility if Redis is available Spring Session will be automatically configured
to use Redis.
Tip
You can disable Spring Session by setting the store-type to none.
Each store has specific additional settings. For instance it is possible to customize the name of the table
for the jdbc store:
spring.session.jdbc.table-name=SESSIONS

39. Monitoring and management over JMX

Java Management Extensions (JMX) provide a standard mechanism to monitor and manage
applications. By default Spring Boot will create an MBeanServer with bean id mbeanServer and
expose any of your beans that are annotated with Spring JMX annotations (@ManagedResource,
@ManagedAttribute, @ManagedOperation).
See the JmxAutoConfiguration class for more details.

40. Testing
Spring Boot provides a number of utilities and annotations to help when testing your application. Test
support is provided by two modules; spring-boot-test contains core items, and spring-boot-
test-autoconfigure supports auto-configuration for tests.
Most developers will just use the spring-boot-starter-test Starter which imports both Spring
Boot test modules as well has JUnit, AssertJ, Hamcrest and a number of other useful libraries.
40.1 Test scope dependencies

If you use the spring-boot-starter-test Starter (in the test scope), you will find the following
provided libraries:
JUnit The de-facto standard for unit testing Java applications.
Spring Test & Spring Boot Test Utilities and integration test support for Spring Boot applications.
AssertJ A fluent assertion library.
Hamcrest A library of matcher objects (also known as constraints or predicates).
Mockito A Java mocking framework.
JSONassert An assertion library for JSON.
JsonPath XPath for JSON.
These are common libraries that we generally find useful when writing tests. You are free to add
additional test dependencies of your own if these dont suit your needs.
40.2 Testing Spring applications

One of the major advantages of dependency injection is that it should make your code easier to unit
test. You can simply instantiate objects using the new operator without even involving Spring. You can
also use mock objects instead of real dependencies.
Often you need to move beyond unit testing and start integration testing (with a Spring
ApplicationContext actually involved in the process). Its useful to be able to perform integration
testing without requiring deployment of your application or needing to connect to other infrastructure.
The Spring Framework includes a dedicated test module for just such integration testing. You can
declare a dependency directly to org.springframework:spring-test or use the spring-boot-
starter-test Starter to pull it in transitively.
If you have not used the spring-test module before you should start by reading the relevant section
of the Spring Framework reference documentation.
40.3 Testing Spring Boot applications

A Spring Boot application is just a Spring ApplicationContext, so nothing very special has to be
done to test it beyond what you would normally do with a vanilla Spring context. One thing to watch out

for though is that the external properties, logging and other features of Spring Boot are only installed in
the context by default if you use SpringApplication to create it.
Spring Boot provides a @SpringBootTest annotation which can be used as an alternative to

the standard spring-test @ContextConfiguration annotation when you need Spring Boot
features. The annotation works by creating the ApplicationContext used in your tests via
SpringApplication.
You can use the webEnvironment attribute of @SpringBootTest to further refine how your tests
will run:
MOCK Loads a WebApplicationContext and provides a mock servlet environment. Embedded

servlet containers are not started when using this annotation. If servlet APIs are not on your classpath
this mode will transparently fallback to creating a regular non-web ApplicationContext.
RANDOM_PORT Loads an EmbeddedWebApplicationContext and provides a real servlet

environment. Embedded servlet containers are started and listening on a random port.
DEFINED_PORT Loads an EmbeddedWebApplicationContext and provides a real servlet

environment. Embedded servlet containers are started and listening on a defined port (i.e from your
application.properties or on the default port 8080).
NONE Loads an ApplicationContext using SpringApplication but does not provide any
servlet environment (mock or otherwise).
Note
In addition to @SpringBootTest a number of other annotations are also provided for testing
more specific slices of an application. See below for details.
Tip
Dont forget to also add @RunWith(SpringRunner.class) to your test, otherwise the

annotations will be ignored.
Detecting test configuration
If youre familiar with the Spring Test Framework, you may be used to using
@ContextConfiguration(classes=) in order to specify which Spring @Configuration to load.
Alternatively, you might have often used nested @Configuration classes within your test.
When testing Spring Boot applications this is often not required. Spring Boots @*Test annotations will
search for your primary configuration automatically whenever you dont explicitly define one.
The search algorithm works up from the package that contains the test until it finds a
@SpringBootApplication or @SpringBootConfiguration annotated class. As long as youve
structured your code in a sensible way your main configuration is usually found.
If you want to customize the primary configuration, you can use a nested @TestConfiguration class.
Unlike a nested @Configuration class which would be used instead of a your applications primary
configuration, a nested @TestConfiguration class will be used in addition to your applications
primary configuration.

Note
Springs test framework will cache application contexts between tests. Therefore, as long as your
tests share the same configuration (no matter how its discovered), the potentially time consuming
process of loading the context will only happen once.
Excluding test configuration

If your application uses component scanning, for example if you use @SpringBootApplication
or @ComponentScan, you may find components or configurations created only for specific tests
accidentally get picked up everywhere.
To help prevent this, Spring Boot provides @TestComponent and @TestConfiguration annotations
that can be used on classes in src/test/java to indicate that they should not be picked up by
scanning.
Note
@TestComponent and @TestConfiguration are only needed on top level classes. If you
define @Configuration or @Component as inner-classes within a test (any class that has
@Test methods or @RunWith), they will be automatically filtered.
Note
If you directly use @ComponentScan (i.e. not via @SpringBootApplication) you will need to
register the TypeExcludeFilter with it. See the Javadoc for details.
Working with random ports

If you need to start a full running server for tests, we recommend that you use random ports. If you use
@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment=WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT) an available port will be
picked at random each time your test runs.
The @LocalServerPort annotation can be used to inject the actual port used into your test. For
convenience, tests that need to make REST calls to the started server can additionally @Autowire a
TestRestTemplate which will resolve relative links to the running server.
import org.junit.*;
import org.junit.runner.*;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.web.*;
import org.springframework.boot.test.web.client.*;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.*;
import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.*
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment=WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
public class MyWebIntegrationTests {
@Autowired
private TestRestTemplate restTemplate;
@Test
public void exampleTest() {
String body = this.restTemplate.getForObject("/", String.class);
assertThat(body).isEqualTo("Hello World");
}

Mocking and spying beans

Its sometimes necessary to mock certain components within your application context when running
tests. For example, you may have a facade over some remote service thats unavailable during
development. Mocking can also be useful when you want to simulate failures that might be hard to
trigger in a real environment.
Spring Boot includes a @MockBean annotation that can be used to define a Mockito mock for a bean
inside your ApplicationContext. You can use the annotation to add new beans, or replace a single
existing bean definition. The annotation can be used directly on test classes, on fields within your test,
or on @Configuration classes and fields. When used on a field, the instance of the created mock will
also be injected. Mock beans are automatically reset after each test method.
Heres a typical example where we replace an existing RemoteService bean with a mock
implementation:
import org.junit.*;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.*;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.*;
import org.springframework.boot.test.mock.mockito.*;
import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.*;

import static org.mockito.BDDMockito.*;
@SpringBootTest
public class MyTests {
@MockBean
private RemoteService remoteService;
@Autowired
private Reverser reverser;
@Test
public void exampleTest() {
// RemoteService has been injected into the reverser bean
given(this.remoteService.someCall()).willReturn("mock");
String reverse = reverser.reverseSomeCall();
assertThat(reverse).isEqualTo("kcom");
}
Additionally you can also use @SpyBean to wrap any existing bean with a Mockito spy. See the Javadoc
for full details.
Auto-configured tests
Spring Boots auto-configuration system works well for applications, but can sometimes be a little too
much for tests. Its often helpful to load only the parts of the configuration that are required to test a
slice of your application. For example, you might want to test that Spring MVC controllers are mapping
URLs correctly, and you dont want to involve database calls in those tests; or you might be wanting to
test JPA entities, and youre not interested in web layer when those tests run.
The spring-boot-test-autoconfigure module includes a number of annotations that can be

used to automatically configure such slices. Each of them works in a similar way, providing a @Test

annotation that loads the ApplicationContext and one or more @AutoConfigure annotations
that can be used to customize auto-configuration settings.
Tip
Its also possible to use the @AutoConfigure annotations with the standard
@SpringBootTest annotation. You can use this combination if youre not interested in slicing
your application but you want some of the auto-configured test beans.
Auto-configured JSON tests
To test that Object JSON serialization and deserialization is working as expected you can
use the @JsonTest annotation. @JsonTest will auto-configure Jackson ObjectMapper, any
@JsonComponent beans and any Jackson Modules. It also configures Gson if you happen to be using
that instead of, or as well as, Jackson. If you need to configure elements of the auto-configuration you
can use the @AutoConfigureJsonTesters annotation.
Spring Boot includes AssertJ based helpers that work with the JSONassert and JsonPath libraries to
check that JSON is as expected. The JacksonHelper, GsonHelper and BasicJsonTester classes
can be used for Jackson, Gson and Strings respectively. Any helper fields on the test class can be
@Autowired when using @JsonTest.
import org.junit.*;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.json.*;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.*;
import org.springframework.boot.test.json.*;
@JsonTest
public class MyJsonTests {
@Autowired
private JacksonTester<VehicleDetails> json;
@Test
public void testSerialize() throws Exception {
VehicleDetails details = new VehicleDetails("Honda", "Civic");
// Assert against a `.json` file in the same package as the test
assertThat(this.json.write(details)).isEqualToJson("expected.json");
// Or use JSON path based assertions
assertThat(this.json.write(details)).hasJsonPathStringValue("@.make");
assertThat(this.json.write(details)).extractingJsonPathStringValue("@.make")
.isEqualTo("Honda");
}
@Test
public void testDeserialize() throws Exception {
String content = "{\"make\":\"Ford\",\"model\":\"Focus\"}";
assertThat(this.json.parse(content))
.isEqualTo(new VehicleDetails("Ford", "Focus"));
assertThat(this.json.parseObject(content).getMake()).isEqualTo("Ford");
}

Note
JSON helper classes can also be used directly in standard unit tests. Simply call the initFields
method of the helper in your @Before method if you arent using @JsonTest.
A list of the auto-configuration that is enabled by @JsonTest can be found in the appendix.
Auto-configured Spring MVC tests
To test Spring MVC controllers are working as expected you can use the @WebMvcTest
annotation. @WebMvcTest will auto-configure the Spring MVC infrastructure and limit scanned beans
to @Controller, @ControllerAdvice, @JsonComponent, Filter, WebMvcConfigurer and
HandlerMethodArgumentResolver. Regular @Component beans will not be scanned when using
this annotation.
Often @WebMvcTest will be limited to a single controller and used in combination with @MockBean to
provide mock implementations for required collaborators.
@WebMvcTest also auto-configures MockMvc. Mock MVC offers a powerful way to quickly test MVC
controllers without needing to start a full HTTP server.
Tip
You can also auto-configure MockMvc in a non-@WebMvcTest (e.g. SpringBootTest) by

annotating it with @AutoConfigureMockMvc.
import org.junit.*;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.*;

import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.*;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.*;
@WebMvcTest(UserVehicleController.class)
public class MyControllerTests {
@Autowired
private MockMvc mvc;
@MockBean
private UserVehicleService userVehicleService;
@Test
public void testExample() throws Exception {
given(this.userVehicleService.getVehicleDetails("sboot"))
.willReturn(new VehicleDetails("Honda", "Civic"));
this.mvc.perform(get("/sboot/vehicle").accept(MediaType.TEXT_PLAIN))
.andExpect(status().isOk()).andExpect(content().string("Honda Civic"));
}

Tip
If you need to configure elements of the auto-configuration (for example when servlet filters should
be applied) you can use attributes in the @AutoConfigureMockMvc annotation.
If you use HtmlUnit or Selenium, auto-configuration will also provide a WebClient bean and/or a
WebDriver bean. Here is an example that uses HtmlUnit:
import com.gargoylesoftware.htmlunit.*;
import org.junit.*;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.*;

@WebMvcTest(UserVehicleController.class)
public class MyHtmlUnitTests {
@Autowired
private WebClient webClient;
@MockBean
private UserVehicleService userVehicleService;
@Test
given(this.userVehicleService.getVehicleDetails("sboot"))
.willReturn(new VehicleDetails("Honda", "Civic"));
HtmlPage page = this.webClient.getPage("/sboot/vehicle.html");
assertThat(page.getBody().getTextContent()).isEqualTo("Honda Civic");
}
A list of the auto-configuration that is enabled by @WebMvcTest can be found in the appendix.
Auto-configured Data JPA tests

@DataJpaTest can be used if you want to test JPA applications. By default it will configure an in-
memory embedded database, scan for @Entity classes and configure Spring Data JPA repositories.
Regular @Component beans will not be loaded into the ApplicationContext.
Data JPA tests are transactional and rollback at the end of each test by default, see
the docs.spring.io/spring/docs/4.3.3.RELEASE/spring-framework-reference/htmlsingle#testcontext-tx-
enabling-transactions [relevant section] in the Spring Reference Documentation for more details. If thats
not what you want, you can disable transaction management for a test or for the whole class as follows:
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.DataJpaTest;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Propagation;
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
@DataJpaTest
@Transactional(propagation = Propagation.NOT_SUPPORTED)
public class ExampleNonTransactionalTests {

Data JPA tests may also inject a TestEntityManager bean which provides an alternative to the
standard JPA EntityManager specifically designed for tests. If you want to use TestEntityManager
outside of @DataJpaTests you can also use the @AutoConfigureTestEntityManager
annotation. A JdbcTemplate is also available should you need that.
import org.junit.*;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.*;
@DataJpaTest
public class ExampleRepositoryTests {
@Autowired
private TestEntityManager entityManager;
@Autowired
private UserRepository repository;
@Test
this.entityManager.persist(new User("sboot", "1234"));
User user = this.repository.findByUsername("sboot");
assertThat(user.getUsername()).isEqualTo("sboot");
assertThat(user.getVin()).isEqualTo("1234");
}
In-memory embedded databases generally work well for tests since they are fast and dont require
any developer installation. If, however, you prefer to run tests against a real database you can use the
@AutoConfigureTestDatabase annotation:
@DataJpaTest
@AutoConfigureTestDatabase(replace=Replace.NONE)
public class ExampleRepositoryTests {
// ...
A list of the auto-configuration that is enabled by @DataJpaTest can be found in the appendix.
Auto-configured REST clients
The @RestClientTest annotation can be used if you want to test REST clients. By default it will
auto-configure Jackson and GSON support, configure a RestTemplateBuilder and add support for
MockRestServiceServer. The specific beans that you want to test should be specified using value
or components attribute of @RestClientTest:
@RestClientTest(RemoteVehicleDetailsService.class)
public class ExampleRestClientTest {
@Autowired
private RemoteVehicleDetailsService service;
@Autowired
private MockRestServiceServer server;
@Test

public void getVehicleDetailsWhenResultIsSuccessShouldReturnDetails()

throws Exception {
this.server.expect(requestTo("/greet/details"))
.andRespond(withSuccess("hello", MediaType.TEXT_PLAIN));
String greeting = this.service.callRestService();
assertThat(greeting).isEqualTo("hello");
}
A list of the auto-configuration that is enabled by @RestClientTest can be found in the appendix.
Auto-configured Spring REST Docs tests

The @AutoConfigureRestDocs annotation can be used if you want to use Spring REST Docs in your
tests. It will automatically configure MockMvc to use Spring REST Docs and remove the need for Spring
REST Docs' JUnit rule.
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.WebMvcTest;
import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc;
import static org.springframework.restdocs.mockmvc.MockMvcRestDocumentation.document;

import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.get;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.*;
@WebMvcTest(UserController.class)
@AutoConfigureRestDocs("target/generated-snippets")
public class UserDocumentationTests {
@Autowired
private MockMvc mvc;
@Test
public void listUsers() throws Exception {
this.mvc.perform(get("/users").accept(MediaType.TEXT_PLAIN))
.andExpect(status().isOk())
.andDo(document("list-users"));
}
In addition to configuring the output directory, @AutoConfigureRestDocs can also configure the host,
scheme, and port that will appear in any documented URIs. If you require more control over Spring
REST Docs' configuration a RestDocsMockMvcConfigurationCustomizer bean can be used:
@TestConfiguration
static class CustomizationConfiguration
implements RestDocsMockMvcConfigurationCustomizer {
@Override
public void customize(MockMvcRestDocumentationConfigurer configurer) {
configurer.snippets().withTemplateFormat(TemplateFormats.markdown());
}
If you want to make use of Spring REST Docs' support for a parameterized output directory, you can
create a RestDocumentationResultHandler bean. The auto-configuration will call alwaysDo with
this result handler, thereby causing each MockMvc call to automatically generate the default snippets:

@TestConfiguration
static class ResultHandlerConfiguration {
@Bean
public RestDocumentationResultHandler restDocumentation() {
return MockMvcRestDocumentation.document("{method-name}");
}
Using Spock to test Spring Boot applications
If you wish to use Spock to test a Spring Boot application you should add a dependency on Spocks
spock-spring module to your applications build. spock-spring integrates Springs test framework
into Spock. Exactly how you can use Spock to test a Spring Boot application depends on the version
of Spock that you are using.
Note
Spring Boot provides dependency management for Spock 1.0. If you wish to use Spock 1.1 you
should override the spock.version property in your build.gradle or pom.xml file.
When using Spock 1.1, the annotations described above can only be used and you can annotate your
Specification with @SpringBootTest to suit the needs of your tests.
When using Spock 1.0, @SpringBootTest will not work for a web project. You need
to use @SpringApplicationConfiguration and @WebIntegrationTest(randomPort =
true). Being unable to use @SpringBootTest means that you also lose the auto-configured
TestRestTemplate bean. You can create an equivalent bean yourself using the following
configuration:
@Configuration
static class TestRestTemplateConfiguration {
@Bean
public TestRestTemplate testRestTemplate(
ObjectProvider<RestTemplateBuilder> builderProvider,
Environment environment) {
RestTemplateBuilder builder = builderProvider.getIfAvailable();
TestRestTemplate template = builder == null ? new TestRestTemplate()
: new TestRestTemplate(builder.build());
template.setUriTemplateHandler(new LocalHostUriTemplateHandler(environment));
return template;
}
40.4 Test utilities

A few test utility classes are packaged as part of spring-boot that are generally useful when testing
your application.
ConfigFileApplicationContextInitializer
ConfigFileApplicationContextInitializer is an ApplicationContextInitializer that

can apply to your tests to load Spring Boot application.properties files. You can use this when
you dont need the full features provided by @SpringBootTest.

@ContextConfiguration(classes = Config.class,
initializers = ConfigFileApplicationContextInitializer.class)
Note
Using ConfigFileApplicationContextInitializer alone wont provide support for

@Value("${}") injection. Its only job is to ensure that application.properties files are
loaded into Springs Environment. For @Value support you need to either additionally configure
a PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer or use @SpringBootTest where one will be
auto-configured for you.
EnvironmentTestUtils
EnvironmentTestUtils allows you to quickly add properties to a ConfigurableEnvironment or
ConfigurableApplicationContext. Simply call it with key=value strings:
EnvironmentTestUtils.addEnvironment(env, "org=Spring", "name=Boot");
OutputCapture
OutputCapture is a JUnit Rule that you can use to capture System.out and System.err output.
Simply declare the capture as a @Rule then use toString() for assertions:
import org.junit.Rule;
import org.springframework.boot.test.rule.OutputCapture;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.*;

import static org.junit.Assert.*;
public class MyTest {
@Rule
public OutputCapture capture = new OutputCapture();
@Test
public void testName() throws Exception {
System.out.println("Hello World!");
assertThat(capture.toString(), containsString("World"));
}
TestRestTemplate
TestRestTemplate is a convenience alternative to Springs RestTemplate that is useful in
integration tests. You can get a vanilla template or one that sends Basic HTTP authentication (with a
username and password). In either case the template will behave in a test-friendly way: not following
redirects (so you can assert the response location), ignoring cookies (so the template is stateless), and
not throwing exceptions on server-side errors. It is recommended, but not mandatory, to use Apache
HTTP Client (version 4.3.2 or better), and if you have that on your classpath the TestRestTemplate
will respond by configuring the client appropriately.
private TestRestTemplate template = new TestRestTemplate();
@Test
public void testRequest() throws Exception {

HttpHeaders headers = template.getForEntity("http://myhost.com", String.class).getHeaders();

assertThat(headers.getLocation().toString(), containsString("myotherhost"));
}
If you are using the @SpringBootTest annotation with WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT or

WebEnvironment.DEFINED_PORT, you can just inject a fully configured TestRestTemplate and
start using it. If necessary, additional customizations can be applied via the RestTemplateBuilder
bean:
@SpringBootTest
@Autowired
private TestRestTemplate template;
@Test
public void testRequest() throws Exception {
HttpHeaders headers = template.getForEntity("http://myhost.com", String.class).getHeaders();
assertThat(headers.getLocation().toString(), containsString("myotherhost"));
}
@TestConfiguration
static class Config {
@Bean
public RestTemplateBuilder restTemplateBuilder() {
return new RestTemplateBuilder()
.additionalMessageConverters(...)
.customizers(...);
}

41. WebSockets
Spring Boot provides WebSockets auto-configuration for embedded Tomcat (8 and 7), Jetty 9 and
Undertow. If youre deploying a war file to a standalone container, Spring Boot assumes that the
container will be responsible for the configuration of its WebSocket support.
Spring Framework provides rich WebSocket support that can be easily accessed via the spring-
boot-starter-websocket module.

42. Web Services

Spring Boot provides Web Services auto-configuration so that all is required is defining your
Endpoints.
The Spring Web Services features can be easily accessed via the spring-boot-starter-
webservices module.

43. Creating your own auto-configuration

If you work in a company that develops shared libraries, or if you work on an open-source or commercial
library, you might want to develop your own auto-configuration. Auto-configuration classes can be
bundled in external jars and still be picked-up by Spring Boot.
Auto-configuration can be associated to a "starter" that provides the auto-configuration code as well as
the typical libraries that you would use with it. We will first cover what you need to know to build your
own auto-configuration and we will move on to the typical steps required to create a custom starter.
Tip
A demo project is available to showcase how you can create a starter step by step.
43.1 Understanding auto-configured beans

Under the hood, auto-configuration is implemented with standard @Configuration classes. Additional
@Conditional annotations are used to constrain when the auto-configuration should apply. Usually
auto-configuration classes use @ConditionalOnClass and @ConditionalOnMissingBean
annotations. This ensures that auto-configuration only applies when relevant classes are found and
when you have not declared your own @Configuration.
You can browse the source code of spring-boot-autoconfigure to see the @Configuration
classes that we provide (see the META-INF/spring.factories file).
43.2 Locating auto-configuration candidates

Spring Boot checks for the presence of a META-INF/spring.factories file within your published
jar. The file should list your configuration classes under the EnableAutoConfiguration key.
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration=\
com.mycorp.libx.autoconfigure.LibXAutoConfiguration,\
com.mycorp.libx.autoconfigure.LibXWebAutoConfiguration
You can use the @AutoConfigureAfter or @AutoConfigureBefore annotations if your

configuration needs to be applied in a specific order. For example, if you provide web-specific
configuration, your class may need to be applied after WebMvcAutoConfiguration.
If you want to order certain auto-configurations that shouldnt have any direct knowledge of each other,
you can also use @AutoconfigureOrder. That annotation has the same semantic as the regular
@Order annotation but provides a dedicated order for auto-configuration classes.
Note
Auto-configurations have to be loaded that way only. Make sure that they are defined in a specific
package space and that they are never the target of component scan in particular.
43.3 Condition annotations

You almost always want to include one or more @Conditional annotations on your auto-configuration
class. The @ConditionalOnMissingBean is one common example that is used to allow developers
to override auto-configuration if they are not happy with your defaults.

Spring Boot includes a number of @Conditional annotations that you can reuse in your own code by
annotating @Configuration classes or individual @Bean methods.
Class conditions
The @ConditionalOnClass and @ConditionalOnMissingClass annotations allows

configuration to be included based on the presence or absence of specific classes. Due to the fact that
annotation metadata is parsed using ASM you can actually use the value attribute to refer to the real
class, even though that class might not actually appear on the running application classpath. You can
also use the name attribute if you prefer to specify the class name using a String value.
Bean conditions
The @ConditionalOnBean and @ConditionalOnMissingBean annotations allow a bean to be

included based on the presence or absence of specific beans. You can use the value attribute to
specify beans by type, or name to specify beans by name. The search attribute allows you to limit the
ApplicationContext hierarchy that should be considered when searching for beans.
Tip
You need to be very careful about the order that bean definitions are added as these conditions
are evaluated based on what has been processed so far. For this reason, we recommend
only using @ConditionalOnBean and @ConditionalOnMissingBean annotations on auto-
configuration classes (since these are guaranteed to load after any user-define beans definitions
have been added).
Note
@ConditionalOnBean and @ConditionalOnMissingBean do not prevent

@Configuration classes from being created. Using these conditions at the class level is
equivalent to marking each contained @Bean method with the annotation.
Property conditions
The @ConditionalOnProperty annotation allows configuration to be included based on a Spring

Environment property. Use the prefix and name attributes to specify the property that should be
checked. By default any property that exists and is not equal to false will be matched. You can also
create more advanced checks using the havingValue and matchIfMissing attributes.
Resource conditions
The @ConditionalOnResource annotation allows configuration to be included only when a specific

resource is present. Resources can be specified using the usual Spring conventions, for example,
file:/home/user/test.dat.
Web application conditions
The @ConditionalOnWebApplication and @ConditionalOnNotWebApplication annotations

allow configuration to be included depending on whether the application is a 'web application'. A web
application is any application that is using a Spring WebApplicationContext, defines a session
scope or has a StandardServletEnvironment.

SpEL expression conditions
The @ConditionalOnExpression annotation allows configuration to be included based on the result

of a SpEL expression.
43.4 Creating your own starter

A full Spring Boot starter for a library may contain the following components:
The autoconfigure module that contains the auto-configuration code.
The starter module that provides a dependency to the autoconfigure module as well as the library
and any additional dependencies that are typically useful. In a nutshell, adding the starter should be
enough to start using that library.
Tip
You may combine the auto-configuration code and the dependency management in a single
module if you dont need to separate those two concerns.
Naming
Please make sure to provide a proper namespace for your starter. Do not start your module names with
spring-boot, even if you are using a different Maven groupId. We may offer an official support for
the thing youre auto-configuring in the future.
Here is a rule of thumb. Lets assume that you are creating a starter for "acme", name the auto-configure
module acme-spring-boot-autoconfigure and the starter acme-spring-boot-starter. If
you only have one module combining the two, use acme-spring-boot-starter.
Besides, if your starter provides configuration keys, use a proper namespace for them. In particular, do
not include your keys in the namespaces that Spring Boot uses (e.g. server, management, spring,
etc). These are "ours" and we may improve/modify them in the future in such a way it could break your
things.
Make sure to trigger meta-data generation so that IDE assistance is available for your keys as
well. You may want to review the generated meta-data (META-INF/spring-configuration-
metadata.json) to make sure your keys are properly documented.
Autoconfigure module
The autoconfigure module contains everything that is necessary to get started with the library. It may
also contain configuration keys definition (@ConfigurationProperties) and any callback interface
that can be used to further customize how the components are initialized.
Tip
You should mark the dependencies to the library as optional so that you can include the
autoconfigure module in your projects more easily. If you do it that way, the library wont be
provided and Spring Boot will back off by default.

Starter module
The starter is an empty jar, really. Its only purpose is to provide the necessary dependencies to work
with the library; see it as an opinionated view of what is required to get started.
Do not make assumptions about the project in which your starter is added. If the library you are auto-
configuring typically requires other starters, mention them as well. Providing a proper set of default
dependencies may be hard if the number of optional dependencies is high as you should avoid bringing
unnecessary dependencies for a typical usage of the library.


If you want to learn more about any of the classes discussed in this section you can check out the Spring
Boot API documentation or you can browse the source code directly. If you have specific questions,
take a look at the how-to section.
If you are comfortable with Spring Boots core features, you can carry on and read about production-
ready features.

Part V. Spring Boot Actuator:
Production-ready features
Spring Boot includes a number of additional features to help you monitor and manage your application
when its pushed to production. You can choose to manage and monitor your application using HTTP
endpoints, with JMX or even by remote shell (SSH or Telnet). Auditing, health and metrics gathering
can be automatically applied to your application.
Actuator HTTP endpoints are only available with a Spring MVC-based application. In particular, it will
not work with Jersey unless you enable Spring MVC as well.
45. Enabling production-ready features

The spring-boot-actuator module provides all of Spring Boots production-ready features. The
simplest way to enable the features is to add a dependency to the spring-boot-starter-actuator
Starter.
Definition of Actuator
An actuator is a manufacturing term, referring to a mechanical device for moving or controlling

something. Actuators can generate a large amount of motion from a small change.
To add the actuator to a Maven based project, add the following Starter dependency:
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
For Gradle, use the declaration:
dependencies {
compile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-actuator")
}

46. Endpoints
Actuator endpoints allow you to monitor and interact with your application. Spring Boot includes a
number of built-in endpoints and you can also add your own. For example the health endpoint provides
basic application health information.
The way that endpoints are exposed will depend on the type of technology that you choose. Most
applications choose HTTP monitoring, where the ID of the endpoint is mapped to a URL. For example,
by default, the health endpoint will be mapped to /health.
The following technology agnostic endpoints are available:
ID Description Sensitive
Default
actuator Provides a hypermedia-based discovery page for the true

other endpoints. Requires Spring HATEOAS to be on the
classpath.
autoconfig Displays an auto-configuration report showing all auto- true

configuration candidates and the reason why they were or
were not applied.
beans Displays a complete list of all the Spring beans in your true
application.
configprops Displays a collated list of all @ConfigurationProperties. true
dump Performs a thread dump. true
env Exposes properties from Springs true

ConfigurableEnvironment.
flyway Shows any Flyway database migrations that have been true
applied.
health Shows application health information (when the application false

is secure, a simple status when accessed over an
unauthenticated connection or full message details when
authenticated).
info Displays arbitrary application info. false
liquibase Shows any Liquibase database migrations that have been true
applied.
metrics Shows metrics information for the current application. true
mappings Displays a collated list of all @RequestMapping paths. true
shutdown Allows the application to be gracefully shutdown (not enabled true

by default).
trace Displays trace information (by default the last 100 HTTP true
requests).

If you are using Spring MVC, the following additional endpoints can also be used:
ID Description Sensitive
Default
docs Displays documentation, including example requests and false

responses, for the Actuators endpoints. Requires spring-
boot-actuator-docs to be on the classpath.
heapdump Returns a GZip compressed hprof heap dump file. true
jolokia Exposes JMX beans over HTTP (when Jolokia is on the true
classpath).
logfile Returns the contents of the logfile (if logging.file or true

logging.path properties have been set). Supports the use
of the HTTP Range header to retrieve part of the log files
content.
Note
Depending on how an endpoint is exposed, the sensitive property may be used as a security
hint. For example, sensitive endpoints will require a username/password when they are accessed
over HTTP (or simply disabled if web security is not enabled).
46.1 Customizing endpoints

Endpoints can be customized using Spring properties. You can change if an endpoint is enabled, if it
is considered sensitive and even its id.
For example, here is an application.properties that changes the sensitivity and id of the beans
endpoint and also enables shutdown.
endpoints.beans.id=springbeans
endpoints.beans.sensitive=false
endpoints.shutdown.enabled=true
Note
The prefix #endpoints + . + name is used to uniquely identify the endpoint that is being
configured.
By default, all endpoints except for shutdown are enabled. If you prefer to specifically opt-in endpoint
enablement you can use the endpoints.enabled property. For example, the following will disable
all endpoints except for info:
endpoints.enabled=false
endpoints.info.enabled=true
Likewise, you can also choose to globally set the sensitive flag of all endpoints. By default, the sensitive
flag depends on the type of endpoint (see the table above). For example, to mark all endpoints as
sensitive except info:
endpoints.sensitive=true
endpoints.info.sensitive=false

46.2 Hypermedia for actuator MVC endpoints

If Spring HATEOAS is on the classpath (e.g. through the spring-boot-starter-hateoas or if
you are using Spring Data REST) then the HTTP endpoints from the Actuator are enhanced with
hypermedia links, and a discovery page is added with links to all the endpoints. The discovery
page is available on /actuator by default. It is implemented as an endpoint, allowing properties
to be used to configure its path (endpoints.actuator.path) and whether or not it is enabled
(endpoints.actuator.enabled).
When a custom management context path is configured, the discovery page will automatically move
from /actuator to the root of the management context. For example, if the management context path
is /management then the discovery page will be available from /management.
If the HAL Browser is on the classpath via its webjar (org.webjars:hal-browser), or via the
spring-data-rest-hal-browser then an HTML discovery page, in the form of the HAL Browser,
is also provided.
46.3 CORS support

Cross-origin resource sharing (CORS) is a W3C specification that allows you to specify in a flexible
way what kind of cross domain requests are authorized. Actuators MVC endpoints can be configured
to support such scenarios.
CORS support is disabled by default and is only enabled once the endpoints.cors.allowed-
origins property has been set. The configuration below permits GET and POST calls from the
example.com domain:
endpoints.cors.allowed-origins=http://example.com
endpoints.cors.allowed-methods=GET,POST
Tip
Check EndpointCorsProperties for a complete list of options.
46.4 Adding custom endpoints

If you add a @Bean of type Endpoint then it will automatically be exposed over JMX and HTTP (if
there is an server available). An HTTP endpoints can be customized further by creating a bean of type
MvcEndpoint. Your MvcEndpoint is not a @Controller but it can use @RequestMapping (and
@Managed*) to expose resources.
Tip
If you are doing this as a library feature consider adding a configuration class annotated with
@ManagementContextConfiguration to /META-INF/spring.factories under the key
org.springframework.boot.actuate.autoconfigure.ManagementContextConfiguration.
If you do that then the endpoint will move to a child context with all the other MVC endpoints if your
users ask for a separate management port or address. A configuration declared this way can be
a WebConfigurerAdapter if it wants to add static resources (for instance) to the management
endpoints.

46.5 Health information

Health information can be used to check the status of your running application. It is often used by
monitoring software to alert someone if a production system goes down. The default information exposed
by the health endpoint depends on how it is accessed. For an unauthenticated connection in a secure
application a simple status message is returned, and for an authenticated connection additional details
are also displayed (see Section 47.7, HTTP health endpoint access restrictions for HTTP details).
Health information is collected from all HealthIndicator beans defined in your

ApplicationContext. Spring Boot includes a number of auto-configured HealthIndicators and
you can also write your own.
46.6 Security with HealthIndicators

Information returned by HealthIndicators is often somewhat sensitive in nature. For example, you
probably dont want to publish details of your database server to the world. For this reason, by default,
only the health status is exposed over an unauthenticated HTTP connection. If you are happy for
complete health information to always be exposed you can set endpoints.health.sensitive to
false.
Health responses are also cached to prevent denial of service attacks. Use the
endpoints.health.time-to-live property if you want to change the default cache period of 1000
milliseconds.
Auto-configured HealthIndicators
The following HealthIndicators are auto-configured by Spring Boot when appropriate:
Name Description
Checks that a Cassandra database is up.

CassandraHealthIndicator
Checks for low disk space.

DiskSpaceHealthIndicator
Checks that a connection to DataSource can be obtained.

DataSourceHealthIndicator
Checks that an Elasticsearch cluster is up.

ElasticsearchHealthIndicator
Checks that a JMS broker is up.

JmsHealthIndicator
Checks that a mail server is up.

MailHealthIndicator
Checks that a Mongo database is up.

MongoHealthIndicator
Checks that a Rabbit server is up.

RabbitHealthIndicator
Checks that a Redis server is up.

RedisHealthIndicator
Checks that a Solr server is up.

SolrHealthIndicator
Tip
It is possible to disable them all using the management.health.defaults.enabled property.

Writing custom HealthIndicators
To provide custom health information you can register Spring beans that implement the
HealthIndicator interface. You need to provide an implementation of the health() method and
return a Health response. The Health response should include a status and can optionally include
additional details to be displayed.
import org.springframework.boot.actuate.health.Health;
import org.springframework.boot.actuate.health.HealthIndicator;
@Component
public class MyHealthIndicator implements HealthIndicator {
@Override
public Health health() {
int errorCode = check(); // perform some specific health check
if (errorCode != 0) {
return Health.down().withDetail("Error Code", errorCode).build();
}
return Health.up().build();
}
Note
The identifier for a given HealthIndicator is the name of the bean without the
HealthIndicator suffix if it exists. In the example above, the health information will be available
in an entry named my.
In addition to Spring Boots predefined Status types, it is also possible for Health to return a
custom Status that represents a new system state. In such cases a custom implementation of the
HealthAggregator interface also needs to be provided, or the default implementation has to be
configured using the management.health.status.order configuration property.
For example, assuming a new Status with code FATAL is being used in one of your
HealthIndicator implementations. To configure the severity order add the following to your
application properties:
management.health.status.order=DOWN, OUT_OF_SERVICE, UNKNOWN, UP
You might also want to register custom status mappings with the HealthMvcEndpoint
if you access the health endpoint over HTTP. For example you could map FATAL to
HttpStatus.SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE.
46.7 Application information

Application information exposes various information collected from all InfoContributor beans
defined in your ApplicationContext. Spring Boot includes a number of auto-configured
InfoContributors and you can also write your own.
Auto-configured InfoContributors
The following InfoContributors are auto-configured by Spring Boot when appropriate:

Name Description
Expose any key from the Environment under the info key.
EnvironmentInfoContributor
Expose git information if a git.properties file is available.

GitInfoContributor
Expose build information if a META-INF/build-info.properties file is

BuildInfoContributor
available.
Tip
It is possible to disable them all using the management.info.defaults.enabled property.
Custom application info information
You can customize the data exposed by the info endpoint by setting info.* Spring properties. All
Environment properties under the info key will be automatically exposed. For example, you could add
the following to your application.properties:
info.app.encoding=UTF-8
info.app.java.source=1.8
info.app.java.target=1.8
Tip
Rather than hardcoding those values you could also expand info properties at build time.
Assuming you are using Maven, you could rewrite the example above as follows:
[email protected]@
[email protected]@
[email protected]@
Git commit information
Another useful feature of the info endpoint is its ability to publish information about the state of your
git source code repository when the project was built. If a GitProperties bean is available, the
git.branch, git.commit.id and git.commit.time properties will be exposed.
Tip
A GitProperties bean is auto-configured if a git.properties file is available at the root of

the classpath. See Generate git information for more details.
If you want to display the full git information (i.e. the full content of git.properties), use the
management.info.git.mode property:
management.info.git.mode=full
Build information
The info endpoint can also publish information about your build if a BuildProperties bean is
available. This happens if a META-INF/build-info.properties file is available in the classpath.

Tip
The Maven and Gradle plugins can both generate that file, see Generate build information for
more details.
Writing custom InfoContributors
To provide custom application information you can register Spring beans that implement the
InfoContributor interface.
The example below contributes an example entry with a single value:
import java.util.Collections;
import org.springframework.boot.actuate.info.Info;
import org.springframework.boot.actuate.info.InfoContributor;
@Component
public class ExampleInfoContributor implements InfoContributor {
@Override
public void contribute(Info.Builder builder) {
builder.withDetail("example",
Collections.singletonMap("key", "value"));
}
If you hit the info endpoint you should see a response that contains the following additional entry:
{
"example": {
"key" : "value"
}
}

47. Monitoring and management over HTTP

If you are developing a Spring MVC application, Spring Boot Actuator will auto-configure all enabled
endpoints to be exposed over HTTP. The default convention is to use the id of the endpoint as the URL
path. For example, health is exposed as /health.
47.1 Securing sensitive endpoints

If you add Spring Security to your project, all sensitive endpoints exposed over HTTP will be protected.
By default basic authentication will be used with the username user and a generated password (which
is printed on the console when the application starts).
Tip
Generated passwords are logged as the application starts. Search for Using default security
password.
You can use Spring properties to change the username and password and to change the
security role(s) required to access the endpoints. For example, you might set the following in your
application.properties:
security.user.name=admin
security.user.password=secret
management.security.roles=SUPERUSER
Tip
If you dont use Spring Security and your HTTP endpoints are exposed publicly, you should
carefully consider which endpoints you enable. See Section 46.1, Customizing endpoints for
details of how you can set endpoints.enabled to false then opt-in only specific endpoints.
47.2 Customizing the management endpoint paths

Sometimes it is useful to group all management endpoints under a single path. For example, your
application might already use /info for another purpose. You can use the management.context-
path property to set a prefix for your management endpoint:
management.context-path=/manage
The application.properties example above will change the endpoint from /{id} to /manage/
{id} (e.g. /manage/info).
You can also change the id of an endpoint (using endpoints.{name}.id) which then changes the
default resource path for the MVC endpoint. Legal endpoint ids are composed only of alphanumeric
characters (because they can be exposed in a number of places, including JMX object names,
where special characters are forbidden). The MVC path can be changed separately by configuring
endpoints.{name}.path, and there is no validation on those values (so you can use anything that
is legal in a URL path). For example, to change the location of the /health endpoint to /ping/me you
can set endpoints.health.path=/ping/me.

Tip
If you provide a custom MvcEndpoint remember to include a settable path property, and default
it to /{id} if you want your code to behave like the standard MVC endpoints. (Take a look at the
HealthMvcEndpoint to see how you might do that.) If your custom endpoint is an Endpoint
(not an MvcEndpoint) then Spring Boot will take care of the path for you.
47.3 Customizing the management server port

Exposing management endpoints using the default HTTP port is a sensible choice for cloud based
deployments. If, however, your application runs inside your own data center you may prefer to expose
endpoints using a different HTTP port.
The management.port property can be used to change the HTTP port.
management.port=8081
Since your management port is often protected by a firewall, and not exposed to the public you might
not need security on the management endpoints, even if your main application is secure. In that case
you will have Spring Security on the classpath, and you can disable management security like this:
management.security.enabled=false
(If you dont have Spring Security on the classpath then there is no need to explicitly disable the
management security in this way, and it might even break the application.)
47.4 Configuring management-specific SSL

When configured to use a custom port, the management server can also be configured with its own SSL
using the various management.ssl.* properties. For example, this allows a management server to
be available via HTTP while the main application uses HTTPS:
server.port=8443
server.ssl.enabled=true
server.ssl.key-store=classpath:store.jks
server.ssl.key-password=secret
management.ssl.enable=false
Alternatively, both the main server and the management server can use SSL but with different key stores:
server.port=8443
server.ssl.enabled=true
server.ssl.key-store=classpath:main.jks
server.ssl.key-password=secret
management.ssl.enable=true
management.ssl.key-store=classpath:management.jks
management.ssl.key-password=secret
47.5 Customizing the management server address

You can customize the address that the management endpoints are available on by setting the
management.address property. This can be useful if you want to listen only on an internal or ops-
facing network, or to only listen for connections from localhost.

Note
You can only listen on a different address if the port is different to the main server port.
Here is an example application.properties that will not allow remote management connections:
management.address=127.0.0.1
47.6 Disabling HTTP endpoints

If you dont want to expose endpoints over HTTP you can set the management port to -1:
management.port=-1
47.7 HTTP health endpoint access restrictions

The information exposed by the health endpoint varies depending on whether or not its accessed
anonymously, and whether or not the enclosing application is secure. By default, when accessed
anonymously in a secure application, any details about the servers health are hidden and the endpoint
will simply indicate whether or not the server is up or down. Furthermore the response is cached
for a configurable period to prevent the endpoint being used in a denial of service attack. The
endpoints.health.time-to-live property is used to configure the caching period in milliseconds.
It defaults to 1000, i.e. one second.
The above-described restrictions can be enhanced, thereby allowing only authenticated users full
access to the health endpoint in a secure application. To do so, set endpoints.health.sensitive
to true. Heres a summary of behavior (with default sensitive flag value false indicated in bold):
management.security.enabled Unauthenticated
endpoints.health.sensitive Authenticated
false false Full content Full content
false true Status only Full content
true false Status only Full content
true true No content Full content

48. Monitoring and management over JMX

Java Management Extensions (JMX) provide a standard mechanism to monitor and manage
applications. By default Spring Boot will expose management endpoints as JMX MBeans under the
org.springframework.boot domain.
48.1 Customizing MBean names

The name of the MBean is usually generated from the id of the endpoint. For example the health
endpoint is exposed as org.springframework.boot/Endpoint/healthEndpoint.
If your application contains more than one Spring ApplicationContext you may find that names
clash. To solve this problem you can set the endpoints.jmx.unique-names property to true so
that MBean names are always unique.
You can also customize the JMX domain under which endpoints are exposed. Here is an example
endpoints.jmx.domain=myapp
endpoints.jmx.unique-names=true
48.2 Disabling JMX endpoints

If you dont want to expose endpoints over JMX you can set the endpoints.jmx.enabled property
to false:
endpoints.jmx.enabled=false
48.3 Using Jolokia for JMX over HTTP

Jolokia is a JMX-HTTP bridge giving an alternative method of accessing JMX beans. To use Jolokia,
simply include a dependency to org.jolokia:jolokia-core. For example, using Maven you would
add the following:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.jolokia</groupId>
<artifactId>jolokia-core</artifactId>
</dependency>
Jolokia can then be accessed using /jolokia on your management HTTP server.
Customizing Jolokia
Jolokia has a number of settings that you would traditionally configure using servlet parameters.
With Spring Boot you can use your application.properties, simply prefix the parameter with
jolokia.config.:
jolokia.config.debug=true
Disabling Jolokia
If you are using Jolokia but you dont want Spring Boot to configure it, simply set the
endpoints.jolokia.enabled property to false:

endpoints.jolokia.enabled=false

49. Monitoring and management using a remote

shell
Spring Boot supports an integrated Java shell called CRaSH. You can use CRaSH to ssh or telnet
into your running application. To enable remote shell support, add the following dependency to your
project:
<dependency>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-remote-shell</artifactId>
</dependency>
Tip
If you want to also enable telnet access you will additionally need a dependency on
org.crsh:crsh.shell.telnet.
Note
CRaSH requires to run with a JDK as it compiles commands on the fly. If a basic help command
fails, you are probably running with a JRE.
49.1 Connecting to the remote shell

By default the remote shell will listen for connections on port 2000. The default user is user and the
default password will be randomly generated and displayed in the log output. If your application is using
Spring Security, the shell will use the same configuration by default. If not, a simple authentication will
be applied and you should see a message like this:
Using default password for shell access: ec03e16c-4cf4-49ee-b745-7c8255c1dd7e
Linux and OSX users can use ssh to connect to the remote shell, Windows users can download and
install PuTTY.
$ ssh -p 2000 user@localhost
user@localhost's password:
. ____ _ __ _ _
/\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ \ \ \ \
( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \
\\/ ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| | ) ) ) )
' |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / /
=========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/
:: Spring Boot :: (v1.4.1.RELEASE) on myhost
Type help for a list of commands. Spring Boot provides metrics, beans, autoconfig and endpoint
commands.
Remote shell credentials
You can use the management.shell.auth.simple.user.name and

management.shell.auth.simple.user.password properties to configure custom connection
credentials. It is also possible to use a Spring Security AuthenticationManager to handle login
duties. See the CrshAutoConfiguration and ShellProperties Javadoc for full details.

49.2 Extending the remote shell

The remote shell can be extended in a number of interesting ways.
Remote shell commands

You can write additional shell commands using Groovy or Java (see the CRaSH documentation for
details). By default Spring Boot will search for commands in the following locations:
classpath*:/commands/**
classpath*:/crash/commands/**
Tip
You can change the search path by settings a shell.command-path-patterns property.
Note
If you are using an executable archive, any classes that a shell command depends upon must be
packaged in a nested jar rather than directly in the executable jar or war.
Here is a simple hello command that could be loaded from src/main/resources/commands/

hello.groovy
package commands
import org.crsh.cli.Command
import org.crsh.cli.Usage
import org.crsh.command.InvocationContext
class hello {
@Usage("Say Hello")
@Command
def main(InvocationContext context) {
return "Hello"
}
Spring Boot adds some additional attributes to InvocationContext that you can access from your
command:
Attribute Name Description
spring.boot.version The version of Spring Boot
spring.version The version of the core Spring Framework
spring.beanfactory Access to the Spring BeanFactory
spring.environment Access to the Spring Environment
Remote shell plugins

In addition to new commands, it is also possible to extend other CRaSH shell features. All Spring Beans
that extend org.crsh.plugin.CRaSHPlugin will be automatically registered with the shell.

For more information please refer to the CRaSH reference documentation.

50. Metrics
Spring Boot Actuator includes a metrics service with gauge and counter support. A gauge records
a single value; and a counter records a delta (an increment or decrement). Spring Boot Actuator also
provides a PublicMetrics interface that you can implement to expose metrics that you cannot record
via one of those two mechanisms. Look at SystemPublicMetrics for an example.
Metrics for all HTTP requests are automatically recorded, so if you hit the metrics endpoint you should
see a response similar to this:
{
"counter.status.200.root": 20,
"counter.status.200.metrics": 3,
"counter.status.200.star-star": 5,
"counter.status.401.root": 4,
"gauge.response.star-star": 6,
"gauge.response.root": 2,
"gauge.response.metrics": 3,
"classes": 5808,
"classes.loaded": 5808,
"classes.unloaded": 0,
"heap": 3728384,
"heap.committed": 986624,
"heap.init": 262144,
"heap.used": 52765,
"nonheap": 0,
"nonheap.committed": 77568,
"nonheap.init": 2496,
"nonheap.used": 75826,
"mem": 986624,
"mem.free": 933858,
"processors": 8,
"threads": 15,
"threads.daemon": 11,
"threads.peak": 15,
"threads.totalStarted": 42,
"uptime": 494836,
"instance.uptime": 489782,
"datasource.primary.active": 5,
"datasource.primary.usage": 0.25
}
Here we can see basic memory, heap, class loading, processor and thread pool information
along with some HTTP metrics. In this instance the root (/) and /metrics URLs have returned HTTP
200 responses 20 and 3 times respectively. It also appears that the root URL returned HTTP 401
(unauthorized) 4 times. The double asterisks (star-star) comes from a request matched by Spring
MVC as /** (normally a static resource).
The gauge shows the last response time for a request. So the last request to root took 2ms to respond
and the last to /metrics took 3ms.
Note
In this example we are actually accessing the endpoint over HTTP using the /metrics URL, this
explains why metrics appears in the response.
50.1 System metrics

The following system metrics are exposed by Spring Boot:

The total system memory in KB (mem)
The amount of free memory in KB (mem.free)
The number of processors (processors)
The system uptime in milliseconds (uptime)
The application context uptime in milliseconds (instance.uptime)
The average system load (systemload.average)
Heap information in KB (heap, heap.committed, heap.init, heap.used)
Thread information (threads, thread.peak, thread.daemon)
Class load information (classes, classes.loaded, classes.unloaded)
Garbage collection information (gc.xxx.count, gc.xxx.time)
50.2 DataSource metrics

The following metrics are exposed for each supported DataSource defined in your application:
The number of active connections (datasource.xxx.active)
The current usage of the connection pool (datasource.xxx.usage).
All data source metrics share the datasource. prefix. The prefix is further qualified for each data
source:
If the data source is the primary data source (that is either the only available data source or the one
flagged @Primary amongst the existing ones), the prefix is datasource.primary.
If the data source bean name ends with DataSource, the prefix is the name of the bean without
DataSource (i.e. datasource.batch for batchDataSource).
In all other cases, the name of the bean is used.
It is possible to override part or all of those defaults by registering a bean with a customized version
of DataSourcePublicMetrics. By default, Spring Boot provides metadata for all supported data
sources; you can add additional DataSourcePoolMetadataProvider beans if your favorite data
source isnt supported out of the box. See DataSourcePoolMetadataProvidersConfiguration
for examples.
50.3 Cache metrics

The following metrics are exposed for each supported cache defined in your application:
The current size of the cache (cache.xxx.size)
Hit ratio (cache.xxx.hit.ratio)
Miss ratio (cache.xxx.miss.ratio)
Note
Cache providers do not expose the hit/miss ratio in a consistent way. While some expose an
aggregated value (i.e. the hit ratio since the last time the stats were cleared), others expose a

temporal value (i.e. the hit ratio of the last second). Check your caching provider documentation
for more details.
If two different cache managers happen to define the same cache, the name of the cache is prefixed
by the name of the CacheManager bean.
It is possible to override part or all of those defaults by registering a bean with a customized version
of CachePublicMetrics. By default, Spring Boot provides cache statistics for EhCache, Hazelcast,
Infinispan, JCache and Guava. You can add additional CacheStatisticsProvider beans if your
favorite caching library isnt supported out of the box. See CacheStatisticsAutoConfiguration
for examples.
50.4 Tomcat session metrics

If you are using Tomcat as your embedded servlet container, session metrics will automatically be
exposed. The httpsessions.active and httpsessions.max keys provide the number of active
and maximum sessions.
50.5 Recording your own metrics

To record your own metrics inject a CounterService and/or GaugeService into your bean.
The CounterService exposes increment, decrement and reset methods; the GaugeService
provides a submit method.
Here is a simple example that counts the number of times that a method is invoked:
import org.springframework.boot.actuate.metrics.CounterService;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
public class MyService {
private final CounterService counterService;
@Autowired
public MyService(CounterService counterService) {
this.counterService = counterService;
}
public void exampleMethod() {

this.counterService.increment("services.system.myservice.invoked");
}
Tip
You can use any string as a metric name but you should follow guidelines of your chosen store/
graphing technology. Some good guidelines for Graphite are available on Matt Aimonettis Blog.
50.6 Adding your own public metrics

To add additional metrics that are computed every time the metrics endpoint is invoked, simply register
additional PublicMetrics implementation bean(s). By default, all such beans are gathered by the
endpoint. You can easily change that by defining your own MetricsEndpoint.

50.7 Special features with Java 8

The default implementation of GaugeService and CounterService provided by Spring Boot
depends on the version of Java that you are using. With Java 8 (or better) the implementation switches
to a high-performance version optimized for fast writes, backed by atomic in-memory buffers, rather than
by the immutable but relatively expensive Metric<?> type (counters are approximately 5 times faster
and gauges approximately twice as fast as the repository-based implementations). The Dropwizard
metrics services (see below) are also very efficient even for Java 7 (they have backports of some of the
Java 8 concurrency libraries), but they do not record timestamps for metric values. If performance of
metric gathering is a concern then it is always advisable to use one of the high-performance options, and
also to only read metrics infrequently, so that the writes are buffered locally and only read when needed.
Note
The old MetricRepository and its InMemoryMetricRepository implementation are not

used by default if you are on Java 8 or if you are using Dropwizard metrics.
50.8 Metric writers, exporters and aggregation

Spring Boot provides a couple of implementations of a marker interface called Exporter which
can be used to copy metric readings from the in-memory buffers to a place where they can
be analyzed and displayed. Indeed, if you provide a @Bean that implements the MetricWriter
interface (or GaugeWriter for simple use cases) and mark it @ExportMetricWriter, then it will
automatically be hooked up to an Exporter and fed metric updates every 5 seconds (configured via
spring.metrics.export.delay-millis). In addition, any MetricReader that you define and
mark as @ExportMetricReader will have its values exported by the default exporter.
The default exporter is a MetricCopyExporter which tries to optimize itself by not copying values
that havent changed since it was last called (the optimization can be switched off using a flag
spring.metrics.export.send-latest). Note also that the Dropwizard MetricRegistry has
no support for timestamps, so the optimization is not available if you are using Dropwizard metrics (all
metrics will be copied on every tick).
The default values for the export trigger (delay-millis, includes, excludes and send-latest)
can be set as spring.metrics.export.*. Individual values for specific MetricWriters can be
set as spring.metrics.export.triggers.<name>.* where <name> is a bean name (or pattern
for matching bean names).
Warning
The automatic export of metrics is disabled if you switch off the default MetricRepository (e.g.
by using Dropwizard metrics). You can get back the same functionality be declaring a bean of
your own of type MetricReader and declaring it to be @ExportMetricReader.
Example: Export to Redis

If you provide a @Bean of type RedisMetricRepository and mark it @ExportMetricWriter
the metrics are exported to a Redis cache for aggregation. The RedisMetricRepository has two
important parameters to configure it for this purpose: prefix and key (passed into its constructor).
It is best to use a prefix that is unique to the application instance (e.g. using a random value and
maybe the logical name of the application to make it possible to correlate with other instances of the

same application). The key is used to keep a global index of all metric names, so it should be unique
globally, whatever that means for your system (e.g. two instances of the same system could share a
Redis cache if they have distinct keys).
Example:
@Bean
@ExportMetricWriter
MetricWriter metricWriter(MetricExportProperties export) {
return new RedisMetricRepository(connectionFactory,
export.getRedis().getPrefix(), export.getRedis().getKey());
}
application.properties.
spring.metrics.export.redis.prefix: metrics.mysystem.${spring.application.name:application}.
${random.value:0000}
spring.metrics.export.redis.key: keys.metrics.mysystem
The prefix is constructed with the application name and id at the end, so it can easily be used to identify
a group of processes with the same logical name later.
Note
Its important to set both the key and the prefix. The key is used for all repository operations, and
can be shared by multiple repositories. If multiple repositories share a key (like in the case where
you need to aggregate across them), then you normally have a read-only master repository that
has a short, but identifiable, prefix (like metrics.mysystem), and many write-only repositories
with prefixes that start with the master prefix (like metrics.mysystem.* in the example above).
It is efficient to read all the keys from a master repository like that, but inefficient to read a subset
with a longer prefix (e.g. using one of the writing repositories).
Tip
The example above uses MetricExportProperties to inject and extract the key and prefix.
This is provided to you as a convenience by Spring Boot, configured with sensible defaults. There
is nothing to stop you using your own values as long as they follow the recommendations.
Example: Export to Open TSDB
If you provide a @Bean of type OpenTsdbGaugeWriter and mark it @ExportMetricWriter metrics

are exported to Open TSDB for aggregation. The OpenTsdbGaugeWriter has a url property that
you need to set to the Open TSDB /put endpoint, e.g. localhost:4242/api/put). It also has a
namingStrategy that you can customize or configure to make the metrics match the data structure
you need on the server. By default it just passes through the metric name as an Open TSDB metric
name, and adds the tags domain (with value org.springframework.metrics) and process (with the
value equal to the object hash of the naming strategy). Thus, after running the application and generating
some metrics you can inspect the metrics in the TSD UI (localhost:4242 by default).
Example:
curl localhost:4242/api/query?start=1h-ago&m=max:counter.status.200.root
[
{
"metric": "counter.status.200.root",
"tags": {

"domain": "org.springframework.metrics",
"process": "b968a76"
},
"aggregateTags": [],
"dps": {
"1430492872": 2,
"1430492875": 6
}
}
]
Example: Export to Statsd
To export metrics to Statsd, make sure first that you have added com.timgroup:java-statsd-
client as a dependency of your project (Spring Boot provides a dependency management for it).
Then add a spring.metrics.export.statsd.host value to your application.properties
file. Connections will be opened to port 8125 unless a spring.metrics.export.statsd.port
override is provided. You can use spring.metrics.export.statsd.prefix if you want a custom
prefix.
Alternatively, you can provide a @Bean of type StatsdMetricWriter and mark it

@ExportMetricWriter:
@Value("${spring.application.name:application}.${random.value:0000}")
private String prefix = "metrics";
@Bean
@ExportMetricWriter
MetricWriter metricWriter() {
return new StatsdMetricWriter(prefix, "localhost", 8125);
}
Example: Export to JMX
If you provide a @Bean of type JmxMetricWriter marked @ExportMetricWriter the metrics are
exported as MBeans to the local server (the MBeanExporter is provided by Spring Boot JMX auto-
configuration as long as it is switched on). Metrics can then be inspected, graphed, alerted etc. using
any tool that understands JMX (e.g. JConsole or JVisualVM).
Example:
@Bean
@ExportMetricWriter
MetricWriter metricWriter(MBeanExporter exporter) {
return new JmxMetricWriter(exporter);
}
Each metric is exported as an individual MBean. The format for the ObjectNames is given by an
ObjectNamingStrategy which can be injected into the JmxMetricWriter (the default breaks up
the metric name and tags the first two period-separated sections in a way that should make the metrics
group nicely in JVisualVM or JConsole).
50.9 Aggregating metrics from multiple sources

There is an AggregateMetricReader that you can use to consolidate metrics from different physical
sources. Sources for the same logical metric just need to publish them with a period-separated prefix,
and the reader will aggregate (by truncating the metric names, and dropping the prefix). Counters are
summed and everything else (i.e. gauges) take their most recent value.

This is very useful if multiple application instances are feeding to a central (e.g. Redis)
repository and you want to display the results. Particularly recommended in conjunction with a
MetricReaderPublicMetrics for hooking up to the results to the /metrics endpoint.
Example:
@Autowired
private MetricExportProperties export;
@Bean
public PublicMetrics metricsAggregate() {
return new MetricReaderPublicMetrics(aggregatesMetricReader());
}
private MetricReader globalMetricsForAggregation() {

return new RedisMetricRepository(this.connectionFactory,
this.export.getRedis().getAggregatePrefix(), this.export.getRedis().getKey());
}
private MetricReader aggregatesMetricReader() {

AggregateMetricReader repository = new AggregateMetricReader(
globalMetricsForAggregation());
return repository;
}
Note
The example above uses MetricExportProperties to inject and extract the key and prefix.
This is provided to you as a convenience by Spring Boot, and the defaults will be sensible. They
are set up in MetricExportAutoConfiguration.
Note
The MetricReaders above are not @Beans and are not marked as @ExportMetricReader
because they are just collecting and analyzing data from other repositories, and dont want to
export their values.
50.10 Dropwizard Metrics

A default MetricRegistry Spring bean will be created when you declare a dependency to the
io.dropwizard.metrics:metrics-core library; you can also register you own @Bean instance
if you need customizations. Users of the Dropwizard Metrics library will find that Spring Boot
metrics are automatically published to com.codahale.metrics.MetricRegistry. Metrics from the
MetricRegistry are also automatically exposed via the /metrics endpoint
When Dropwizard metrics are in use, the default CounterService and GaugeService are replaced
with a DropwizardMetricServices, which is a wrapper around the MetricRegistry (so you can
@Autowired one of those services and use it as normal). You can also create special Dropwizard
metrics by prefixing your metric names with the appropriate type (i.e. timer.*, histogram.* for
gauges, and meter.* for counters).
50.11 Message channel integration

If a MessageChannel bean called metricsChannel exists, then a MetricWriter will be created
that writes metrics to that channel. The writer is automatically hooked up to an exporter (as for all
writers), so all metric values will appear on the channel, and additional analysis or actions can be taken
by subscribers (its up to you to provide the channel and any subscribers you need).

51. Auditing
Spring Boot Actuator has a flexible audit framework that will publish events once Spring Security
is in play (authentication success, failure and access denied exceptions by default). This can
be very useful for reporting, and also to implement a lock-out policy based on authentication
failures. To customize published security events you can provide your own implementations of
AbstractAuthenticationAuditListener and AbstractAuthorizationAuditListener.
You can also choose to use the audit services for your own business events. To do that you can either
inject the existing AuditEventRepository into your own components and use that directly, or you
can simply publish AuditApplicationEvent via the Spring ApplicationEventPublisher (using
ApplicationEventPublisherAware).

52. Tracing
Tracing is automatically enabled for all HTTP requests. You can view the trace endpoint and obtain
basic information about the last 100 requests:
[{
"timestamp": 1394343677415,
"info": {
"method": "GET",
"path": "/trace",
"headers": {
"request": {
"Accept": "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8",
"Connection": "keep-alive",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 Gecko/Firefox",
"Accept-Language": "en-US,en;q=0.5",
"Cookie": "_ga=GA1.1.827067509.1390890128; ..."
"Authorization": "Basic ...",
"Host": "localhost:8080"
},
"response": {
"Strict-Transport-Security": "max-age=31536000 ; includeSubDomains",
"X-Application-Context": "application:8080",
"Content-Type": "application/json;charset=UTF-8",
"status": "200"
}
}
}
},{
"timestamp": 1394343684465,
...
}]
52.1 Custom tracing

If you need to trace additional events you can inject a TraceRepository into your Spring beans. The
add method accepts a single Map structure that will be converted to JSON and logged.
By default an InMemoryTraceRepository will be used that stores the last 100 events. You can define
your own instance of the InMemoryTraceRepository bean if you need to expand the capacity. You
can also create your own alternative TraceRepository implementation if needed.

53. Process monitoring

In Spring Boot Actuator you can find a couple of classes to create files that are useful for process
monitoring:
ApplicationPidFileWriter creates a file containing the application PID (by default in the
application directory with the file name application.pid).
EmbeddedServerPortFileWriter creates a file (or files) containing the ports of the embedded
server (by default in the application directory with the file name application.port).
These writers are not activated by default, but you can enable them in one of the ways described below.
53.1 Extend configuration

In META-INF/spring.factories file you can activate the listener(s) that writes a PID file. Example:
org.springframework.context.ApplicationListener=\
org.springframework.boot.actuate.system.ApplicationPidFileWriter,
org.springframework.boot.actuate.system.EmbeddedServerPortFileWriter
53.2 Programmatically
You can also activate a listener by invoking the SpringApplication.addListeners() method
and passing the appropriate Writer object. This method also allows you to customize the file name
and path via the Writer constructor.


If you want to explore some of the concepts discussed in this chapter, you can take a look at the actuator
sample applications. You also might want to read about graphing tools such as Graphite.
Otherwise, you can continue on, to read about deployment options or jump ahead for some in-depth
information about Spring Boots build tool plugins.

Part VI. Deploying
Spring Boot applications
Spring Boots flexible packaging options provide a great deal of choice when it comes to deploying your
application. You can easily deploy Spring Boot applications to a variety of cloud platforms, to a container
images (such as Docker) or to virtual/real machines.
This section covers some of the more common deployment scenarios.

55. Deploying to the cloud

Spring Boots executable jars are ready-made for most popular cloud PaaS (platform-as-a-service)
providers. These providers tend to require that you bring your own container; they manage application
processes (not Java applications specifically), so they need some intermediary layer that adapts your
application to the clouds notion of a running process.
Two popular cloud providers, Heroku and Cloud Foundry, employ a buildpack approach. The buildpack
wraps your deployed code in whatever is needed to start your application: it might be a JDK and a call to
java, it might be an embedded web server, or it might be a full-fledged application server. A buildpack
is pluggable, but ideally you should be able to get by with as few customizations to it as possible. This
reduces the footprint of functionality that is not under your control. It minimizes divergence between
development and production environments.
Ideally, your application, like a Spring Boot executable jar, has everything that it needs to run packaged
within it.
In this section well look at what it takes to get the simple application that we developed in the Getting
Started section up and running in the Cloud.
55.1 Cloud Foundry

Cloud Foundry provides default buildpacks that come into play if no other buildpack is specified. The
Cloud Foundry Java buildpack has excellent support for Spring applications, including Spring Boot. You
can deploy stand-alone executable jar applications, as well as traditional .war packaged applications.
Once youve built your application (using, for example, mvn clean package) and installed the cf
command line tool, simply deploy your application using the cf push command as follows, substituting
the path to your compiled .jar. Be sure to have logged in with your cf command line client before
pushing an application.
$ cf push acloudyspringtime -p target/demo-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
See the cf push documentation for more options. If there is a Cloud Foundry manifest.yml file
present in the same directory, it will be consulted.
Note
Here we are substituting acloudyspringtime for whatever value you give cf as the name of
your application.
At this point cf will start uploading your application:
Uploading acloudyspringtime... OK
Preparing to start acloudyspringtime... OK
-----> Downloaded app package (8.9M)
-----> Java Buildpack source: system
-----> Downloading Open JDK 1.7.0_51 from .../x86_64/openjdk-1.7.0_51.tar.gz (1.8s)
Expanding Open JDK to .java-buildpack/open_jdk (1.2s)
-----> Downloading Spring Auto Reconfiguration from 0.8.7 .../auto-reconfiguration-0.8.7.jar (0.1s)
-----> Uploading droplet (44M)
Checking status of app 'acloudyspringtime'...
0 of 1 instances running (1 starting)
...
0 of 1 instances running (1 down)
...
0 of 1 instances running (1 starting)

...
1 of 1 instances running (1 running)
App started
Congratulations! The application is now live!
Its easy to then verify the status of the deployed application:
$ cf apps
Getting applications in ...
OK
name requested state instances memory disk urls

...
acloudyspringtime started 1/1 512M 1G acloudyspringtime.cfapps.io
...
Once Cloud Foundry acknowledges that your application has been deployed, you should be able to hit
the application at the URI given, in this case http://acloudyspringtime.cfapps.io/.
Binding to services
By default, metadata about the running application as well as service connection information is exposed
to the application as environment variables (for example: $VCAP_SERVICES). This architecture decision
is due to Cloud Foundrys polyglot (any language and platform can be supported as a buildpack) nature;
process-scoped environment variables are language agnostic.
Environment variables dont always make for the easiest API so Spring Boot automatically extracts them
and flattens the data into properties that can be accessed through Springs Environment abstraction:
@Component
class MyBean implements EnvironmentAware {
private String instanceId;
@Override
public void setEnvironment(Environment environment) {
this.instanceId = environment.getProperty("vcap.application.instance_id");
}
// ...
All Cloud Foundry properties are prefixed with vcap. You can use vcap properties to access application
information (such as the public URL of the application) and service information (such as database
credentials). See CloudFoundryVcapEnvironmentPostProcessor Javadoc for complete details.
Tip
The Spring Cloud Connectors project is a better fit for tasks such as configuring a DataSource.
Spring Boot includes auto-configuration support and a spring-boot-starter-cloud-
connectors starter.
55.2 Heroku
Heroku is another popular PaaS platform. To customize Heroku builds, you provide a Procfile,
which provides the incantation required to deploy an application. Heroku assigns a port for the Java
application to use and then ensures that routing to the external URI works.

You must configure your application to listen on the correct port. Heres the Procfile for our starter
REST application:
web: java -Dserver.port=$PORT -jar target/demo-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
Spring Boot makes -D arguments available as properties accessible from a Spring Environment
instance. The server.port configuration property is fed to the embedded Tomcat, Jetty or Undertow
instance which then uses it when it starts up. The $PORT environment variable is assigned to us by
the Heroku PaaS.
Heroku by default will use Java 1.8. This is fine as long as your Maven or Gradle build is set to use the
same version (Maven users can use the java.version property). If you want to use JDK 1.7, create a
new file adjacent to your pom.xml and Procfile, called system.properties. In this file add the
following:
java.runtime.version=1.7
This should be everything you need. The most common workflow for Heroku deployments is to git
push the code to production.
$ git push heroku master
Initializing repository, done.

Counting objects: 95, done.
Delta compression using up to 8 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (78/78), done.
Writing objects: 100% (95/95), 8.66 MiB | 606.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 95 (delta 31), reused 0 (delta 0)
-----> Java app detected

-----> Installing OpenJDK 1.8... done
-----> Installing Maven 3.3.1... done
-----> Installing settings.xml... done
-----> Executing: mvn -B -DskipTests=true clean install
[INFO] Scanning for projects...

Downloading: http://repo.spring.io/...
Downloaded: http://repo.spring.io/... (818 B at 1.8 KB/sec)
....
Downloaded: http://s3pository.heroku.com/jvm/... (152 KB at 595.3 KB/sec)
[INFO] Installing /tmp/build_0c35a5d2-a067-4abc-a232-14b1fb7a8229/target/...
[INFO] Installing /tmp/build_0c35a5d2-a067-4abc-a232-14b1fb7a8229/pom.xml ...
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time: 59.358s
[INFO] Finished at: Fri Mar 07 07:28:25 UTC 2014
[INFO] Final Memory: 20M/493M
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----> Discovering process types

Procfile declares types -> web
-----> Compressing... done, 70.4MB

-----> Launching... done, v6
http://agile-sierra-1405.herokuapp.com/ deployed to Heroku
To [email protected]:agile-sierra-1405.git
* [new branch] master -> master
Your application should now be up and running on Heroku.

55.3 OpenShift
OpenShift is the RedHat public (and enterprise) PaaS solution. Like Heroku, it works by running scripts
triggered by git commits, so you can script the launching of a Spring Boot application in pretty much any
way you like as long as the Java runtime is available (which is a standard feature you can ask for at
OpenShift). To do this you can use the DIY Cartridge and hooks in your repository under .openshift/
action_hooks:
The basic model is to:
1. Ensure Java and your build tool are installed remotely, e.g. using a pre_build hook (Java and
Maven are installed by default, Gradle is not)
2. Use a build hook to build your jar (using Maven or Gradle), e.g.
#!/bin/bash
cd $OPENSHIFT_REPO_DIR
mvn package -s .openshift/settings.xml -DskipTests=true
3. Add a start hook that calls java -jar
#!/bin/bash
cd $OPENSHIFT_REPO_DIR
nohup java -jar target/*.jar --server.port=${OPENSHIFT_DIY_PORT} --server.address=${OPENSHIFT_DIY_IP}
&
4. Use a stop hook (since the start is supposed to return cleanly), e.g.
#!/bin/bash
source $OPENSHIFT_CARTRIDGE_SDK_BASH
PID=$(ps -ef | grep java.*\.jar | grep -v grep | awk '{ print $2 }')
if [ -z "$PID" ]
then
client_result "Application is already stopped"
else
kill $PID
fi
5. Embed service bindings from environment variables provided by the platform in your
application.properties, e.g.
spring.datasource.url: jdbc:mysql://${OPENSHIFT_MYSQL_DB_HOST}:${OPENSHIFT_MYSQL_DB_PORT}/
${OPENSHIFT_APP_NAME}
spring.datasource.username: ${OPENSHIFT_MYSQL_DB_USERNAME}
spring.datasource.password: ${OPENSHIFT_MYSQL_DB_PASSWORD}
Theres a blog on running Gradle in OpenShift on their website that will get you started with a gradle
build to run the app.
55.4 Boxfuse and Amazon Web Services

Boxfuse works by turning your Spring Boot executable jar or war into a minimal VM image that can be
deployed unchanged either on VirtualBox or on AWS. Boxfuse comes with deep integration for Spring
Boot and will use the information from your Spring Boot configuration file to automatically configure ports
and health check URLs. Boxfuse leverages this information both for the images it produces as well as
for all the resources it provisions (instances, security groups, elastic load balancers, etc).

Once you have created a Boxfuse account, connected it to your AWS account, and installed the latest
version of the Boxfuse Client, you can deploy your Spring Boot application to AWS as follows (ensure
the application has been built by Maven or Gradle first using, for example, mvn clean package):
$ boxfuse run myapp-1.0.jar -env=prod
See the boxfuse run documentation for more options. If there is a boxfuse.com/docs/commandline/
#configuration [boxfuse.conf] file present in the current directory, it will be consulted.
Tip
By default Boxfuse will activate a Spring profile named boxfuse on startup and if your
executable jar or war contains an boxfuse.com/docs/payloads/springboot.html#configuration
[application-boxfuse.properties] file, Boxfuse will base its configuration based on the
properties it contains.
At this point boxfuse will create an image for your application, upload it, and then configure and start
the necessary resources on AWS:
Fusing Image for myapp-1.0.jar ...

Image fused in 00:06.838s (53937 K) -> axelfontaine/myapp:1.0
Creating axelfontaine/myapp ...
Pushing axelfontaine/myapp:1.0 ...
Verifying axelfontaine/myapp:1.0 ...
Creating Elastic IP ...
Mapping myapp-axelfontaine.boxfuse.io to 52.28.233.167 ...
Waiting for AWS to create an AMI for axelfontaine/myapp:1.0 in eu-central-1 (this may take up to 50
seconds) ...
AMI created in 00:23.557s -> ami-d23f38cf
Creating security group boxfuse-sg_axelfontaine/myapp:1.0 ...
Launching t2.micro instance of axelfontaine/myapp:1.0 (ami-d23f38cf) in eu-central-1 ...
Instance launched in 00:30.306s -> i-92ef9f53
Waiting for AWS to boot Instance i-92ef9f53 and Payload to start at http://52.28.235.61/ ...
Payload started in 00:29.266s -> http://52.28.235.61/
Remapping Elastic IP 52.28.233.167 to i-92ef9f53 ...
Waiting 15s for AWS to complete Elastic IP Zero Downtime transition ...
Deployment completed successfully. axelfontaine/myapp:1.0 is up and running at http://myapp-
axelfontaine.boxfuse.io/
Your application should now be up and running on AWS.
Theres a blog on deploying Spring Boot apps on EC2 as well as documentation for the Boxfuse Spring
Boot integration on their website that will get you started with a Maven build to run the app.
55.5 Google App Engine

Google App Engine is tied to the Servlet 2.5 API, so you cant deploy a Spring Application there without
some modifications. See the Servlet 2.5 section of this guide.

56. Installing Spring Boot applications

In additional to running Spring Boot applications using java -jar it is also possible to make fully
executable applications for Unix systems. This makes it very easy to install and manage Spring Boot
applications in common production environments.
To create a fully executable jar with Maven use the following plugin configuration:
<plugin>
<configuration>
<executable>true</executable>
</configuration>
</plugin>
With Gradle, the equivalent configuration would be:
springBoot {
executable = true
}
You can then run your application by typing ./my-application.jar (where my-application is
the name of your artifact).
Note
Fully executable jars work by embedding an extra script at the front of the file. Not all tools currently
accept this format so you may not always be able to use this technique.
Note
The default script supports most Linux distributions and is tested on CentOS and
Ubuntu. Other platforms, such as OS X and FreeBSD, will require the use of a custom
embeddedLaunchScript.
Note
When a fully executable jar is run, it uses the jars directory as the working directory.
56.1 Unix/Linux services

Spring Boot application can be easily started as Unix/Linux services using either init.d or systemd.
Installation as an init.d service (System V)
If youve configured Spring Boots Maven or Gradle plugin to generate a fully executable jar, and
youre not using a custom embeddedLaunchScript, then your application can be used as an init.d
service. Simply symlink the jar to init.d to support the standard start, stop, restart and status
commands.
The script supports the following features:

Starts the services as the user that owns the jar file
Tracks applications PID using /var/run/<appname>/<appname>.pid
Writes console logs to /var/log/<appname>.log
Assuming that you have a Spring Boot application installed in /var/myapp, to install a Spring Boot
application as an init.d service simply create a symlink:
$ sudo ln -s /var/myapp/myapp.jar /etc/init.d/myapp
Once installed, you can start and stop the service in the usual way. For example, on a Debian based
system:
$ service myapp start
Tip
If your application fails to start, check the log file written to /var/log/<appname>.log for errors.
You can also flag the application to start automatically using your standard operating system tools. For
example, on Debian:
$ update-rc.d myapp defaults <priority>
Securing an init.d service
Note
The following is a set of guidelines on how to secure a Spring Boot application thats being run
as an init.d service. It is not intended to be an exhaustive list of everything that should be done
to harden an application and the environment in which it runs.
When executed as root, as is the case when root is being used to start an init.d service, the default
executable script will run the application as the user which owns the jar file. You should never run a
Spring Boot application as root so your applications jar file should never be owned by root. Instead,
create a specific user to run your application and use chown to make it the owner of the jar file. For
example:
$ chown bootapp:bootapp your-app.jar
In this case, the default executable script will run the application as the bootapp user.
Tip
To reduce the chances of the applications user account being compromised, you should consider
preventing it from using a login shell. Set the accounts shell to /usr/sbin/nologin, for
example.
You should also take steps to prevent the modification of your applications jar file. Firstly, configure its
permissions so that it cannot be written and can only be read or executed by its owner:
$ chmod 500 your-app.jar

Secondly, you should also take steps to limit the damage if your application or the account thats running
it is compromised. If an attacker does gain access, they could make the jar file writable and change its
contents. One way to protect against this is to make it immutable using chattr:
$ sudo chattr +i your-app.jar
This will prevent any user, including root, from modifying the jar.
If root is used to control the applications service and you use a .conf file to customize its startup, the
.conf file will be read and evaluated by the root user. It should be secured accordingly. Use chmod so
that the file can only be read by the owner and use chown to make root the owner:
$ chmod 400 your-app.conf

$ sudo chown root:root your-app.conf
Installation as a systemd service

Systemd is the successor of the System V init system, and is now being used by many modern Linux
distributions. Although you can continue to use init.d scripts with systemd, it is also possible to
launch Spring Boot applications using systemd service scripts.
Assuming that you have a Spring Boot application installed in /var/myapp, to install a Spring Boot
application as a systemd service create a script named myapp.service using the following example
and place it in /etc/systemd/system directory:
[Unit]
Description=myapp
After=syslog.target
[Service]
User=myapp
ExecStart=/var/myapp/myapp.jar
SuccessExitStatus=143
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
Tip
Remember to change the Description, User and ExecStart fields for your application.
Note that unlike when running as an init.d service, user that runs the application, PID file and console
log file behave differently under systemd and must be configured using appropriate fields in service
script. Consult the service unit configuration man page for more details.
To flag the application to start automatically on system boot use the following command:
$ systemctl enable myapp.service
Refer to man systemctl for more details.
Customizing the startup script

The default embedded startup script written by the Maven or Gradle plugin can be customized in
a number of ways. For most people, using the default script along with a few customizations is
usually enough. If you find you cant customize something that you need to, you can always use the
embeddedLaunchScript option to write your own file entirely.

Customizing script when its written
It often makes sense to customize elements of the start script as its written into the jar file. For example,
init.d scripts can provide a description and, since you know this up front (and it wont change), you
may as well provide it when the jar is generated.
To customize written elements, use the embeddedLaunchScriptProperties option of the Spring

Boot Maven or Gradle plugins.
The following property substitutions are supported with the default script:
Name Description
mode The script mode. Defaults to auto.
The Provides section of INIT INFO. Defaults to spring-boot-application for

initInfoProvides
Gradle and to ${project.artifactId} for Maven.
The Short-Description section of INIT INFO. Defaults to Spring Boot

initInfoShortDescription
Application for Gradle and to ${project.name} for Maven.
The Description section of INIT INFO. Defaults to Spring Boot

initInfoDescription
Application for Gradle and to ${project.description} (falling back to
${project.name}) for Maven.
The chkconfig section of INIT INFO. Defaults to 2345 99 01.

initInfoChkconfig
confFolder The default value for CONF_FOLDER. Defaults to the folder containing the jar.
logFolder The default value for LOG_FOLDER. Only valid for an init.d service.
pidFolder The default value for PID_FOLDER. Only valid for an init.d service.
If the start-stop-daemon command, when its available, should be used to control

useStartStopDaemon
the process. Defaults to true.
Customizing script when it runs
For items of the script that need to be customized after the jar has been written you can use environment
variables or a config file.
The following environment properties are supported with the default script:
MODE The mode of operation. The default depends on the way the jar was built, but will
usually be auto (meaning it tries to guess if it is an init script by checking if it is a
symlink in a directory called init.d). You can explicitly set it to service so that the
stop|start|status|restart commands work, or to run if you just want to run
the script in the foreground.
If the start-stop-daemon command, when its available, should be used to control

USE_START_STOP_DAEMON
the process. Defaults to true.
PID_FOLDER The root name of the pid folder (/var/run by default).
LOG_FOLDER The name of the folder to put log files in (/var/log by default).

CONF_FOLDERThe name of the folder to read .conf files from (same folder as jar-file by default).
The name of the log file in the LOG_FOLDER (<appname>.log by default).

LOG_FILENAME
APP_NAME The name of the app. If the jar is run from a symlink the script guesses the app name,
but if it is not a symlink, or you want to explicitly set the app name this can be useful.
RUN_ARGS The arguments to pass to the program (the Spring Boot app).
JAVA_HOME The location of the java executable is discovered by using the PATH by default, but
you can set it explicitly if there is an executable file at $JAVA_HOME/bin/java.
JAVA_OPTS Options that are passed to the JVM when it is launched.
JARFILE The explicit location of the jar file, in case the script is being used to launch a jar that
it is not actually embedded in.
DEBUG if not empty will set the -x flag on the shell process, making it easy to see the logic in
the script.
Note
The PID_FOLDER, LOG_FOLDER and LOG_FILENAME variables are only valid for an init.d
service. With systemd the equivalent customizations are made using service script. Check the
service unit configuration man page for more details.
With the exception of JARFILE and APP_NAME, the above settings can be configured using a .conf
file. The file is expected next to the jar file and have the same name but suffixed with .conf rather
than .jar. For example, a jar named /var/myapp/myapp.jar will use the configuration file named
/var/myapp/myapp.conf.
myapp.conf.
JAVA_OPTS=-Xmx1024M
LOG_FOLDER=/custom/log/folder
Tip
You can use a CONF_FOLDER environment variable to customize the location of the config file if
you dont like it living next to the jar.
To learn about securing this file appropriately, please refer to the guidelines for securing an init.d service.
56.2 Microsoft Windows services

Spring Boot application can be started as Windows service using winsw.
A sample maintained separately to the core of Spring Boot describes step-by-step how you can create
a Windows service for your Spring Boot application.


Check out the Cloud Foundry, Heroku, OpenShift and Boxfuse web sites for more information about the
kinds of features that a PaaS can offer. These are just four of the most popular Java PaaS providers,
since Spring Boot is so amenable to cloud-based deployment youre free to consider other providers
as well.
The next section goes on to cover the Spring Boot CLI; or you can jump ahead to read about build
tool plugins.

Part VII. Spring Boot CLI
The Spring Boot CLI is a command line tool that can be used if you want to quickly develop with Spring.
It allows you to run Groovy scripts, which means that you have a familiar Java-like syntax, without so
much boilerplate code. You can also bootstrap a new project or write your own command for it.
58. Installing the CLI

The Spring Boot CLI can be installed manually; using SDKMAN! (the SDK Manager) or using Homebrew
or MacPorts if you are an OSX user. See Section 10.2, Installing the Spring Boot CLI in the Getting
started section for comprehensive installation instructions.

59. Using the CLI

Once you have installed the CLI you can run it by typing spring. If you run spring without any
arguments, a simple help screen is displayed:
$ spring
usage: spring [--help] [--version]
<command> [<args>]
Available commands are:
run [options] <files> [--] [args]

Run a spring groovy script
... more command help is shown here
You can use help to get more details about any of the supported commands. For example:
$ spring help run

spring run - Run a spring groovy script
usage: spring run [options] <files> [--] [args]
Option Description
------ -----------
--autoconfigure [Boolean] Add autoconfigure compiler
transformations (default: true)
--classpath, -cp Additional classpath entries
-e, --edit Open the file with the default system
editor
--no-guess-dependencies Do not attempt to guess dependencies
--no-guess-imports Do not attempt to guess imports
-q, --quiet Quiet logging
-v, --verbose Verbose logging of dependency
resolution
--watch Watch the specified file for changes
The version command provides a quick way to check which version of Spring Boot you are using.
$ spring version
59.1 Running applications using the CLI

You can compile and run Groovy source code using the run command. The Spring Boot CLI is
completely self-contained so you dont need any external Groovy installation.
Here is an example hello world web application written in Groovy:
hello.groovy.
@RestController
class WebApplication {
String home() {
"Hello World!"
}
To compile and run the application type:
$ spring run hello.groovy

To pass command line arguments to the application, you need to use a -- to separate them from the
spring command arguments, e.g.
$ spring run hello.groovy -- --server.port=9000
To set JVM command line arguments you can use the JAVA_OPTS environment variable, e.g.
$ JAVA_OPTS=-Xmx1024m spring run hello.groovy
Deduced grab dependencies
Standard Groovy includes a @Grab annotation which allows you to declare dependencies on a third-
party libraries. This useful technique allows Groovy to download jars in the same way as Maven or
Gradle would, but without requiring you to use a build tool.
Spring Boot extends this technique further, and will attempt to deduce which libraries to grab
based on your code. For example, since the WebApplication code above uses @RestController
annotations, Tomcat and Spring MVC will be grabbed.
The following items are used as grab hints:
Items Grabs
JdbcTemplate, JDBC Application.

NamedParameterJdbcTemplate,
DataSource
@EnableJms JMS Application.
@EnableCaching Caching abstraction.
@Test JUnit.
@EnableRabbit RabbitMQ.
@EnableReactor Project Reactor.
extends Specification Spock test.
@EnableBatchProcessing Spring Batch.
@MessageEndpoint Spring Integration.

@EnableIntegrationPatterns
@EnableDeviceResolver Spring Mobile.
@Controller @RestController Spring MVC + Embedded Tomcat.

@EnableWebMvc
@EnableWebSecurity Spring Security.
@EnableTransactionManagement Spring Transaction Management.
Tip
See subclasses of CompilerAutoConfiguration in the Spring Boot CLI source code to

understand exactly how customizations are applied.

Deduced grab coordinates
Spring Boot extends Groovys standard @Grab support by allowing you to specify a dependency
without a group or version, for example @Grab('freemarker'). This will consult Spring Boots default
dependency metadata to deduce the artifacts group and version. Note that the default metadata is tied
to the version of the CLI that youre using it will only change when you move to a new version of the
CLI, putting you in control of when the versions of your dependencies may change. A table showing the
dependencies and their versions that are included in the default metadata can be found in the appendix.
Default import statements
To help reduce the size of your Groovy code, several import statements are automatically included.
Notice how the example above refers to @Component, @RestController and @RequestMapping
without needing to use fully-qualified names or import statements.
Tip
Many Spring annotations will work without using import statements. Try running your application
to see what fails before adding imports.
Automatic main method
Unlike the equivalent Java application, you do not need to include a public static void
main(String[] args) method with your Groovy scripts. A SpringApplication is automatically
created, with your compiled code acting as the source.
Custom dependency management
By default, the CLI uses the dependency management declared in spring-boot-dependencies

when resolving @Grab dependencies. Additional dependency management, that will override the default
dependency management, can be configured using the @DependencyManagementBom annotation.
The annotations value should specify the coordinates (groupId:artifactId:version) of one or
more Maven BOMs.
For example, the following declaration:
@DependencyManagementBom("com.example.custom-bom:1.0.0")
Will pick up custom-bom-1.0.0.pom in a Maven repository under com/example/custom-

versions/1.0.0/.
When multiple BOMs are specified they are applied in the order that theyre declared. For example:
@DependencyManagementBom(["com.example.custom-bom:1.0.0",
"com.example.another-bom:1.0.0"])
indicates that dependency management in another-bom will override the dependency management
in custom-bom.
You can use @DependencyManagementBom anywhere that you can use @Grab, however, to ensure
consistent ordering of the dependency management, you can only use @DependencyManagementBom
at most once in your application. A useful source of dependency management (that is

a superset of Spring Boots dependency management) is the Spring IO Platform, e.g.

@DependencyManagementBom('io.spring.platform:platform-bom:1.1.2.RELEASE').
59.2 Testing your code

The test command allows you to compile and run tests for your application. Typical usage looks like
this:
$ spring test app.groovy tests.groovy

Total: 1, Success: 1, : Failures: 0
Passed? true
In this example, tests.groovy contains JUnit @Test methods or Spock Specification classes.
All the common framework annotations and static methods should be available to you without having
to import them.
Here is the tests.groovy file that we used above (with a JUnit test):
class ApplicationTests {
@Test
void homeSaysHello() {
assertEquals("Hello World!", new WebApplication().home())
}
Tip
If you have more than one test source files, you might prefer to organize them into a test
directory.
59.3 Applications with multiple source files

You can use shell globbing with all commands that accept file input. This allows you to easily use
multiple files from a single directory, e.g.
$ spring run *.groovy
This technique can also be useful if you want to segregate your test or spec code from the main
application code:
$ spring test app/*.groovy test/*.groovy
59.4 Packaging your application

You can use the jar command to package your application into a self-contained executable jar file.
For example:
$ spring jar my-app.jar *.groovy
The resulting jar will contain the classes produced by compiling the application and all of the applications
dependencies so that it can then be run using java -jar. The jar file will also contain entries from the
applications classpath. You can add explicit paths to the jar using --include and --exclude (both
are comma-separated, and both accept prefixes to the values + and - to signify that they should be
removed from the defaults). The default includes are

public/**, resources/**, static/**, templates/**, META-INF/**, *
and the default excludes are
.*, repository/**, build/**, target/**, **/*.jar, **/*.groovy
See the output of spring help jar for more information.
59.5 Initialize a new project

The init command allows you to create a new project using start.spring.io without leaving the shell.
For example:
$ spring init --dependencies=web,data-jpa my-project

Using service at https://start.spring.io
Project extracted to '/Users/developer/example/my-project'
This creates a my-project directory with a Maven-based project using spring-boot-starter-

web and spring-boot-starter-data-jpa. You can list the capabilities of the service using the --
list flag
$ spring init --list

=======================================
Capabilities of https://start.spring.io
=======================================
Available dependencies:
-----------------------
actuator - Actuator: Production ready features to help you monitor and manage your application
...
web - Web: Support for full-stack web development, including Tomcat and spring-webmvc
websocket - Websocket: Support for WebSocket development
ws - WS: Support for Spring Web Services
Available project types:

------------------------
gradle-build - Gradle Config [format:build, build:gradle]
gradle-project - Gradle Project [format:project, build:gradle]
maven-build - Maven POM [format:build, build:maven]
maven-project - Maven Project [format:project, build:maven] (default)
...
The init command supports many options, check the help output for more details. For instance, the
following command creates a gradle project using Java 8 and war packaging:
$ spring init --build=gradle --java-version=1.8 --dependencies=websocket --packaging=war sample-app.zip

Using service at https://start.spring.io
Content saved to 'sample-app.zip'
59.6 Using the embedded shell

Spring Boot includes command-line completion scripts for BASH and zsh shells. If you dont use either
of these shells (perhaps you are a Windows user) then you can use the shell command to launch
an integrated shell.
$ spring shell
Spring Boot (v1.4.1.RELEASE)
Hit TAB to complete. Type \'help' and hit RETURN for help, and \'exit' to quit.
From inside the embedded shell you can run other commands directly:

$ version
The embedded shell supports ANSI color output as well as tab completion. If you need to run a native
command you can use the ! prefix. Hitting ctrl-c will exit the embedded shell.
59.7 Adding extensions to the CLI

You can add extensions to the CLI using the install command. The command takes one or more
sets of artifact coordinates in the format group:artifact:version. For example:
$ spring install com.example:spring-boot-cli-extension:1.0.0.RELEASE
In addition to installing the artifacts identified by the coordinates you supply, all of the artifacts'
dependencies will also be installed.
To uninstall a dependency use the uninstall command. As with the install command, it takes one
or more sets of artifact coordinates in the format group:artifact:version. For example:
$ spring uninstall com.example:spring-boot-cli-extension:1.0.0.RELEASE
It will uninstall the artifacts identified by the coordinates you supply and their dependencies.
To uninstall all additional dependencies you can use the --all option. For example:
$ spring uninstall --all

60. Developing application with the Groovy beans

DSL
Spring Framework 4.0 has native support for a beans{} DSL (borrowed from Grails), and you can
embed bean definitions in your Groovy application scripts using the same format. This is sometimes a
good way to include external features like middleware declarations. For example:
@Configuration
class Application implements CommandLineRunner {
@Autowired
SharedService service
@Override
void run(String... args) {
println service.message
}
import my.company.SharedService
beans {
service(SharedService) {
message = "Hello World"
}
}
You can mix class declarations with beans{} in the same file as long as they stay at the top level, or
you can put the beans DSL in a separate file if you prefer.

61. Configuring the CLI with settings.xml

The Spring Boot CLI uses Aether, Mavens dependency resolution engine, to resolve dependencies.
The CLI makes use of the Maven configuration found in ~/.m2/settings.xml to configure Aether.
The following configuration settings are honored by the CLI:
Offline
Mirrors
Servers
Proxies
Profiles
Activation
Repositories
Active profiles
Please refer to Mavens settings documentation for further information.


There are some sample groovy scripts available from the GitHub repository that you can use to try out
the Spring Boot CLI. There is also extensive Javadoc throughout the source code.
If you find that you reach the limit of the CLI tool, you will probably want to look at converting your
application to full Gradle or Maven built groovy project. The next section covers Spring Boots Build
tool plugins that you can use with Gradle or Maven.

Part VIII. Build tool plugins
Spring Boot provides build tool plugins for Maven and Gradle. The plugins offer a variety of features,
including the packaging of executable jars. This section provides more details on both plugins, as well
as some help should you need to extend an unsupported build system. If you are just getting started,
you might want to read Chapter 13, Build systems from the Part III, Using Spring Boot section first.
63. Spring Boot Maven plugin

The Spring Boot Maven Plugin provides Spring Boot support in Maven, allowing you to package
executable jar or war archives and run an application in-place. To use it you must be using Maven
3.2 (or better).
Note
Refer to the Spring Boot Maven Plugin Site for complete plugin documentation.
63.1 Including the plugin

To use the Spring Boot Maven Plugin simply include the appropriate XML in the plugins section of
your pom.xml


<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<executions>
<execution>
<goals>
<goal>repackage</goal>
</goals>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
This configuration will repackage a jar or war that is built during the package phase of the Maven
lifecycle. The following example shows both the repackaged jar, as well as the original jar, in the target
directory:
$ mvn package
$ ls target/*.jar
target/myproject-1.0.0.jar target/myproject-1.0.0.jar.original
If you dont include the <execution/> configuration as above, you can run the plugin on its own (but
only if the package goal is used as well). For example:
$ mvn package spring-boot:repackage

$ ls target/*.jar
target/myproject-1.0.0.jar target/myproject-1.0.0.jar.original
If you are using a milestone or snapshot release you will also need to add appropriate
pluginRepository elements:
<pluginRepositories>
<pluginRepository>
<id>spring-snapshots</id>
<url>http://repo.spring.io/snapshot</url>

</pluginRepository>
<pluginRepository>
<id>spring-milestones</id>
<url>http://repo.spring.io/milestone</url>
</pluginRepository>
</pluginRepositories>
63.2 Packaging executable jar and war files

Once spring-boot-maven-plugin has been included in your pom.xml it will automatically attempt
to rewrite archives to make them executable using the spring-boot:repackage goal. You should
configure your project to build a jar or war (as appropriate) using the usual packaging element:


<packaging>jar</packaging>

</project>
Your existing archive will be enhanced by Spring Boot during the package phase. The main class that
you want to launch can either be specified using a configuration option, or by adding a Main-Class
attribute to the manifest in the usual way. If you dont specify a main class the plugin will search for a
class with a public static void main(String[] args) method.
To build and run a project artifact, you can type the following:
$ mvn package
$ java -jar target/mymodule-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
To build a war file that is both executable and deployable into an external container you need to mark
the embedded container dependencies as provided, e.g:


<packaging>war</packaging>

<dependencies>
<dependency>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>

</dependencies>
</project>
Tip
See the Section 81.1, Create a deployable war file section for more details on how to create
a deployable war file.
Advanced configuration options and examples are available in the plugin info page.

64. Spring Boot Gradle plugin

The Spring Boot Gradle Plugin provides Spring Boot support in Gradle, allowing you to package
executable jar or war archives, run Spring Boot applications and use the dependency management
provided by spring-boot-dependencies.
64.1 Including the plugin

To use the Spring Boot Gradle Plugin simply include a buildscript dependency and apply the
spring-boot plugin:
buildscript {
dependencies {
}
}
If you are using a milestone or snapshot release you will also need to add appropriate repositories
reference:
buildscript {
repositories {
maven.url "http://repo.spring.io/snapshot"
maven.url "http://repo.spring.io/milestone"
}
// ...
}
64.2 Gradle dependency management

The spring-boot plugin automatically applies the Dependency Management Plugin and configures in
to import the spring-boot-starter-parent bom. This provides a similar dependency management
experience to the one that is enjoyed by Maven users. For example, it allows you to omit version numbers
when declaring dependencies that are managed in the bom. To make use of this functionality, simply
declare dependencies in the usual way, but leave the version number empty:
dependencies {
compile("org.thymeleaf:thymeleaf-spring4")
compile("nz.net.ultraq.thymeleaf:thymeleaf-layout-dialect")
}
Note
The version of the spring-boot gradle plugin that you declare determines the version of the
spring-boot-starter-parent bom that is imported (this ensures that builds are always
repeatable). You should always set the version of the spring-boot gradle plugin to the actual
Spring Boot version that you wish to use. Details of the versions that are provided can be found
in the appendix.
The dependency management plugin will only supply a version where one is not specified. To use a
version of an artifact that differs from the one that the plugin would provide, simply specify the version
when you declare the dependency as you usually would. For example:
dependencies {

compile("org.thymeleaf:thymeleaf-spring4:2.1.1.RELEASE")
}
To learn more about the capabilities of the Dependency Management Plugin, please refer to its
documentation.
64.3 Packaging executable jar and war files

Once the spring-boot plugin has been applied to your project it will automatically attempt to rewrite
archives to make them executable using the bootRepackage task. You should configure your project
to build a jar or war (as appropriate) in the usual way.
The main class that you want to launch can either be specified using a configuration option, or by adding
a Main-Class attribute to the manifest. If you dont specify a main class the plugin will search for a
class with a public static void main(String[] args) method.
Tip
Check Section 64.6, Repackage configuration for a full list of configuration options.
To build and run a project artifact, you can type the following:
$ gradle build
$ java -jar build/libs/mymodule-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
To build a war file that is both executable and deployable into an external container, you need to mark the
embedded container dependencies as belonging to the war plugins providedRuntime configuration,
e.g.:
...
apply plugin: 'war'
war {
baseName = 'myapp'
version = '0.5.0'
}
repositories {
jcenter()
maven { url "http://repo.spring.io/libs-snapshot" }
}
dependencies {
providedRuntime("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-tomcat")
...
}
Tip
See the Section 81.1, Create a deployable war file section for more details on how to create
a deployable war file.
64.4 Running a project in-place

To run a project in place without building a jar first you can use the bootRun task:
$ gradle bootRun

If devtools has been added to your project it will automatically monitor your application for changes.
Alternatively, you can also run the application so that your static classpath resources (i.e. in src/main/
resources by default) are reloadable in the live application, which can be helpful at development time.
bootRun {
addResources = true
}
Making static classpath resources reloadable means that bootRun does not use the output of the
processResources task, i.e., when invoked using bootRun, your application will use the resources
in their unprocessed form.
64.5 Spring Boot plugin configuration

The gradle plugin automatically extends your build script DSL with a springBoot element for global
configuration of the Boot plugin. Set the appropriate properties as you would with any other Gradle
extension (see below for a list of configuration options):
springBoot {
backupSource = false
}
64.6 Repackage configuration

The plugin adds a bootRepackage task which you can also configure directly, e.g.:
bootRepackage {
mainClass = 'demo.Application'
}
The following configuration options are available:
Name Description
enabled Boolean flag to switch the repackager off (sometimes useful if you
want the other Boot features but not this one)
mainClass The main class that should be run. If not specified, and you have
applied the application plugin, the mainClassName project
property will be used. If the application plugin has not been
applied or no mainClassName has been specified, the archive
will be searched for a suitable class. "Suitable" means a unique
class with a well-formed main() method (if more than one is
found the build will fail). If you have applied the application plugin,
the main class can also be specified via its "run" task (main
property) and/or its "startScripts" task (mainClassName property)
as an alternative to using the "springBoot" configuration.
classifier A file name segment (before the extension) to add to the archive,
so that the original is preserved in its original location. Defaults
to null in which case the archive is repackaged in place. The
default is convenient for many purposes, but if you want to use
the original jar as a dependency in another project you must use a
classifier to define the executable archive.

Name Description
withJarTask The name or value of the Jar task (defaults to all tasks of type
Jar) which is used to locate the archive to repackage.
customConfiguration The name of the custom configuration which is used to populate

the nested lib directory (without specifying this you get all compile
and runtime dependencies).
executable Boolean flag to indicate if jar files are fully executable on Unix like
operating systems. Defaults to false.
embeddedLaunchScript The embedded launch script to prepend to the front of the jar if it
is fully executable. If not specified the 'Spring Boot' default script
will be used.
Additional properties that to be expanded in the launch script. The

embeddedLaunchScriptProperties
default script supports a mode property which can contain the
values auto, service or run.
excludeDevtools Boolean flag to indicate if the devtools jar should be excluded

from the repackaged archives. Defaults to false.
64.7 Repackage with custom Gradle configuration

Sometimes it may be more appropriate to not package default dependencies resolved from compile,
runtime and provided scopes. If the created executable jar file is intended to be run as it is, you
need to have all dependencies nested inside it; however, if the plan is to explode a jar file and run the
main class manually, you may already have some of the libraries available via CLASSPATH. This is a
situation where you can repackage your jar with a different set of dependencies.
Using a custom configuration will automatically disable dependency resolving from compile, runtime
and provided scopes. Custom configuration can be either defined globally (inside the springBoot
section) or per task.
task clientJar(type: Jar) {

appendix = 'client'
from sourceSets.main.output
exclude('**/*Something*')
}
task clientBoot(type: BootRepackage, dependsOn: clientJar) {

withJarTask = clientJar
customConfiguration = "mycustomconfiguration"
}
In above example, we created a new clientJar Jar task to package a customized file set from your
compiled sources. Then we created a new clientBoot BootRepackage task and instructed it to work
with only clientJar task and mycustomconfiguration.
configurations {
mycustomconfiguration.exclude group: 'log4j'
}
dependencies {
mycustomconfiguration configurations.runtime
}

The configuration that we are referring to in BootRepackage is a normal Gradle configuration. In

the above example we created a new configuration named mycustomconfiguration instructing it
to derive from a runtime and exclude the log4j group. If the clientBoot task is executed, the
repackaged boot jar will have all dependencies from runtime but no log4j jars.
Configuration options
The following configuration options are available:
Name Description
mainClass The main class that should be run by the executable archive.
providedConfiguration The name of the provided configuration (defaults to

providedRuntime).
backupSource If the original source archive should be backed-up before being

repackaged (defaults to true).
customConfiguration The name of the custom configuration.
layout The type of archive, corresponding to how the dependencies are

laid out inside (defaults to a guess based on the archive type).
See available layouts for more details.
requiresUnpack A list of dependencies (in the form groupId:artifactId that must

be unpacked from fat jars in order to run. Items are still packaged
into the fat jar, but they will be automatically unpacked when it
runs.
Available layouts
The layout attribute configures the format of the archive and whether the bootstrap loader should be
included or not. The following layouts are available:
Name Description Executable
JAR Regular executable JAR layout. Yes
WAR Executable WAR layout. provided dependencies are Yes

placed in WEB-INF/lib-provided to avoid any clash
when the war is deployed in a servlet container.
ZIP (alias to DIR) Similar to JAR layout, using PropertiesLauncher. Yes
MODULE Bundle dependencies (excluding those with provided No

scope) and project resources.
NONE Bundle all dependencies and project resources. No
64.8 Understanding how the Gradle plugin works

When spring-boot is applied to your Gradle project a default task named bootRepackage is created
automatically. The bootRepackage task depends on Gradle assemble task, and when executed, it
tries to find all jar artifacts whose qualifier is empty (i.e. tests and sources jars are automatically skipped).

Due to the fact that bootRepackage finds 'all' created jar artifacts, the order of Gradle task execution
is important. Most projects only create a single jar file, so usually this is not an issue; however, if you
are planning to create a more complex project setup, with custom Jar and BootRepackage tasks,
there are few tweaks to consider.
If you are 'just' creating custom jar files from your project you can simply disable default jar and
bootRepackage tasks:
jar.enabled = false
bootRepackage.enabled = false
Another option is to instruct the default bootRepackage task to only work with a default jar task.
bootRepackage.withJarTask = jar
If you have a default project setup where the main jar file is created and repackaged, 'and' you still
want to create additional custom jars, you can combine your custom repackage tasks together and use
dependsOn so that the bootJars task will run after the default bootRepackage task is executed:
task bootJars
bootJars.dependsOn = [clientBoot1,clientBoot2,clientBoot3]
build.dependsOn(bootJars)
All the above tweaks are usually used to avoid situations where an already created boot jar is repackaged
again. Repackaging an existing boot jar will not break anything, but you may find that it includes
unnecessary dependencies.
64.9 Publishing artifacts to a Maven repository using Gradle

If you are declaring dependencies without versions and you want to publish artifacts to a Maven
repository you will need to configure the Maven publication with details of Spring Boots dependency
management. This can be achieved by configuring it to publish poms that inherit from spring-boot-
starter-parent or that import dependency management from spring-boot-dependencies. The
exact details of this configuration depend on how youre using Gradle and how youre trying to publish
the artifacts.
Configuring Gradle to produce a pom that inherits dependency

management
The following is an example of configuring Gradle to generate a pom that inherits from spring-boot-
starter-parent. Please refer to the Gradle User Guide for further information.
uploadArchives {
repositories {
mavenDeployer {
pom {
project {
parent {
groupId "org.springframework.boot"
artifactId "spring-boot-starter-parent"
version "1.4.1.RELEASE"
}
}
}
}
}
}

Configuring Gradle to produce a pom that imports dependency

management
The following is an example of configuring Gradle to generate a pom that imports the dependency
management provided by spring-boot-dependencies. Please refer to the Gradle User Guide for
further information.
uploadArchives {
repositories {
mavenDeployer {
pom {
project {
dependencyManagement {
dependencies {
dependency {
groupId "org.springframework.boot"
artifactId "spring-boot-dependencies"
version "1.4.1.RELEASE"
type "pom"
scope "import"
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}

65. Spring Boot AntLib module

The Spring Boot AntLib module provides basic Spring Boot support for Apache Ant. You can use the
module to create executable jars. To use the module you need to declare an additional spring-boot
namespace in your build.xml:
<project xmlns:ivy="antlib:org.apache.ivy.ant"
xmlns:spring-boot="antlib:org.springframework.boot.ant"
name="myapp" default="build">
...
</project>
Youll need to remember to start Ant using the -lib option, for example:
$ ant -lib <folder containing spring-boot-antlib-1.4.1.RELEASE.jar>
Tip
The Using Spring Boot section includes a more complete example of using Apache Ant with
spring-boot-antlib
65.1 Spring Boot Ant tasks

Once the spring-boot-antlib namespace has been declared, the following additional tasks are
available.
spring-boot:exejar
The exejar task can be used to creates a Spring Boot executable jar. The following attributes are
supported by the task:
Attribute Description Required
destfile The destination jar file to create Yes
classes The root directory of Java class files Yes
start-class The main application class to run No (default is first class found
declaring a main method)
The following nested elements can be used with the task:
Element Description
resources One or more Resource Collections describing a set of Resources that should
be added to the content of the created jar file.
lib One or more Resource Collections that should be added to the set of jar
libraries that make up the runtime dependency classpath of the application.
Examples
Specify start-class.

<spring-boot:exejar destfile="target/my-application.jar"
classes="target/classes" start-class="com.foo.MyApplication">
<resources>
<fileset dir="src/main/resources" />
</resources>
<lib>
<fileset dir="lib" />
</lib>
</spring-boot:exejar>
Detect start-class.
<exejar destfile="target/my-application.jar" classes="target/classes">

<lib>
<fileset dir="lib" />
</lib>
</exejar>
65.2 spring-boot:findmainclass
The findmainclass task is used internally by exejar to locate a class declaring a main. You can
also use this task directly in your build if needed. The following attributes are supported
Attribute Description Required
classesroot The root directory of Java class files Yes (unless mainclass is specified)
mainclass Can be used to short-circuit the main No

class search
property The Ant property that should be set No (result will be logged if unspecified)
with the result
Examples
Find and log.
<findmainclass classesroot="target/classes" />
Find and set.
<findmainclass classesroot="target/classes" property="main-class" />
Override and set.
<findmainclass mainclass="com.foo.MainClass" property="main-class" />

66. Supporting other build systems

If you want to use a build tool other than Maven, Gradle or Ant, you will likely need to develop your
own plugin. Executable jars need to follow a specific format and certain entries need to be written in an
uncompressed form (see the executable jar format section in the appendix for details).
The Spring Boot Maven and Gradle plugins both make use of spring-boot-loader-tools to
actually generate jars. You are also free to use this library directly yourself if you need to.
66.1 Repackaging archives

To repackage an existing archive so that it becomes a self-contained executable archive use
org.springframework.boot.loader.tools.Repackager. The Repackager class takes a
single constructor argument that refers to an existing jar or war archive. Use one of the two available
repackage() methods to either replace the original file or write to a new destination. Various settings
can also be configured on the repackager before it is run.
66.2 Nested libraries

When repackaging an archive you can include references to dependency files using the
org.springframework.boot.loader.tools.Libraries interface. We dont provide any
concrete implementations of Libraries here as they are usually build system specific.
If your archive already includes libraries you can use Libraries.NONE.
66.3 Finding a main class

If you dont use Repackager.setMainClass() to specify a main class, the repackager will use ASM
to read class files and attempt to find a suitable class with a public static void main(String[]
args) method. An exception is thrown if more than one candidate is found.
66.4 Example repackage implementation

Here is a typical example repackage:
Repackager repackager = new Repackager(sourceJarFile);

repackager.setBackupSource(false);
repackager.repackage(new Libraries() {
@Override
public void doWithLibraries(LibraryCallback callback) throws IOException {
// Build system specific implementation, callback for each dependency
// callback.library(new Library(nestedFile, LibraryScope.COMPILE));
}
});


If youre interested in how the build tool plugins work you can look at the spring-boot-tools module
on GitHub. More technical details of the executable jar format are covered in the appendix.
If you have specific build-related questions you can check out the how-to guides.

Part IX. How-to guides
This section provides answers to some common how do I do that type of questions that often arise
when using Spring Boot. This is by no means an exhaustive list, but it does cover quite a lot.
If you are having a specific problem that we dont cover here, you might want to check out
stackoverflow.com to see if someone has already provided an answer; this is also a great place to ask
new questions (please use the spring-boot tag).
Were also more than happy to extend this section; If you want to add a how-to you can send us a
pull request.
68. Spring Boot application

68.1 Create your own FailureAnalyzer
[FailureAnalyzer is a great way to intercept an exception on startup and turn it into a human-
readable message, wrapped into a [FailureAnalysis. Spring Boot provides such analyzer for
application context related exceptions, JSR-303 validations and more. It is actually very easy to create
your own.
AbstractFailureAnalyzer is a convenient extension of FailureAnalyzer that checks the

presence of a specified exception type in the exception to handle. You can extend from that so that your
implementation gets a chance to handle the exception only when it is actually present. If for whatever
reason you cant handle the exception, return null to let another implementation a chance to handle
the exception.
FailureAnalyzer implementations are to be registered in a META-INF/spring.factories: the

following registers ProjectConstraintViolationFailureAnalyzer:
org.springframework.boot.diagnostics.FailureAnalyzer=\
com.example.ProjectConstraintViolationFailureAnalyzer
68.2 Troubleshoot auto-configuration

The Spring Boot auto-configuration tries its best to do the right thing, but sometimes things fail and it
can be hard to tell why.
There is a really useful ConditionEvaluationReport available in any Spring Boot

ApplicationContext. You will see it if you enable DEBUG logging output. If you use the spring-
boot-actuator there is also an autoconfig endpoint that renders the report in JSON. Use that to
debug the application and see what features have been added (and which not) by Spring Boot at runtime.
Many more questions can be answered by looking at the source code and the Javadoc. Some rules
of thumb:
Look for classes called *AutoConfiguration and read their sources, in particular the
@Conditional* annotations to find out what features they enable and when. Add --debug to the
command line or a System property -Ddebug to get a log on the console of all the auto-configuration
decisions that were made in your app. In a running Actuator app look at the autoconfig endpoint
(/autoconfig or the JMX equivalent) for the same information.
Look for classes that are @ConfigurationProperties (e.g. ServerProperties) and read
from there the available external configuration options. The @ConfigurationProperties has
a name attribute which acts as a prefix to external properties, thus ServerProperties has
prefix="server" and its configuration properties are server.port, server.address etc. In a
running Actuator app look at the configprops endpoint.
Look for use of RelaxedPropertyResolver to pull configuration values explicitly out of the
Environment. It often is used with a prefix.
Look for @Value annotations that bind directly to the Environment. This is less flexible than the
RelaxedPropertyResolver approach, but does allow some relaxed binding, specifically for OS
environment variables (so CAPITALS_AND_UNDERSCORES are synonyms for period.separated).

Look for @ConditionalOnExpression annotations that switch features on and off in response to
SpEL expressions, normally evaluated with placeholders resolved from the Environment.
68.3 Customize the Environment or ApplicationContext before

it starts
A SpringApplication has ApplicationListeners and ApplicationContextInitializers
that are used to apply customizations to the context or environment. Spring Boot loads a number of
such customizations for use internally from META-INF/spring.factories. There is more than one
way to register additional ones:
Programmatically per application by calling the addListeners and addInitializers methods

on SpringApplication before you run it.
Declaratively per application by setting context.initializer.classes or

context.listener.classes.
Declaratively for all applications by adding a META-INF/spring.factories and packaging a jar

file that the applications all use as a library.
The SpringApplication sends some special ApplicationEvents to the listeners (even some
before the context is created), and then registers the listeners for events published by the
ApplicationContext as well. See Section 23.5, Application events and listeners in the Spring Boot
features section for a complete list.
It is also possible to customize the Environment before the application context is refreshed
using EnvironmentPostProcessor. Each implementation should be registered in META-INF/
spring.factories:
org.springframework.boot.env.EnvironmentPostProcessor=com.example.YourEnvironmentPostProcessor
68.4 Build an ApplicationContext hierarchy (adding a parent or

root context)
You can use the ApplicationBuilder class to create parent/child ApplicationContext
hierarchies. See Section 23.4, Fluent builder API in the Spring Boot features section for more
information.
68.5 Create a non-web application

Not all Spring applications have to be web applications (or web services). If you want to execute
some code in a main method, but also bootstrap a Spring application to set up the infrastructure to
use, then its easy with the SpringApplication features of Spring Boot. A SpringApplication
changes its ApplicationContext class depending on whether it thinks it needs a web application
or not. The first thing you can do to help it is to just leave the servlet API dependencies off the
classpath. If you cant do that (e.g. you are running 2 applications from the same code base) then you
can explicitly call setWebEnvironment(false) on your SpringApplication instance, or set the
applicationContextClass property (through the Java API or with external properties). Application
code that you want to run as your business logic can be implemented as a CommandLineRunner and
dropped into the context as a @Bean definition.

69. Properties & configuration

69.1 Automatically expand properties at build time
Rather than hardcoding some properties that are also specified in your projects build configuration, you
can automatically expand them using the existing build configuration instead. This is possible in both
Maven and Gradle.
Automatic property expansion using Maven

You can automatically expand properties from the Maven project using resource filtering. If you use
the spring-boot-starter-parent you can then refer to your Maven project properties via @..@
placeholders, e.g.
[email protected]@
[email protected]@
Tip
The spring-boot:run can add src/main/resources directly to the classpath (for hot
reloading purposes) if you enable the addResources flag. This circumvents the resource filtering
and this feature. You can use the exec:java goal instead or customize the plugins configuration,
see the plugin usage page for more details.
If you dont use the starter parent, in your pom.xml you need (inside the <build/> element):
<resources>
<resource>
<directory>src/main/resources</directory>
<filtering>true</filtering>
</resource>
</resources>
and (inside <plugins/>):
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-resources-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.7</version>
<configuration>
<delimiters>
<delimiter>@</delimiter>
</delimiters>
<useDefaultDelimiters>false</useDefaultDelimiters>
</configuration>
</plugin>
Note
The useDefaultDelimiters property is important if you are using standard Spring

placeholders in your configuration (e.g. ${foo}). These may be expanded by the build if that
property is not set to false.
Automatic property expansion using Gradle

You can automatically expand properties from the Gradle project by configuring the Java plugins
processResources task to do so:

processResources {
expand(project.properties)
}
You can then refer to your Gradle projects properties via placeholders, e.g.
app.name=${name}
app.description=${description}
Note
Gradles expand method uses Groovys SimpleTemplateEngine which transforms ${..}

tokens. The ${..} style conflicts with Springs own property placeholder mechanism. To use
Spring property placeholders together with automatic expansion the Spring property placeholders
need to be escaped like \${..}.
69.2 Externalize the configuration of SpringApplication

A SpringApplication has bean properties (mainly setters) so you can use its Java API as you
create the application to modify its behavior. Or you can externalize the configuration using properties
in spring.main.*. E.g. in application.properties you might have.
spring.main.web-environment=false
spring.main.banner-mode=off
and then the Spring Boot banner will not be printed on startup, and the application will not be a web
application.
Note
The example above also demonstrates how flexible binding allows the use of underscores (_) as
well as dashes (-) in property names.
Properties defined in external configuration overrides the values specified via the Java API with the
notable exception of the sources used to create the ApplicationContext. Lets consider this
application
new SpringApplicationBuilder()
.bannerMode(Banner.Mode.OFF)
.sources(demo.MyApp.class)
.run(args);
used with the following configuration:
spring.main.sources=com.acme.Config,com.acme.ExtraConfig
spring.main.banner-mode=console
The actual application will now show the banner (as overridden by configuration) and use
three sources for the ApplicationContext (in that order): demo.MyApp, com.acme.Config,
com.acme.ExtraConfig.

69.3 Change the location of external properties of an

application
By default properties from different sources are added to the Spring Environment in a defined order
(see Chapter 24, Externalized Configuration in the Spring Boot features section for the exact order).
A nice way to augment and modify this is to add @PropertySource annotations to your application
sources. Classes passed to the SpringApplication static convenience methods, and those added
using setSources() are inspected to see if they have @PropertySources, and if they do,
those properties are added to the Environment early enough to be used in all phases of the
ApplicationContext lifecycle. Properties added in this way have lower priority than any added using
the default locations (e.g. application.properties), system properties, environment variables or
the command line.
You can also provide System properties (or environment variables) to change the behavior:
spring.config.name (SPRING_CONFIG_NAME), defaults to application as the root of the file

name.
spring.config.location (SPRING_CONFIG_LOCATION) is the file to load (e.g. a classpath

resource or a URL). A separate Environment property source is set up for this document and it can
be overridden by system properties, environment variables or the command line.
No matter what you set in the environment, Spring Boot will always load application.properties
as described above. If YAML is used then files with the .yml extension are also added to the list by
default.
Spring Boot logs the configuration files that are loaded at DEBUG level and the candidates it has not
found at TRACE level.
See ConfigFileApplicationListener for more detail.
69.4 Use short command line arguments

Some people like to use (for example) --port=9000 instead of --server.port=9000 to set
configuration properties on the command line. You can easily enable this by using placeholders in
application.properties, e.g.
server.port=${port:8080}
Tip
If you are inheriting from the spring-boot-starter-parent POM, the default filter token
of the maven-resources-plugins has been changed from ${*} to @ (i.e. @maven.token@
instead of ${maven.token}) to prevent conflicts with Spring-style placeholders. If you have
enabled maven filtering for the application.properties directly, you may want to also
change the default filter token to use other delimiters.
Note
In this specific case the port binding will work in a PaaS environment like Heroku and Cloud
Foundry, since in those two platforms the PORT environment variable is set automatically and
Spring can bind to capitalized synonyms for Environment properties.

69.5 Use YAML for external properties

YAML is a superset of JSON and as such is a very convenient syntax for storing external properties
in a hierarchical format. E.g.
spring:
application:
name: cruncher
datasource:
driverClassName: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
url: jdbc:mysql://localhost/test
server:
port: 9000
Create a file called application.yml and stick it in the root of your classpath, and also add
snakeyaml to your dependencies (Maven coordinates org.yaml:snakeyaml, already included if
you use the spring-boot-starter). A YAML file is parsed to a Java Map<String,Object> (like
a JSON object), and Spring Boot flattens the map so that it is 1-level deep and has period-separated
keys, a lot like people are used to with Properties files in Java.
The example YAML above corresponds to an application.properties file
spring.application.name=cruncher
spring.datasource.driverClassName=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
spring.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost/test
server.port=9000
See Section 24.6, Using YAML instead of Properties in the Spring Boot features section for more
information about YAML.
69.6 Set the active Spring profiles

The Spring Environment has an API for this, but normally you would set a System property
(spring.profiles.active) or an OS environment variable (SPRING_PROFILES_ACTIVE). E.g.
launch your application with a -D argument (remember to put it before the main class or jar archive):
$ java -jar -Dspring.profiles.active=production demo-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
In Spring Boot you can also set the active profile in application.properties, e.g.
spring.profiles.active=production
A value set this way is replaced by the System property or environment variable setting, but not by
the SpringApplicationBuilder.profiles() method. Thus the latter Java API can be used to
augment the profiles without changing the defaults.
See Chapter 25, Profiles in the Spring Boot features section for more information.
69.7 Change configuration depending on the environment

A YAML file is actually a sequence of documents separated by --- lines, and each document is parsed
separately to a flattened map.
If a YAML document contains a spring.profiles key, then the profiles value (comma-separated list
of profiles) is fed into the Spring Environment.acceptsProfiles() and if any of those profiles is
active that document is included in the final merge (otherwise not).

Example:
server:
port: 9000
---
spring:
profiles: development
server:
port: 9001
---
spring:
profiles: production
server:
port: 0
In this example the default port is 9000, but if the Spring profile development is active then the port is
9001, and if production is active then it is 0.
The YAML documents are merged in the order they are encountered (so later values override earlier
ones).
To do the same thing with properties files you can use application-${profile}.properties to
specify profile-specific values.
69.8 Discover built-in options for external properties

Spring Boot binds external properties from application.properties (or .yml) (and other places)
into an application at runtime. There is not (and technically cannot be) an exhaustive list of all supported
properties in a single location because contributions can come from additional jar files on your classpath.
A running application with the Actuator features has a configprops endpoint that shows all the bound
and bindable properties available through @ConfigurationProperties.
The appendix includes an application.properties example with a list of the most common
properties supported by Spring Boot. The definitive list comes from searching the source code
for @ConfigurationProperties and @Value annotations, as well as the occasional use of
RelaxedPropertyResolver.

70. Embedded servlet containers

70.1 Add a Servlet, Filter or Listener to an application
There are two ways to add Servlet, Filter, ServletContextListener and the other listeners
supported by the Servlet spec to your application. You can either provide Spring beans for them, or
enable scanning for Servlet components.
Add a Servlet, Filter or Listener using a Spring bean
To add a Servlet, Filter, or Servlet *Listener provide a @Bean definition for it. This can be very
useful when you want to inject configuration or dependencies. However, you must be very careful that
they dont cause eager initialization of too many other beans because they have to be installed in the
container very early in the application lifecycle (e.g. its not a good idea to have them depend on your
DataSource or JPA configuration). You can work around restrictions like that by initializing them lazily
when first used instead of on initialization.
In the case of Filters and Servlets you can also add mappings and init parameters by adding a
FilterRegistrationBean or ServletRegistrationBean instead of or as well as the underlying
component.
Note
If no dispatcherType is specified on a filter registration, it will match FORWARD,INCLUDE and

REQUEST. If async has been enabled, it will match ASYNC as well.
If you are migrating a filter that has no dispatcher element in web.xml you will need to specify
a dispatcherType yourself:
@Bean
public FilterRegistrationBean myFilterRegistration() {
FilterRegistrationBean registration = new FilterRegistrationBean();
registration.setDispatcherTypes(DispatcherType.REQUEST);
....
}
Disable registration of a Servlet or Filter
As described above any Servlet or Filter beans will be registered with the servlet container
automatically. To disable registration of a particular Filter or Servlet bean create a registration
bean for it and mark it as disabled. For example:
@Bean
public FilterRegistrationBean registration(MyFilter filter) {
FilterRegistrationBean registration = new FilterRegistrationBean(filter);
registration.setEnabled(false);
}
Add Servlets, Filters, and Listeners using classpath scanning
@WebServlet, @WebFilter, and @WebListener annotated classes can be automatically

registered with an embedded servlet container by annotating a @Configuration class with

@ServletComponentScan and specifying the package(s) containing the components that you want
to register. By default, @ServletComponentScan will scan from the package of the annotated class.
70.2 Change the HTTP port

In a standalone application the main HTTP port defaults to 8080, but can be set with server.port (e.g.
in application.properties or as a System property). Thanks to relaxed binding of Environment
values you can also use SERVER_PORT (e.g. as an OS environment variable).
To switch off the HTTP endpoints completely, but still create a WebApplicationContext, use
server.port=-1 (this is sometimes useful for testing).
For more details look at the section called Customizing embedded servlet containers in the Spring
Boot features section, or the ServerProperties source code.
70.3 Use a random unassigned HTTP port

To scan for a free port (using OS natives to prevent clashes) use server.port=0.
70.4 Discover the HTTP port at runtime

You can access the port the server is running on from log output or from
the EmbeddedWebApplicationContext via its EmbeddedServletContainer. The best
way to get that and be sure that it has initialized is to add a @Bean of
type ApplicationListener<EmbeddedServletContainerInitializedEvent> and pull the
container out of the event when it is published.
Tests that use @SpringBootTest(webEnvironment=WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT) can also

inject the actual port into a field using the @LocalServerPort annotation. For example:
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment=WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
public class MyWebIntegrationTests {
@Autowired
EmbeddedWebApplicationContext server;
@LocalServerPort
int port;
// ...
Note
@LocalServerPort is a meta-annotation for @Value("${local.server.port}"). Dont try

to inject the port in a regular application. As we just saw, the value is only set once the container
has initialized; contrary to a test, application code callbacks are processed early (i.e. before the
value is actually available).
70.5 Configure SSL

SSL can be configured declaratively by setting the various server.ssl.* properties, typically in
application.properties or application.yml. For example:

server.port=8443
server.ssl.key-store=classpath:keystore.jks
server.ssl.key-store-password=secret
server.ssl.key-password=another-secret
See Ssl for details of all of the supported properties.
Using configuration like the example above means the application will no longer support plain HTTP
connector at port 8080. Spring Boot doesnt support the configuration of both an HTTP connector and
an HTTPS connector via application.properties. If you want to have both then youll need to
configure one of them programmatically. Its recommended to use application.properties to
configure HTTPS as the HTTP connector is the easier of the two to configure programmatically. See
the spring-boot-sample-tomcat-multi-connectors sample project for an example.
70.6 Configure Access Logging

Access logs can be configured for Tomcat and Undertow via their respective namespaces.
For instance, the following logs access on Tomcat with a custom pattern.
server.tomcat.basedir=my-tomcat
server.tomcat.accesslog.enabled=true
server.tomcat.accesslog.pattern=%t %a "%r" %s (%D ms)
Note
The default location for logs is a logs directory relative to the tomcat base dir and said directory
is a temp directory by default so you may want to fix Tomcats base directory or use an absolute
path for the logs. In the example above, the logs will be available in my-tomcat/logs relative
to the working directory of the application.
Access logging for undertow can be configured in a similar fashion
server.undertow.accesslog.enabled=true
server.undertow.accesslog.pattern=%t %a "%r" %s (%D ms)
Logs are stored in a logs directory relative to the working directory of the application. This can be
customized via server.undertow.accesslog.directory.
70.7 Use behind a front-end proxy server

Your application might need to send 302 redirects or render content with absolute links back to itself.
When running behind a proxy, the caller wants a link to the proxy, and not to the physical address of
the machine hosting your app. Typically such situations are handled via a contract with the proxy, which
will add headers to tell the back end how to construct links to itself.
If the proxy adds conventional X-Forwarded-For and X-Forwarded-Proto headers (most do this
out of the box) the absolute links should be rendered correctly as long as server.use-forward-
headers is set to true in your application.properties.
Note
If your application is running in Cloud Foundry or Heroku the server.use-forward-headers

property will default to true if not specified. In all other instances it defaults to false.

Customize Tomcats proxy configuration
If you are using Tomcat you can additionally configure the names of the headers used to carry
forwarded information:
server.tomcat.remote-ip-header=x-your-remote-ip-header
server.tomcat.protocol-header=x-your-protocol-header
Tomcat is also configured with a default regular expression that matches internal proxies that are to be
trusted. By default, IP addresses in 10/8, 192.168/16, 169.254/16 and 127/8 are trusted. You can
customize the valves configuration by adding an entry to application.properties, e.g.
server.tomcat.internal-proxies=192\\.168\\.\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}
Note
The double backslashes are only required when youre using a properties file for configuration.
If you are using YAML, single backslashes are sufficient and a value thats equivalent to the one
shown above would be 192\.168\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}.
Note
You can trust all proxies by setting the internal-proxies to empty (but dont do this in
production).
You can take complete control of the configuration of Tomcats RemoteIpValve by switching the
automatic one off (i.e. set server.use-forward-headers=false) and adding a new valve instance
in a TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory bean.
70.8 Configure Tomcat

Generally you can follow the advice from Section 69.8, Discover built-in options for external properties
about @ConfigurationProperties (ServerProperties is the main one here), but also look
at EmbeddedServletContainerCustomizer and various Tomcat-specific *Customizers that
you can add in one of those. The Tomcat APIs are quite rich so once you have access to the
TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory you can modify it in a number of ways. Or the nuclear
option is to add your own TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory.
70.9 Enable Multiple Connectors with Tomcat

Add a org.apache.catalina.connector.Connector to the
TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory which can allow multiple connectors, e.g. HTTP and
HTTPS connector:
@Bean
public EmbeddedServletContainerFactory servletContainer() {
TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory tomcat = new TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory();
tomcat.addAdditionalTomcatConnectors(createSslConnector());
return tomcat;
}
private Connector createSslConnector() {

Connector connector = new Connector("org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11NioProtocol");
Http11NioProtocol protocol = (Http11NioProtocol) connector.getProtocolHandler();

try {
File keystore = new ClassPathResource("keystore").getFile();
File truststore = new ClassPathResource("keystore").getFile();
connector.setScheme("https");
connector.setSecure(true);
connector.setPort(8443);
protocol.setSSLEnabled(true);
protocol.setKeystoreFile(keystore.getAbsolutePath());
protocol.setKeystorePass("changeit");
protocol.setTruststoreFile(truststore.getAbsolutePath());
protocol.setTruststorePass("changeit");
protocol.setKeyAlias("apitester");
return connector;
}
catch (IOException ex) {
throw new IllegalStateException("can't access keystore: [" + "keystore"
+ "] or truststore: [" + "keystore" + "]", ex);
}
}
70.10 Use Tomcats LegacyCookieProcessor

The embedded Tomcat used by Spring Boot does not support "Version 0" of the Cookie format out of
the box, and you may see the following error:
java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: An invalid character [32] was present in the Cookie value
If at all possible, you should consider updating your code to only store values compliant with later Cookie
specifications. If, however, youre unable to change the way that cookies are written, you can instead
configure Tomcat to use a LegacyCookieProcessor. To switch to the LegacyCookieProcessor
use an EmbeddedServletContainerCustomizer bean that adds a TomcatContextCustomizer:
@Bean
public EmbeddedServletContainerCustomizer cookieProcessorCustomizer() {
return new EmbeddedServletContainerCustomizer() {
@Override
public void customize(ConfigurableEmbeddedServletContainer container) {
if (container instanceof TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory) {
((TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory) container)
.addContextCustomizers(new TomcatContextCustomizer() {
@Override
public void customize(Context context) {
context.setCookieProcessor(new LegacyCookieProcessor());
}
});
}
}
};
}
70.11 Use Jetty instead of Tomcat

The Spring Boot starters (spring-boot-starter-web in particular) use Tomcat as an embedded
container by default. You need to exclude those dependencies and include the Jetty one instead. Spring
Boot provides Tomcat and Jetty dependencies bundled together as separate starters to help make this
process as easy as possible.
Example in Maven:

<dependency>
<exclusions>
<exclusion>
</exclusion>
</exclusions>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-jetty</artifactId>
</dependency>
Example in Gradle:
configurations {
compile.exclude module: "spring-boot-starter-tomcat"
}
dependencies {
compile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-jetty:1.4.1.RELEASE")
// ...
}
70.12 Configure Jetty

about @ConfigurationProperties (ServerProperties is the main one here), but also look at
EmbeddedServletContainerCustomizer. The Jetty APIs are quite rich so once you have access
to the JettyEmbeddedServletContainerFactory you can modify it in a number of ways. Or the
nuclear option is to add your own JettyEmbeddedServletContainerFactory.
70.13 Use Undertow instead of Tomcat

Using Undertow instead of Tomcat is very similar to using Jetty instead of Tomcat. You need to exclude
the Tomcat dependencies and include the Undertow starter instead.
Example in Maven:
<dependency>
<exclusions>
<exclusion>
</exclusion>
</exclusions>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-undertow</artifactId>
</dependency>
Example in Gradle:
configurations {
compile.exclude module: "spring-boot-starter-tomcat"
}

dependencies {
compile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-undertow:1.4.1.RELEASE")
// ...
}
70.14 Configure Undertow

about @ConfigurationProperties (ServerProperties and ServerProperties.Undertow
are the main ones here), but also look at EmbeddedServletContainerCustomizer. Once
you have access to the UndertowEmbeddedServletContainerFactory you can use an
UndertowBuilderCustomizer to modify Undertows configuration to meet your needs. Or the
nuclear option is to add your own UndertowEmbeddedServletContainerFactory.
70.15 Enable Multiple Listeners with Undertow

Add an UndertowBuilderCustomizer to the UndertowEmbeddedServletContainerFactory
and add a listener to the Builder:
@Bean
public UndertowEmbeddedServletContainerFactory embeddedServletContainerFactory() {
UndertowEmbeddedServletContainerFactory factory = new UndertowEmbeddedServletContainerFactory();
factory.addBuilderCustomizers(new UndertowBuilderCustomizer() {
@Override
public void customize(Builder builder) {
builder.addHttpListener(8080, "0.0.0.0");
}
});
return factory;
}
70.16 Use Tomcat 7.x or 8.0

Tomcat 7 & 8.0 work with Spring Boot, but the default is to use Tomcat 8.5. If you cannot use Tomcat
8.5 (for example, because you are using Java 1.6) you will need to change your classpath to reference
a different version.
Use Tomcat 7.x or 8.0 with Maven
If you are using the starters and parent you can change the Tomcat version property and additionally
import tomcat-juli. E.g. for a simple webapp or service:
<properties>
<tomcat.version>7.0.59</tomcat.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
...
<dependency>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.tomcat</groupId>
<artifactId>tomcat-juli</artifactId>
<version>${tomcat.version}</version>
</dependency>
...

</dependencies>
Use Tomcat 7.x or 8.0 with Gradle
With Gradle, you can change the Tomcat version by setting the tomcat.version property and then
additionally include tomcat-juli:
ext['tomcat.version'] = '7.0.59'
dependencies {
compile 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web'
compile group:'org.apache.tomcat', name:'tomcat-juli', version:property('tomcat.version')
}
70.17 Use Jetty 9.2

Jetty 9.2 works with Spring Boot, but the default is to use Jetty 9.3. If you cannot use Jetty 9.3 (for
example, because you are using Java 7) you will need to change your classpath to reference Jetty 9.2.
Use Jetty 9.2 with Maven
If you are using the starters and parent you can just add the Jetty starter and override the
jetty.version property:
<properties>
<jetty.version>9.2.17.v20160517</jetty.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<exclusions>
<exclusion>
</exclusion>
</exclusions>
</dependency>
<dependency>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
Use Jetty 9.2 with Gradle
You can set the jetty.version property. For example, for a simple webapp or service:
ext['jetty.version'] = '9.2.17.v20160517'
dependencies {
compile ('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web') {
exclude group: 'org.springframework.boot', module: 'spring-boot-starter-tomcat'
}
compile ('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-jetty')
}
70.18 Use Jetty 8

Jetty 8 works with Spring Boot, but the default is to use Jetty 9.3. If you cannot use Jetty 9.3 (for example,
because you are using Java 1.6) you will need to change your classpath to reference Jetty 8. You will
also need to exclude Jettys WebSocket-related dependencies.

Use Jetty 8 with Maven
If you are using the starters and parent you can just add the Jetty starter with the required WebSocket
exclusion and change the version properties, e.g. for a simple webapp or service:
<properties>
<jetty.version>8.1.15.v20140411</jetty.version>
<jetty-jsp.version>2.2.0.v201112011158</jetty-jsp.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<exclusions>
<exclusion>
</exclusion>
</exclusions>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<exclusions>
<exclusion>
<groupId>org.eclipse.jetty.websocket</groupId>
<artifactId>*</artifactId>
</exclusion>
</exclusions>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
Use Jetty 8 with Gradle
You can set the jetty.version property and exclude the WebSocket dependency, e.g. for a simple
webapp or service:
ext['jetty.version'] = '8.1.15.v20140411'
dependencies {
compile ('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web') {
exclude group: 'org.springframework.boot', module: 'spring-boot-starter-tomcat'
}
compile ('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-jetty') {
exclude group: 'org.eclipse.jetty.websocket'
}
}
70.19 Create WebSocket endpoints using @ServerEndpoint

If you want to use @ServerEndpoint in a Spring Boot application that used an embedded container,
you must declare a single ServerEndpointExporter @Bean:
@Bean
public ServerEndpointExporter serverEndpointExporter() {
return new ServerEndpointExporter();
}
This bean will register any @ServerEndpoint annotated beans with the underlying WebSocket
container. When deployed to a standalone servlet container this role is performed by a servlet container
initializer and the ServerEndpointExporter bean is not required.

70.20 Enable HTTP response compression

HTTP response compression is supported by Jetty, Tomcat, and Undertow. It can be enabled via
server.compression.enabled=true
By default, responses must be at least 2048 bytes in length for compression to be performed. This can
be configured using the server.compression.min-response-size property.
By default, responses will only be compressed if their content type is one of the following:
text/html
text/xml
text/plain
text/css
This can be configured using the server.compression.mime-types property.

71. Spring MVC

71.1 Write a JSON REST service
Any Spring @RestController in a Spring Boot application should render JSON response by default
as long as Jackson2 is on the classpath. For example:
@RestController
public class MyController {
@RequestMapping("/thing")
public MyThing thing() {
return new MyThing();
}
As long as MyThing can be serialized by Jackson2 (e.g. a normal POJO or Groovy object) then
localhost:8080/thing will serve a JSON representation of it by default. Sometimes in a browser
you might see XML responses because browsers tend to send accept headers that prefer XML.
71.2 Write an XML REST service

If you have the Jackson XML extension (jackson-dataformat-xml) on the classpath, it will be used
to render XML responses and the very same example as we used for JSON would work. To use it, add
the following dependency to your project:
<dependency>
<groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.dataformat</groupId>
<artifactId>jackson-dataformat-xml</artifactId>
</dependency>
You may also want to add a dependency on Woodstox. Its faster than the default StAX implementation
provided by the JDK and also adds pretty print support and improved namespace handling:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.codehaus.woodstox</groupId>
<artifactId>woodstox-core-asl</artifactId>
</dependency>
If Jacksons XML extension is not available, JAXB (provided by default in the JDK) will be used, with
the additional requirement to have MyThing annotated as @XmlRootElement:
@XmlRootElement
public class MyThing {
// .. getters and setters
}
To get the server to render XML instead of JSON you might have to send an Accept: text/xml
header (or use a browser).
71.3 Customize the Jackson ObjectMapper

Spring MVC (client and server side) uses HttpMessageConverters to negotiate content conversion
in an HTTP exchange. If Jackson is on the classpath you already get the default converter(s) provided
by Jackson2ObjectMapperBuilder, an instance of which is auto-configured for you.

The ObjectMapper (or XmlMapper for Jackson XML converter) instance created by default has the
following customized properties:
MapperFeature.DEFAULT_VIEW_INCLUSION is disabled
DeserializationFeature.FAIL_ON_UNKNOWN_PROPERTIES is disabled
Spring Boot has also some features to make it easier to customize this behavior.
You can configure the ObjectMapper and XmlMapper instances using the environment. Jackson
provides an extensive suite of simple on/off features that can be used to configure various aspects of
its processing. These features are described in six enums in Jackson which map onto properties in the
environment:
Jackson enum Environment property
com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.DeserializationFeature
spring.jackson.deserialization.<feature_name>=tru
false
com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonGenerator.Feature
spring.jackson.generator.<feature_name>=true|
false
com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.MapperFeature
spring.jackson.mapper.<feature_name>=true|
false
com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonParser.Feature
spring.jackson.parser.<feature_name>=true|
false
com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.SerializationFeature
spring.jackson.serialization.<feature_name>=true|
false
com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonInclude.Include
spring.jackson.serialization-
inclusion=always|non_null|
non_absent|non_default|non_empty
For example, to enable pretty print, set

spring.jackson.serialization.indent_output=true. Note that, thanks to the use of relaxed
binding, the case of indent_output doesnt have to match the case of the corresponding enum
constant which is INDENT_OUTPUT.
This environment-based configuration is applied to the auto-configured

Jackson2ObjectMapperBuilder bean, and will apply to any mappers created using the builder,
including the auto-configured ObjectMapper bean.
The contexts Jackson2ObjectMapperBuilder can be customized by one or more

Jackson2ObjectMapperBuilderCustomizer beans. Such customizer beans can be ordered and
Boots own customizer has an order of 0, allowing additional customization to be applied both before
and after Boots customization.
Any beans of type com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.Module will be automatically registered

with the auto-configured Jackson2ObjectMapperBuilder and applied to any ObjectMapper
instances that it creates. This provides a global mechanism for contributing custom modules when you
add new features to your application.
If you want to replace the default ObjectMapper completely, either define a @Bean of
that type and mark it as @Primary, or, if you prefer the builder-based approach, define a

Jackson2ObjectMapperBuilder @Bean. Note that in either case this will disable all auto-
configuration of the `ObjectMapper.
If you provide any @Beans of type MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter then they will

replace the default value in the MVC configuration. Also, a convenience bean is provided of type
HttpMessageConverters (always available if you use the default MVC configuration) which has
some useful methods to access the default and user-enhanced message converters.
See also the Section 71.4, Customize the @ResponseBody rendering section and the
WebMvcAutoConfiguration source code for more details.
71.4 Customize the @ResponseBody rendering

Spring uses HttpMessageConverters to render @ResponseBody (or responses from
@RestController). You can contribute additional converters by simply adding beans of that type in a
Spring Boot context. If a bean you add is of a type that would have been included by default anyway (like
MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter for JSON conversions) then it will replace the default
value. A convenience bean is provided of type HttpMessageConverters (always available if you
use the default MVC configuration) which has some useful methods to access the default and user-
enhanced message converters (useful, for example if you want to manually inject them into a custom
RestTemplate).
As in normal MVC usage, any WebMvcConfigurerAdapter beans that you provide can also
contribute converters by overriding the configureMessageConverters method, but unlike with
normal MVC, you can supply only additional converters that you need (because Spring Boot
uses the same mechanism to contribute its defaults). Finally, if you opt-out of the Spring
Boot default MVC configuration by providing your own @EnableWebMvc configuration, then you
can take control completely and do everything manually using getMessageConverters from
WebMvcConfigurationSupport.
See the WebMvcAutoConfiguration source code for more details.
71.5 Handling Multipart File Uploads

Spring Boot embraces the Servlet 3 javax.servlet.http.Part API to support uploading files. By
default Spring Boot configures Spring MVC with a maximum file of 1Mb per file and a maximum of
10Mb of file data in a single request. You may override these values, as well as the location to which
intermediate data is stored (e.g., to the /tmp directory) and the threshold past which data is flushed to
disk by using the properties exposed in the MultipartProperties class. If you want to specify that
files be unlimited, for example, set the spring.http.multipart.max-file-size property to -1.
The multipart support is helpful when you want to receive multipart encoded file data as a
@RequestParam-annotated parameter of type MultipartFile in a Spring MVC controller handler
method.
See the MultipartAutoConfiguration source for more details.
71.6 Switch off the Spring MVC DispatcherServlet

Spring Boot wants to serve all content from the root of your application / down. If you would rather map
your own servlet to that URL you can do it, but of course you may lose some of the other Boot MVC

features. To add your own servlet and map it to the root resource just declare a @Bean of type Servlet
and give it the special bean name dispatcherServlet (You can also create a bean of a different
type with that name if you want to switch it off and not replace it).
71.7 Switch off the Default MVC configuration

The easiest way to take complete control over MVC configuration is to provide your own
@Configuration with the @EnableWebMvc annotation. This will leave all MVC configuration in your
hands.
71.8 Customize ViewResolvers

A ViewResolver is a core component of Spring MVC, translating view names in @Controller
to actual View implementations. Note that ViewResolvers are mainly used in UI applications,
rather than REST-style services (a View is not used to render a @ResponseBody). There are many
implementations of ViewResolver to choose from, and Spring on its own is not opinionated about
which ones you should use. Spring Boot, on the other hand, installs one or two for you depending on
what it finds on the classpath and in the application context. The DispatcherServlet uses all the
resolvers it finds in the application context, trying each one in turn until it gets a result, so if you are
adding your own you have to be aware of the order and in which position your resolver is added.
WebMvcAutoConfiguration adds the following ViewResolvers to your context:
An InternalResourceViewResolver with bean id defaultViewResolver. This one locates

physical resources that can be rendered using the DefaultServlet (e.g. static resources and JSP
pages if you are using those). It applies a prefix and a suffix to the view name and then looks for a
physical resource with that path in the servlet context (defaults are both empty, but accessible for
external configuration via spring.mvc.view.prefix and spring.mvc.view.suffix). It can
be overridden by providing a bean of the same type.
A BeanNameViewResolver with id beanNameViewResolver. This is a useful member of the view

resolver chain and will pick up any beans with the same name as the View being resolved. It shouldnt
be necessary to override or replace it.
A ContentNegotiatingViewResolver with id viewResolver is only added if there are

actually beans of type View present. This is a master resolver, delegating to all the others
and attempting to find a match to the Accept HTTP header sent by the client. There is a
useful blog about ContentNegotiatingViewResolver that you might like to study to learn
more, and also look at the source code for detail. You can switch off the auto-configured
ContentNegotiatingViewResolver by defining a bean named viewResolver.
If you use Thymeleaf you will also have a ThymeleafViewResolver with id

thymeleafViewResolver. It looks for resources by surrounding the view name with a prefix and
suffix (externalized to spring.thymeleaf.prefix and spring.thymeleaf.suffix, defaults
classpath:/templates/ and .html respectively). It can be overridden by providing a bean of the same
name.
If you use FreeMarker you will also have a FreeMarkerViewResolver with id

freeMarkerViewResolver. It looks for resources in a loader path (externalized to
spring.freemarker.templateLoaderPath, default classpath:/templates/) by surrounding
the view name with a prefix and suffix (externalized to spring.freemarker.prefix and

spring.freemarker.suffix, with empty and .ftl defaults respectively). It can be overridden by

providing a bean of the same name.
If you use Groovy templates (actually if groovy-templates is on your classpath) you will
also have a GroovyMarkupViewResolver with id groovyMarkupViewResolver. It looks for
resources in a loader path by surrounding the view name with a prefix and suffix (externalized
to spring.groovy.template.prefix and spring.groovy.template.suffix, defaults
classpath:/templates/ and .tpl respectively). It can be overridden by providing a bean of the same
name.
If you use Velocity you will also have a VelocityViewResolver with id velocityViewResolver. It
looks for resources in a loader path (externalized to spring.velocity.resourceLoaderPath,
default classpath:/templates/) by surrounding the view name with a prefix and suffix (externalized
to spring.velocity.prefix and spring.velocity.suffix, with empty and .vm defaults
respectively). It can be overridden by providing a bean of the same name.
Check out WebMvcAutoConfiguration, ThymeleafAutoConfiguration,

FreeMarkerAutoConfiguration, GroovyTemplateAutoConfiguration and
VelocityAutoConfiguration
71.9 Velocity
By default, Spring Boot configures a VelocityViewResolver. If you need a
VelocityLayoutViewResolver instead, you can easily configure your own by creating a bean with
name velocityViewResolver. You can also inject the VelocityProperties instance to apply
the base defaults to your custom view resolver.
The following example replaces the auto-configured velocity view resolver with a
VelocityLayoutViewResolver defining a customized layoutUrl and all settings that would have
been applied from the auto-configuration:
@Bean(name = "velocityViewResolver")
public VelocityLayoutViewResolver velocityViewResolver(VelocityProperties properties) {
VelocityLayoutViewResolver resolver = new VelocityLayoutViewResolver();
properties.applyToViewResolver(resolver);
resolver.setLayoutUrl("layout/default.vm");
return resolver;
}
71.10 Use Thymeleaf 3

By default, spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf uses Thymeleaf 2.1. You can use Thymeleaf 3 by
overriding the thymeleaf.version and thymeleaf-layout-dialect.version properties, for
example:
<properties>
<thymeleaf.version>3.0.0.RELEASE</thymeleaf.version>
<thymeleaf-layout-dialect.version>2.0.0</thymeleaf-layout-dialect.version>
</dependency>
To avoid a warning message about the HTML 5 template mode being deprecated and
the HTML template mode being used instead, you may also want to explicitly configure
spring.thymeleaf.mode to be HTML, for example:
spring.thymeleaf.mode: HTML

Please refer to the Thymeleaf 3 sample to see this in action.
If you are using any of the other auto-configured Thymeleaf Extras (Spring Security, Data Attribute, or
Java 8 Time) you should also override each of their versions to one that is compatible with Thymeleaf
3.0.

72. HTTP clients

72.1 Configure RestTemplate to use a proxy
As described in Section 33.1, RestTemplate customization, a RestTemplateCustomizer can be
used with RestTemplateBuilder to build a customized RestTemplate. This is the recommended
approach for creating a RestTemplate configured to use a proxy.
The exact details of the proxy configuration depend on the underlying client request factory that is
being used. Heres an example of configuring HttpComponentsClientRequestFactory with an
HttpClient that uses a proxy for all hosts except 192.168.0.5.
static class ProxyCustomizer implements RestTemplateCustomizer {
@Override
public void customize(RestTemplate restTemplate) {
HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("proxy.example.com");
HttpClient httpClient = HttpClientBuilder.create()
.setRoutePlanner(new DefaultProxyRoutePlanner(proxy) {
@Override
public HttpHost determineProxy(HttpHost target,
HttpRequest request, HttpContext context)
throws HttpException {
if (target.getHostName().equals("192.168.0.5")) {
return null;
}
return super.determineProxy(target, request, context);
}
}).build();
restTemplate.setRequestFactory(
new HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory(httpClient));
}

73. Logging
Spring Boot has no mandatory logging dependency, except for the Commons Logging API, of which
there are many implementations to choose from. To use Logback you need to include it and jcl-over-
slf4j (which implements the Commons Logging API) on the classpath. The simplest way to do that
is through the starters which all depend on spring-boot-starter-logging. For a web application
you only need spring-boot-starter-web since it depends transitively on the logging starter. For
example, using Maven:
<dependency>
</dependency>
Spring Boot has a LoggingSystem abstraction that attempts to configure logging based on the content
of the classpath. If Logback is available it is the first choice.
If the only change you need to make to logging is to set the levels of various loggers then you can do
that in application.properties using the "logging.level" prefix, e.g.
logging.level.org.springframework.web=DEBUG
logging.level.org.hibernate=ERROR
You can also set the location of a file to log to (in addition to the console) using "logging.file".
To configure the more fine-grained settings of a logging system you need to use the native configuration
format supported by the LoggingSystem in question. By default Spring Boot picks up the native
configuration from its default location for the system (e.g. classpath:logback.xml for Logback), but
you can set the location of the config file using the "logging.config" property.
73.1 Configure Logback for logging

If you put a logback.xml in the root of your classpath it will be picked up from there (or logback-
spring.xml to take advantage of the templating features provided by Boot). Spring Boot provides a
default base configuration that you can include if you just want to set levels, e.g.

<configuration>
<include resource="org/springframework/boot/logging/logback/base.xml"/>
<logger name="org.springframework.web" level="DEBUG"/>
</configuration>
If you look at that base.xml in the spring-boot jar, you will see that it uses some useful System
properties which the LoggingSystem takes care of creating for you. These are:
${PID} the current process ID.
${LOG_FILE} if logging.file was set in Boots external configuration.
${LOG_PATH} if logging.path was set (representing a directory for log files to live in).
${LOG_EXCEPTION_CONVERSION_WORD} if logging.exception-conversion-word was set

in Boots external configuration.
Spring Boot also provides some nice ANSI colour terminal output on a console (but not in a log file)
using a custom Logback converter. See the default base.xml configuration for details.

If Groovy is on the classpath you should be able to configure Logback with logback.groovy as well
(it will be given preference if present).
Configure logback for file only output
If you want to disable console logging and write output only to a file you need a custom logback-
spring.xml that imports file-appender.xml but not console-appender.xml:

<configuration>
<include resource="org/springframework/boot/logging/logback/defaults.xml" />
<property name="LOG_FILE" value="${LOG_FILE:-${LOG_PATH:-${LOG_TEMP:-${java.io.tmpdir:-/
tmp}}/}spring.log}"/>
<include resource="org/springframework/boot/logging/logback/file-appender.xml" />
<root level="INFO">
<appender-ref ref="FILE" />
</root>
</configuration>
You also need to add logging.file to your application.properties:
logging.file=myapplication.log
73.2 Configure Log4j for logging

Spring Boot supports Log4j 2 for logging configuration if it is on the classpath. If you are using the
starters for assembling dependencies that means you have to exclude Logback and then include log4j 2
instead. If you arent using the starters then you need to provide jcl-over-slf4j (at least) in addition
to Log4j 2.
The simplest path is probably through the starters, even though it requires some jiggling with
excludes, .e.g. in Maven:
<dependency>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
<exclusions>
<exclusion>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-logging</artifactId>
</exclusion>
</exclusions>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-log4j2</artifactId>
</dependency>
Note
The use of the Log4j starters gathers together the dependencies for common logging requirements
(e.g. including having Tomcat use java.util.logging but configuring the output using Log4j
2). See the Actuator Log4j 2 samples for more detail and to see it in action.

Use YAML or JSON to configure Log4j 2
In addition to its default XML configuration format, Log4j 2 also supports YAML and JSON configuration
files. To configure Log4j 2 to use an alternative configuration file format, add the appropriate
dependencies to the classpath and name your configuration files to match your chosen file format:
Format Dependencies File names
YAML com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-databind log4j2.yaml

com.fasterxml.jackson.dataformat:jackson-dataformat- log4j2.yml
yaml
JSON com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-databind log4j2.json

log4j2.jsn

74. Data Access

74.1 Configure a DataSource
To override the default settings just define a @Bean of your own of type DataSource. As explained in
the section called Third-party configuration you can easily bind it to a set of Environment properties:
@Bean
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix="datasource.fancy")
public DataSource dataSource() {
return new FancyDataSource();
}
datasource.fancy.jdbcUrl=jdbc:h2:mem:mydb
datasource.fancy.username=sa
datasource.fancy.poolSize=30
Spring Boot also provides a utility builder class DataSourceBuilder that can be used to create one of
the standard data sources (if it is on the classpath), or you can just create your own. If you want to reuse
the customizations of DataSourceProperties, you can easily initialize a DataSourceBuilder from
it:
@Bean
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix="datasource.mine")
public DataSource dataSource(DataSourceProperties properties) {
return properties.initializeDataSourceBuilder()
// additional customizations
.build();
}
spring.datasource.url=jdbc:h2:mem:mydb
spring.datasource.username=sa
datasource.mine.poolSize=30
In this scenario, you keep the standard properties exposed by Spring Boot with your custom
DataSource arrangement. By adding @ConfigurationProperties, you can also expose additional
implementation-specific settings in a dedicated namespace.
See Section 29.1, Configure a DataSource in the Spring Boot features section and the
DataSourceAutoConfiguration class for more details.
Tip
You could also do that if you want to configure a JNDI data-source.
@Bean(destroyMethod="")
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix="datasource.mine")
public DataSource dataSource() throws Exception {
JndiDataSourceLookup dataSourceLookup = new JndiDataSourceLookup();
return dataSourceLookup.getDataSource("java:comp/env/jdbc/YourDS");
}
74.2 Configure Two DataSources

Creating more than one data source works the same as creating the first one. You might want to mark
one of them as @Primary if you are using the default auto-configuration for JDBC or JPA (then that
one will be picked up by any @Autowired injections).

@Bean
@Primary
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix="datasource.primary")
public DataSource primaryDataSource() {
return DataSourceBuilder.create().build();
}
@Bean
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix="datasource.secondary")
public DataSource secondaryDataSource() {
return DataSourceBuilder.create().build();
}
74.3 Use Spring Data repositories

Spring Data can create implementations for you of @Repository interfaces of various flavors. Spring
Boot will handle all of that for you as long as those @Repositories are included in the same package
(or a sub-package) of your @EnableAutoConfiguration class.
For many applications all you will need is to put the right Spring Data dependencies on your classpath
(there is a spring-boot-starter-data-jpa for JPA and a spring-boot-starter-data-
mongodb for Mongodb), create some repository interfaces to handle your @Entity objects. Examples
are in the JPA sample or the Mongodb sample.
Spring Boot tries to guess the location of your @Repository definitions, based on the
@EnableAutoConfiguration it finds. To get more control, use the @EnableJpaRepositories
annotation (from Spring Data JPA).
74.4 Separate @Entity definitions from Spring configuration

Spring Boot tries to guess the location of your @Entity definitions, based on the
@EnableAutoConfiguration it finds. To get more control, you can use the @EntityScan
annotation, e.g.
@Configuration
@EntityScan(basePackageClasses=City.class)
//...
74.5 Configure JPA properties

Spring Data JPA already provides some vendor-independent configuration options (e.g. for SQL
logging) and Spring Boot exposes those, and a few more for hibernate as external configuration
properties. The most common options to set are:
spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=create-drop
spring.jpa.hibernate.naming.physical-strategy=com.example.MyPhysicalNamingStrategy
spring.jpa.database=H2
spring.jpa.show-sql=true
The ddl-auto setting is a special case in that it has different defaults depending on whether
you are using an embedded database (create-drop) or not (none). In addition all properties in
spring.jpa.properties.* are passed through as normal JPA properties (with the prefix stripped)
when the local EntityManagerFactory is created.

Spring Boot provides a consistent naming strategy regardless of the Hibernate generation
that you are using. If you are using Hibernate 4, you can customize it using
spring.jpa.hibernate.naming.strategy; Hibernate 5 defines a Physical and Implicit
naming strategies: Spring Boot configures SpringPhysicalNamingStrategy by default. This
implementation provides the same table structure as Hibernate 4. If youd rather use Hibernate 5s
default instead, set the following property:
spring.jpa.hibernate.naming.physical-
strategy=org.hibernate.boot.model.naming.PhysicalNamingStrategyStandardImpl
See HibernateJpaAutoConfiguration and JpaBaseConfiguration for more details.
74.6 Use a custom EntityManagerFactory

To take full control of the configuration of the EntityManagerFactory, you need to add a @Bean
named entityManagerFactory. Spring Boot auto-configuration switches off its entity manager based on
the presence of a bean of that type.
74.7 Use Two EntityManagers

Even if the default EntityManagerFactory works fine, you will need to define a new one because
otherwise the presence of the second bean of that type will switch off the default. To make it easy to do
that you can use the convenient EntityManagerBuilder provided by Spring Boot, or if you prefer
you can just use the LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean directly from Spring ORM.
Example:
// add two data sources configured as above
@Bean
public LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean customerEntityManagerFactory(
EntityManagerFactoryBuilder builder) {
return builder
.dataSource(customerDataSource())
.packages(Customer.class)
.persistenceUnit("customers")
.build();
}
@Bean
public LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean orderEntityManagerFactory(
EntityManagerFactoryBuilder builder) {
return builder
.dataSource(orderDataSource())
.packages(Order.class)
.persistenceUnit("orders")
.build();
}
The configuration above almost works on its own. To complete the picture you need to configure
TransactionManagers for the two EntityManagers as well. One of them could be picked up by the
default JpaTransactionManager in Spring Boot if you mark it as @Primary. The other would have
to be explicitly injected into a new instance. Or you might be able to use a JTA transaction manager
spanning both.
If you are using Spring Data, you need to configure @EnableJpaRepositories accordingly:
@Configuration
@EnableJpaRepositories(basePackageClasses = Customer.class,

entityManagerFactoryRef = "customerEntityManagerFactory")
public class CustomerConfiguration {
...
}
@Configuration
@EnableJpaRepositories(basePackageClasses = Order.class,
entityManagerFactoryRef = "orderEntityManagerFactory")
public class OrderConfiguration {
...
}
74.8 Use a traditional persistence.xml

Spring doesnt require the use of XML to configure the JPA provider, and Spring Boot assumes you
want to take advantage of that feature. If you prefer to use persistence.xml then you need to define
your own @Bean of type LocalEntityManagerFactoryBean (with id entityManagerFactory, and
set the persistence unit name there.
See JpaBaseConfiguration for the default settings.
74.9 Use Spring Data JPA and Mongo repositories

Spring Data JPA and Spring Data Mongo can both create Repository implementations for you
automatically. If they are both present on the classpath, you might have to do some extra configuration
to tell Spring Boot which one (or both) you want to create repositories for you. The most explicit way
to do that is to use the standard Spring Data @Enable*Repositories and tell it the location of your
Repository interfaces (where * is Jpa or Mongo or both).
There are also flags spring.data.*.repositories.enabled that you can use to switch the auto-
configured repositories on and off in external configuration. This is useful for instance in case you want
to switch off the Mongo repositories and still use the auto-configured MongoTemplate.
The same obstacle and the same features exist for other auto-configured Spring Data repository types
(Elasticsearch, Solr). Just change the names of the annotations and flags respectively.
74.10 Expose Spring Data repositories as REST endpoint

Spring Data REST can expose the Repository implementations as REST endpoints for you as long
as Spring MVC has been enabled for the application.
Spring Boot exposes as set of useful properties from the spring.data.rest namespace that
customize the RepositoryRestConfiguration. If you need to provide additional customization,
you should use a RepositoryRestConfigurer bean.
74.11 Configure a component that is used by JPA

If you want to configure a component that will be used by JPA then you need to ensure that the
component is initialized before JPA. Where the component is auto-configured Spring Boot will take care
of this for you. For example, when Flyway is auto-configured, Hibernate is configured to depend upon
Flyway so that the latter has a chance to initialize the database before Hibernate tries to use it.
If you are configuring a component yourself, you can use an

EntityManagerFactoryDependsOnPostProcessor subclass as a convenient way of setting up
the necessary dependencies. For example, if you are using Hibernate Search with Elasticsearch as

its index manager then any EntityManagerFactory beans must be configured to depend on the
elasticsearchClient bean:
/**
* {@link EntityManagerFactoryDependsOnPostProcessor} that ensures that
* {@link EntityManagerFactory} beans depend on the {@code elasticsearchClient} bean.
*/
@Configuration
static class ElasticsearchJpaDependencyConfiguration
extends EntityManagerFactoryDependsOnPostProcessor {
ElasticsearchJpaDependencyConfiguration() {
super("elasticsearchClient");
}

75. Database initialization

An SQL database can be initialized in different ways depending on what your stack is. Or of course you
can do it manually as long as the database is a separate process.
75.1 Initialize a database using JPA

JPA has features for DDL generation, and these can be set up to run on startup against the database.
This is controlled through two external properties:
spring.jpa.generate-ddl (boolean) switches the feature on and off and is vendor independent.
spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto (enum) is a Hibernate feature that controls the behavior in a

more fine-grained way. See below for more detail.
75.2 Initialize a database using Hibernate

You can set spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto explicitly and the standard Hibernate property
values are none, validate, update, create, create-drop. Spring Boot chooses a default value
for you based on whether it thinks your database is embedded (default create-drop) or not (default
none). An embedded database is detected by looking at the Connection type: hsqldb, h2 and derby
are embedded, the rest are not. Be careful when switching from in-memory to a real database that you
dont make assumptions about the existence of the tables and data in the new platform. You either have
to set ddl-auto explicitly, or use one of the other mechanisms to initialize the database.
Note
You can output the schema creation by enabling the org.hibernate.SQL logger. This is done
for you automatically if you enable the debug mode.
In addition, a file named import.sql in the root of the classpath will be executed on startup. This can
be useful for demos and for testing if you are careful, but probably not something you want to be on the
classpath in production. It is a Hibernate feature (nothing to do with Spring).
75.3 Initialize a database using Spring JDBC

Spring JDBC has a DataSource initializer feature. Spring Boot enables it by default and loads
SQL from the standard locations schema.sql and data.sql (in the root of the classpath). In
addition Spring Boot will load the schema-${platform}.sql and data-${platform}.sql files
(if present), where platform is the value of spring.datasource.platform, e.g. you might
choose to set it to the vendor name of the database (hsqldb, h2, oracle, mysql, postgresql
etc.). Spring Boot enables the fail-fast feature of the Spring JDBC initializer by default, so if the
scripts cause exceptions the application will fail to start. The script locations can be changed by
setting spring.datasource.schema and spring.datasource.data, and neither location will be
processed if spring.datasource.initialize=false.
To disable the fail-fast you can set spring.datasource.continue-on-error=true. This can be

useful once an application has matured and been deployed a few times, since the scripts can act as
poor mans migrations inserts that fail mean that the data is already there, so there would be no
need to prevent the application from running, for instance.

If you want to use the schema.sql initialization in a JPA app (with Hibernate) then ddl-
auto=create-drop will lead to errors if Hibernate tries to create the same tables. To avoid those
errors set ddl-auto explicitly to "" (preferable) or "none". Whether or not you use ddl-auto=create-
drop you can always use data.sql to initialize new data.
75.4 Initialize a Spring Batch database

If you are using Spring Batch then it comes pre-packaged with SQL initialization scripts for most popular
database platforms. Spring Boot will detect your database type, and execute those scripts by default,
and in this case will switch the fail fast setting to false (errors are logged but do not prevent the application
from starting). This is because the scripts are known to be reliable and generally do not contain bugs, so
errors are ignorable, and ignoring them makes the scripts idempotent. You can switch off the initialization
explicitly using spring.batch.initializer.enabled=false.
75.5 Use a higher-level database migration tool

Spring Boot supports two higher-level migration tools: Flyway and Liquibase.
Execute Flyway database migrations on startup

To automatically run Flyway database migrations on startup, add the org.flywaydb:flyway-core
to your classpath.
The migrations are scripts in the form V<VERSION>__<NAME>.sql (with <VERSION> an underscore-
separated version, e.g. 1 or 2_1). By default they live in a folder classpath:db/migration but you
can modify that using flyway.locations (a list). See the Flyway class from flyway-core for details
of available settings like schemas etc. In addition Spring Boot provides a small set of properties in
FlywayProperties that can be used to disable the migrations, or switch off the location checking.
Spring Boot will call Flyway.migrate() to perform the database migration. If you would like more
control, provide a @Bean that implements FlywayMigrationStrategy.
Tip
If you want to make use of Flyway callbacks, those scripts should also live in the classpath:db/
migration folder.
By default Flyway will autowire the (@Primary) DataSource in your context and use that for
migrations. If you like to use a different DataSource you can create one and mark its @Bean as
@FlywayDataSource - if you do that remember to create another one and mark it as @Primary
if you want two data sources. Or you can use Flyways native DataSource by setting flyway.
[url,user,password] in external properties.
There is a Flyway sample so you can see how to set things up.
Execute Liquibase database migrations on startup

To automatically run Liquibase database migrations on startup, add the
org.liquibase:liquibase-core to your classpath.
The master change log is by default read from db/changelog/db.changelog-master.yaml but

can be set using liquibase.change-log. In addition to YAML, Liquibase also supports JSON, XML,
and SQL change log formats.

See LiquibaseProperties for details of available settings like contexts, default schema etc.
There is a Liquibase sample so you can see how to set things up.

76. Batch applications

76.1 Execute Spring Batch jobs on startup
Spring Batch auto-configuration is enabled by adding @EnableBatchProcessing (from Spring Batch)
somewhere in your context.
By default it executes all Jobs in the application context on startup (see

JobLauncherCommandLineRunner for details). You can narrow down to a specific job or jobs by
specifying spring.batch.job.names (comma-separated job name patterns).
If the application context includes a JobRegistry then the jobs in spring.batch.job.names are
looked up in the registry instead of being autowired from the context. This is a common pattern with
more complex systems where multiple jobs are defined in child contexts and registered centrally.
See BatchAutoConfiguration and @EnableBatchProcessing for more details.

77. Actuator
77.1 Change the HTTP port or address of the actuator
endpoints
In a standalone application the Actuator HTTP port defaults to the same as the main HTTP port. To
make the application listen on a different port set the external property management.port. To listen
on a completely different network address (e.g. if you have an internal network for management and
an external one for user applications) you can also set management.address to a valid IP address
that the server is able to bind to.
For more detail look at the ManagementServerProperties source code and Section 47.3,
Customizing the management server port in the Production-ready features section.
77.2 Customize the whitelabel error page

Spring Boot installs a whitelabel error page that you will see in browser client if you encounter a server
error (machine clients consuming JSON and other media types should see a sensible response with
the right error code).
Note
Set server.error.whitelabel.enabled=false to switch the default error page off which

will restore the default of the servlet container that you are using. Note that Spring Boot will still
attempt to resolve the error view so youd probably add you own error page rather than disabling
it completely.
Overriding the error page with your own depends on the templating technology that you are using.
For example, if you are using Thymeleaf you would add an error.html template and if you are
using FreeMarker you would add an error.ftl template. In general what you need is a View
that resolves with a name of error, and/or a @Controller that handles the /error path. Unless
you replaced some of the default configuration you should find a BeanNameViewResolver in your
ApplicationContext so a @Bean with id error would be a simple way of doing that. Look at
ErrorMvcAutoConfiguration for more options.
See also the section on Error Handling for details of how to register handlers in the servlet container.
77.3 Actuator and Jersey

Actuator HTTP endpoints are only available for Spring MVC-based applications. If you want to use
Jersey and still use the actuator you will need to enable Spring MVC (by depending on spring-
boot-starter-web, for example). By default, both Jersey and the Spring MVC dispatcher servlet
are mapped to the same path (/). You will need to change the path for one of them (by configuring
server.servlet-path for Spring MVC or spring.jersey.application-path for Jersey).
For example, if you add server.servlet-path=/system into application.properties, the
actuator HTTP endpoints will be available under /system.

78. Security
78.1 Switch off the Spring Boot security configuration
If you define a @Configuration with @EnableWebSecurity anywhere in your application it will
switch off the default webapp security settings in Spring Boot (but leave the Actuators security enabled).
To tweak the defaults try setting properties in security.* (see SecurityProperties for details of
available settings) and SECURITY section of Common application properties.
78.2 Change the AuthenticationManager and add user

accounts
If you provide a @Bean of type AuthenticationManager the default one will not be created, so you
have the full feature set of Spring Security available (e.g. various authentication options).
Spring Security also provides a convenient AuthenticationManagerBuilder which can be used

to build an AuthenticationManager with common options. The recommended way to use this in a
webapp is to inject it into a void method in a WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter, e.g.
@Configuration
public class SecurityConfiguration extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter {
@Autowired
public void configureGlobal(AuthenticationManagerBuilder auth) throws Exception {
auth.inMemoryAuthentication()
.withUser("barry").password("password").roles("USER"); // ... etc.
}
// ... other stuff for application security
You will get the best results if you put this in a nested class, or a standalone class (i.e. not mixed in
with a lot of other @Beans that might be allowed to influence the order of instantiation). The secure web
sample is a useful template to follow.
If you experience instantiation issues (e.g. using JDBC or JPA for the user detail
store) it might be worth extracting the AuthenticationManagerBuilder callback into a
GlobalAuthenticationConfigurerAdapter (in the init() method so it happens before the
authentication manager is needed elsewhere), e.g.
@Configuration
public class AuthenticationManagerConfiguration extends
GlobalAuthenticationConfigurerAdapter {
@Override
public void init(AuthenticationManagerBuilder auth) {
auth.inMemoryAuthentication() // ... etc.
}
78.3 Enable HTTPS when running behind a proxy server

Ensuring that all your main endpoints are only available over HTTPS is an important chore for any
application. If you are using Tomcat as a servlet container, then Spring Boot will add Tomcats own

RemoteIpValve automatically if it detects some environment settings, and you should be able to
rely on the HttpServletRequest to report whether it is secure or not (even downstream of a proxy
server that handles the real SSL termination). The standard behavior is determined by the presence or
absence of certain request headers (x-forwarded-for and x-forwarded-proto), whose names
are conventional, so it should work with most front end proxies. You can switch on the valve by adding
some entries to application.properties, e.g.
server.tomcat.remote_ip_header=x-forwarded-for
server.tomcat.protocol_header=x-forwarded-proto
(The presence of either of those properties will switch on the valve. Or you can add the RemoteIpValve
yourself by adding a TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory bean.)
Spring Security can also be configured to require a secure channel for all (or some requests). To
switch that on in a Spring Boot application you just need to set security.require_ssl to true in
application.properties.

79. Hot swapping

79.1 Reload static content
There are several options for hot reloading. The recommended approach is to use spring-boot-
devtools as it provides additional development-time features such as support for fast application
restarts and LiveReload as well as sensible development-time configuration (e.g. template caching).
Alternatively, running in an IDE (especially with debugging on) is a good way to do development (all
modern IDEs allow reloading of static resources and usually also hot-swapping of Java class changes).
Finally, the Maven and Gradle plugins can be configured (see the addResources property) to support
running from the command line with reloading of static files. You can use that with an external css/js
compiler process if you are writing that code with higher level tools.
79.2 Reload templates without restarting the container

Most of the templating technologies supported by Spring Boot include a configuration option to disable
caching (see below for details). If youre using the spring-boot-devtools module these properties
will be automatically configured for you at development time.
Thymeleaf templates
If you are using Thymeleaf, then set spring.thymeleaf.cache to false. See
ThymeleafAutoConfiguration for other Thymeleaf customization options.
FreeMarker templates
If you are using FreeMarker, then set spring.freemarker.cache to false. See
FreeMarkerAutoConfiguration for other FreeMarker customization options.
Groovy templates
If you are using Groovy templates, then set spring.groovy.template.cache to false. See
GroovyTemplateAutoConfiguration for other Groovy customization options.
Velocity templates
If you are using Velocity, then set spring.velocity.cache to false. See
VelocityAutoConfiguration for other Velocity customization options.
79.3 Fast application restarts

The spring-boot-devtools module includes support for automatic application restarts. Whilst not
as fast a technologies such as JRebel or Spring Loaded its usually significantly faster than a cold
start. You should probably give it a try before investigating some of the more complex reload options
discussed below.
For more details see the Chapter 20, Developer tools section.
79.4 Reload Java classes without restarting the container

Modern IDEs (Eclipse, IDEA, etc.) all support hot swapping of bytecode, so if you make a change that
doesnt affect class or method signatures it should reload cleanly with no side effects.

Spring Loaded goes a little further in that it can reload class definitions with changes in the method
signatures. With some customization it can force an ApplicationContext to refresh itself (but there
is no general mechanism to ensure that would be safe for a running application anyway, so it would
only ever be a development time trick probably).
Configuring Spring Loaded for use with Maven
To use Spring Loaded with the Maven command line, just add it as a dependency in the Spring Boot
plugin declaration, e.g.
<plugin>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>springloaded</artifactId>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</plugin>
This normally works pretty well with Eclipse and IntelliJ IDEA as long as they have their build
configuration aligned with the Maven defaults (Eclipse m2e does this out of the box).
Configuring Spring Loaded for use with Gradle and IntelliJ IDEA
You need to jump through a few hoops if you want to use Spring Loaded in combination with Gradle and
IntelliJ IDEA. By default, IntelliJ IDEA will compile classes into a different location than Gradle, causing
Spring Loaded monitoring to fail.
To configure IntelliJ IDEA correctly you can use the idea Gradle plugin:
buildscript {
repositories { jcenter() }
dependencies {
classpath "org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-gradle-plugin:1.4.1.RELEASE"
classpath 'org.springframework:springloaded:1.2.0.RELEASE'
}
}
apply plugin: 'idea'
idea {
module {
inheritOutputDirs = false
outputDir = file("$buildDir/classes/main/")
}
}
// ...
Note
IntelliJ IDEA must be configured to use the same Java version as the command line Gradle task
and springloaded must be included as a buildscript dependency.
You can also additionally enable Make Project Automatically inside IntelliJ IDEA to automatically
compile your code whenever a file is saved.

80. Build
80.1 Generate build information
Both the Maven and Gradle plugin allow to generate build information containing the coordinates, name
and version of the project. The plugin can also be configured to add additional properties through
configuration. When such file is present, Spring Boot auto-configures a BuildProperties bean.
To generate build information with Maven, add an execution for the build-info goal:
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<executions>
<execution>
<goals>
<goal>build-info</goal>
</goals>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
Tip
Check the Spring Boot Maven Plugin documentation for more details.
And to do the same with Gradle:
springBoot {
buildInfo()
}
Additional properties can be added using the DSL:
springBoot {
buildInfo {
additionalProperties = [
'foo': 'bar'
]
}
}
80.2 Generate git information

Both Maven and Gradle allow to generate a git.properties file containing information about the
state of your git source code repository when the project was built.
For Maven users the spring-boot-starter-parent POM includes a pre-configured plugin to

generate a git.properties file. Simply add the following declaration to your POM:
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>pl.project13.maven</groupId>
<artifactId>git-commit-id-plugin</artifactId>

</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
Gradle users can achieve the same result using the gradle-git-properties plugin
plugins {
id "com.gorylenko.gradle-git-properties" version "1.4.6"
}
80.3 Customize dependency versions

If you use a Maven build that inherits directly or indirectly from spring-boot-dependencies (for
instance spring-boot-starter-parent) but you want to override a specific third-party dependency
you can add appropriate <properties> elements. Browse the spring-boot-dependencies POM
for a complete list of properties. For example, to pick a different slf4j version you would add the
following:
<properties>
<slf4j.version>1.7.5<slf4j.version>
</properties>
Note
This only works if your Maven project inherits (directly or indirectly) from spring-
boot-dependencies. If you have added spring-boot-dependencies in your own
dependencyManagement section with <scope>import</scope> you have to redefine the
artifact yourself instead of overriding the property.
Warning
Each Spring Boot release is designed and tested against a specific set of third-party
dependencies. Overriding versions may cause compatibility issues.
To override dependency versions in Gradle, you can specify a version as shown below:
ext['slf4j.version'] = '1.7.5'
For additional information, please refer to the Gradle Dependency Management Plugin documentation.
80.4 Create an executable JAR with Maven

The spring-boot-maven-plugin can be used to create an executable fat JAR. If you are using
the spring-boot-starter-parent POM you can simply declare the plugin and your jars will be
repackaged:
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
If you are not using the parent POM you can still use the plugin, however, you must additionally add
an <executions> section:

<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<executions>
<execution>
<goals>
<goal>repackage</goal>
</goals>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
See the plugin documentation for full usage details.
80.5 Use a Spring Boot application as a dependency

Like a war file, a Spring Boot application is not intended to be used as a dependency. If your application
contains classes that you want to share with other projects, the recommended approach is to move that
code into a separate module. The separate module can then be depended upon by your application
and other projects.
If you cannot rearrange your code as recommended above, Spring Boots Maven and Gradle plugins
must be configured to produce a separate artifact that is suitable for use as a dependency. The
executable archive cannot be used as a dependency as the exectuable jar format packages application
classes in BOOT-INF/classes. This means that they cannot be found when the executable jar is used
as a dependency.
To produce the two artifacts, one that can be used as a dependency and one that is executable, a
classifier must be specified. This classifier is applied to the name of the executable archive, leaving the
default archive for use as dependency.
To configure a classifier of exec in Maven, the following configuration can be used:
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<configuration>
<classifier>exec</classifier>
</configuration>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
And when using Gradle, the following configuration can be used:
bootRepackage {
classifier = 'exec'
}
80.6 Extract specific libraries when an executable jar runs

Most nested libraries in an executable jar do not need to be unpacked in order to run, however, certain
libraries can have problems. For example, JRuby includes its own nested jar support which assumes
that the jruby-complete.jar is always directly available as a file in its own right.

To deal with any problematic libraries, you can flag that specific nested jars should be automatically
unpacked to the temp folder when the executable jar first runs.
For example, to indicate that JRuby should be flagged for unpack using the Maven Plugin you would
add the following configuration:
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<configuration>
<requiresUnpack>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.jruby</groupId>
<artifactId>jruby-complete</artifactId>
</dependency>
</requiresUnpack>
</configuration>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
And to do that same with Gradle:
springBoot {
requiresUnpack = ['org.jruby:jruby-complete']
}
80.7 Create a non-executable JAR with exclusions

Often if you have an executable and a non-executable jar as build products, the executable version
will have additional configuration files that are not needed in a library jar. E.g. the application.yml
configuration file might excluded from the non-executable JAR.
Heres how to do that in Maven:
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<configuration>
</configuration>
</plugin>
<plugin>
<artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
<executions>
<execution>
<id>exec</id>
<phase>package</phase>
<goals>
<goal>jar</goal>
</goals>
<configuration>
</configuration>
</execution>
<execution>
<phase>package</phase>
<goals>
<goal>jar</goal>
</goals>
<configuration>



<forceCreation>true</forceCreation>
<excludes>
<exclude>application.yml</exclude>
</excludes>
</configuration>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
In Gradle you can create a new JAR archive with standard task DSL features, and then have the
bootRepackage task depend on that one using its withJarTask property:
jar {
baseName = 'spring-boot-sample-profile'
version = '0.0.0'
excludes = ['**/application.yml']
}
task('execJar', type:Jar, dependsOn: 'jar') {

baseName = 'spring-boot-sample-profile'
version = '0.0.0'
classifier = 'exec'
from sourceSets.main.output
}
bootRepackage {
withJarTask = tasks['execJar']
}
80.8 Remote debug a Spring Boot application started with

Maven
To attach a remote debugger to a Spring Boot application started with Maven you can use the
jvmArguments property of the maven plugin.
Check this example for more details.
80.9 Remote debug a Spring Boot application started with

Gradle
To attach a remote debugger to a Spring Boot application started with Gradle you can use the jvmArgs
property of bootRun task or --debug-jvm command line option.
build.gradle:
bootRun {
jvmArgs "-agentlib:jdwp=transport=dt_socket,server=y,suspend=y,address=5005"
}
Command line:
$ gradle bootRun --debug-jvm
Check Gradle Application Plugin for more details.

80.10 Build an executable archive from Ant without using

spring-boot-antlib
To build with Ant you need to grab dependencies, compile and then create a jar or war archive. To
make it executable you can either use the spring-boot-antlib module, or you can follow these
instructions:
1. If you are building a jar, package the applications classes and resources in a nested BOOT-INF/
classes directory. If you are building a war, package the applications classes in a nested WEB-
INF/classes directory as usual.
2. Add the runtime dependencies in a nested BOOT-INF/lib directory for a jar or WEB-INF/lib for
a war. Remember not to compress the entries in the archive.
3. Add the provided (embedded container) dependencies in a nested BOOT-INF/lib directory for
jar or WEB-INF/lib-provided for a war. Remember not to compress the entries in the archive.
4. Add the spring-boot-loader classes at the root of the archive (so the Main-Class is available).
5. Use the appropriate launcher, e.g. JarLauncher for a jar file, as a Main-Class attribute in the
manifest and specify the other properties it needs as manifest entries, principally a Start-Class.
Example:
<target name="build" depends="compile">

<jar destfile="target/${ant.project.name}-${spring-boot.version}.jar" compress="false">
<mappedresources>
<fileset dir="target/classes" />
<globmapper from="*" to="BOOT-INF/classes/*"/>
</mappedresources>
<mappedresources>
<fileset dir="src/main/resources" erroronmissingdir="false"/>
<globmapper from="*" to="BOOT-INF/classes/*"/>
</mappedresources>
<mappedresources>
<fileset dir="${lib.dir}/runtime" />
<globmapper from="*" to="BOOT-INF/lib/*"/>
</mappedresources>
<zipfileset src="${lib.dir}/loader/spring-boot-loader-jar-${spring-boot.version}.jar" />
<manifest>
<attribute name="Main-Class" value="org.springframework.boot.loader.JarLauncher" />
<attribute name="Start-Class" value="${start-class}" />
</manifest>
</jar>
</target>
The Ant Sample has a build.xml with a manual task that should work if you run it with
$ ant -lib <folder containing ivy-2.2.jar> clean manual
after which you can run the application with
$ java -jar target/*.jar
80.11 How to use Java 6

If you want to use Spring Boot with Java 6 there are a small number of configuration changes that you
will have to make. The exact changes depend on your applications functionality.

Embedded servlet container compatibility
If you are using one of Boots embedded Servlet containers you will have to use a Java 6-compatible
container. Both Tomcat 7 and Jetty 8 are Java 6 compatible. See Section 70.16, Use Tomcat 7.x or
8.0 and Section 70.18, Use Jetty 8 for details.
Jackson
Jackson 2.7 and later requires Java 7. If you want to use Jackson with Java 6 you will have to downgrade
to Jackson 2.6.
JTA API compatibility
While the Java Transaction API itself doesnt require Java 7 the official API jar contains classes that
have been built to require Java 7. If you are using JTA then you will need to replace the official JTA 1.2
API jar with one that has been built to work on Java 6. To do so, exclude any transitive dependencies
on javax.transaction:javax.transaction-api and replace them with a dependency on
org.jboss.spec.javax.transaction:jboss-transaction-api_1.2_spec:1.0.0.Final

81. Traditional deployment

81.1 Create a deployable war file
The first step in producing a deployable war file is to provide a SpringBootServletInitializer
subclass and override its configure method. This makes use of Spring Frameworks Servlet 3.0
support and allows you to configure your application when its launched by the servlet container.
Typically, you update your applications main class to extend SpringBootServletInitializer:
@SpringBootApplication
public class Application extends SpringBootServletInitializer {
@Override
protected SpringApplicationBuilder configure(SpringApplicationBuilder application) {
return application.sources(Application.class);
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

}
The next step is to update your build configuration so that your project produces a war file rather than a
jar file. If youre using Maven and using spring-boot-starter-parent (which configures Mavens
war plugin for you) all you need to do is modify pom.xml to change the packaging to war:
<packaging>war</packaging>
If youre using Gradle, you need to modify build.gradle to apply the war plugin to the project:
apply plugin: 'war'
The final step in the process is to ensure that the embedded servlet container doesnt interfere with
the servlet container to which the war file will be deployed. To do so, you need to mark the embedded
servlet container dependency as provided.
If youre using Maven:
<dependencies>

<dependency>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>

</dependencies>
And if youre using Gradle:
dependencies {
//
providedRuntime 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-tomcat'
//
}

Note
If you are using a version of Gradle that supports compile only dependencies (2.12 or
later), you should continue to use providedRuntime. Among other limitations, compileOnly
dependencies are not on the test classpath so any web-based integration tests will fail.
If youre using the Spring Boot build tools, marking the embedded servlet container dependency as
provided will produce an executable war file with the provided dependencies packaged in a lib-
provided directory. This means that, in addition to being deployable to a servlet container, you can
also run your application using java -jar on the command line.
Tip
Take a look at Spring Boots sample applications for a Maven-based example of the above-
described configuration.
81.2 Create a deployable war file for older servlet containers

Older Servlet containers dont have support for the ServletContextInitializer bootstrap process
used in Servlet 3.0. You can still use Spring and Spring Boot in these containers but you are going to
need to add a web.xml to your application and configure it to load an ApplicationContext via a
DispatcherServlet.
81.3 Convert an existing application to Spring Boot

For a non-web application it should be easy (throw away the code that creates
your ApplicationContext and replace it with calls to SpringApplication or
SpringApplicationBuilder). Spring MVC web applications are generally amenable to first creating
a deployable war application, and then migrating it later to an executable war and/or jar. Useful reading
is in the Getting Started Guide on Converting a jar to a war.
Create a deployable war by extending SpringBootServletInitializer (e.g. in a class called

Application), and add the Spring Boot @EnableAutoConfiguration annotation. Example:
@Configuration
@ComponentScan
public class Application extends SpringBootServletInitializer {
@Override
protected SpringApplicationBuilder configure(SpringApplicationBuilder application) {
// Customize the application or call application.sources(...) to add sources
// Since our example is itself a @Configuration class we actually don't
// need to override this method.
return application;
}
Remember that whatever you put in the sources is just a Spring ApplicationContext and normally
anything that already works should work here. There might be some beans you can remove later and let
Spring Boot provide its own defaults for them, but it should be possible to get something working first.
Static resources can be moved to /public (or /static or /resources or /META-INF/resources)

in the classpath root. Same for messages.properties (Spring Boot detects this automatically in the
root of the classpath).

Vanilla usage of Spring DispatcherServlet and Spring Security should require no further changes. If
you have other features in your application, using other servlets or filters for instance, then you may need
to add some configuration to your Application context, replacing those elements from the web.xml
as follows:
A @Bean of type Servlet or ServletRegistrationBean installs that bean in the container as if

it was a <servlet/> and <servlet-mapping/> in web.xml.
A @Bean of type Filter or FilterRegistrationBean behaves similarly (like a <filter/> and

<filter-mapping/>.
An ApplicationContext in an XML file can be added to an @Import in your Application. Or

simple cases where annotation configuration is heavily used already can be recreated in a few lines
as @Bean definitions.
Once the war is working we make it executable by adding a main method to our Application, e.g.

}
Applications can fall into more than one category:
Servlet 3.0+ applications with no web.xml.
Applications with a web.xml.
Applications with a context hierarchy.
Applications without a context hierarchy.
All of these should be amenable to translation, but each might require slightly different tricks.
Servlet 3.0+ applications might translate pretty easily if they already use the Spring Servlet 3.0+
initializer support classes. Normally all the code from an existing WebApplicationInitializer
can be moved into a SpringBootServletInitializer. If your existing application has more than
one ApplicationContext (e.g. if it uses AbstractDispatcherServletInitializer) then you
might be able to squash all your context sources into a single SpringApplication. The main
complication you might encounter is if that doesnt work and you need to maintain the context hierarchy.
See the entry on building a hierarchy for examples. An existing parent context that contains web-specific
features will usually need to be broken up so that all the ServletContextAware components are in
the child context.
Applications that are not already Spring applications might be convertible to a Spring Boot application,
and the guidance above might help, but your mileage may vary.
81.4 Deploying a WAR to WebLogic

To deploy a Spring Boot application to WebLogic you must ensure that your servlet initializer directly
implements WebApplicationInitializer (even if you extend from a base class that already
implements it).
A typical initializer for WebLogic would be something like this:

import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.context.web.SpringBootServletInitializer;
import org.springframework.web.WebApplicationInitializer;
@SpringBootApplication
public class MyApplication extends SpringBootServletInitializer implements WebApplicationInitializer {
If you use logback, you will also need to tell WebLogic to prefer the packaged version rather than the
version that pre-installed with the server. You can do this by adding a WEB-INF/weblogic.xml file
with the following contents:

<wls:weblogic-web-app
xmlns:wls="http://xmlns.oracle.com/weblogic/weblogic-web-app"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/ejb-jar_3_0.xsd
http://xmlns.oracle.com/weblogic/weblogic-web-app
http://xmlns.oracle.com/weblogic/weblogic-web-app/1.4/weblogic-web-app.xsd">
<wls:container-descriptor>
<wls:prefer-application-packages>
<wls:package-name>org.slf4j</wls:package-name>
</wls:prefer-application-packages>
</wls:container-descriptor>
</wls:weblogic-web-app>
81.5 Deploying a WAR in an Old (Servlet 2.5) Container

Spring Boot uses Servlet 3.0 APIs to initialize the ServletContext (register Servlets etc.) so
you cant use the same application out of the box in a Servlet 2.5 container. It is however possible
to run a Spring Boot application on an older container with some special tools. If you include
org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-legacy as a dependency (maintained separately to
the core of Spring Boot and currently available at 1.0.2.RELEASE), all you should need to do is create
a web.xml and declare a context listener to create the application context and your filters and servlets.
The context listener is a special purpose one for Spring Boot, but the rest of it is normal for a Spring
application in Servlet 2.5. Example:

<web-app version="2.5" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-
app_2_5.xsd">
<context-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>demo.Application</param-value>
</context-param>
<listener>
<listener-class>org.springframework.boot.legacy.context.web.SpringBootContextLoaderListener</
listener-class>
</listener>
<filter>
<filter-name>metricFilter</filter-name>
<filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.DelegatingFilterProxy</filter-class>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>metricFilter</filter-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>

<servlet>
<servlet-name>appServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>contextAttribute</param-name>
<param-value>org.springframework.web.context.WebApplicationContext.ROOT</param-value>
</init-param>
<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>appServlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
</web-app>
In this example we are using a single application context (the one created by the context listener)
and attaching it to the DispatcherServlet using an init parameter. This is normal in a Spring Boot
application (you normally only have one application context).

Part X. Appendices
Appendix A. Common application

properties
Various properties can be specified inside your application.properties/application.yml file
or as command line switches. This section provides a list common Spring Boot properties and references
to the underlying classes that consume them.
Note
Property contributions can come from additional jar files on your classpath so you should not
consider this an exhaustive list. It is also perfectly legit to define your own properties.
Warning
This sample file is meant as a guide only. Do not copy/paste the entire content into your
application; rather pick only the properties that you need.
# ===================================================================
# COMMON SPRING BOOT PROPERTIES
#
# This sample file is provided as a guideline. Do NOT copy it in its
# entirety to your own application. ^^^
# ===================================================================
# ----------------------------------------
# CORE PROPERTIES
# ----------------------------------------
# BANNER
banner.charset=UTF-8 # Banner file encoding.
banner.location=classpath:banner.txt # Banner file location.
banner.image.location=classpath:banner.gif # Banner image file location (jpg/png can also be used).
banner.image.width= # Width of the banner image in chars (default 76)
banner.image.height= # Height of the banner image in chars (default based on image height)
banner.image.margin= # Left hand image margin in chars (default 2)
banner.image.invert= # If images should be inverted for dark terminal themes (default false)
# LOGGING
logging.config= # Location of the logging configuration file. For instance `classpath:logback.xml` for
Logback
logging.exception-conversion-word=%wEx # Conversion word used when logging exceptions.
logging.file= # Log file name. For instance `myapp.log`
logging.level.*= # Log levels severity mapping. For instance `logging.level.org.springframework=DEBUG`
logging.path= # Location of the log file. For instance `/var/log`
logging.pattern.console= # Appender pattern for output to the console. Only supported with the default
logback setup.
logging.pattern.file= # Appender pattern for output to the file. Only supported with the default logback
setup.
logging.pattern.level= # Appender pattern for log level (default %5p). Only supported with the default
logback setup.
logging.register-shutdown-hook=false # Register a shutdown hook for the logging system when it is
initialized.
# AOP
spring.aop.auto=true # Add @EnableAspectJAutoProxy.
spring.aop.proxy-target-class=false # Whether subclass-based (CGLIB) proxies are to be created (true) as
opposed to standard Java interface-based proxies (false).
# IDENTITY (ContextIdApplicationContextInitializer)
spring.application.index= # Application index.

spring.application.name= # Application name.
# ADMIN (SpringApplicationAdminJmxAutoConfiguration)
spring.application.admin.enabled=false # Enable admin features for the application.
spring.application.admin.jmx-name=org.springframework.boot:type=Admin,name=SpringApplication # JMX name
of the application admin MBean.
# AUTO-CONFIGURATION
spring.autoconfigure.exclude= # Auto-configuration classes to exclude.
# SPRING CORE
spring.beaninfo.ignore=true # Skip search of BeanInfo classes.
# SPRING CACHE (CacheProperties)

spring.cache.cache-names= # Comma-separated list of cache names to create if supported by the underlying
cache manager.
spring.cache.caffeine.spec= # The spec to use to create caches. Check CaffeineSpec for more details on
the spec format.
spring.cache.couchbase.expiration=0 # Entry expiration in milliseconds. By default the entries never
expire.
spring.cache.ehcache.config= # The location of the configuration file to use to initialize EhCache.
spring.cache.guava.spec= # The spec to use to create caches. Check CacheBuilderSpec for more details on
the spec format.
spring.cache.hazelcast.config= # The location of the configuration file to use to initialize Hazelcast.
spring.cache.infinispan.config= # The location of the configuration file to use to initialize
Infinispan.
spring.cache.jcache.config= # The location of the configuration file to use to initialize the cache
manager.
spring.cache.jcache.provider= # Fully qualified name of the CachingProvider implementation to use to
retrieve the JSR-107 compliant cache manager. Only needed if more than one JSR-107 implementation is
available on the classpath.
spring.cache.type= # Cache type, auto-detected according to the environment by default.
# SPRING CONFIG - using environment property only (ConfigFileApplicationListener)

spring.config.location= # Config file locations.
spring.config.name=application # Config file name.
# HAZELCAST (HazelcastProperties)
spring.hazelcast.config= # The location of the configuration file to use to initialize Hazelcast.
# PROJECT INFORMATION (ProjectInfoProperties)

spring.info.build.location=classpath:META-INF/build-info.properties # Location of the generated build-
info.properties file.
spring.info.git.location=classpath:git.properties # Location of the generated git.properties file.
# JMX
spring.jmx.default-domain= # JMX domain name.
spring.jmx.enabled=true # Expose management beans to the JMX domain.
spring.jmx.server=mbeanServer # MBeanServer bean name.
# Email (MailProperties)
spring.mail.default-encoding=UTF-8 # Default MimeMessage encoding.
spring.mail.host= # SMTP server host. For instance `smtp.example.com`
spring.mail.jndi-name= # Session JNDI name. When set, takes precedence to others mail settings.
spring.mail.password= # Login password of the SMTP server.
spring.mail.port= # SMTP server port.
spring.mail.properties.*= # Additional JavaMail session properties.
spring.mail.protocol=smtp # Protocol used by the SMTP server.
spring.mail.test-connection=false # Test that the mail server is available on startup.
spring.mail.username= # Login user of the SMTP server.
# APPLICATION SETTINGS (SpringApplication)

spring.main.banner-mode=console # Mode used to display the banner when the application runs.
spring.main.sources= # Sources (class name, package name or XML resource location) to include in the
ApplicationContext.
spring.main.web-environment= # Run the application in a web environment (auto-detected by default).
# FILE ENCODING (FileEncodingApplicationListener)

spring.mandatory-file-encoding= # Expected character encoding the application must use.
# INTERNATIONALIZATION (MessageSourceAutoConfiguration)

spring.messages.always-use-message-format=false # Set whether to always apply the MessageFormat rules,

parsing even messages without arguments.
spring.messages.basename=messages # Comma-separated list of basenames, each following the ResourceBundle
convention.
spring.messages.cache-seconds=-1 # Loaded resource bundle files cache expiration, in seconds. When set
to -1, bundles are cached forever.
spring.messages.encoding=UTF-8 # Message bundles encoding.
spring.messages.fallback-to-system-locale=true # Set whether to fall back to the system Locale if no
files for a specific Locale have been found.
# OUTPUT
spring.output.ansi.enabled=detect # Configure the ANSI output.
# PID FILE (ApplicationPidFileWriter)

spring.pid.fail-on-write-error= # Fail if ApplicationPidFileWriter is used but it cannot write the PID
file.
spring.pid.file= # Location of the PID file to write (if ApplicationPidFileWriter is used).
# PROFILES
spring.profiles.active= # Comma-separated list of active profiles.
spring.profiles.include= # Unconditionally activate the specified comma separated profiles.
# SENDGRID (SendGridAutoConfiguration)
spring.sendgrid.api-key= # SendGrid api key (alternative to username/password)
spring.sendgrid.username= # SendGrid account username
spring.sendgrid.password= # SendGrid account password
spring.sendgrid.proxy.host= # SendGrid proxy host
spring.sendgrid.proxy.port= # SendGrid proxy port
# ----------------------------------------
# WEB PROPERTIES
# ----------------------------------------
# EMBEDDED SERVER CONFIGURATION (ServerProperties)

server.address= # Network address to which the server should bind to.
server.compression.enabled=false # If response compression is enabled.
server.compression.excluded-user-agents= # List of user-agents to exclude from compression.
server.compression.mime-types= # Comma-separated list of MIME types that should be compressed. For
instance `text/html,text/css,application/json`
server.compression.min-response-size= # Minimum response size that is required for compression to be
performed. For instance 2048
server.connection-timeout= # Time in milliseconds that connectors will wait for another HTTP request
before closing the connection. When not set, the connector's container-specific default will be used.
Use a value of -1 to indicate no (i.e. infinite) timeout.
server.context-parameters.*= # Servlet context init parameters. For instance `server.context-
parameters.a=alpha`
server.context-path= # Context path of the application.
server.display-name=application # Display name of the application.
server.max-http-header-size=0 # Maximum size in bytes of the HTTP message header.
server.max-http-post-size=0 # Maximum size in bytes of the HTTP post content.
server.error.include-stacktrace=never # When to include a "stacktrace" attribute.
server.error.path=/error # Path of the error controller.
server.error.whitelabel.enabled=true # Enable the default error page displayed in browsers in case of a
server error.
server.jetty.acceptors= # Number of acceptor threads to use.
server.jetty.selectors= # Number of selector threads to use.
server.jsp-servlet.class-name=org.apache.jasper.servlet.JspServlet # The class name of the JSP servlet.
server.jsp-servlet.init-parameters.*= # Init parameters used to configure the JSP servlet
server.jsp-servlet.registered=true # Whether or not the JSP servlet is registered
server.port=8080 # Server HTTP port.
server.server-header= # Value to use for the Server response header (no header is sent if empty)
server.servlet-path=/ # Path of the main dispatcher servlet.
server.use-forward-headers= # If X-Forwarded-* headers should be applied to the HttpRequest.
server.session.cookie.comment= # Comment for the session cookie.
server.session.cookie.domain= # Domain for the session cookie.
server.session.cookie.http-only= # "HttpOnly" flag for the session cookie.
server.session.cookie.max-age= # Maximum age of the session cookie in seconds.
server.session.cookie.name= # Session cookie name.
server.session.cookie.path= # Path of the session cookie.
server.session.cookie.secure= # "Secure" flag for the session cookie.

server.session.persistent=false # Persist session data between restarts.

server.session.store-dir= # Directory used to store session data.
server.session.timeout= # Session timeout in seconds.
server.session.tracking-modes= # Session tracking modes (one or more of the following: "cookie", "url",
"ssl").
server.ssl.ciphers= # Supported SSL ciphers.
server.ssl.client-auth= # Whether client authentication is wanted ("want") or needed ("need"). Requires
a trust store.
server.ssl.enabled= # Enable SSL support.
server.ssl.enabled-protocols= # Enabled SSL protocols.
server.ssl.key-alias= # Alias that identifies the key in the key store.
server.ssl.key-password= # Password used to access the key in the key store.
server.ssl.key-store= # Path to the key store that holds the SSL certificate (typically a jks file).
server.ssl.key-store-password= # Password used to access the key store.
server.ssl.key-store-provider= # Provider for the key store.
server.ssl.key-store-type= # Type of the key store.
server.ssl.protocol=TLS # SSL protocol to use.
server.ssl.trust-store= # Trust store that holds SSL certificates.
server.ssl.trust-store-password= # Password used to access the trust store.
server.ssl.trust-store-provider= # Provider for the trust store.
server.ssl.trust-store-type= # Type of the trust store.
server.tomcat.accesslog.directory=logs # Directory in which log files are created. Can be relative to
the tomcat base dir or absolute.
server.tomcat.accesslog.enabled=false # Enable access log.
server.tomcat.accesslog.pattern=common # Format pattern for access logs.
server.tomcat.accesslog.prefix=access_log # Log file name prefix.
server.tomcat.accesslog.rename-on-rotate=false # Defer inclusion of the date stamp in the file name
until rotate time.
server.tomcat.accesslog.suffix=.log # Log file name suffix.
server.tomcat.background-processor-delay=30 # Delay in seconds between the invocation of
backgroundProcess methods.
server.tomcat.basedir= # Tomcat base directory. If not specified a temporary directory will be used.
server.tomcat.internal-proxies=10\\.\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}|\\
192\\.168\\.\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}|\\
169\\.254\\.\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}|\\
127\\.\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}|\\
172\\.1[6-9]{1}\\.\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}|\\
172\\.2[0-9]{1}\\.\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}|\\
172\\.3[0-1]{1}\\.\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3} # regular expression matching trusted IP addresses.
server.tomcat.max-threads=0 # Maximum amount of worker threads.
server.tomcat.min-spare-threads=0 # Minimum amount of worker threads.
server.tomcat.port-header=X-Forwarded-Port # Name of the HTTP header used to override the original port
value.
server.tomcat.protocol-header= # Header that holds the incoming protocol, usually named "X-Forwarded-
Proto".
server.tomcat.protocol-header-https-value=https # Value of the protocol header that indicates that the
incoming request uses SSL.
server.tomcat.redirect-context-root= # Whether requests to the context root should be redirected by
appending a / to the path.
server.tomcat.remote-ip-header= # Name of the http header from which the remote ip is extracted. For
instance `X-FORWARDED-FOR`
server.tomcat.uri-encoding=UTF-8 # Character encoding to use to decode the URI.
server.undertow.accesslog.dir= # Undertow access log directory.
server.undertow.accesslog.enabled=false # Enable access log.
server.undertow.accesslog.pattern=common # Format pattern for access logs.
server.undertow.accesslog.prefix=access_log. # Log file name prefix.
server.undertow.accesslog.suffix=log # Log file name suffix.
server.undertow.buffer-size= # Size of each buffer in bytes.
server.undertow.buffers-per-region= # Number of buffer per region.
server.undertow.direct-buffers= # Allocate buffers outside the Java heap.
server.undertow.io-threads= # Number of I/O threads to create for the worker.
server.undertow.worker-threads= # Number of worker threads.
# FREEMARKER (FreeMarkerAutoConfiguration)
spring.freemarker.allow-request-override=false # Set whether HttpServletRequest attributes are allowed
to override (hide) controller generated model attributes of the same name.
spring.freemarker.allow-session-override=false # Set whether HttpSession attributes are allowed to
override (hide) controller generated model attributes of the same name.
spring.freemarker.cache=false # Enable template caching.
spring.freemarker.charset=UTF-8 # Template encoding.
spring.freemarker.check-template-location=true # Check that the templates location exists.

spring.freemarker.content-type=text/html # Content-Type value.

spring.freemarker.enabled=true # Enable MVC view resolution for this technology.
spring.freemarker.expose-request-attributes=false # Set whether all request attributes should be added
to the model prior to merging with the template.
spring.freemarker.expose-session-attributes=false # Set whether all HttpSession attributes should be
added to the model prior to merging with the template.
spring.freemarker.expose-spring-macro-helpers=true # Set whether to expose a RequestContext for use by
Spring's macro library, under the name "springMacroRequestContext".
spring.freemarker.prefer-file-system-access=true # Prefer file system access for template loading. File
system access enables hot detection of template changes.
spring.freemarker.prefix= # Prefix that gets prepended to view names when building a URL.
spring.freemarker.request-context-attribute= # Name of the RequestContext attribute for all views.
spring.freemarker.settings.*= # Well-known FreeMarker keys which will be passed to FreeMarker's
Configuration.
spring.freemarker.suffix= # Suffix that gets appended to view names when building a URL.
spring.freemarker.template-loader-path=classpath:/templates/ # Comma-separated list of template paths.
spring.freemarker.view-names= # White list of view names that can be resolved.
# GROOVY TEMPLATES (GroovyTemplateAutoConfiguration)

spring.groovy.template.allow-request-override=false # Set whether HttpServletRequest attributes are
allowed to override (hide) controller generated model attributes of the same name.
spring.groovy.template.allow-session-override=false # Set whether HttpSession attributes are allowed to
spring.groovy.template.cache= # Enable template caching.
spring.groovy.template.charset=UTF-8 # Template encoding.
spring.groovy.template.check-template-location=true # Check that the templates location exists.
spring.groovy.template.configuration.*= # See GroovyMarkupConfigurer
spring.groovy.template.content-type=test/html # Content-Type value.
spring.groovy.template.enabled=true # Enable MVC view resolution for this technology.
spring.groovy.template.expose-request-attributes=false # Set whether all request attributes should be
added to the model prior to merging with the template.
spring.groovy.template.expose-session-attributes=false # Set whether all HttpSession attributes should
be added to the model prior to merging with the template.
spring.groovy.template.expose-spring-macro-helpers=true # Set whether to expose a RequestContext for use
by Spring's macro library, under the name "springMacroRequestContext".
spring.groovy.template.prefix= # Prefix that gets prepended to view names when building a URL.
spring.groovy.template.request-context-attribute= # Name of the RequestContext attribute for all views.
spring.groovy.template.resource-loader-path=classpath:/templates/ # Template path.
spring.groovy.template.suffix=.tpl # Suffix that gets appended to view names when building a URL.
spring.groovy.template.view-names= # White list of view names that can be resolved.
# SPRING HATEOAS (HateoasProperties)

spring.hateoas.use-hal-as-default-json-media-type=true # Specify if application/hal+json responses
should be sent to requests that accept application/json.
# HTTP message conversion

spring.http.converters.preferred-json-mapper=jackson # Preferred JSON mapper to use for HTTP message
conversion. Set to "gson" to force the use of Gson when both it and Jackson are on the classpath.
# HTTP encoding (HttpEncodingProperties)

spring.http.encoding.charset=UTF-8 # Charset of HTTP requests and responses. Added to the "Content-Type"
header if not set explicitly.
spring.http.encoding.enabled=true # Enable http encoding support.
spring.http.encoding.force= # Force the encoding to the configured charset on HTTP requests and
responses.
spring.http.encoding.force-request= # Force the encoding to the configured charset on HTTP requests.
Defaults to true when "force" has not been specified.
spring.http.encoding.force-response= # Force the encoding to the configured charset on HTTP responses.
# MULTIPART (MultipartProperties)
spring.http.multipart.enabled=true # Enable support of multi-part uploads.
spring.http.multipart.file-size-threshold=0 # Threshold after which files will be written to disk.
Values can use the suffixed "MB" or "KB" to indicate a Megabyte or Kilobyte size.
spring.http.multipart.location= # Intermediate location of uploaded files.
spring.http.multipart.max-file-size=1Mb # Max file size. Values can use the suffixed "MB" or "KB" to
indicate a Megabyte or Kilobyte size.
spring.http.multipart.max-request-size=10Mb # Max request size. Values can use the suffixed "MB" or "KB"
to indicate a Megabyte or Kilobyte size.
spring.http.multipart.resolve-lazily=false # Whether to resolve the multipart request lazily at the time
of file or parameter access.

# JACKSON (JacksonProperties)
spring.jackson.date-format= # Date format string or a fully-qualified date format class name. For
instance `yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss`.
spring.jackson.default-property-inclusion= # Controls the inclusion of properties during serialization.
spring.jackson.deserialization.*= # Jackson on/off features that affect the way Java objects are
deserialized.
spring.jackson.generator.*= # Jackson on/off features for generators.
spring.jackson.joda-date-time-format= # Joda date time format string. If not configured, "date-format"
will be used as a fallback if it is configured with a format string.
spring.jackson.locale= # Locale used for formatting.
spring.jackson.mapper.*= # Jackson general purpose on/off features.
spring.jackson.parser.*= # Jackson on/off features for parsers.
spring.jackson.property-naming-strategy= # One of the constants on Jackson's PropertyNamingStrategy. Can
also be a fully-qualified class name of a PropertyNamingStrategy subclass.
spring.jackson.serialization.*= # Jackson on/off features that affect the way Java objects are
serialized.
spring.jackson.serialization-inclusion= # Controls the inclusion of properties during serialization.
Configured with one of the values in Jackson's JsonInclude.Include enumeration.
spring.jackson.time-zone= # Time zone used when formatting dates. For instance `America/Los_Angeles`
# JERSEY (JerseyProperties)
spring.jersey.application-path= # Path that serves as the base URI for the application. Overrides the
value of "@ApplicationPath" if specified.
spring.jersey.filter.order=0 # Jersey filter chain order.
spring.jersey.init.*= # Init parameters to pass to Jersey via the servlet or filter.
spring.jersey.servlet.load-on-startup=-1 # Load on startup priority of the Jersey servlet.
spring.jersey.type=servlet # Jersey integration type.
# SPRING MOBILE DEVICE VIEWS (DeviceDelegatingViewResolverAutoConfiguration)

spring.mobile.devicedelegatingviewresolver.enable-fallback=false # Enable support for fallback
resolution.
spring.mobile.devicedelegatingviewresolver.enabled=false # Enable device view resolver.
spring.mobile.devicedelegatingviewresolver.mobile-prefix=mobile/ # Prefix that gets prepended to view
names for mobile devices.
spring.mobile.devicedelegatingviewresolver.mobile-suffix= # Suffix that gets appended to view names for
mobile devices.
spring.mobile.devicedelegatingviewresolver.normal-prefix= # Prefix that gets prepended to view names for
normal devices.
spring.mobile.devicedelegatingviewresolver.normal-suffix= # Suffix that gets appended to view names for
normal devices.
spring.mobile.devicedelegatingviewresolver.tablet-prefix=tablet/ # Prefix that gets prepended to view
names for tablet devices.
spring.mobile.devicedelegatingviewresolver.tablet-suffix= # Suffix that gets appended to view names for
tablet devices.
# SPRING MOBILE SITE PREFERENCE (SitePreferenceAutoConfiguration)

spring.mobile.sitepreference.enabled=true # Enable SitePreferenceHandler.
# MUSTACHE TEMPLATES (MustacheAutoConfiguration)

spring.mustache.allow-request-override= # Set whether HttpServletRequest attributes are allowed to
spring.mustache.allow-session-override= # Set whether HttpSession attributes are allowed to override
(hide) controller generated model attributes of the same name.
spring.mustache.cache= # Enable template caching.
spring.mustache.charset= # Template encoding.
spring.mustache.check-template-location= # Check that the templates location exists.
spring.mustache.content-type= # Content-Type value.
spring.mustache.enabled= # Enable MVC view resolution for this technology.
spring.mustache.expose-request-attributes= # Set whether all request attributes should be added to the
model prior to merging with the template.
spring.mustache.expose-session-attributes= # Set whether all HttpSession attributes should be added to
the model prior to merging with the template.
spring.mustache.expose-spring-macro-helpers= # Set whether to expose a RequestContext for use by
spring.mustache.prefix=classpath:/templates/ # Prefix to apply to template names.
spring.mustache.request-context-attribute= # Name of the RequestContext attribute for all views.
spring.mustache.suffix=.html # Suffix to apply to template names.
spring.mustache.view-names= # White list of view names that can be resolved.
# SPRING MVC (WebMvcProperties)

spring.mvc.async.request-timeout= # Amount of time (in milliseconds) before asynchronous request

handling times out.
spring.mvc.date-format= # Date format to use. For instance `dd/MM/yyyy`.
spring.mvc.dispatch-trace-request=false # Dispatch TRACE requests to the FrameworkServlet doService
method.
spring.mvc.dispatch-options-request=true # Dispatch OPTIONS requests to the FrameworkServlet doService
method.
spring.mvc.favicon.enabled=true # Enable resolution of favicon.ico.
spring.mvc.formcontent.putfilter.enabled=true # Enable Spring's HttpPutFormContentFilter.
spring.mvc.ignore-default-model-on-redirect=true # If the content of the "default" model should be
ignored during redirect scenarios.
spring.mvc.locale= # Locale to use. By default, this locale is overridden by the "Accept-Language"
header.
spring.mvc.locale-resolver=accept-header # Define how the locale should be resolved.
spring.mvc.log-resolved-exception=false # Enable warn logging of exceptions resolved by a
"HandlerExceptionResolver".
spring.mvc.media-types.*= # Maps file extensions to media types for content negotiation.
spring.mvc.message-codes-resolver-format= # Formatting strategy for message codes. For instance
`PREFIX_ERROR_CODE`.
spring.mvc.servlet.load-on-startup=-1 # Load on startup priority of the Spring Web Services servlet.
spring.mvc.static-path-pattern=/** # Path pattern used for static resources.
spring.mvc.throw-exception-if-no-handler-found=false # If a "NoHandlerFoundException" should be thrown
if no Handler was found to process a request.
spring.mvc.view.prefix= # Spring MVC view prefix.
spring.mvc.view.suffix= # Spring MVC view suffix.
# SPRING RESOURCES HANDLING (ResourceProperties)

spring.resources.add-mappings=true # Enable default resource handling.
spring.resources.cache-period= # Cache period for the resources served by the resource handler, in
seconds.
spring.resources.chain.cache=true # Enable caching in the Resource chain.
spring.resources.chain.enabled= # Enable the Spring Resource Handling chain. Disabled by default unless
at least one strategy has been enabled.
spring.resources.chain.gzipped=false # Enable resolution of already gzipped resources.
spring.resources.chain.html-application-cache=false # Enable HTML5 application cache manifest rewriting.
spring.resources.chain.strategy.content.enabled=false # Enable the content Version Strategy.
spring.resources.chain.strategy.content.paths=/** # Comma-separated list of patterns to apply to the
Version Strategy.
spring.resources.chain.strategy.fixed.enabled=false # Enable the fixed Version Strategy.
spring.resources.chain.strategy.fixed.paths=/** # Comma-separated list of patterns to apply to the
Version Strategy.
spring.resources.chain.strategy.fixed.version= # Version string to use for the Version Strategy.
spring.resources.static-locations=classpath:/META-INF/resources/,classpath:/resources/,classpath:/
static/,classpath:/public/ # Locations of static resources.
# SPRING SESSION (SessionProperties)

spring.session.hazelcast.map-name=spring:session:sessions # Name of the map used to store sessions.
spring.session.jdbc.initializer.enabled= # Create the required session tables on startup if necessary.
Enabled automatically if the default table name is set or a custom schema is configured.
spring.session.jdbc.schema=classpath:org/springframework/session/jdbc/schema-@@platform@@.sql # Path to
the SQL file to use to initialize the database schema.
spring.session.jdbc.table-name=SPRING_SESSION # Name of database table used to store sessions.
spring.session.mongo.collection-name=sessions # Collection name used to store sessions.
spring.session.redis.flush-mode= # Flush mode for the Redis sessions.
spring.session.redis.namespace= # Namespace for keys used to store sessions.
spring.session.store-type= # Session store type.
# SPRING SOCIAL (SocialWebAutoConfiguration)

spring.social.auto-connection-views=false # Enable the connection status view for supported providers.
# SPRING SOCIAL FACEBOOK (FacebookAutoConfiguration)

spring.social.facebook.app-id= # your application's Facebook App ID
spring.social.facebook.app-secret= # your application's Facebook App Secret
# SPRING SOCIAL LINKEDIN (LinkedInAutoConfiguration)

spring.social.linkedin.app-id= # your application's LinkedIn App ID
spring.social.linkedin.app-secret= # your application's LinkedIn App Secret
# SPRING SOCIAL TWITTER (TwitterAutoConfiguration)

spring.social.twitter.app-id= # your application's Twitter App ID
spring.social.twitter.app-secret= # your application's Twitter App Secret

# THYMELEAF (ThymeleafAutoConfiguration)
spring.thymeleaf.cache=true # Enable template caching.
spring.thymeleaf.check-template=true # Check that the template exists before rendering it.
spring.thymeleaf.check-template-location=true # Check that the templates location exists.
spring.thymeleaf.content-type=text/html # Content-Type value.
spring.thymeleaf.enabled=true # Enable MVC Thymeleaf view resolution.
spring.thymeleaf.encoding=UTF-8 # Template encoding.
spring.thymeleaf.excluded-view-names= # Comma-separated list of view names that should be excluded from
resolution.
spring.thymeleaf.mode=HTML5 # Template mode to be applied to templates. See also
StandardTemplateModeHandlers.
spring.thymeleaf.prefix=classpath:/templates/ # Prefix that gets prepended to view names when building a
URL.
spring.thymeleaf.suffix=.html # Suffix that gets appended to view names when building a URL.
spring.thymeleaf.template-resolver-order= # Order of the template resolver in the chain.
spring.thymeleaf.view-names= # Comma-separated list of view names that can be resolved.
# VELOCITY TEMPLATES (VelocityAutoConfiguration)

spring.velocity.allow-request-override=false # Set whether HttpServletRequest attributes are allowed to
spring.velocity.allow-session-override=false # Set whether HttpSession attributes are allowed to
spring.velocity.cache= # Enable template caching.
spring.velocity.charset=UTF-8 # Template encoding.
spring.velocity.check-template-location=true # Check that the templates location exists.
spring.velocity.content-type=text/html # Content-Type value.
spring.velocity.date-tool-attribute= # Name of the DateTool helper object to expose in the Velocity
context of the view.
spring.velocity.enabled=true # Enable MVC view resolution for this technology.
spring.velocity.expose-request-attributes=false # Set whether all request attributes should be added to
the model prior to merging with the template.
spring.velocity.expose-session-attributes=false # Set whether all HttpSession attributes should be added
to the model prior to merging with the template.
spring.velocity.expose-spring-macro-helpers=true # Set whether to expose a RequestContext for use by
spring.velocity.number-tool-attribute= # Name of the NumberTool helper object to expose in the Velocity
context of the view.
spring.velocity.prefer-file-system-access=true # Prefer file system access for template loading. File
system access enables hot detection of template changes.
spring.velocity.prefix= # Prefix that gets prepended to view names when building a URL.
spring.velocity.properties.*= # Additional velocity properties.
spring.velocity.request-context-attribute= # Name of the RequestContext attribute for all views.
spring.velocity.resource-loader-path=classpath:/templates/ # Template path.
spring.velocity.suffix=.vm # Suffix that gets appended to view names when building a URL.
spring.velocity.toolbox-config-location= # Velocity Toolbox config location. For instance `/WEB-INF/
toolbox.xml`
spring.velocity.view-names= # White list of view names that can be resolved.
# SPRING WEB SERVICES (WebServicesProperties)

spring.webservices.path=/services # Path that serves as the base URI for the services.
spring.webservices.servlet.init= # Servlet init parameters to pass to Spring Web Services.
spring.webservices.servlet.load-on-startup=-1 # Load on startup priority of the Spring Web Services
servlet.
# ----------------------------------------
# SECURITY PROPERTIES
# ----------------------------------------
# SECURITY (SecurityProperties)
security.basic.authorize-mode=role # Security authorize mode to apply.
security.basic.enabled=true # Enable basic authentication.
security.basic.path=/** # Comma-separated list of paths to secure.
security.basic.realm=Spring # HTTP basic realm name.
security.enable-csrf=false # Enable Cross Site Request Forgery support.
security.filter-order=0 # Security filter chain order.
security.filter-dispatcher-types=ASYNC, FORWARD, INCLUDE, REQUEST # Security filter chain dispatcher
types.
security.headers.cache=true # Enable cache control HTTP headers.
security.headers.content-type=true # Enable "X-Content-Type-Options" header.

security.headers.frame=true # Enable "X-Frame-Options" header.

security.headers.hsts= # HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) mode (none, domain, all).
security.headers.xss=true # Enable cross site scripting (XSS) protection.
security.ignored= # Comma-separated list of paths to exclude from the default secured paths.
security.require-ssl=false # Enable secure channel for all requests.
security.sessions=stateless # Session creation policy (always, never, if_required, stateless).
security.user.name=user # Default user name.
security.user.password= # Password for the default user name. A random password is logged on startup by
default.
security.user.role=USER # Granted roles for the default user name.
# SECURITY OAUTH2 CLIENT (OAuth2ClientProperties

security.oauth2.client.client-id= # OAuth2 client id.
security.oauth2.client.client-secret= # OAuth2 client secret. A random secret is generated by default
# SECURITY OAUTH2 RESOURCES (ResourceServerProperties

security.oauth2.resource.id= # Identifier of the resource.
security.oauth2.resource.jwt.key-uri= # The URI of the JWT token. Can be set if the value is not
available and the key is public.
security.oauth2.resource.jwt.key-value= # The verification key of the JWT token. Can either be a
symmetric secret or PEM-encoded RSA public key.
security.oauth2.resource.prefer-token-info=true # Use the token info, can be set to false to use the
user info.
security.oauth2.resource.service-id=resource #
security.oauth2.resource.token-info-uri= # URI of the token decoding endpoint.
security.oauth2.resource.token-type= # The token type to send when using the userInfoUri.
security.oauth2.resource.user-info-uri= # URI of the user endpoint.
# SECURITY OAUTH2 SSO (OAuth2SsoProperties

security.oauth2.sso.filter-order= # Filter order to apply if not providing an explicit
WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter
security.oauth2.sso.login-path=/login # Path to the login page, i.e. the one that triggers the redirect
to the OAuth2 Authorization Server
# ----------------------------------------
# DATA PROPERTIES
# ----------------------------------------
# FLYWAY (FlywayProperties)
flyway.baseline-description= #
flyway.baseline-version=1 # version to start migration
flyway.baseline-on-migrate= #
flyway.check-location=false # Check that migration scripts location exists.
flyway.clean-on-validation-error= #
flyway.enabled=true # Enable flyway.
flyway.encoding= #
flyway.ignore-failed-future-migration= #
flyway.init-sqls= # SQL statements to execute to initialize a connection immediately after obtaining it.
flyway.locations=classpath:db/migration # locations of migrations scripts
flyway.out-of-order= #
flyway.password= # JDBC password if you want Flyway to create its own DataSource
flyway.placeholder-prefix= #
flyway.placeholder-replacement= #
flyway.placeholder-suffix= #
flyway.placeholders.*= #
flyway.schemas= # schemas to update
flyway.sql-migration-prefix=V #
flyway.sql-migration-separator= #
flyway.sql-migration-suffix=.sql #
flyway.table= #
flyway.url= # JDBC url of the database to migrate. If not set, the primary configured data source is
used.
flyway.user= # Login user of the database to migrate.
flyway.validate-on-migrate= #
# LIQUIBASE (LiquibaseProperties)
liquibase.change-log=classpath:/db/changelog/db.changelog-master.yaml # Change log configuration path.
liquibase.check-change-log-location=true # Check the change log location exists.
liquibase.contexts= # Comma-separated list of runtime contexts to use.
liquibase.default-schema= # Default database schema.

liquibase.drop-first=false # Drop the database schema first.

liquibase.enabled=true # Enable liquibase support.
liquibase.labels= # Comma-separated list of runtime labels to use.
liquibase.parameters.*= # Change log parameters.
liquibase.password= # Login password of the database to migrate.
liquibase.rollback-file= # File to which rollback SQL will be written when an update is performed.
liquibase.url= # JDBC url of the database to migrate. If not set, the primary configured data source is
used.
liquibase.user= # Login user of the database to migrate.
# COUCHBASE (CouchbaseProperties)
spring.couchbase.bootstrap-hosts= # Couchbase nodes (host or IP address) to bootstrap from.
spring.couchbase.bucket.name=default # Name of the bucket to connect to.
spring.couchbase.bucket.password= # Password of the bucket.
spring.couchbase.env.endpoints.key-value=1 # Number of sockets per node against the Key/value service.
spring.couchbase.env.endpoints.query=1 # Number of sockets per node against the Query (N1QL) service.
spring.couchbase.env.endpoints.view=1 # Number of sockets per node against the view service.
spring.couchbase.env.ssl.enabled= # Enable SSL support. Enabled automatically if a "keyStore" is
provided unless specified otherwise.
spring.couchbase.env.ssl.key-store= # Path to the JVM key store that holds the certificates.
spring.couchbase.env.ssl.key-store-password= # Password used to access the key store.
spring.couchbase.env.timeouts.connect=5000 # Bucket connections timeout in milliseconds.
spring.couchbase.env.timeouts.key-value=2500 # Blocking operations performed on a specific key timeout
in milliseconds.
spring.couchbase.env.timeouts.query=7500 # N1QL query operations timeout in milliseconds.
spring.couchbase.env.timeouts.socket-connect=1000 # Socket connect connections timeout in milliseconds.
spring.couchbase.env.timeouts.view=7500 # Regular and geospatial view operations timeout in
milliseconds.
# DAO (PersistenceExceptionTranslationAutoConfiguration)
spring.dao.exceptiontranslation.enabled=true # Enable the PersistenceExceptionTranslationPostProcessor.
# CASSANDRA (CassandraProperties)
spring.data.cassandra.cluster-name= # Name of the Cassandra cluster.
spring.data.cassandra.compression= # Compression supported by the Cassandra binary protocol.
spring.data.cassandra.connect-timeout-millis= # Socket option: connection time out.
spring.data.cassandra.consistency-level= # Queries consistency level.
spring.data.cassandra.contact-points=localhost # Comma-separated list of cluster node addresses.
spring.data.cassandra.fetch-size= # Queries default fetch size.
spring.data.cassandra.keyspace-name= # Keyspace name to use.
spring.data.cassandra.load-balancing-policy= # Class name of the load balancing policy.
spring.data.cassandra.port= # Port of the Cassandra server.
spring.data.cassandra.password= # Login password of the server.
spring.data.cassandra.read-timeout-millis= # Socket option: read time out.
spring.data.cassandra.reconnection-policy= # Reconnection policy class.
spring.data.cassandra.retry-policy= # Class name of the retry policy.
spring.data.cassandra.serial-consistency-level= # Queries serial consistency level.
spring.data.cassandra.schema-action=none # Schema action to take at startup.
spring.data.cassandra.ssl=false # Enable SSL support.
spring.data.cassandra.username= # Login user of the server.
# DATA COUCHBASE (CouchbaseDataProperties)

spring.data.couchbase.auto-index=false # Automatically create views and indexes.
spring.data.couchbase.consistency=read-your-own-writes # Consistency to apply by default on generated
queries.
spring.data.couchbase.repositories.enabled=true # Enable Couchbase repositories.
# ELASTICSEARCH (ElasticsearchProperties)
spring.data.elasticsearch.cluster-name=elasticsearch # Elasticsearch cluster name.
spring.data.elasticsearch.cluster-nodes= # Comma-separated list of cluster node addresses. If not
specified, starts a client node.
spring.data.elasticsearch.properties.*= # Additional properties used to configure the client.
spring.data.elasticsearch.repositories.enabled=true # Enable Elasticsearch repositories.
# MONGODB (MongoProperties)
spring.data.mongodb.authentication-database= # Authentication database name.
spring.data.mongodb.database=test # Database name.
spring.data.mongodb.field-naming-strategy= # Fully qualified name of the FieldNamingStrategy to use.
spring.data.mongodb.grid-fs-database= # GridFS database name.
spring.data.mongodb.host=localhost # Mongo server host.
spring.data.mongodb.password= # Login password of the mongo server.

spring.data.mongodb.port=27017 # Mongo server port.

spring.data.mongodb.repositories.enabled=true # Enable Mongo repositories.
spring.data.mongodb.uri=mongodb://localhost/test # Mongo database URI. When set, host and port are
ignored.
spring.data.mongodb.username= # Login user of the mongo server.
# DATA REDIS
spring.data.redis.repositories.enabled=true # Enable Redis repositories.
# NEO4J (Neo4jProperties)
spring.data.neo4j.compiler= # Compiler to use.
spring.data.neo4j.embedded.enabled=true # Enable embedded mode if the embedded driver is available.
spring.data.neo4j.password= # Login password of the server.
spring.data.neo4j.repositories.enabled=true # Enable Neo4j repositories.
spring.data.neo4j.session.scope=singleton # Scope (lifetime) of the session.
spring.data.neo4j.uri= # URI used by the driver. Auto-detected by default.
spring.data.neo4j.username= # Login user of the server.
# DATA REST (RepositoryRestProperties)

spring.data.rest.base-path= # Base path to be used by Spring Data REST to expose repository resources.
spring.data.rest.default-page-size= # Default size of pages.
spring.data.rest.enable-enum-translation= # Enable enum value translation via the Spring Data REST
default resource bundle.
spring.data.rest.limit-param-name= # Name of the URL query string parameter that indicates how many
results to return at once.
spring.data.rest.max-page-size= # Maximum size of pages.
spring.data.rest.page-param-name= # Name of the URL query string parameter that indicates what page to
return.
spring.data.rest.return-body-on-create= # Return a response body after creating an entity.
spring.data.rest.return-body-on-update= # Return a response body after updating an entity.
spring.data.rest.sort-param-name= # Name of the URL query string parameter that indicates what direction
to sort results.
# SOLR (SolrProperties)
spring.data.solr.host=http://127.0.0.1:8983/solr # Solr host. Ignored if "zk-host" is set.
spring.data.solr.repositories.enabled=true # Enable Solr repositories.
spring.data.solr.zk-host= # ZooKeeper host address in the form HOST:PORT.
# DATASOURCE (DataSourceAutoConfiguration & DataSourceProperties)

spring.datasource.continue-on-error=false # Do not stop if an error occurs while initializing the
database.
spring.datasource.data= # Data (DML) script resource reference.
spring.datasource.data-username= # User of the database to execute DML scripts (if different).
spring.datasource.data-password= # Password of the database to execute DML scripts (if different).
spring.datasource.dbcp.*= # Commons DBCP specific settings
spring.datasource.dbcp2.*= # Commons DBCP2 specific settings
spring.datasource.driver-class-name= # Fully qualified name of the JDBC driver. Auto-detected based on
the URL by default.
spring.datasource.hikari.*= # Hikari specific settings
spring.datasource.initialize=true # Populate the database using 'data.sql'.
spring.datasource.jmx-enabled=false # Enable JMX support (if provided by the underlying pool).
spring.datasource.jndi-name= # JNDI location of the datasource. Class, url, username & password are
ignored when set.
spring.datasource.name=testdb # Name of the datasource.
spring.datasource.password= # Login password of the database.
spring.datasource.platform=all # Platform to use in the schema resource (schema-${platform}.sql).
spring.datasource.schema= # Schema (DDL) script resource reference.
spring.datasource.schema-username= # User of the database to execute DDL scripts (if different).
spring.datasource.schema-password= # Password of the database to execute DDL scripts (if different).
spring.datasource.separator=; # Statement separator in SQL initialization scripts.
spring.datasource.sql-script-encoding= # SQL scripts encoding.
spring.datasource.tomcat.*= # Tomcat datasource specific settings
spring.datasource.type= # Fully qualified name of the connection pool implementation to use. By default,
it is auto-detected from the classpath.
spring.datasource.url= # JDBC url of the database.
spring.datasource.username=
# JEST (Elasticsearch HTTP client) (JestProperties)

spring.elasticsearch.jest.connection-timeout=3000 # Connection timeout in milliseconds.
spring.elasticsearch.jest.password= # Login password.
spring.elasticsearch.jest.proxy.host= # Proxy host the HTTP client should use.

spring.elasticsearch.jest.proxy.port= # Proxy port the HTTP client should use.

spring.elasticsearch.jest.read-timeout=3000 # Read timeout in milliseconds.
spring.elasticsearch.jest.uris=http://localhost:9200 # Comma-separated list of the Elasticsearch
instances to use.
spring.elasticsearch.jest.username= # Login user.
# H2 Web Console (H2ConsoleProperties)

spring.h2.console.enabled=false # Enable the console.
spring.h2.console.path=/h2-console # Path at which the console will be available.
spring.h2.console.settings.trace=false # Enable trace output.
spring.h2.console.settings.web-allow-others=false # Enable remote access.
# JOOQ (JooqAutoConfiguration)
spring.jooq.sql-dialect= # SQLDialect JOOQ used when communicating with the configured datasource. For
instance `POSTGRES`
# JPA (JpaBaseConfiguration, HibernateJpaAutoConfiguration)

spring.data.jpa.repositories.enabled=true # Enable JPA repositories.
spring.jpa.database= # Target database to operate on, auto-detected by default. Can be alternatively set
using the "databasePlatform" property.
spring.jpa.database-platform= # Name of the target database to operate on, auto-detected by default. Can
be alternatively set using the "Database" enum.
spring.jpa.generate-ddl=false # Initialize the schema on startup.
spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto= # DDL mode. This is actually a shortcut for the "hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto"
property. Default to "create-drop" when using an embedded database, "none" otherwise.
spring.jpa.hibernate.naming.implicit-strategy= # Hibernate 5 implicit naming strategy fully qualified
name.
spring.jpa.hibernate.naming.physical-strategy= # Hibernate 5 physical naming strategy fully qualified
name.
spring.jpa.hibernate.naming.strategy= # Hibernate 4 naming strategy fully qualified name. Not supported
with Hibernate 5.
spring.jpa.hibernate.use-new-id-generator-mappings= # Use Hibernate's newer IdentifierGenerator for
AUTO, TABLE and SEQUENCE.
spring.jpa.open-in-view=true # Register OpenEntityManagerInViewInterceptor. Binds a JPA EntityManager to
the thread for the entire processing of the request.
spring.jpa.properties.*= # Additional native properties to set on the JPA provider.
spring.jpa.show-sql=false # Enable logging of SQL statements.
# JTA (JtaAutoConfiguration)
spring.jta.enabled=true # Enable JTA support.
spring.jta.log-dir= # Transaction logs directory.
spring.jta.transaction-manager-id= # Transaction manager unique identifier.
# ATOMIKOS (AtomikosProperties)
spring.jta.atomikos.connectionfactory.borrow-connection-timeout=30 # Timeout, in seconds, for borrowing
connections from the pool.
spring.jta.atomikos.connectionfactory.ignore-session-transacted-flag=true # Whether or not to ignore the
transacted flag when creating session.
spring.jta.atomikos.connectionfactory.local-transaction-mode=false # Whether or not local transactions
are desired.
spring.jta.atomikos.connectionfactory.maintenance-interval=60 # The time, in seconds, between runs of
the pool's maintenance thread.
spring.jta.atomikos.connectionfactory.max-idle-time=60 # The time, in seconds, after which connections
are cleaned up from the pool.
spring.jta.atomikos.connectionfactory.max-lifetime=0 # The time, in seconds, that a connection can be
pooled for before being destroyed. 0 denotes no limit.
spring.jta.atomikos.connectionfactory.max-pool-size=1 # The maximum size of the pool.
spring.jta.atomikos.connectionfactory.min-pool-size=1 # The minimum size of the pool.
spring.jta.atomikos.connectionfactory.reap-timeout=0 # The reap timeout, in seconds, for borrowed
connections. 0 denotes no limit.
spring.jta.atomikos.connectionfactory.unique-resource-name=jmsConnectionFactory # The unique name used
to identify the resource during recovery.
spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.borrow-connection-timeout=30 # Timeout, in seconds, for borrowing
spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.default-isolation-level= # Default isolation level of connections
provided by the pool.
spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.login-timeout= # Timeout, in seconds, for establishing a database
connection.
spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.maintenance-interval=60 # The time, in seconds, between runs of the
pool's maintenance thread.

spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.max-idle-time=60 # The time, in seconds, after which connections are

cleaned up from the pool.
spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.max-lifetime=0 # The time, in seconds, that a connection can be pooled
for before being destroyed. 0 denotes no limit.
spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.max-pool-size=1 # The maximum size of the pool.
spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.min-pool-size=1 # The minimum size of the pool.
spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.reap-timeout=0 # The reap timeout, in seconds, for borrowed connections.
0 denotes no limit.
spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.test-query= # SQL query or statement used to validate a connection before
returning it.
spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.unique-resource-name=dataSource # The unique name used to identify the
resource during recovery.
spring.jta.atomikos.properties.checkpoint-interval=500 # Interval between checkpoints.
spring.jta.atomikos.properties.console-file-count=1 # Number of debug logs files that can be created.
spring.jta.atomikos.properties.console-file-limit=-1 # How many bytes can be stored at most in debug
logs files.
spring.jta.atomikos.properties.console-file-name=tm.out # Debug logs file name.
spring.jta.atomikos.properties.console-log-level= # Console log level.
spring.jta.atomikos.properties.default-jta-timeout=10000 # Default timeout for JTA transactions.
spring.jta.atomikos.properties.enable-logging=true # Enable disk logging.
spring.jta.atomikos.properties.force-shutdown-on-vm-exit=false # Specify if a VM shutdown should trigger
forced shutdown of the transaction core.
spring.jta.atomikos.properties.log-base-dir= # Directory in which the log files should be stored.
spring.jta.atomikos.properties.log-base-name=tmlog # Transactions log file base name.
spring.jta.atomikos.properties.max-actives=50 # Maximum number of active transactions.
spring.jta.atomikos.properties.max-timeout=300000 # Maximum timeout (in milliseconds) that can be
allowed for transactions.
spring.jta.atomikos.properties.output-dir= # Directory in which to store the debug log files.
spring.jta.atomikos.properties.serial-jta-transactions=true # Specify if sub-transactions should be
joined when possible.
spring.jta.atomikos.properties.service= # Transaction manager implementation that should be started.
spring.jta.atomikos.properties.threaded-two-phase-commit=true # Use different (and concurrent) threads
for two-phase commit on the participating resources.
spring.jta.atomikos.properties.transaction-manager-unique-name= # Transaction manager's unique name.
# BITRONIX
spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.acquire-increment=1 # Number of connections to create when growing
the pool.
spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.acquisition-interval=1 # Time, in seconds, to wait before trying
to acquire a connection again after an invalid connection was acquired.
spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.acquisition-timeout=30 # Timeout, in seconds, for acquiring
spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.allow-local-transactions=true # Whether or not the transaction
manager should allow mixing XA and non-XA transactions.
spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.apply-transaction-timeout=false # Whether or not the transaction
timeout should be set on the XAResource when it is enlisted.
spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.automatic-enlisting-enabled=true # Whether or not resources should
be enlisted and delisted automatically.
spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.cache-producers-consumers=true # Whether or not produces and
consumers should be cached.
spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.defer-connection-release=true # Whether or not the provider can
run many transactions on the same connection and supports transaction interleaving.
spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.ignore-recovery-failures=false # Whether or not recovery failures
should be ignored.
spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.max-idle-time=60 # The time, in seconds, after which connections
are cleaned up from the pool.
spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.max-pool-size=10 # The maximum size of the pool. 0 denotes no
limit.
spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.min-pool-size=0 # The minimum size of the pool.
spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.password= # The password to use to connect to the JMS provider.
spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.share-transaction-connections=false # Whether or not connections
in the ACCESSIBLE state can be shared within the context of a transaction.
spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.test-connections=true # Whether or not connections should be
tested when acquired from the pool.
spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.two-pc-ordering-position=1 # The position that this
resource should take during two-phase commit (always first is Integer.MIN_VALUE, always last is
Integer.MAX_VALUE).
spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.unique-name=jmsConnectionFactory # The unique name used to
identify the resource during recovery.
spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.use-tm-join=true Whether or not TMJOIN should be used when
starting XAResources.

spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.user= # The user to use to connect to the JMS provider.

spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.acquire-increment=1 # Number of connections to create when growing the
pool.
spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.acquisition-interval=1 # Time, in seconds, to wait before trying to
acquire a connection again after an invalid connection was acquired.
spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.acquisition-timeout=30 # Timeout, in seconds, for acquiring connections
from the pool.
spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.allow-local-transactions=true # Whether or not the transaction manager
should allow mixing XA and non-XA transactions.
spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.apply-transaction-timeout=false # Whether or not the transaction timeout
should be set on the XAResource when it is enlisted.
spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.automatic-enlisting-enabled=true # Whether or not resources should be
enlisted and delisted automatically.
spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.cursor-holdability= # The default cursor holdability for connections.
spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.defer-connection-release=true # Whether or not the database can run many
transactions on the same connection and supports transaction interleaving.
spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.enable-jdbc4-connection-test= # Whether or not Connection.isValid() is
called when acquiring a connection from the pool.
spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.ignore-recovery-failures=false # Whether or not recovery failures should
be ignored.
spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.isolation-level= # The default isolation level for connections.
spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.local-auto-commit= # The default auto-commit mode for local transactions.
spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.login-timeout= # Timeout, in seconds, for establishing a database
connection.
spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.max-idle-time=60 # The time, in seconds, after which connections are
cleaned up from the pool.
spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.max-pool-size=10 # The maximum size of the pool. 0 denotes no limit.
spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.min-pool-size=0 # The minimum size of the pool.
spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.prepared-statement-cache-size=0 # The target size of the prepared
statement cache. 0 disables the cache.
spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.share-transaction-connections=false # Whether or not connections in the
ACCESSIBLE state can be shared within the context of a transaction.
spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.test-query= # SQL query or statement used to validate a connection before
returning it.
spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.two-pc-ordering-position=1 # The position that this resource should take
during two-phase commit (always first is Integer.MIN_VALUE, always last is Integer.MAX_VALUE).
spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.unique-name=dataSource # The unique name used to identify the resource
during recovery.
spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.use-tm-join=true Whether or not TMJOIN should be used when starting
XAResources.
spring.jta.bitronix.properties.allow-multiple-lrc=false # Allow multiple LRC resources to be enlisted
into the same transaction.
spring.jta.bitronix.properties.asynchronous2-pc=false # Enable asynchronously execution of two phase
commit.
spring.jta.bitronix.properties.background-recovery-interval-seconds=60 # Interval in seconds at which to
run the recovery process in the background.
spring.jta.bitronix.properties.current-node-only-recovery=true # Recover only the current node.
spring.jta.bitronix.properties.debug-zero-resource-transaction=false # Log the creation and commit call
stacks of transactions executed without a single enlisted resource.
spring.jta.bitronix.properties.default-transaction-timeout=60 # Default transaction timeout in seconds.
spring.jta.bitronix.properties.disable-jmx=false # Enable JMX support.
spring.jta.bitronix.properties.exception-analyzer= # Set the fully qualified name of the exception
analyzer implementation to use.
spring.jta.bitronix.properties.filter-log-status=false # Enable filtering of logs so that only mandatory
logs are written.
spring.jta.bitronix.properties.force-batching-enabled=true # Set if disk forces are batched.
spring.jta.bitronix.properties.forced-write-enabled=true # Set if logs are forced to disk.
spring.jta.bitronix.properties.graceful-shutdown-interval=60 # Maximum amount of seconds the TM will
wait for transactions to get done before aborting them at shutdown time.
spring.jta.bitronix.properties.jndi-transaction-synchronization-registry-name= # JNDI name of the
TransactionSynchronizationRegistry.
spring.jta.bitronix.properties.jndi-user-transaction-name= # JNDI name of the UserTransaction.
spring.jta.bitronix.properties.journal=disk # Name of the journal. Can be 'disk', 'null' or a class
name.
spring.jta.bitronix.properties.log-part1-filename=btm1.tlog # Name of the first fragment of the journal.
spring.jta.bitronix.properties.log-part2-filename=btm2.tlog # Name of the second fragment of the
journal.
spring.jta.bitronix.properties.max-log-size-in-mb=2 # Maximum size in megabytes of the journal
fragments.
spring.jta.bitronix.properties.resource-configuration-filename= # ResourceLoader configuration file
name.

spring.jta.bitronix.properties.server-id= # ASCII ID that must uniquely identify this TM instance.

Default to the machine's IP address.
spring.jta.bitronix.properties.skip-corrupted-logs=false # Skip corrupted transactions log entries.
spring.jta.bitronix.properties.warn-about-zero-resource-transaction=true # Log a warning for
transactions executed without a single enlisted resource.
# NARAYANA (NarayanaProperties)
spring.jta.narayana.default-timeout=60 # Transaction timeout in seconds.
spring.jta.narayana.expiry-
scanners=com.arjuna.ats.internal.arjuna.recovery.ExpiredTransactionStatusManagerScanner # Comma-
separated list of expiry scanners.
spring.jta.narayana.log-dir= # Transaction object store directory.
spring.jta.narayana.one-phase-commit=true # Enable one phase commit optimisation.
spring.jta.narayana.periodic-recovery-period=120 # Interval in which periodic recovery scans are
performed in seconds.
spring.jta.narayana.recovery-backoff-period=10 # Back off period between first and second phases of the
recovery scan in seconds.
spring.jta.narayana.recovery-db-pass= # Database password to be used by recovery manager.
spring.jta.narayana.recovery-db-user= # Database username to be used by recovery manager.
spring.jta.narayana.recovery-jms-pass= # JMS password to be used by recovery manager.
spring.jta.narayana.recovery-jms-user= # JMS username to be used by recovery manager.
spring.jta.narayana.recovery-modules= # Comma-separated list of recovery modules.
spring.jta.narayana.transaction-manager-id=1 # Unique transaction manager id.
spring.jta.narayana.xa-resource-orphan-filters= # Comma-separated list of orphan filters.
# EMBEDDED MONGODB (EmbeddedMongoProperties)

spring.mongodb.embedded.features=SYNC_DELAY # Comma-separated list of features to enable.
spring.mongodb.embedded.storage.databaseDir= # Directory used for data storage.
spring.mongodb.embedded.storage.oplogSize= # Maximum size of the oplog in megabytes.
spring.mongodb.embedded.storage.replSetName= # Name of the replica set.
spring.mongodb.embedded.version=2.6.10 # Version of Mongo to use.
# REDIS (RedisProperties)
spring.redis.cluster.max-redirects= # Maximum number of redirects to follow when executing commands
across the cluster.
spring.redis.cluster.nodes= # Comma-separated list of "host:port" pairs to bootstrap from.
spring.redis.database=0 # Database index used by the connection factory.
spring.redis.host=localhost # Redis server host.
spring.redis.password= # Login password of the redis server.
spring.redis.pool.max-active=8 # Max number of connections that can be allocated by the pool at a given
time. Use a negative value for no limit.
spring.redis.pool.max-idle=8 # Max number of "idle" connections in the pool. Use a negative value to
indicate an unlimited number of idle connections.
spring.redis.pool.max-wait=-1 # Maximum amount of time (in milliseconds) a connection allocation
should block before throwing an exception when the pool is exhausted. Use a negative value to block
indefinitely.
spring.redis.pool.min-idle=0 # Target for the minimum number of idle connections to maintain in the
pool. This setting only has an effect if it is positive.
spring.redis.port=6379 # Redis server port.
spring.redis.sentinel.master= # Name of Redis server.
spring.redis.sentinel.nodes= # Comma-separated list of host:port pairs.
spring.redis.timeout=0 # Connection timeout in milliseconds.
# ----------------------------------------
# INTEGRATION PROPERTIES
# ----------------------------------------
# ACTIVEMQ (ActiveMQProperties)
spring.activemq.broker-url= # URL of the ActiveMQ broker. Auto-generated by default. For instance
`tcp://localhost:61616`
spring.activemq.in-memory=true # Specify if the default broker URL should be in memory. Ignored if an
explicit broker has been specified.
spring.activemq.password= # Login password of the broker.
spring.activemq.user= # Login user of the broker.
spring.activemq.packages.trust-all=false # Trust all packages.
spring.activemq.packages.trusted= # Comma-separated list of specific packages to trust (when not
trusting all packages).
spring.activemq.pool.configuration.*= # See PooledConnectionFactory.
spring.activemq.pool.enabled=false # Whether a PooledConnectionFactory should be created instead of a
regular ConnectionFactory.

spring.activemq.pool.expiry-timeout=0 # Connection expiration timeout in milliseconds.

spring.activemq.pool.idle-timeout=30000 # Connection idle timeout in milliseconds.
spring.activemq.pool.max-connections=1 # Maximum number of pooled connections.
# ARTEMIS (ArtemisProperties)
spring.artemis.embedded.cluster-password= # Cluster password. Randomly generated on startup by default.
spring.artemis.embedded.data-directory= # Journal file directory. Not necessary if persistence is turned
off.
spring.artemis.embedded.enabled=true # Enable embedded mode if the Artemis server APIs are available.
spring.artemis.embedded.persistent=false # Enable persistent store.
spring.artemis.embedded.queues= # Comma-separated list of queues to create on startup.
spring.artemis.embedded.server-id= # Server id. By default, an auto-incremented counter is used.
spring.artemis.embedded.topics= # Comma-separated list of topics to create on startup.
spring.artemis.host=localhost # Artemis broker host.
spring.artemis.mode= # Artemis deployment mode, auto-detected by default.
spring.artemis.password= # Login password of the broker.
spring.artemis.port=61616 # Artemis broker port.
spring.artemis.user= # Login user of the broker.
# SPRING BATCH (BatchProperties)

spring.batch.initializer.enabled= # Create the required batch tables on startup if necessary. Enabled
automatically if no custom table prefix is set or if a custom schema is configured.
spring.batch.job.enabled=true # Execute all Spring Batch jobs in the context on startup.
spring.batch.job.names= # Comma-separated list of job names to execute on startup (For instance
`job1,job2`). By default, all Jobs found in the context are executed.
spring.batch.schema=classpath:org/springframework/batch/core/schema-@@platform@@.sql # Path to the SQL
file to use to initialize the database schema.
spring.batch.table-prefix= # Table prefix for all the batch meta-data tables.
# HORNETQ (HornetQProperties)
spring.hornetq.embedded.cluster-password= # Cluster password. Randomly generated on startup by default.
spring.hornetq.embedded.data-directory= # Journal file directory. Not necessary if persistence is turned
off.
spring.hornetq.embedded.enabled=true # Enable embedded mode if the HornetQ server APIs are available.
spring.hornetq.embedded.persistent=false # Enable persistent store.
spring.hornetq.embedded.queues= # Comma-separated list of queues to create on startup.
spring.hornetq.embedded.server-id= # Server id. By default, an auto-incremented counter is used.
spring.hornetq.embedded.topics= # Comma-separated list of topics to create on startup.
spring.hornetq.host=localhost # HornetQ broker host.
spring.hornetq.mode= # HornetQ deployment mode, auto-detected by default.
spring.hornetq.password= # Login password of the broker.
spring.hornetq.port=5445 # HornetQ broker port.
spring.hornetq.user= # Login user of the broker.
# JMS (JmsProperties)
spring.jms.jndi-name= # Connection factory JNDI name. When set, takes precedence to others connection
factory auto-configurations.
spring.jms.listener.acknowledge-mode= # Acknowledge mode of the container. By default, the listener is
transacted with automatic acknowledgment.
spring.jms.listener.auto-startup=true # Start the container automatically on startup.
spring.jms.listener.concurrency= # Minimum number of concurrent consumers.
spring.jms.listener.max-concurrency= # Maximum number of concurrent consumers.
spring.jms.pub-sub-domain=false # Specify if the default destination type is topic.
# RABBIT (RabbitProperties)
spring.rabbitmq.addresses= # Comma-separated list of addresses to which the client should connect.
spring.rabbitmq.cache.channel.checkout-timeout= # Number of milliseconds to wait to obtain a channel if
the cache size has been reached.
spring.rabbitmq.cache.channel.size= # Number of channels to retain in the cache.
spring.rabbitmq.cache.connection.mode=CHANNEL # Connection factory cache mode.
spring.rabbitmq.cache.connection.size= # Number of connections to cache.
spring.rabbitmq.connection-timeout= # Connection timeout, in milliseconds; zero for infinite.
spring.rabbitmq.dynamic=true # Create an AmqpAdmin bean.
spring.rabbitmq.host=localhost # RabbitMQ host.
spring.rabbitmq.listener.acknowledge-mode= # Acknowledge mode of container.
spring.rabbitmq.listener.auto-startup=true # Start the container automatically on startup.
spring.rabbitmq.listener.concurrency= # Minimum number of consumers.
spring.rabbitmq.listener.default-requeue-rejected= # Whether or not to requeue delivery failures;
default `true`.
spring.rabbitmq.listener.max-concurrency= # Maximum number of consumers.

spring.rabbitmq.listener.prefetch= # Number of messages to be handled in a single request. It should be

greater than or equal to the transaction size (if used).
spring.rabbitmq.listener.retry.enabled=false # Whether or not publishing retries are enabled.
spring.rabbitmq.listener.retry.initial-interval=1000 # Interval between the first and second attempt to
deliver a message.
spring.rabbitmq.listener.retry.max-attempts=3 # Maximum number of attempts to deliver a message.
spring.rabbitmq.listener.retry.max-interval=10000 # Maximum interval between attempts.
spring.rabbitmq.listener.retry.multiplier=1.0 # A multiplier to apply to the previous delivery retry
interval.
spring.rabbitmq.listener.retry.stateless=true # Whether or not retry is stateless or stateful.
spring.rabbitmq.listener.transaction-size= # Number of messages to be processed in a transaction. For
best results it should be less than or equal to the prefetch count.
spring.rabbitmq.password= # Login to authenticate against the broker.
spring.rabbitmq.port=5672 # RabbitMQ port.
spring.rabbitmq.publisher-confirms=false # Enable publisher confirms.
spring.rabbitmq.publisher-returns=false # Enable publisher returns.
spring.rabbitmq.requested-heartbeat= # Requested heartbeat timeout, in seconds; zero for none.
spring.rabbitmq.ssl.enabled=false # Enable SSL support.
spring.rabbitmq.ssl.key-store= # Path to the key store that holds the SSL certificate.
spring.rabbitmq.ssl.key-store-password= # Password used to access the key store.
spring.rabbitmq.ssl.trust-store= # Trust store that holds SSL certificates.
spring.rabbitmq.ssl.trust-store-password= # Password used to access the trust store.
spring.rabbitmq.ssl.algorithm= # SSL algorithm to use. By default configure by the rabbit client
library.
spring.rabbitmq.template.mandatory=false # Enable mandatory messages.
spring.rabbitmq.template.receive-timeout=0 # Timeout for `receive()` methods.
spring.rabbitmq.template.reply-timeout=5000 # Timeout for `sendAndReceive()` methods.
spring.rabbitmq.template.retry.enabled=false # Set to true to enable retries in the `RabbitTemplate`.
spring.rabbitmq.template.retry.initial-interval=1000 # Interval between the first and second attempt to
publish a message.
spring.rabbitmq.template.retry.max-attempts=3 # Maximum number of attempts to publish a message.
spring.rabbitmq.template.retry.max-interval=10000 # Maximum number of attempts to publish a message.
spring.rabbitmq.template.retry.multiplier=1.0 # A multiplier to apply to the previous publishing retry
interval.
spring.rabbitmq.username= # Login user to authenticate to the broker.
spring.rabbitmq.virtual-host= # Virtual host to use when connecting to the broker.
# ----------------------------------------
# ACTUATOR PROPERTIES
# ----------------------------------------
# ENDPOINTS (AbstractEndpoint subclasses)

endpoints.enabled=true # Enable endpoints.
endpoints.sensitive= # Default endpoint sensitive setting.
endpoints.actuator.enabled=true # Enable the endpoint.
endpoints.actuator.path= # Endpoint URL path.
endpoints.actuator.sensitive=false # Enable security on the endpoint.
endpoints.autoconfig.enabled= # Enable the endpoint.
endpoints.autoconfig.id= # Endpoint identifier.
endpoints.autoconfig.path= # Endpoint path.
endpoints.autoconfig.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information.
endpoints.beans.enabled= # Enable the endpoint.
endpoints.beans.id= # Endpoint identifier.
endpoints.beans.path= # Endpoint path.
endpoints.beans.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information.
endpoints.configprops.enabled= # Enable the endpoint.
endpoints.configprops.id= # Endpoint identifier.
endpoints.configprops.keys-to-sanitize=password,secret,key,token,.*credentials.*,vcap_services # Keys
that should be sanitized. Keys can be simple strings that the property ends with or regex expressions.
endpoints.configprops.path= # Endpoint path.
endpoints.configprops.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information.
endpoints.docs.curies.enabled=false # Enable the curie generation.
endpoints.docs.enabled=true # Enable actuator docs endpoint.
endpoints.docs.path=/docs #
endpoints.docs.sensitive=false #
endpoints.dump.enabled= # Enable the endpoint.
endpoints.dump.id= # Endpoint identifier.
endpoints.dump.path= # Endpoint path.
endpoints.dump.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information.
endpoints.env.enabled= # Enable the endpoint.

endpoints.env.id= # Endpoint identifier.

endpoints.env.keys-to-sanitize=password,secret,key,token,.*credentials.*,vcap_services # Keys that
should be sanitized. Keys can be simple strings that the property ends with or regex expressions.
endpoints.env.path= # Endpoint path.
endpoints.env.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information.
endpoints.flyway.enabled= # Enable the endpoint.
endpoints.flyway.id= # Endpoint identifier.
endpoints.flyway.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information.
endpoints.health.enabled= # Enable the endpoint.
endpoints.health.id= # Endpoint identifier.
endpoints.health.mapping.*= # Mapping of health statuses to HttpStatus codes. By default, registered
health statuses map to sensible defaults (i.e. UP maps to 200).
endpoints.health.path= # Endpoint path.
endpoints.health.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information.
endpoints.health.time-to-live=1000 # Time to live for cached result, in milliseconds.
endpoints.heapdump.enabled= # Enable the endpoint.
endpoints.heapdump.path= # Endpoint path.
endpoints.heapdump.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information.
endpoints.info.enabled= # Enable the endpoint.
endpoints.info.id= # Endpoint identifier.
endpoints.info.path= # Endpoint path.
endpoints.info.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information.
endpoints.jolokia.enabled=true # Enable Jolokia endpoint.
endpoints.jolokia.path=/jolokia # Endpoint URL path.
endpoints.jolokia.sensitive=true # Enable security on the endpoint.
endpoints.liquibase.enabled= # Enable the endpoint.
endpoints.liquibase.id= # Endpoint identifier.
endpoints.liquibase.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information.
endpoints.logfile.enabled=true # Enable the endpoint.
endpoints.logfile.external-file= # External Logfile to be accessed.
endpoints.logfile.path=/logfile # Endpoint URL path.
endpoints.logfile.sensitive=true # Enable security on the endpoint.
endpoints.mappings.enabled= # Enable the endpoint.
endpoints.mappings.id= # Endpoint identifier.
endpoints.mappings.path= # Endpoint path.
endpoints.mappings.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information.
endpoints.metrics.enabled= # Enable the endpoint.
endpoints.metrics.filter.enabled=true # Enable the metrics servlet filter.
endpoints.metrics.filter.gauge-submissions=merged # Http filter gauge submissions (merged, per-http-
method)
endpoints.metrics.filter.counter-submissions=merged # Http filter counter submissions (merged, per-http-
method)
endpoints.metrics.id= # Endpoint identifier.
endpoints.metrics.path= # Endpoint path.
endpoints.metrics.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information.
endpoints.shutdown.enabled= # Enable the endpoint.
endpoints.shutdown.id= # Endpoint identifier.
endpoints.shutdown.path= # Endpoint path.
endpoints.shutdown.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information.
endpoints.trace.enabled= # Enable the endpoint.
endpoints.trace.id= # Endpoint identifier.
endpoints.trace.path= # Endpoint path.
endpoints.trace.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information.
# ENDPOINTS CORS CONFIGURATION (EndpointCorsProperties)

endpoints.cors.allow-credentials= # Set whether credentials are supported. When not set, credentials are
not supported.
endpoints.cors.allowed-headers= # Comma-separated list of headers to allow in a request. '*' allows all
headers.
endpoints.cors.allowed-methods=GET # Comma-separated list of methods to allow. '*' allows all methods.
endpoints.cors.allowed-origins= # Comma-separated list of origins to allow. '*' allows all origins. When
not set, CORS support is disabled.
endpoints.cors.exposed-headers= # Comma-separated list of headers to include in a response.
endpoints.cors.max-age=1800 # How long, in seconds, the response from a pre-flight request can be cached
by clients.
# JMX ENDPOINT (EndpointMBeanExportProperties)

endpoints.jmx.domain= # JMX domain name. Initialized with the value of 'spring.jmx.default-domain' if
set.
endpoints.jmx.enabled=true # Enable JMX export of all endpoints.

endpoints.jmx.static-names= # Additional static properties to append to all ObjectNames of MBeans

representing Endpoints.
endpoints.jmx.unique-names=false # Ensure that ObjectNames are modified in case of conflict.
# JOLOKIA (JolokiaProperties)
jolokia.config.*= # See Jolokia manual
# MANAGEMENT HTTP SERVER (ManagementServerProperties)

management.add-application-context-header=true # Add the "X-Application-Context" HTTP header in each
response.
management.address= # Network address that the management endpoints should bind to.
management.context-path= # Management endpoint context-path. For instance `/actuator`
management.port= # Management endpoint HTTP port. Uses the same port as the application by default.
Configure a different port to use management-specific SSL.
management.security.enabled=true # Enable security.
management.security.roles=ADMIN # Comma-separated list of roles that can access the management endpoint.
management.security.sessions=stateless # Session creating policy to use (always, never, if_required,
stateless).
management.ssl.ciphers= # Supported SSL ciphers. Requires a custom management.port.
management.ssl.client-auth= # Whether client authentication is wanted ("want") or needed ("need").
Requires a trust store. Requires a custom management.port.
management.ssl.enabled= # Enable SSL support. Requires a custom management.port.
management.ssl.enabled-protocols= # Enabled SSL protocols. Requires a custom management.port.
management.ssl.key-alias= # Alias that identifies the key in the key store. Requires a custom
management.port.
management.ssl.key-password= # Password used to access the key in the key store. Requires a custom
management.port.
management.ssl.key-store= # Path to the key store that holds the SSL certificate (typically a jks file).
Requires a custom management.port.
management.ssl.key-store-password= # Password used to access the key store. Requires a custom
management.port.
management.ssl.key-store-provider= # Provider for the key store. Requires a custom management.port.
management.ssl.key-store-type= # Type of the key store. Requires a custom management.port.
management.ssl.protocol=TLS # SSL protocol to use. Requires a custom management.port.
management.ssl.trust-store= # Trust store that holds SSL certificates. Requires a custom
management.port.
management.ssl.trust-store-password= # Password used to access the trust store. Requires a custom
management.port.
management.ssl.trust-store-provider= # Provider for the trust store. Requires a custom management.port.
management.ssl.trust-store-type= # Type of the trust store. Requires a custom management.port.
# HEALTH INDICATORS (previously health.*)

management.health.db.enabled=true # Enable database health check.
management.health.defaults.enabled=true # Enable default health indicators.
management.health.diskspace.enabled=true # Enable disk space health check.
management.health.diskspace.path= # Path used to compute the available disk space.
management.health.diskspace.threshold=0 # Minimum disk space that should be available, in bytes.
management.health.elasticsearch.enabled=true # Enable elasticsearch health check.
management.health.elasticsearch.indices= # Comma-separated index names.
management.health.elasticsearch.response-timeout=100 # The time, in milliseconds, to wait for a response
from the cluster.
management.health.jms.enabled=true # Enable JMS health check.
management.health.mail.enabled=true # Enable Mail health check.
management.health.mongo.enabled=true # Enable MongoDB health check.
management.health.rabbit.enabled=true # Enable RabbitMQ health check.
management.health.redis.enabled=true # Enable Redis health check.
management.health.solr.enabled=true # Enable Solr health check.
management.health.status.order=DOWN, OUT_OF_SERVICE, UNKNOWN, UP # Comma-separated list of health
statuses in order of severity.
# INFO CONTRIBUTORS (InfoContributorProperties)

management.info.build.enabled=true # Enable build info.
management.info.defaults.enabled=true # Enable default info contributors.
management.info.env.enabled=true # Enable environment info.
management.info.git.enabled=true # Enable git info.
management.info.git.mode=simple # Mode to use to expose git information.
# REMOTE SHELL (ShellProperties)

management.shell.auth.type=simple # Authentication type. Auto-detected according to the environment.
management.shell.auth.jaas.domain=my-domain # JAAS domain.

management.shell.auth.key.path= # Path to the authentication key. This should point to a valid ".pem"
file.
management.shell.auth.simple.user.name=user # Login user.
management.shell.auth.simple.user.password= # Login password.
management.shell.auth.spring.roles=ADMIN # Comma-separated list of required roles to login to the CRaSH
console.
management.shell.command-path-patterns=classpath*:/commands/**,classpath*:/crash/commands/** # Patterns
to use to look for commands.
management.shell.command-refresh-interval=-1 # Scan for changes and update the command if necessary (in
seconds).
management.shell.config-path-patterns=classpath*:/crash/* # Patterns to use to look for configurations.
management.shell.disabled-commands=jpa*,jdbc*,jndi* # Comma-separated list of commands to disable.
management.shell.disabled-plugins= # Comma-separated list of plugins to disable. Certain plugins are
disabled by default based on the environment.
management.shell.ssh.auth-timeout = # Number of milliseconds after user will be prompted to login again.
management.shell.ssh.enabled=true # Enable CRaSH SSH support.
management.shell.ssh.idle-timeout = # Number of milliseconds after which unused connections are closed.
management.shell.ssh.key-path= # Path to the SSH server key.
management.shell.ssh.port=2000 # SSH port.
management.shell.telnet.enabled=false # Enable CRaSH telnet support. Enabled by default if the
TelnetPlugin is available.
management.shell.telnet.port=5000 # Telnet port.
# TRACING (TraceProperties)
management.trace.include=request-headers,response-headers,cookies,errors # Items to be included in the
trace.
# METRICS EXPORT (MetricExportProperties)

spring.metrics.export.aggregate.key-pattern= # Pattern that tells the aggregator what to do with the
keys from the source repository.
spring.metrics.export.aggregate.prefix= # Prefix for global repository if active.
spring.metrics.export.delay-millis=5000 # Delay in milliseconds between export ticks. Metrics are
exported to external sources on a schedule with this delay.
spring.metrics.export.enabled=true # Flag to enable metric export (assuming a MetricWriter is
available).
spring.metrics.export.excludes= # List of patterns for metric names to exclude. Applied after the
includes.
spring.metrics.export.includes= # List of patterns for metric names to include.
spring.metrics.export.redis.key=keys.spring.metrics # Key for redis repository export (if active).
spring.metrics.export.redis.prefix=spring.metrics # Prefix for redis repository if active.
spring.metrics.export.send-latest= # Flag to switch off any available optimizations based on not
exporting unchanged metric values.
spring.metrics.export.statsd.host= # Host of a statsd server to receive exported metrics.
spring.metrics.export.statsd.port=8125 # Port of a statsd server to receive exported metrics.
spring.metrics.export.statsd.prefix= # Prefix for statsd exported metrics.
spring.metrics.export.triggers.*= # Specific trigger properties per MetricWriter bean name.
# ----------------------------------------
# DEVTOOLS PROPERTIES
# ----------------------------------------
# DEVTOOLS (DevToolsProperties)
spring.devtools.livereload.enabled=true # Enable a livereload.com compatible server.
spring.devtools.livereload.port=35729 # Server port.
spring.devtools.restart.additional-exclude= # Additional patterns that should be excluded from
triggering a full restart.
spring.devtools.restart.additional-paths= # Additional paths to watch for changes.
spring.devtools.restart.enabled=true # Enable automatic restart.
spring.devtools.restart.exclude=META-INF/maven/**,META-INF/resources/**,resources/**,static/**,public/
**,templates/**,**/*Test.class,**/*Tests.class,git.properties # Patterns that should be excluded from
triggering a full restart.
spring.devtools.restart.poll-interval=1000 # Amount of time (in milliseconds) to wait between polling
for classpath changes.
spring.devtools.restart.quiet-period=400 # Amount of quiet time (in milliseconds) required without any
classpath changes before a restart is triggered.
spring.devtools.restart.trigger-file= # Name of a specific file that when changed will trigger the
restart check. If not specified any classpath file change will trigger the restart.
# REMOTE DEVTOOLS (RemoteDevToolsProperties)

spring.devtools.remote.context-path=/.~~spring-boot!~ # Context path used to handle the remote

connection.
spring.devtools.remote.debug.enabled=true # Enable remote debug support.
spring.devtools.remote.debug.local-port=8000 # Local remote debug server port.
spring.devtools.remote.proxy.host= # The host of the proxy to use to connect to the remote application.
spring.devtools.remote.proxy.port= # The port of the proxy to use to connect to the remote application.
spring.devtools.remote.restart.enabled=true # Enable remote restart.
spring.devtools.remote.secret= # A shared secret required to establish a connection (required to enable
remote support).
spring.devtools.remote.secret-header-name=X-AUTH-TOKEN # HTTP header used to transfer the shared secret.

Appendix B. Configuration meta-data

Spring Boot jars are shipped with meta-data files that provide details of all supported configuration
properties. The files are designed to allow IDE developers to offer contextual help and code completion
as users are working with application.properties or application.yml files.
The majority of the meta-data file is generated automatically at compile time by processing all items
annotated with @ConfigurationProperties. However, it is possible to write part of the meta-data
manually for corner cases or more advanced use cases.
B.1 Meta-data format

Configuration meta-data files are located inside jars under META-INF/spring-configuration-
metadata.json They use a simple JSON format with items categorized under either groups or
properties and additional values hint categorized under "hints":
{"groups": [
{
"name": "server",
"type": "org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ServerProperties",
"sourceType": "org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ServerProperties"
},
{
"name": "spring.jpa.hibernate",
"type": "org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.JpaProperties$Hibernate",
"sourceType": "org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.JpaProperties",
"sourceMethod": "getHibernate()"
}
...
],"properties": [
{
"name": "server.port",
"type": "java.lang.Integer",
"sourceType": "org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ServerProperties"
},
{
"name": "server.servlet-path",
"type": "java.lang.String",
"sourceType": "org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ServerProperties",
"defaultValue": "/"
},
{
"name": "spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto",
"type": "java.lang.String",
"description": "DDL mode. This is actually a shortcut for the \"hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto\"
property.",
"sourceType": "org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.JpaProperties$Hibernate"
}
...
],"hints": [
{
"name": "spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto",
"values": [
{
"value": "none",
"description": "Disable DDL handling."
},
{
"value": "validate",
"description": "Validate the schema, make no changes to the database."
},
{
"value": "update",
"description": "Update the schema if necessary."

},
{
"value": "create",
"description": "Create the schema and destroy previous data."
},
{
"value": "create-drop",
"description": "Create and then destroy the schema at the end of the session."
}
]
}
]}
Each property is a configuration item that the user specifies with a given value. For example
server.port and server.servlet-path might be specified in application.properties as
follows:
server.port=9090
server.servlet-path=/home
The groups are higher level items that dont themselves specify a value, but instead provide a
contextual grouping for properties. For example the server.port and server.servlet-path
properties are part of the server group.
Note
It is not required that every property has a group, some properties might just exist in their own
right.
Finally, hints are additional information used to assist the user in configuring a given property. When
configuring the spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto property, a tool can use it to offer some auto-
completion help for the none, validate, update, create and create-drop values.
Group Attributes
The JSON object contained in the groups array can contain the following attributes:
Name Type Purpose
name String The full name of the group. This attribute is mandatory.
type String The class name of the data type of the group. For
example, if the group was based on a class annotated with
@ConfigurationProperties the attribute would contain the
fully qualified name of that class. If it was based on a @Bean
method, it would be the return type of that method. The attribute
may be omitted if the type is not known.
description String A short description of the group that can be displayed to users.
May be omitted if no description is available. It is recommended
that descriptions are a short paragraphs, with the first line
providing a concise summary. The last line in the description
should end with a period (.).
sourceType String The class name of the source that contributed this group. For
example, if the group was based on a @Bean method annotated

Name Type Purpose

with @ConfigurationProperties this attribute would contain
the fully qualified name of the @Configuration class containing
the method. The attribute may be omitted if the source type is not
known.
sourceMethod String The full name of the method (include parenthesis and argument
types) that contributed this group. For example, the name of a
@ConfigurationProperties annotated @Bean method. May
be omitted if the source method is not known.
Property Attributes
The JSON object contained in the properties array can contain the following attributes:
Name Type Purpose
name String The full name of the property. Names are in lowercase dashed
form (e.g. server.servlet-path). This attribute is mandatory.
type String The class name of the data type of the property. For example,
java.lang.String. This attribute can be used to guide the user
as to the types of values that they can enter. For consistency, the
type of a primitive is specified using its wrapper counterpart, i.e.
boolean becomes java.lang.Boolean. Note that this class
may be a complex type that gets converted from a String as values
are bound. May be omitted if the type is not known.
description String A short description of the group that can be displayed to users.
sourceType String The class name of the source that contributed this property.
For example, if the property was from a class annotated with
@ConfigurationProperties this attribute would contain the
fully qualified name of that class. May be omitted if the source type
is not known.
defaultValue Object The default value which will be used if the property is not specified.
Can also be an array of value(s) if the type of the property is an
array. May be omitted if the default value is not known.
deprecation Deprecation Specify if the property is deprecated. May be omitted if the field is
not deprecated or if that information is not known. See below for
more details.
The JSON object contained in the deprecation attribute of each properties element can contain
the following attributes:

Name Type Purpose
reason String A short description of the reason why the property was
deprecated. May be omitted if no reason is available. It is
recommended that descriptions are a short paragraphs, with
the first line providing a concise summary. The last line in the
description should end with a period (.).
replacement String The full name of the property that is replacing this deprecated
property. May be omitted if there is no replacement for this
property.
Note
Prior to Spring Boot 1.3, a single deprecated boolean attribute can be used instead of the
deprecation element. This is still supported in a deprecated fashion and should no longer be
used. If no reason and replacement are available, an empty deprecation object should be set.
Deprecation can also be specified declaratively in code by adding the

@DeprecatedConfigurationProperty annotation to the getter exposing the deprecated property.
For instance, lets assume the app.foo.target property was confusing and was renamed to
app.foo.name
@ConfigurationProperties("app.foo")
public String getName() { ... }
public void setName(String name) { ... }
@DeprecatedConfigurationProperty(replacement = "app.foo.name")
@Deprecated
public String getTarget() {
return getName();
}
@Deprecated
public void setTarget(String target) {
setName(target);
}
}
The code above makes sure that the deprecated property still works (delegating to the name property
behind the scenes). Once the getTarget and setTarget methods can be removed from your public
API, the automatic deprecation hint in the meta-data will go away as well.
Hint Attributes
The JSON object contained in the hints array can contain the following attributes:
Name Type Purpose
name String The full name of the property that this hint refers to. Names are
in lowercase dashed form (e.g. server.servlet-path). If the
property refers to a map (e.g. system.contexts) the hint either

Name Type Purpose

applies to the keys of the map (system.context.keys) or the
values (system.context.values). This attribute is mandatory.
values ValueHint[] A list of valid values as defined by the ValueHint object (see
below). Each entry defines the value and may have a description
providers ValueProvider[] A list of providers as defined by the ValueProvider object

(see below). Each entry defines the name of the provider and its
parameters, if any.
The JSON object contained in the values attribute of each hint element can contain the following
attributes:
Name Type Purpose
value Object A valid value for the element to which the hint refers to. Can also
be an array of value(s) if the type of the property is an array. This
attribute is mandatory.
description String A short description of the value that can be displayed to users.
The JSON object contained in the providers attribute of each hint element can contain the following
attributes:
Name Type Purpose
name String The name of the provider to use to offer additional content
assistance for the element to which the hint refers to.
parameters JSON object Any additional parameter that the provider supports (check the
documentation of the provider for more details).
Repeated meta-data items

It is perfectly acceptable for property and group objects with the same name to appear multiple times
within a meta-data file. For example, you could bind two separate classes to the same prefix, with each
potentially offering overlap of property names. While this is not supposed to be a frequent scenario,
consumers of meta-data should take care to ensure that they support such scenarios.
B.2 Providing manual hints

To improve the user experience and further assist the user in configuring a given property, you can
provide additional meta-data that:
1. Describes the list of potential values for a property.
2. Associates a provider to attach a well-defined semantic to a property so that a tool can discover the
list of potential values based on the projects context.

Value hint
The name attribute of each hint refers to the name of a property. In the initial example above, we provide
5 values for the spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto property: none, validate, update, create
and create-drop. Each value may have a description as well.
If your property is of type Map, you can provide hints for both the keys and the values (but not for the
map itself). The special .keys and .values suffixes must be used to refer to the keys and the values
respectively.
Lets assume a foo.contexts that maps magic String values to an integer:
@ConfigurationProperties("foo")
private Map<String,Integer> contexts;

// getters and setters
}
The magic values are foo and bar for instance. In order to offer additional content assistance for the
keys, you could add the following to the manual meta-data of the module:
{"hints": [
{
"name": "foo.contexts.keys",
"values": [
{
"value": "foo"
},
{
"value": "bar"
}
]
}
]}
Note
Of course, you should have an Enum for those two values instead. This is by far the most effective
approach to auto-completion if your IDE supports it.
Value provider
Providers are a powerful way of attaching semantics to a property. We define in the section below the
official providers that you can use for your own hints. Bare in mind however that your favorite IDE may
implement some of these or none of them. It could eventually provide its own as well.
Note
As this is a new feature, IDE vendors will have to catch up with this new feature.
The table below summarizes the list of supported providers:
Name Description
any Permit any additional value to be provided.

Name Description
class-reference Auto-complete the classes available in the project. Usually

constrained by a base class that is specified via the target
parameter.
handle-as Handle the property as if it was defined by the type defined via the
mandatory target parameter.
logger-name Auto-complete valid logger names. Typically, package and class

names available in the current project can be auto-completed.
spring-bean-reference Auto-complete the available bean names in the current project.

Usually constrained by a base class that is specified via the
target parameter.
spring-profile-name Auto-complete the available Spring profile names in the project.
Tip
No more than one provider can be active for a given property but you can specify several providers
if they can all manage the property in some ways. Make sure to place the most powerful provider
first as the IDE must use the first one in the JSON section it can handle. If no provider for a given
property is supported, no special content assistance is provided either.
Any
The any provider permits any additional values to be provided. Regular value validation based on the
property type should be applied if this is supported.
This provider will be typically used if you have a list of values and any extra values are still to be
considered as valid.
The example below offers on and off as auto-completion values for system.state; any other value
is also allowed:
{"hints": [
{
"name": "system.state",
"values": [
{
"value": "on"
},
{
"value": "off"
}
],
"providers": [
{
"name": "any"
}
]
}
]}
Class reference
The class-reference provider auto-completes classes available in the project. This provider supports
these parameters:

Parameter Type Default value Description
target String none The fully qualified name of the class that should
(Class) be assignable to the chosen value. Typically
used to filter out non candidate classes. Note that
this information can be provided by the type itself
by exposing a class with the appropriate upper
bound.
concrete boolean true Specify if only concrete classes are to be

considered as valid candidates.
The meta-data snippet below corresponds to the standard server.jsp-servlet.class-name

property that defines the JspServlet class name to use:
{"hints": [
{
"name": "server.jsp-servlet.class-name",
"providers": [
{
"name": "class-reference",
"parameters": {
"target": "javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet"
}
}
]
}
]}
Handle As
The handle-as provider allows you to substitute the type of the property to a more high-level type. This
typically happens when the property has a java.lang.String type because you dont want your
configuration classes to rely on classes that may not be on the classpath. This provider supports these
parameters:
target String none The fully qualified name of the type to consider
(Class) for the property. This parameter is mandatory.
The following types can be used:
Any java.lang.Enum that lists the possible values for the property (By all means, try to define the
property with the Enum type instead as no further hint should be required for the IDE to auto-complete
the values).
java.nio.charset.Charset: auto-completion of charset/encoding values (e.g. UTF-8)
java.util.Locale: auto-completion of locales (e.g. en_US)
org.springframework.util.MimeType: auto-completion of content type values (e.g. text/

plain)
org.springframework.core.io.Resource: auto-completion of Springs Resource abstraction

to refer to a file on the filesystem or on the classpath. (e.g. classpath:/foo.properties)

Note
If multiple values can be provided, use a Collection or Array type to teach the IDE about it.
The meta-data snippet below corresponds to the standard liquibase.change-log property

that defines the path to the changelog to use. It is actually used internally as a
org.springframework.core.io.Resource but cannot be exposed as such as we need to keep
the original String value to pass it to the Liquibase API.
{"hints": [
{
"name": "liquibase.change-log",
"providers": [
{
"name": "handle-as",
"parameters": {
"target": "org.springframework.core.io.Resource"
}
}
]
}
]}
Logger name
The logger-name provider auto-completes valid logger names. Typically, package and class names
available in the current project can be auto-completed. Specific frameworks may have extra magic
logger names that could be supported as well.
Since a logger name can be any arbitrary name, really, this provider should allow any value but could
highlight valid packages and class names that are not available in the projects classpath.
The meta-data snippet below corresponds to the standard logging.level property, keys are logger
names and values correspond to the standard log levels or any custom level:
{"hints": [
{
"name": "logging.level.keys",
"values": [
{
"value": "root",
"description": "Root logger used to assign the default logging level."
}
],
"providers": [
{
"name": "logger-name"
}
]
},
{
"name": "logging.level.values",
"values": [
{
"value": "trace"
},
{
"value": "debug"
},
{
"value": "info"
},
{
"value": "warn"
},

{
"value": "error"
},
{
"value": "fatal"
},
{
"value": "off"
}
],
"providers": [
{
"name": "any"
}
]
}
]}
Spring bean reference
The spring-bean-reference provider auto-completes the beans that are defined in the configuration of
the current project. This provider supports these parameters:
target String none The fully qualified name of the bean class that
(Class) should be assignable to the candidate. Typically
used to filter out non candidate beans.
The meta-data snippet below corresponds to the standard spring.jmx.server property that defines
the name of the MBeanServer bean to use:
{"hints": [
{
"name": "spring.jmx.server",
"providers": [
{
"name": "spring-bean-reference",
"parameters": {
"target": "javax.management.MBeanServer"
}
}
]
}
]}
Note
The binder is not aware of the meta-data so if you provide that hint, you will still need to transform
the bean name into an actual Bean reference using the ApplicationContext.
Spring profile name
The spring-profile-name provider auto-completes the Spring profiles that are defined in the
configuration of the current project.
The meta-data snippet below corresponds to the standard spring.profiles.active property that
defines the name of the Spring profile(s) to enable:
{"hints": [
{

"name": "spring.profiles.active",
"providers": [
{
"name": "spring-profile-name"
}
]
}
]}
B.3 Generating your own meta-data using the annotation

processor
You can easily generate your own configuration meta-data file from items annotated with
@ConfigurationProperties by using the spring-boot-configuration-processor jar. The
jar includes a Java annotation processor which is invoked as your project is compiled. To use the
processor, simply include spring-boot-configuration-processor as an optional dependency,
for example with Maven you would add:
<dependency>
<artifactId>spring-boot-configuration-processor</artifactId>
<optional>true</optional>
</dependency>
With Gradle, you can use the propdeps-plugin and specify:
dependencies {
optional "org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-configuration-processor"
}
compileJava.dependsOn(processResources)
}
Note
You need to add compileJava.dependsOn(processResources) to your build to ensure

that resources are processed before code is compiled. Without this directive any additional-
spring-configuration-metadata.json files will not be processed.
The processor will pick up both classes and methods that are annotated with
@ConfigurationProperties. The Javadoc for field values within configuration classes will be used
to populate the description attribute.
Note
You should only use simple text with @ConfigurationProperties field Javadoc since they
are not processed before being added to the JSON.
Properties are discovered via the presence of standard getters and setters with special handling for
collection types (that will be detected even if only a getter is present). The annotation processor also
supports the use of the @Data, @Getter and @Setter lombok annotations.
Note
If you are using AspectJ in your project, you need to make sure that the annotation processor only
runs once. There are several ways to do this: with Maven, you can configure the maven-apt-

plugin explicitly and add the dependency to the annotation processor only there. You could also
let the AspectJ plugin run all the processing and disable annotation processing in the maven-
compiler-plugin configuration:
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
<configuration>
<proc>none</proc>
</configuration>
</plugin>
Nested properties
The annotation processor will automatically consider inner classes as nested properties. For example,
the following class:
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix="server")
public class ServerProperties {
private Host host;
// ... getter and setters
private static class Host {
private String ip;
private int port;
// ... getter and setters
Will produce meta-data information for server.name, server.host.ip and server.host.port

properties. You can use the @NestedConfigurationProperty annotation on a field to indicate that
a regular (non-inner) class should be treated as if it were nested.
Adding additional meta-data
Spring Boots configuration file handling is quite flexible; and it is often the case that properties may
exist that are not bound to a @ConfigurationProperties bean. You may also need to tune
some attributes of an existing key. To support such cases and allow you to provide custom "hints",
the annotation processor will automatically merge items from META-INF/additional-spring-
configuration-metadata.json into the main meta-data file.
If you refer to a property that has been detected automatically, the description, default value and
deprecation information are overridden if specified. If the manual property declaration is not identified
in the current module, it is added as a brand new property.
The format of the additional-spring-configuration-metadata.json file is exactly the same

as the regular spring-configuration-metadata.json. The additional properties file is optional,
if you dont have any additional properties, simply dont add it.

Appendix C. Auto-configuration
classes
Here is a list of all auto-configuration classes provided by Spring Boot with links to documentation and
source code. Remember to also look at the autoconfig report in your application for more details of
which features are switched on. (start the app with --debug or -Ddebug, or in an Actuator application
use the autoconfig endpoint).
C.1 From the spring-boot-autoconfigure module

The following auto-configuration classes are from the spring-boot-autoconfigure module:
Configuration Class Links
ActiveMQAutoConfiguration javadoc
AopAutoConfiguration javadoc
ArtemisAutoConfiguration javadoc
BatchAutoConfiguration javadoc
CacheAutoConfiguration javadoc
CassandraAutoConfiguration javadoc
CassandraDataAutoConfiguration javadoc
CassandraRepositoriesAutoConfiguration javadoc
CloudAutoConfiguration javadoc
ConfigurationPropertiesAutoConfiguration javadoc
CouchbaseAutoConfiguration javadoc
CouchbaseDataAutoConfiguration javadoc
CouchbaseRepositoriesAutoConfiguration javadoc
DataSourceAutoConfiguration javadoc
DataSourceTransactionManagerAutoConfiguration javadoc
DeviceDelegatingViewResolverAutoConfiguration javadoc
DeviceResolverAutoConfiguration javadoc
DispatcherServletAutoConfiguration javadoc
ElasticsearchAutoConfiguration javadoc
ElasticsearchDataAutoConfiguration javadoc
ElasticsearchRepositoriesAutoConfiguration javadoc
EmbeddedMongoAutoConfiguration javadoc

EmbeddedServletContainerAutoConfiguration javadoc
ErrorMvcAutoConfiguration javadoc
FacebookAutoConfiguration javadoc
FallbackWebSecurityAutoConfiguration javadoc
FlywayAutoConfiguration javadoc
FreeMarkerAutoConfiguration javadoc
GroovyTemplateAutoConfiguration javadoc
GsonAutoConfiguration javadoc
H2ConsoleAutoConfiguration javadoc
HazelcastAutoConfiguration javadoc
HazelcastJpaDependencyAutoConfiguration javadoc
HibernateJpaAutoConfiguration javadoc
HornetQAutoConfiguration javadoc
HttpEncodingAutoConfiguration javadoc
HttpMessageConvertersAutoConfiguration javadoc
HypermediaAutoConfiguration javadoc
IntegrationAutoConfiguration javadoc
JacksonAutoConfiguration javadoc
JdbcTemplateAutoConfiguration javadoc
JerseyAutoConfiguration javadoc
JestAutoConfiguration javadoc
JmsAutoConfiguration javadoc
JmxAutoConfiguration javadoc
JndiConnectionFactoryAutoConfiguration javadoc
JndiDataSourceAutoConfiguration javadoc
JooqAutoConfiguration javadoc
JpaRepositoriesAutoConfiguration javadoc
JtaAutoConfiguration javadoc
LinkedInAutoConfiguration javadoc
LiquibaseAutoConfiguration javadoc

MailSenderAutoConfiguration javadoc
MailSenderValidatorAutoConfiguration javadoc
MessageSourceAutoConfiguration javadoc
MongoAutoConfiguration javadoc
MongoDataAutoConfiguration javadoc
MongoRepositoriesAutoConfiguration javadoc
MultipartAutoConfiguration javadoc
MustacheAutoConfiguration javadoc
Neo4jDataAutoConfiguration javadoc
Neo4jRepositoriesAutoConfiguration javadoc
OAuth2AutoConfiguration javadoc
PersistenceExceptionTranslationAutoConfiguration javadoc
ProjectInfoAutoConfiguration javadoc
PropertyPlaceholderAutoConfiguration javadoc
RabbitAutoConfiguration javadoc
ReactorAutoConfiguration javadoc
RedisAutoConfiguration javadoc
RedisRepositoriesAutoConfiguration javadoc
RepositoryRestMvcAutoConfiguration javadoc
SecurityAutoConfiguration javadoc
SecurityFilterAutoConfiguration javadoc
SendGridAutoConfiguration javadoc
ServerPropertiesAutoConfiguration javadoc
SessionAutoConfiguration javadoc
SitePreferenceAutoConfiguration javadoc
SocialWebAutoConfiguration javadoc
SolrAutoConfiguration javadoc
SolrRepositoriesAutoConfiguration javadoc
SpringApplicationAdminJmxAutoConfiguration javadoc
SpringDataWebAutoConfiguration javadoc

ThymeleafAutoConfiguration javadoc
TransactionAutoConfiguration javadoc
TwitterAutoConfiguration javadoc
VelocityAutoConfiguration javadoc
WebClientAutoConfiguration javadoc
WebMvcAutoConfiguration javadoc
WebServicesAutoConfiguration javadoc
WebSocketAutoConfiguration javadoc
WebSocketMessagingAutoConfiguration javadoc
XADataSourceAutoConfiguration javadoc
C.2 From the spring-boot-actuator module

The following auto-configuration classes are from the spring-boot-actuator module:
AuditAutoConfiguration javadoc
CacheStatisticsAutoConfiguration javadoc
CrshAutoConfiguration javadoc
EndpointAutoConfiguration javadoc
EndpointMBeanExportAutoConfiguration javadoc
EndpointWebMvcAutoConfiguration javadoc
HealthIndicatorAutoConfiguration javadoc
InfoContributorAutoConfiguration javadoc
JolokiaAutoConfiguration javadoc
ManagementServerPropertiesAutoConfiguration javadoc
ManagementWebSecurityAutoConfiguration javadoc
MetricExportAutoConfiguration javadoc
MetricFilterAutoConfiguration javadoc
MetricRepositoryAutoConfiguration javadoc
MetricsChannelAutoConfiguration javadoc
MetricsDropwizardAutoConfiguration javadoc
PublicMetricsAutoConfiguration javadoc

TraceRepositoryAutoConfiguration javadoc
TraceWebFilterAutoConfiguration javadoc

Appendix D. Test auto-configuration

annotations
Here is a table of the various @Test annotations that can be used to test slices of your application and
the auto-configuration that they import by default:
Test slice Imported auto-configuration
@DataJpaTest org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.cache.Cach
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.jpa.J
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.flyway.Fly
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.DataS
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.DataS
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.JdbcT
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.liquibase.
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.Hi
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.transactio
org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.orm.j
org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.orm.j
@JsonTest org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.cache.Cach
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.gson.GsonA
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jackson.Ja
org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.json.
@RestClientTest org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.cache.Cach
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.HttpMe
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.WebCli
org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.c
org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.c
@WebMvcTest org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.MessageSou
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.cache.Cach
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.freemarker
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.groovy.tem
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.hateoas.Hy
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mustache.M
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.thymeleaf.
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.HttpMe
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.WebMvc
org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.s

Appendix E. The executable jar

format
The spring-boot-loader modules allows Spring Boot to support executable jar and war files. If
youre using the Maven or Gradle plugin, executable jars are automatically generated and you generally
wont need to know the details of how they work.
If you need to create executable jars from a different build system, or if you are just curious about the
underlying technology, this section provides some background.
E.1 Nested JARs

Java does not provide any standard way to load nested jar files (i.e. jar files that are themselves
contained within a jar). This can be problematic if you are looking to distribute a self-contained application
that you can just run from the command line without unpacking.
To solve this problem, many developers use shaded jars. A shaded jar simply packages all classes,
from all jars, into a single 'uber jar'. The problem with shaded jars is that it becomes hard to see which
libraries you are actually using in your application. It can also be problematic if the same filename is
used (but with different content) in multiple jars. Spring Boot takes a different approach and allows you
to actually nest jars directly.
The executable jar file structure

Spring Boot Loader compatible jar files should be structured in the following way:
example.jar
|
+-META-INF
| +-MANIFEST.MF
+-org
| +-springframework
| +-boot
| +-loader
| +-<spring boot loader classes>
+-BOOT-INF
+-classes
| +-mycompany
| +-project
| +-YourClasses.class
+-lib
+-dependency1.jar
+-dependency2.jar
Application classes should be placed in a nested BOOT-INF/classes directory. Dependencies should

be placed in a nested BOOT-INF/lib directory.
The executable war file structure

Spring Boot Loader compatible war files should be structured in the following way:
example.war
|
+-META-INF
| +-MANIFEST.MF
+-org

| +-springframework
| +-boot
| +-loader
| +-<spring boot loader classes>
+-WEB-INF
+-classes
| +-com
| +-mycompany
| +-project
| +-YourClasses.class
+-lib
| +-dependency1.jar
| +-dependency2.jar
+-lib-provided
+-servlet-api.jar
+-dependency3.jar
Dependencies should be placed in a nested WEB-INF/lib directory. Any dependencies that are
required when running embedded but are not required when deploying to a traditional web container
should be placed in WEB-INF/lib-provided.
E.2 Spring Boots JarFile class

The core class used to support loading nested jars is
org.springframework.boot.loader.jar.JarFile. It allows you to load jar content from a
standard jar file, or from nested child jar data. When first loaded, the location of each JarEntry is
mapped to a physical file offset of the outer jar:
myapp.jar
+-------------------+-------------------------+
| /BOOT-INF/classes | /BOOT-INF/lib/mylib.jar |
|+-----------------+||+-----------+----------+|
|| A.class ||| B.class | C.class ||
|+-----------------+||+-----------+----------+|
+-------------------+-------------------------+
^ ^ ^
0063 3452 3980
The example above shows how A.class can be found in /BOOT-INF/classes in myapp.jar
position 0063. B.class from the nested jar can actually be found in myapp.jar position 3452 and
C.class is at position 3980.
Armed with this information, we can load specific nested entries by simply seeking to the appropriate
part of the outer jar. We dont need to unpack the archive and we dont need to read all entry data into
memory.
Compatibility with the standard Java JarFile

Spring Boot Loader strives to remain compatible with existing code and libraries.
org.springframework.boot.loader.jar.JarFile extends from java.util.jar.JarFile
and should work as a drop-in replacement. The getURL() method will return a URL that
opens a java.net.JarURLConnection compatible connection and can be used with Javas
URLClassLoader.
E.3 Launching executable jars

The org.springframework.boot.loader.Launcher class is a special bootstrap class that is
used as an executable jars main entry point. It is the actual Main-Class in your jar file and its used to
setup an appropriate URLClassLoader and ultimately call your main() method.

There are 3 launcher subclasses (JarLauncher, WarLauncher and PropertiesLauncher). Their

purpose is to load resources (.class files etc.) from nested jar files or war files in directories (as
opposed to explicitly on the classpath). In the case of JarLauncher and WarLauncher the nested
paths are fixed. JarLauncher looks in BOOT-INF/lib/ and WarLauncher looks in WEB-INF/
lib/ and WEB-INF/lib-provided/ so you just add extra jars in those locations if you want more.
The PropertiesLauncher looks in BOOT-INF/lib/ in your application archive by default, but you
can add additional locations by setting an environment variable LOADER_PATH or loader.path in
application.properties (comma-separated list of directories or archives).
Launcher manifest
You need to specify an appropriate Launcher as the Main-Class attribute of META-INF/
MANIFEST.MF. The actual class that you want to launch (i.e. the class that you wrote that contains a
main method) should be specified in the Start-Class attribute.
For example, here is a typical MANIFEST.MF for an executable jar file:
Main-Class: org.springframework.boot.loader.JarLauncher
Start-Class: com.mycompany.project.MyApplication
For a war file, it would be:
Main-Class: org.springframework.boot.loader.WarLauncher
Start-Class: com.mycompany.project.MyApplication
Note
You do not need to specify Class-Path entries in your manifest file, the classpath will be deduced
from the nested jars.
Exploded archives
Certain PaaS implementations may choose to unpack archives before they run. For example, Cloud
Foundry operates in this way. You can run an unpacked archive by simply starting the appropriate
launcher:
$ unzip -q myapp.jar
$ java org.springframework.boot.loader.JarLauncher
E.4 PropertiesLauncher Features

PropertiesLauncher has a few special features that can be enabled with external properties (System
properties, environment variables, manifest entries or application.properties).
Key Purpose
loader.path Comma-separated Classpath, e.g. lib,${HOME}/app/lib.

Earlier entries take precedence, just like a regular -classpath
on the javac command line.
loader.home Location of additional properties file, e.g. /opt/app (defaults to

${user.dir})
loader.args Default arguments for the main method (space separated)

Key Purpose
loader.main Name of main class to launch, e.g. com.app.Application.
loader.config.name Name of properties file, e.g. loader (defaults to application).
loader.config.location Path to properties file, e.g. classpath:loader.properties

(defaults to application.properties).
loader.system Boolean flag to indicate that all properties should be added to

System properties (defaults to false)
Manifest entry keys are formed by capitalizing initial letters of words and changing the separator to -
from . (e.g. Loader-Path). The exception is loader.main which is looked up as Start-Class in
the manifest for compatibility with JarLauncher).
Tip
Build plugins automatically move the Main-Class attribute to Start-Class when the fat jar is
built. If you are using that, specify the name of the class to launch using the Main-Class attribute
and leave out Start-Class.
Environment variables can be capitalized with underscore separators instead of periods.
loader.home is the directory location of an additional properties file (overriding the default) as long
as loader.config.location is not specified.
loader.path can contain directories (scanned recursively for jar and zip files), archive paths, or
wildcard patterns (for the default JVM behavior).
loader.path (if empty) defaults to lib (meaning a local directory or a nested one if running from
an archive). Because of this PropertiesLauncher behaves the same as JarLauncher when no
additional configuration is provided.
Placeholder replacement is done from System and environment variables plus the properties file itself
on all values before use.
E.5 Executable jar restrictions

There are a number of restrictions that you need to consider when working with a Spring Boot Loader
packaged application.
Zip entry compression
The ZipEntry for a nested jar must be saved using the ZipEntry.STORED method. This is required
so that we can seek directly to individual content within the nested jar. The content of the nested jar file
itself can still be compressed, as can any other entries in the outer jar.
System ClassLoader
Launched applications should use Thread.getContextClassLoader() when loading classes

(most libraries and frameworks will do this by default). Trying to load nested jar classes via
ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader() will fail. Please be aware that java.util.Logging

always uses the system classloader, for this reason you should consider a different logging
implementation.
E.6 Alternative single jar solutions

If the above restrictions mean that you cannot use Spring Boot Loader the following alternatives could
be considered:
Maven Shade Plugin
JarClassLoader
OneJar

Appendix F. Dependency versions

The table below provides details of all of the dependency versions that are provided by Spring Boot in
its CLI, Maven dependency management and Gradle plugin. When you declare a dependency on one
of these artifacts without declaring a version the version that is listed in the table will be used.
Group ID Artifact ID Version
antlr antlr 2.7.7
ch.qos.logback logback-access 1.1.7
ch.qos.logback logback-classic 1.1.7
ch.qos.logback logback-core 1.1.7
com.atomikos transactions-jdbc 3.9.3
com.atomikos transactions-jms 3.9.3
com.atomikos transactions-jta 3.9.3
com.couchbase.client couchbase-spring-cache 2.0.0
com.couchbase.client java-client 2.2.8
com.datastax.cassandra cassandra-driver-core 2.1.9
com.datastax.cassandra cassandra-driver-dse 2.1.9
com.datastax.cassandra cassandra-driver- 2.1.9

mapping
com.fasterxml classmate 1.3.1
com.fasterxml.jackson.core
jackson-annotations 2.8.3
jackson-core 2.8.3
jackson-databind 2.8.3
com.fasterxml.jackson.dataformat
jackson-dataformat-cbor 2.8.3
jackson-dataformat-csv 2.8.3
jackson-dataformat- 2.8.3
smile
jackson-dataformat-xml 2.8.3
jackson-dataformat-yaml 2.8.3
com.fasterxml.jackson.datatype
jackson-datatype-guava 2.8.3
jackson-datatype- 2.8.3
hibernate4
jackson-datatype- 2.8.3
hibernate5

jackson-datatype-jaxrs 2.8.3
jackson-datatype-jdk8 2.8.3
jackson-datatype-joda 2.8.3
jackson-datatype-json- 2.8.3
org
jackson-datatype-jsr310 2.8.3
com.fasterxml.jackson.jaxrs
jackson-jaxrs-base 2.8.3
com.fasterxml.jackson.jaxrs
jackson-jaxrs-json- 2.8.3
provider
com.fasterxml.jackson.module
jackson-module-jaxb- 2.8.3
annotations
jackson-module-kotlin 2.8.3
jackson-module- 2.8.3
parameter-names
com.gemstone.gemfire gemfire 8.2.0
com.github.ben- caffeine 2.3.3

manes.caffeine
com.github.mxab.thymeleaf.extras
thymeleaf-extras-data- 1.3
attribute
com.google.appengine appengine-api-1.0-sdk 1.9.42
com.google.code.gson gson 2.7
com.googlecode.json- json-simple 1.1.1

simple
com.h2database h2 1.4.192
com.hazelcast hazelcast 3.6.5
com.hazelcast hazelcast-hibernate4 3.6.5
com.hazelcast hazelcast-spring 3.6.5
com.jayway.jsonpath json-path 2.2.0
com.jayway.jsonpath json-path-assert 2.2.0
com.querydsl querydsl-apt 4.1.4
com.querydsl querydsl-collections 4.1.4
com.querydsl querydsl-core 4.1.4
com.querydsl querydsl-jpa 4.1.4

com.querydsl querydsl-mongodb 4.1.4
com.samskivert jmustache 1.12
com.sendgrid sendgrid-java 2.2.2
com.sun.mail javax.mail 1.5.6
com.timgroup java-statsd-client 3.1.0
com.zaxxer HikariCP 2.4.7
com.zaxxer HikariCP-java6 2.3.13
commons-beanutils commons-beanutils 1.9.2
commons-codec commons-codec 1.10
commons-collections commons-collections 3.2.2
commons-dbcp commons-dbcp 1.4
commons-digester commons-digester 2.1
commons-pool commons-pool 1.6
de.flapdoodle.embed de.flapdoodle.embed.mongo1.50.5
dom4j dom4j 1.6.1
io.dropwizard.metrics metrics-core 3.1.2
io.dropwizard.metrics metrics-ganglia 3.1.2
io.dropwizard.metrics metrics-graphite 3.1.2
io.dropwizard.metrics metrics-servlets 3.1.2
io.projectreactor reactor-bus 2.0.8.RELEASE
io.projectreactor reactor-core 2.0.8.RELEASE
io.projectreactor reactor-groovy 2.0.8.RELEASE
io.projectreactor reactor-groovy- 2.0.8.RELEASE

extensions
io.projectreactor reactor-logback 2.0.8.RELEASE
io.projectreactor reactor-net 2.0.8.RELEASE
io.projectreactor reactor-stream 2.0.8.RELEASE
io.projectreactor.spring reactor-spring-context 2.0.7.RELEASE
io.projectreactor.spring reactor-spring-core 2.0.7.RELEASE
io.projectreactor.spring reactor-spring- 2.0.7.RELEASE

messaging

io.projectreactor.spring reactor-spring-webmvc 2.0.7.RELEASE
io.searchbox jest 2.0.3
io.undertow undertow-core 1.3.25.Final
io.undertow undertow-servlet 1.3.25.Final
io.undertow undertow-websockets-jsr 1.3.25.Final
javax.cache cache-api 1.0.0
javax.jms jms-api 1.1-rev-1
javax.mail javax.mail-api 1.5.6
javax.servlet javax.servlet-api 3.1.0
javax.servlet jstl 1.2
javax.transaction javax.transaction-api 1.2
jaxen jaxen 1.1.6
joda-time joda-time 2.9.4
junit junit 4.12
mysql mysql-connector-java 5.1.39
net.java.dev.jna jna 4.2.2
net.sf.ehcache ehcache 2.10.2.2.21
net.sourceforge.htmlunit htmlunit 2.21
net.sourceforge.jtds jtds 1.3.1
net.sourceforge.nekohtml nekohtml 1.9.22
nz.net.ultraq.thymeleaf thymeleaf-layout- 1.4.0

dialect
org.apache.activemq activemq-amqp 5.13.4
org.apache.activemq activemq-blueprint 5.13.4
org.apache.activemq activemq-broker 5.13.4
org.apache.activemq activemq-camel 5.13.4
org.apache.activemq activemq-client 5.13.4
org.apache.activemq activemq-console 5.13.4
org.apache.activemq activemq-http 5.13.4
org.apache.activemq activemq-jaas 5.13.4
org.apache.activemq activemq-jdbc-store 5.13.4

org.apache.activemq activemq-jms-pool 5.13.4
org.apache.activemq activemq-kahadb-store 5.13.4
org.apache.activemq activemq-karaf 5.13.4
org.apache.activemq activemq-leveldb-store 5.13.4
org.apache.activemq activemq-log4j-appender 5.13.4
org.apache.activemq activemq-mqtt 5.13.4
org.apache.activemq activemq-openwire- 5.13.4

generator
org.apache.activemq activemq-openwire- 5.13.4

legacy
org.apache.activemq activemq-osgi 5.13.4
org.apache.activemq activemq-partition 5.13.4
org.apache.activemq activemq-pool 5.13.4
org.apache.activemq activemq-ra 5.13.4
org.apache.activemq activemq-run 5.13.4
org.apache.activemq activemq-runtime-config 5.13.4
org.apache.activemq activemq-shiro 5.13.4
org.apache.activemq activemq-spring 5.13.4
org.apache.activemq activemq-stomp 5.13.4
org.apache.activemq activemq-web 5.13.4
org.apache.activemq artemis-amqp-protocol 1.3.0
org.apache.activemq artemis-commons 1.3.0
org.apache.activemq artemis-core-client 1.3.0
org.apache.activemq artemis-jms-client 1.3.0
org.apache.activemq artemis-jms-server 1.3.0
org.apache.activemq artemis-journal 1.3.0
org.apache.activemq artemis-native 1.3.0
org.apache.activemq artemis-selector 1.3.0
org.apache.activemq artemis-server 1.3.0
org.apache.activemq artemis-service- 1.3.0

extensions

org.apache.commons commons-dbcp2 2.1.1
org.apache.commons commons-pool2 2.4.2
org.apache.derby derby 10.12.1.1
org.apache.httpcomponentshttpasyncclient 4.1.2
org.apache.httpcomponentshttpclient 4.5.2
org.apache.httpcomponentshttpcore 4.4.5
org.apache.httpcomponentshttpmime 4.5.2
org.apache.logging.log4j log4j-api 2.6.2
org.apache.logging.log4j log4j-core 2.6.2
org.apache.logging.log4j log4j-slf4j-impl 2.6.2
org.apache.solr solr-solrj 5.5.3
org.apache.tomcat tomcat-jdbc 8.5.5
org.apache.tomcat tomcat-jsp-api 8.5.5
org.apache.tomcat.embed tomcat-embed-core 8.5.5
org.apache.tomcat.embed tomcat-embed-el 8.5.5
org.apache.tomcat.embed tomcat-embed-jasper 8.5.5
org.apache.tomcat.embed tomcat-embed-websocket 8.5.5
org.apache.velocity velocity 1.7
org.apache.velocity velocity-tools 2.0
org.aspectj aspectjrt 1.8.9
org.aspectj aspectjtools 1.8.9
org.aspectj aspectjweaver 1.8.9
org.assertj assertj-core 2.5.0
org.codehaus.btm btm 2.1.4
org.codehaus.groovy groovy 2.4.7
org.codehaus.groovy groovy-all 2.4.7
org.codehaus.groovy groovy-ant 2.4.7
org.codehaus.groovy groovy-bsf 2.4.7
org.codehaus.groovy groovy-console 2.4.7
org.codehaus.groovy groovy-docgenerator 2.4.7

org.codehaus.groovy groovy-groovydoc 2.4.7
org.codehaus.groovy groovy-groovysh 2.4.7
org.codehaus.groovy groovy-jmx 2.4.7
org.codehaus.groovy groovy-json 2.4.7
org.codehaus.groovy groovy-jsr223 2.4.7
org.codehaus.groovy groovy-nio 2.4.7
org.codehaus.groovy groovy-servlet 2.4.7
org.codehaus.groovy groovy-sql 2.4.7
org.codehaus.groovy groovy-swing 2.4.7
org.codehaus.groovy groovy-templates 2.4.7
org.codehaus.groovy groovy-test 2.4.7
org.codehaus.groovy groovy-testng 2.4.7
org.codehaus.groovy groovy-xml 2.4.7
org.codehaus.janino janino 2.7.8
org.crashub crash.cli 1.3.2
org.crashub crash.connectors.ssh 1.3.2
org.crashub crash.connectors.telnet 1.3.2
org.crashub crash.embed.spring 1.3.2
org.crashub crash.plugins.cron 1.3.2
org.crashub crash.plugins.mail 1.3.2
org.crashub crash.shell 1.3.2
org.eclipse.jetty apache-jsp 9.3.11.v20160721
org.eclipse.jetty apache-jstl 9.3.11.v20160721
org.eclipse.jetty jetty-annotations 9.3.11.v20160721
org.eclipse.jetty jetty-client 9.3.11.v20160721
org.eclipse.jetty jetty-continuation 9.3.11.v20160721
org.eclipse.jetty jetty-deploy 9.3.11.v20160721
org.eclipse.jetty jetty-http 9.3.11.v20160721
org.eclipse.jetty jetty-io 9.3.11.v20160721
org.eclipse.jetty jetty-jmx 9.3.11.v20160721

org.eclipse.jetty jetty-plus 9.3.11.v20160721
org.eclipse.jetty jetty-security 9.3.11.v20160721
org.eclipse.jetty jetty-server 9.3.11.v20160721
org.eclipse.jetty jetty-servlet 9.3.11.v20160721
org.eclipse.jetty jetty-servlets 9.3.11.v20160721
org.eclipse.jetty jetty-util 9.3.11.v20160721
org.eclipse.jetty jetty-webapp 9.3.11.v20160721
org.eclipse.jetty jetty-xml 9.3.11.v20160721
org.eclipse.jetty.orbit javax.servlet.jsp 2.2.0.v201112011158
org.eclipse.jetty.websocket
javax-websocket-server- 9.3.11.v20160721
impl
websocket-client 9.3.11.v20160721
websocket-server 9.3.11.v20160721
org.ehcache ehcache 3.1.2
org.ehcache ehcache-clustered 3.1.2
org.ehcache ehcache-transactions 3.1.2
org.elasticsearch elasticsearch 2.4.0
org.firebirdsql.jdbc jaybird-jdk16 2.2.11
org.flywaydb flyway-core 3.2.1
org.freemarker freemarker 2.3.25-incubating
org.glassfish javax.el 3.0.0
org.glassfish.jersey.containers
jersey-container- 2.23.2
servlet
org.glassfish.jersey.containers
jersey-container- 2.23.2
servlet-core
org.glassfish.jersey.corejersey-server 2.23.2
org.glassfish.jersey.ext jersey-bean-validation 2.23.2
org.glassfish.jersey.ext jersey-spring3 2.23.2
org.glassfish.jersey.media
jersey-media-json- 2.23.2
jackson

org.hamcrest hamcrest-core 1.3
org.hamcrest hamcrest-library 1.3
org.hibernate hibernate-core 5.0.11.Final
org.hibernate hibernate-ehcache 5.0.11.Final
org.hibernate hibernate-entitymanager 5.0.11.Final
org.hibernate hibernate-envers 5.0.11.Final
org.hibernate hibernate-java8 5.0.11.Final
org.hibernate hibernate-jpamodelgen 5.0.11.Final
org.hibernate hibernate-validator 5.2.4.Final
org.hibernate hibernate-validator- 5.2.4.Final

annotation-processor
org.hornetq hornetq-jms-client 2.4.7.Final
org.hornetq hornetq-jms-server 2.4.7.Final
org.hsqldb hsqldb 2.3.3
org.infinispan infinispan-jcache 8.2.4.Final
org.infinispan infinispan-spring4- 8.2.4.Final

common
org.infinispan infinispan-spring4- 8.2.4.Final

embedded
org.javassist javassist 3.20.0-GA
org.jboss jboss-transaction-spi 7.3.4.Final
org.jboss.logging jboss-logging 3.3.0.Final
org.jboss.narayana.jta jdbc 5.3.4.Final
org.jboss.narayana.jta jms 5.3.4.Final
org.jboss.narayana.jta jta 5.3.4.Final
org.jboss.narayana.jts narayana-jts- 5.3.4.Final

integration
org.jdom jdom2 2.0.6
org.jolokia jolokia-core 1.3.4
org.jooq jooq 3.8.4
org.jooq jooq-codegen 3.8.4
org.jooq jooq-meta 3.8.4

org.json json 20140107
org.liquibase liquibase-core 3.5.1
org.mariadb.jdbc mariadb-java-client 1.4.6
org.mockito mockito-core 1.10.19
org.mongodb mongodb-driver 3.2.2
org.mongodb mongo-java-driver 3.2.2
org.mortbay.jasper apache-el 8.0.33
org.neo4j neo4j-ogm-api 2.0.5
org.neo4j neo4j-ogm-compiler 2.0.5
org.neo4j neo4j-ogm-core 2.0.5
org.neo4j neo4j-ogm-http-driver 2.0.5
org.postgresql postgresql 9.4.1211.jre7
org.projectlombok lombok 1.16.10
org.seleniumhq.selenium htmlunit-driver 2.21
org.seleniumhq.selenium selenium-api 2.53.1
org.seleniumhq.selenium selenium-chrome-driver 2.53.1
org.seleniumhq.selenium selenium-firefox-driver 2.53.1
org.seleniumhq.selenium selenium-ie-driver 2.53.1
org.seleniumhq.selenium selenium-java 2.53.1
org.seleniumhq.selenium selenium-remote-driver 2.53.1
org.seleniumhq.selenium selenium-safari-driver 2.53.1
org.seleniumhq.selenium selenium-support 2.53.1
org.skyscreamer jsonassert 1.3.0
org.slf4j jcl-over-slf4j 1.7.21
org.slf4j jul-to-slf4j 1.7.21
org.slf4j log4j-over-slf4j 1.7.21
org.slf4j slf4j-api 1.7.21
org.slf4j slf4j-jdk14 1.7.21
org.slf4j slf4j-log4j12 1.7.21
org.slf4j slf4j-simple 1.7.21

org.spockframework spock-core 1.0-groovy-2.4
org.spockframework spock-spring 1.0-groovy-2.4
org.springframework spring-aop 4.3.3.RELEASE
org.springframework spring-aspects 4.3.3.RELEASE
org.springframework spring-beans 4.3.3.RELEASE
org.springframework spring-context 4.3.3.RELEASE
org.springframework spring-context-support 4.3.3.RELEASE
org.springframework spring-core 4.3.3.RELEASE
org.springframework spring-expression 4.3.3.RELEASE
org.springframework spring-instrument 4.3.3.RELEASE
org.springframework spring-instrument- 4.3.3.RELEASE

tomcat
org.springframework spring-jdbc 4.3.3.RELEASE
org.springframework spring-jms 4.3.3.RELEASE
org.springframework springloaded 1.2.6.RELEASE
org.springframework spring-messaging 4.3.3.RELEASE
org.springframework spring-orm 4.3.3.RELEASE
org.springframework spring-oxm 4.3.3.RELEASE
org.springframework spring-test 4.3.3.RELEASE
org.springframework spring-tx 4.3.3.RELEASE
org.springframework spring-web 4.3.3.RELEASE
org.springframework spring-webmvc 4.3.3.RELEASE
org.springframework spring-webmvc-portlet 4.3.3.RELEASE
org.springframework spring-websocket 4.3.3.RELEASE
org.springframework.amqp spring-amqp 1.6.2.RELEASE
org.springframework.amqp spring-rabbit 1.6.2.RELEASE
org.springframework.batchspring-batch-core 3.0.7.RELEASE
org.springframework.batchspring-batch- 3.0.7.RELEASE
infrastructure
org.springframework.batchspring-batch- 3.0.7.RELEASE
integration

org.springframework.batchspring-batch-test 3.0.7.RELEASE
org.springframework.boot spring-boot 1.4.1.RELEASE
org.springframework.boot spring-boot-actuator 1.4.1.RELEASE
org.springframework.boot spring-boot-actuator- 1.4.1.RELEASE

docs
org.springframework.boot spring-boot- 1.4.1.RELEASE

autoconfigure

configuration-metadata

configuration-processor
org.springframework.boot spring-boot-devtools 1.4.1.RELEASE
org.springframework.boot spring-boot-loader 1.4.1.RELEASE
org.springframework.boot spring-boot-loader- 1.4.1.RELEASE

tools
org.springframework.boot spring-boot-starter 1.4.1.RELEASE
org.springframework.boot spring-boot-starter- 1.4.1.RELEASE

activemq

actuator

amqp
org.springframework.boot spring-boot-starter-aop 1.4.1.RELEASE

artemis

batch

cache

cloud-connectors

data-cassandra

data-couchbase


data-elasticsearch

data-gemfire

data-jpa

data-mongodb

data-neo4j

data-redis

data-rest

data-solr

freemarker

groovy-templates

hateoas

hornetq

integration

jdbc

jersey

jetty

jooq

jta-atomikos


jta-bitronix

jta-narayana

log4j2

logging

mail

mobile

mustache

redis

remote-shell

security

social-facebook

social-linkedin

social-twitter

test

thymeleaf

tomcat

undertow

validation


velocity
org.springframework.boot spring-boot-starter-web 1.4.1.RELEASE

web-services

websocket
org.springframework.boot spring-boot-starter-ws 1.4.1.RELEASE
org.springframework.boot spring-boot-test 1.4.1.RELEASE
org.springframework.boot spring-boot-test- 1.4.1.RELEASE

autoconfigure
org.springframework.cloudspring-cloud- 1.2.3.RELEASE
cloudfoundry-connector
org.springframework.cloudspring-cloud-core 1.2.3.RELEASE
org.springframework.cloudspring-cloud-heroku- 1.2.3.RELEASE
connector
org.springframework.cloudspring-cloud- 1.2.3.RELEASE
localconfig-connector
org.springframework.cloudspring-cloud-spring- 1.2.3.RELEASE
service-connector
org.springframework.data spring-cql 1.4.3.RELEASE
org.springframework.data spring-data-cassandra 1.4.3.RELEASE
org.springframework.data spring-data-commons 1.12.3.RELEASE
org.springframework.data spring-data-couchbase 2.1.3.RELEASE
org.springframework.data spring-data- 2.0.3.RELEASE

elasticsearch
org.springframework.data spring-data-envers 1.0.3.RELEASE
org.springframework.data spring-data-gemfire 1.8.3.RELEASE
org.springframework.data spring-data-jpa 1.10.3.RELEASE
org.springframework.data spring-data-keyvalue 1.1.3.RELEASE
org.springframework.data spring-data-mongodb 1.9.3.RELEASE
org.springframework.data spring-data-mongodb- 1.9.3.RELEASE

cross-store

org.springframework.data spring-data-mongodb- 1.9.3.RELEASE

log4j
org.springframework.data spring-data-neo4j 4.1.3.RELEASE
org.springframework.data spring-data-redis 1.7.3.RELEASE
org.springframework.data spring-data-rest-core 2.5.3.RELEASE
org.springframework.data spring-data-rest-hal- 2.5.3.RELEASE

browser
org.springframework.data spring-data-rest-webmvc 2.5.3.RELEASE
org.springframework.data spring-data-solr 2.0.3.RELEASE
org.springframework.hateoas
spring-hateoas 0.20.0.RELEASE
org.springframework.integration
spring-integration-amqp 4.3.2.RELEASE
spring-integration-core 4.3.2.RELEASE
spring-integration- 4.3.2.RELEASE
event
spring-integration-feed 4.3.2.RELEASE
spring-integration-file 4.3.2.RELEASE
spring-integration-ftp 4.3.2.RELEASE
gemfire
groovy
spring-integration-http 4.3.2.RELEASE
spring-integration-ip 4.3.2.RELEASE
java-dsl
spring-integration-jdbc 4.3.2.RELEASE
spring-integration-jms 4.3.2.RELEASE
spring-integration-jmx 4.3.2.RELEASE
spring-integration-jpa 4.3.2.RELEASE
spring-integration-mail 4.3.2.RELEASE
mongodb
spring-integration-mqtt 4.3.2.RELEASE

redis
spring-integration-rmi 4.3.2.RELEASE
scripting
security
spring-integration-sftp 4.3.2.RELEASE
stomp
stream
syslog
spring-integration-test 4.3.2.RELEASE
twitter
websocket
spring-integration-ws 4.3.2.RELEASE
spring-integration-xml 4.3.2.RELEASE
spring-integration-xmpp 4.3.2.RELEASE
zookeeper
org.springframework.mobile
spring-mobile-device 1.1.5.RELEASE
org.springframework.plugin
spring-plugin-core 1.2.0.RELEASE
org.springframework.restdocs
spring-restdocs-core 1.1.2.RELEASE
spring-restdocs-mockmvc 1.1.2.RELEASE
spring-restdocs- 1.1.2.RELEASE
restassured
org.springframework.retryspring-retry 1.1.4.RELEASE
org.springframework.security
spring-security-acl 4.1.3.RELEASE
spring-security-aspects 4.1.3.RELEASE
spring-security-cas 4.1.3.RELEASE

spring-security-config 4.1.3.RELEASE
spring-security-core 4.1.3.RELEASE
spring-security-crypto 4.1.3.RELEASE
spring-security-data 4.1.3.RELEASE
spring-security-jwt 1.0.5.RELEASE
spring-security-ldap 4.1.3.RELEASE
spring-security- 4.1.3.RELEASE
messaging
spring-security-openid 4.1.3.RELEASE
spring-security- 4.1.3.RELEASE
remoting
spring-security-taglibs 4.1.3.RELEASE
spring-security-test 4.1.3.RELEASE
spring-security-web 4.1.3.RELEASE
org.springframework.security.oauth
spring-security-oauth 2.0.11.RELEASE
org.springframework.security.oauth
spring-security-oauth2 2.0.11.RELEASE
org.springframework.session
spring-session 1.2.2.RELEASE
spring-session-data- 1.2.2.RELEASE
gemfire
mongo
redis
spring-session-jdbc 1.2.2.RELEASE
org.springframework.social
spring-social-config 1.1.4.RELEASE
spring-social-core 1.1.4.RELEASE
spring-social-facebook 2.0.3.RELEASE
spring-social-facebook- 2.0.3.RELEASE
web
spring-social-linkedin 1.0.2.RELEASE
spring-social-security 1.1.4.RELEASE
spring-social-twitter 1.1.2.RELEASE

spring-social-web 1.1.4.RELEASE
org.springframework.ws spring-ws-core 2.3.0.RELEASE
org.springframework.ws spring-ws-security 2.3.0.RELEASE
org.springframework.ws spring-ws-support 2.3.0.RELEASE
org.springframework.ws spring-ws-test 2.3.0.RELEASE
org.thymeleaf thymeleaf 2.1.5.RELEASE
org.thymeleaf thymeleaf-spring4 2.1.5.RELEASE
org.thymeleaf.extras thymeleaf-extras- 2.1.2.RELEASE

conditionalcomments

java8time

springsecurity4
org.webjars hal-browser 9f96c74
org.webjars webjars-locator 0.32
org.xerial sqlite-jdbc 3.8.11.2
org.yaml snakeyaml 1.17
redis.clients jedis 2.8.1
wsdl4j wsdl4j 1.6.3
xml-apis xml-apis 1.4.01

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Spring Boot Reference Guide

1.4.1.RELEASE Spring Boot ii

14.2. Locating the main application class ................................................................... 34

1.4.1.RELEASE Spring Boot iii

24.6. Using YAML instead of Properties ..................................................................... 61

1.4.1.RELEASE Spring Boot iv

Customizing ConfigurableEmbeddedServletContainer directly ...................... 88

1.4.1.RELEASE Spring Boot v

30.7. Cassandra ...................................................................................................... 109

1.4.1.RELEASE Spring Boot vi

Excluding test configuration ............................................................................. 137

1.4.1.RELEASE Spring Boot vii

47.1. Securing sensitive endpoints ........................................................................... 163

1.4.1.RELEASE Spring Boot viii

56. Installing Spring Boot applications .............................................................................. 188

1.4.1.RELEASE Spring Boot ix

65.2. spring-boot:findmainclass ................................................................................ 216

1.4.1.RELEASE Spring Boot x

Use Jetty 9.2 with Maven ................................................................................ 234

1.4.1.RELEASE Spring Boot xi

77.3. Actuator and Jersey ........................................................................................ 256

1.4.1.RELEASE Spring Boot xii

Handle As ............................................................................................... 302

1.4.1.RELEASE Spring Boot xiii

1. About the documentation

1.4.1.RELEASE Spring Boot 2

Ask a question - we monitor stackoverflow.com for questions tagged with spring-boot.

Report bugs with Spring Boot at github.com/spring-projects/spring-boot/issues.

1.4.1.RELEASE Spring Boot 3

From scratch: Overview | Requirements | Installation

Tutorial: Part 1 | Part 2

Running your example: Part 1 | Part 2

1.4.1.RELEASE Spring Boot 4

4. Working with Spring Boot

Build systems: Maven | Gradle | Ant | Starters

Best practices: Code Structure | @Configuration | @EnableAutoConfiguration | Beans and

Running your code IDE | Packaged | Maven | Gradle

Packaging your app: Production jars

Spring Boot CLI: Using the CLI

1.4.1.RELEASE Spring Boot 5

5. Learning about Spring Boot features

Core Features: SpringApplication | External Configuration | Profiles | Logging

Web Applications: MVC | Embedded Containers

Working with data: SQL | NO-SQL

Messaging: Overview | JMS

Testing: Overview | Boot Applications | Utils

Extending: Auto-configuration | @Conditions

1.4.1.RELEASE Spring Boot 6

Management endpoints: Overview | Customization

Connection options: HTTP | JMX | SSH

Monitoring: Metrics | Auditing | Tracing | Process

1.4.1.RELEASE Spring Boot 7

Deploy Spring Boot Applications: Cloud Deployment | OS Service

Build tool plugins: Maven | Gradle

Appendix: Application Properties | Auto-configuration classes | Executable Jars

1.4.1.RELEASE Spring Boot 8

8. Introducing Spring Boot

Our primary goals are:

Absolutely no code generation and no requirement for XML configuration.

1.4.1.RELEASE Spring Boot 10

/\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ _ \ \ \ \