Gmail

This article is about Googles email service. For other tions service] provider in the course of delivery. Google
uses, see Gmail (disambiguation). also claims that Gmail refrains from displaying ads next
to potentially sensitive messages, such as those that men-
Gmail is a free, advertising-supported email service de- tion race, religion, sexual orientation, health, or nancial
statements.
veloped by Google. Users can access Gmail on the web
and through the mobile apps for Android and iOS, as well As of February 2016, Gmail has one billion active users
as through third-party programs that synchronize email worldwide, and was the rst app on the Google Play Store
content through POP or IMAP protocols. Gmail started to hit one billion installations on Android devices. Ac-
as a limited beta release on April 1, 2004. It exited beta cording to a 2014 estimate, 60% of mid-sized US com-
status on July 7, 2009. panies, and 92% of startups, were using Gmail.
Gmail at launch had an initial storage capacity oer of 1
gigabyte per user, a signicantly higher number than the
2 megabytes of storage its competitors such as Hotmail
oered at that time. Today, the service comes with 15
gigabytes of free storage. Users can receive emails up to
50 megabytes in size, including attachments, while they
can send emails up to 25 megabytes. In order to send 1 Features
larger les, users can insert les from Google Drive into
the message.
1.1 Storage
Gmail has a search-oriented interface and a conversation
view similar to an Internet forum. Gmail is noted by web
developers for its pioneering use of Ajax. On April 1, 2004, Gmail was launched with 1 gigabyte of
[3]
Googles mail servers automatically scan emails for mul- storage space, a signicantly higher number than the 2
[4]
tiple purposes, including to add context-sensitive adver- megabytes of storage that Hotmail oered at the time.
tisements next to emails, and to lter spam and malware. On April 1, 2005, the rst anniversary of Gmail, the limit
Privacy advocates have raised concerns about this prac- was doubled to 2 gigabytes of storage. Georges Harik,
tice, with some of the concerns including that the auto- the product management director for Gmail, stated that
mated background scanning of emails raises the risk that Google would keep giving people more space forever.[5]
the expectation of privacy in email usage will be reduced
or eroded; information collected from emails could be On April 24, 2012, Google announced the increase of
retained by Google for years after its current relevancy free storage in Gmail from 7.5 to 10 gigabytes[6](and
to build complete proles on users; emails sent by users counting) as part of the launch of Google Drive.
from other email providers get scanned despite never hav- On May 13, 2013, Google announced the overall merge
ing agreed to Googles privacy policy or terms of service; of storage across Gmail, Google Drive, and Google+ Pho-
governments and organizations can potentially nd it eas- tos, allowing users 15 gigabytes of free storage among the
ier to legally monitor email communications; and at any three services.[7][8]
time, Google can change its current company policies to
Users can buy additional storage, shared among Gmail,
allow combining information from emails with data gath-
Google Drive and Google Photos, through a monthly sub-
ered from use of its other services. Google has been
scription plan. As of 2017, storage of up to 15 gigabytes
the subject of lawsuits concerning the issues, both from
is free, and paid plans are available for up to 30 terabytes
Gmail users and from non-Gmail users.
for personal use.[9]
Google has stated that all users of email must necessar-
There are also storage limits to individual Gmail mes-
ily expect that their emails will be subject to automated
sages. One message, including all attachments, can-
processing [...] Just as a sender of a letter to a business
not be larger than 25 megabytes.[10] This was changed
colleague cannot be surprised that the recipients assis-
in March 2017, to allow receiving of email up to 50
tant opens the letter, people who use web-based email
megabytes, with the limit for sending email staying at 25
today cannot be surprised if their communications are
megabytes.[11][12] In order to send larger les, users can
processed by the recipients ECS [electronic communica-
insert les from Google Drive into the message.[13]

1
2 1 FEATURES

1.2 Interface 1.4 Gmail Labs

Main article: Gmail interface The Gmail Labs feature, introduced on June 5, 2008, al-
lows users to test new or experimental features of Gmail.
Users can enable or disable Labs features selectively and
The Gmail user interface initially diered from provide feedback about each of them. This allows Gmail
other webmail systems with its focus on search and engineers to obtain user input about new features to im-
conversation threading of emails, grouping several mes- prove them and also to assess their popularity.[21]
sages between two or more people onto a single page,
an approach that was later copied by its competitors. Popular features, like the Undo Send option, often
Gmails user interface designer, Kevin Fox, intended graduate from Gmail Labs to become a formal setting
[22]
users to feel as if they were always on one page and in Gmail.
just changing things on that page, rather than having to All Labs features are experimental and are subject to ter-
navigate to other places.[14] mination at any time.[23]
Gmails interface also makes use of 'labels (tags) that
replace the conventional folders and provide a more ex-
ible method of organizing email; lters for automatically
1.5 Search
organizing, deleting or forwarding incoming emails to
Gmail incorporates a search bar for searching emails.
other addresses; and importance markers for automati-
The search bar can also search contacts, les stored in
cally marking messages as 'important'.
Google Drive, events from Google Calendar, and Google
Sites.[24][25][26]
In May 2012, Gmail improved the search functional-
1.2.1 Tabbed inbox ity to include auto-complete predictions from the users
emails.[27]
In May 2013, Google updated the Gmail inbox with Gmails search functionality does not support searching
tabs which allow the application to categorize the users for word fragments (also known as 'substring search' or
emails. The ve tabs are: Primary, Social, Promotions, partial word search). Workarounds exist.[28]
Updates, and Forums. In addition to customization op-
tions, the entire update can be disabled, allowing users to
return to the traditional inbox structure.[15][16] 1.6 Oine app
In August 2011, Google introduced Gmail Oine, an
HTML5-powered app for providing access to the service
1.2.2 2011 redesign while oine. Gmail Oine runs on the Google Chrome
browser and can be downloaded from the Chrome Web
In November 2011, Google began rolling out a redesign Store.[29][30][31]
of its interface that simplied the look of Gmail into a
more minimalist design to provide a more consistent look
throughout its products and services as part of an over- 1.7 Google Voice in Gmail chat
all Google design change. Major redesigned elements
included a streamlined conversation view, congurable Main article: Google Voice
density of information, new higher-quality themes, a re-
sizable navigation bar with always-visible labels and con- In August 2010, Google released a plugin that provides
tacts, and better search.[17][18] Users were able to preview integrated telephone service within Gmails Google Chat
the new interface design for months prior to the ocial interface. The feature initially lacked an ocial name,
release, as well as revert to the old interface, until March with Google referring to it as both Google Voice in
2012, when Google discontinued the ability to revert and Gmail chat and Call Phones in Gmail.[32][33][34] The
completed the transition to the new design for all users.[19] service logged over one million calls in 24 hours.[34][35]
In March 2014, Google Voice was discontinued, and re-
placed with functionality from Google Hangouts, another
communication platform from Google.[36][37]
1.3 Spam lter

Gmails spam ltering features a community-driven sys- 1.8 Language support

tem: when any user marks an email as spam, this pro-
vides information to help the system identify similar fu- As of March 2015, the Gmail interface supports
ture messages for all Gmail users.[20] 72 languages, including: Arabic, Bulgarian, Catalan,
 3

2 Platforms

2.1 Web browsers

Gmails basic HTML version will work on almost
all browsers. The modern AJAX version is ocially
supported in the current and previous major releases
of Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer,
Microsoft Edge and Safari web browsers on a rolling
basis.[49][50]

Gmail supports multiple languages, including the Japanese inter-

face shown here 2.1.1 Mobile website

In addition to the native apps on iOS and Android, users

can access Gmail through the web browser on a mobile
Chinese (simplied), Chinese (traditional), Croatian,
device.[51]
Czech, Danish, Dutch, English (UK), English (US),
Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Gujarati,
Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Italian, 2.2 Mobile
Japanese, Kannada, Korean, Latvian, Lithuanian, Malay,
Malayalam, Marathi, Norwegian (Bokml), Odia, Polish,
Punjabi, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese (Portugal),
Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Sinhala, Slovak, Slovenian,
Spanish, Swedish, Tagalog (Filipino), Tamil, Telugu,
Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian, Urdu, Vietnamese, Welsh and
Zulu.[38]

1.8.1 Language input styles

In October 2012, Google added over 100 virtual key-

boards, transliterations, and input method editors to
Gmail, enabling users dierent types of input styles for
dierent languages in an eort to help users write in
languages that aren't limited by the language of your
keyboard.[39][40]
In October 2013, Google added handwriting input sup-
port to Gmail.[41]
In August 2014, Gmail became the rst major email
provider to let users send and receive email from ad-
dresses with accent marks and letters from outside the
Latin alphabet.[42][43]

1.9 Money transfer and payment options

In May 2013, Google announced the integration between

Google Wallet and Gmail, which would allow Gmail users
to send money as email attachments. Although the sender
must use a Gmail account, the recipient does not need
to be using a Gmail address.[44][45] The feature has no Gmail running on Android
transaction fees, but there are limits to amount of money
that can be sent.[46] Initially only available on the web, the Gmail has native applications for iOS devices[52] (in-
feature was expanded to the Android app in March 2017, cluding iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch) and for Android
for people living in the United States.[47][48] devices.[53]
4 5 SECURITY

In November 2014, Google introduced functionality in 5.1 History

the Gmail Android app that enabled sending and receiv-
ing email from non-Gmail addresses (such as Yahoo! Google has supported secure HTTPS since the day it
Mail and Outlook.com) through POP or IMAP.[54] launched. In the beginning, it was only default on the
login page, a reason that Google engineer Ariel Ride-
In November 2016, Google redesigned the Gmail app for
out stated was because HTTPS made your mail slower.
the iOS platform, bringing the rst complete visual over-
However, users could manually switch to secure HTTPS
haul in nearly four years. The update added much more
mode inside the inbox after logging in. In July 2008,
use of colors, sleeker transitions, and the addition of sev-
Google simplied the ability to manually enable secure
eral highly-requested features, including Undo Send,
mode, with a toggle in the settings menu.[66]
faster search with instant results and spelling suggestions,
and Swipe to Archive/Delete.[55][56] In 2007, Google xed a cross-site scripting security issue
that could let attackers collect information from Gmail
Inbox by Gmail, another app from the Gmail team, is also
[57] [58] contact lists.[67]
available for iOS and Android devices.
In January 2010, Google began rolling out HTTPS as the
default for all users.[68]
2.3 Third-party programs In June 2012, a new security feature was introduced to
protect users from state-sponsored attacks. A banner will
Third-party programs can be used to access Gmail, using
[59] appear at the top of the page that warns users of an unau-
the POP or IMAP protocols.
thorized account compromise.[69][70]
In March 2014, Google announced that an encrypted
HTTPS connection will be used for the sending and
3 Inbox by Gmail receiving of all Gmail emails, and every single email
message you send or receive 100% of them is en-
Main article: Inbox by Gmail crypted while moving internally through the companys
systems.[71]
In October 2014, Google introduced Inbox by Gmail Whenever possible, Gmail uses transport layer security
on an invitation-only basis. Developed by the Gmail (TLS) to automatically encrypt emails sent and received.
team, but serving as a completely dierent type of in- On the web and on Android devices, users can check if
box, the service is made to help users deal with the chal- a message is encrypted by checking if the message has a
lenges of an active email. Citing issues such as distrac- closed or open red padlock.[72]
tions, diculty in nding important information buried
Gmail automatically scans all incoming and outgoing e-
in messages, and receiving more emails than ever, Inbox
mails for viruses in email attachments. For security rea-
by Gmail has several important dierences from Gmail,
sons, some le types, including executables, are not al-
including bundles that automatically sort emails of the
lowed to be sent in emails.[73]
same topic together, highlights that surface key informa-
tion from messages, and reminders, assists, and snooze,
that help the user in handling incoming emails at appro- 5.2 Third-party encryption in transit
priate times.[60][61][62]
Inbox by Gmail became publicly available in May In Googles Transparency Report under the Safer email
2015.[63] section, it provides information on the percentage of
emails encrypted in transit between Gmail and third-
party email providers.[74]
4 Google Trips
5.3 Two-step verication
In September 2016, Google released Google Trips, an
app that, based on information from a users Gmail mes- Gmail supports two-step verication; an optional addi-
sages, automatically generates travel cards. A travel card tional measure for users to protect their accounts when
contains itinerary details, such as plane tickets and car logging in.[75]
rentals, and recommends activities, food and drinks, and
Once enabled, users are required to verify their identity
attractions based on location, time, and interests. The app
using a second method after entering their username and
also has oine functionality.[64][65]
password when logging in on a new device. Common
methods include entering a code sent to a users mobile
phone through a text message, entering a code using the
5 Security Google Authenticator smartphone app, or by inserting a
physical security key into the computers USB port.[76]
5.5 Anti child pornography policy 5

Sector 4,' you should be able to access Gmail again

after waiting 24 hours.
Sending a large number of undeliverable messages
(messages that bounce back).
Using le-sharing or le-storage software, browser
extensions, or third party software that automatically
logs into your account.
Leaving multiple instances of Gmail open.
Browser-related issues. Please note that if you nd
your browser continually reloading while attempt-
ing to access your Inbox, its probably a browser is-
sue, and it may be necessary to clear your browsers
cache and cookies.

5.5 Anti child pornography policy

Google combats child pornography through Gmails
servers in conjunction with the National Center for Miss-
ing & Exploited Children (NCMEC) to nd children suf-
fering abuse around the world. In collaboration with the
NCMEC, Google creates a database of child pornogra-
phy pictures. Each one of the images is given a unique
numerical number known as a hash. Google then scans
Gmail looking for the unique hashes. When suspicious
images are located Google reports the incident to the
authorities.[80]

6 History
Main article: History of Gmail

The idea for Gmail was developed by Paul Buchheit sev-

eral years before it was announced to the public. The
project was known by the code name Caribou. During
early development, the project was kept secret from most
Gmail transport encryption by country
of Googles own engineers. This changed once the project
became better and better, and by early 2004, almost ev-
erybody was using it to access the companys internal
Using a security key for two-step verication was made email system.[81]
available as an option in October 2014.[77][78]
Gmail was announced to the public by Google on April
1, 2004 as a limited beta release.[82]
5.4 24-hour lockdowns In November 2006, Google began oering a Java-based
application of Gmail for mobile phones.[83]
If an algorithm detects what Google calls abnormal us-
age that may indicate that your account has been com- In October 2007, Google began a process of rewriting
promised, the account can be automatically locked down parts of the code that Gmail used, which would make
for between one minute and 24 hours, depending on the the service faster and add new features, such as custom
type of activity detected. Listed reasons for a lock-down keyboard shortcuts and the ability to bookmark specic
include:[79] messages and email searches.[84] Gmail also added IMAP
support in October 2007.[85]
Receiving, deleting, or downloading large amounts An update around January 2008 changed elements of
of mail via POP or IMAP in a short period of time. Gmails use of JavaScript, and resulted in the fail-
If you're getting the error message, 'Lockdown in ure of a third-party script some users had been using.
6 10 CRITICISM

Google acknowledge the issue and helped users with account, keeping only a private Google account without
workarounds.[86] a public-facing prole, starting in July 2015.[101]
Gmail exited the beta status on July 7, 2009.[87]
Prior to December 2013, users had to approve to see im-
ages in emails, which acted as a security measure. This 8 G Suite
changed in December 2013, when Google, citing im-
proved image handling, enabled images to be visible with- Main article: G Suite
out user approval. Images will be routed through Googles
secure proxy servers rather than the original external host In August 2006, Google announced Google Apps for
servers.[88] MarketingLand noted that the change to im- Your Domain; special Google accounts with access to
age handling means email marketers will no longer be several of Googles services, with additional admin tools
able to track the recipients IP address or information and custom email addresses, targeted at organizations,
about what kind of device the recipient is using.[89] How- small businesses, large enterprises, educational institu-
ever, Wired stated that the new change means senders can tions, and ISPs. The project was an expansion of the
track the time when an email is rst opened, as the ini- Gmail for Your Domain service launched in February
tial loading of the images requires the system to make a 2006.[102]
callback to the original server.[90]
The service has gone through several rebrandings, even-
tually being currently branded G Suite. G Suite includes
6.1 Growth access to popular Google services, including Gmail,
with additional advanced functionality, and more privacy,
In June 2012, Google announced that Gmail had 425 mil- specically developed for dierent types of organizations
lion active users globally.[91] and businesses.[103][104][105][106]
In May 2015, Google announced that Gmail had 900 mil-
lion active users, 75% of whom were using the service on
mobile devices.[92] 9 Reception
In February 2016, Google announced that Gmail had
passed 1 billion active users.[93][94] Gmail is noted by web developers for its pioneering use
of Ajax.[107]
In the business sector, Quartz reported in August 2014
that, among 150 companies checked in three major cate-
gories in the United States (Fortune 50 largest companies,
mid-size tech and media companies, and startup compa-
9.1 Awards
nies from the last Y Combinator incubator class), only
Gmail was ranked second in PC World's 100 Best Prod-
one Fortune 50 company used Gmail - Google itself -
ucts of 2005, behind Mozilla Firefox. Gmail also won
while 60% of mid-sized companies and 92% of startup
[95] 'Honorable Mention' in the Bottom Line Design Awards
companies were using Gmail.
2005.[108][109] In September 2006, Forbes magazine de-
In May 2014, Gmail became the rst app on the Google clared Gmail to be the best webmail application for small
Play Store to hit one billion installations on Android businesses.[110] In November 2006, Gmail received PC
devices.[96] Worlds 4 star rating.[111]

7 Social network integration 10 Criticism

On February 9, 2010, Google commenced its new so- Main article: Criticism of Google
cial networking tool, Google Buzz, which integrated with
Gmail, allowing users to share links and media, as well as
status updates.[97]
Google Buzz was discontinued in October 2011, replaced 10.1 Privacy
with new functionality in Google+, Googles then-new so-
cial networking platform.[98][99] Google has one privacy policy that cover all of its
[112]
Gmail was integrated with Google+ in December 2011, services.
as part of an eort to have all Google information across Google claims that Gmail refrains from displaying ads
one Google account, with a centralized Google+ user next to potentially sensitive messages, such as those that
prole.[100] Backlash from the move caused Google to mention race, religion, sexual orientation, health, or -
step back and remove the requirement of a Google+ user nancial statements.[113]
10.2 April 2014 Terms of service update 7

10.1.1 Automated scanning of email content May 2013, Google explained:

Googles mail servers automatically scan emails for mul-

"... all users of email must necessarily ex-
tiple purposes, including to add context-sensitive ad-
pect that their emails will be subject to auto-
vertisements next to emails, and to lter spam and
mated processing ... Just as a sender of a let-
malware.[114][115][116]
ter to a business colleague cannot be surprised
Privacy advocates raised concerns about this practice; that the recipients assistant opens the letter,
concerns included that allowing email content to be read people who use web-based email today cannot
by a machine (as opposed to a person) can allow Google be surprised if their communications are pro-
to keep unlimited amounts of information forever; the cessed by the recipients ECS [electronic com-
automated background scanning of data raises the risk munications service] provider in the course of
that the expectation of privacy in email usage will be re- delivery.[122]
duced or eroded; information collected from emails could
be retained by Google for years after its current rele- A Google spokesperson stated to the media on August 15,
vancy to build complete proles on users; emails sent 2013 that the corporation takes the privacy and security
by users from other email providers get scanned despite concerns of Gmail users very seriously.[122]
never having agreed to Googles privacy policy or terms
of service; Google can change its privacy policy uni-
laterally, and for minor changes to the policy it can do
10.2 April 2014 Terms of service update
so without informing users; in court cases, governments
and organizations can potentially nd it easier to legally
Google updated its terms of service for Gmail in April
monitor email communications; at any time, Google can
2014 to create full transparency for its users in regard
change its current company policies to allow combining
to the scanning of email content. The relevant revision
information from emails with data gathered from use of
states: Our automated systems analyse your content (in-
its other services; and any internal security problem on
cluding emails) to provide you personally relevant prod-
Googles systems can potentially expose many - or all -
uct features, such as customised search results, tailored
of its users.[114][116][115][117][118]
advertising, and spam and malware detection. This anal-
In 2004, thirty-one privacy and civil liberties organiza- ysis occurs as the content is sent, received, and when it is
tions wrote a letter calling upon Google to suspend its stored. A Google spokesperson explained that the cor-
Gmail service until the privacy issues were adequately poration wishes for its policies to be simple and easy for
addressed. The letter also called upon Google to clarify users to understand.
its written information policies regarding data retention
In response to the update, Jim Killock, executive director
and data sharing among its business units. The organi-
of the Open Rights Group, stated: The really dangerous
zations also voiced their concerns about Googles plan to
things that Google is doing are things like the information
scan the text of all incoming messages for the purposes
held in Analytics, cookies in advertising and the proling
of ad placement, noting that the scanning of condential
that it is able to do on individual accounts.[115]
email for inserting third-party ad content violates the im-
plicit trust of an email service provider.[116]
10.3 Microsoft ad campaign against
Lawsuits In March 2011, a former Gmail user in Google
Texas sued Google, claiming that its Gmail service vio-
lates users privacy by scanning e-mail messages to serve In 2013, Microsoft launched an advertising campaign
relevant ads.[119] to attack Google for scanning email messages, arguing
that most consumers are not aware that Google moni-
In July 2012, some California residents led two class ac- tors their personal messages to deliver targeted ads. Mi-
tion lawsuits against Google and Yahoo!, claiming that crosoft claims that its email service Outlook does not scan
they illegally intercept emails sent by individual non- the contents of messages and a Microsoft spokesperson
Gmail or non-Yahoo! email users to Gmail and Ya- called the issue of privacy Googles kryptonite. In re-
hoo! recipients without the senders knowledge, consent sponse, Google stated; We work hard to make sure that
or permission.[120] A motion led by Googles attorneys in ads are safe, unobtrusive and relevant ... No humans read
the case concedes that Gmail users have no expectation your e-mail or Google Account information in order to
of privacy.[121] show you advertisements or related information. An au-
A court ling uncovered by advocacy group Consumer tomated algorithm similar to that used for features like
Watchdog in August 2013 revealed that Google stated Priority Inbox or spam ltering determines which ads
in a court ling that no reasonable expectation exists are shown. The New York Times cites Google support-
among Gmail users in regard to the assured condential- ers, who say that Microsofts ads are distasteful, the last
ity of their emails.[122] In response to a lawsuit led in resort of a company that has been unsuccessful at com-
8 12 REFERENCES

peting against Google on the more noble battleground of that the merge would not include Gmail keywords in ad
products.[123] targeting.[129]

10.4 Other privacy issues 10.5 Outages

10.4.1 2010 attack from China Gmail suered at least seven outages in 2009 alone, caus-
ing doubts about the reliability of its service.[130][131] It
In January 2010, Google detected a highly sophisti- suered a new outage on February 28, 2011, in which a
cated cyber-attack on its infrastructure that originated bug caused Gmail accounts to be empty. Google stated
from China. The targets of the attack were Chinese hu- in a blog post that email was never lost and restoration
man rights activists, but Google discovered that accounts was in progress.[132] Another outage occurred on April
belonging to European, American and Chinese activists 17, 2012,[133] September 24, 2013,[134] and January 24,
for human rights in China had been routinely accessed 2014.[135]
by third parties. Additionally, Google stated that their Google has stated that Gmail remains more than 99.9%
investigation revealed that at least 20 other large com- available to all users, and we're committed to keeping
panies from a wide range of businesses - including the events like todays notable for their rarity.[136]
Internet, nance, technology, media and chemical sectors
- had been similarly targeted. Google was in the process
of notifying those companies and it was also working with 10.6 On behalf of
relevant US authorities. In light of the attacks, Google
enhanced the security and architecture of its infrastruc- In May 2009, Farhad Manjoo wrote on The New York
ture, and advised individual users to install anti-virus and Times blog about Gmails on behalf of tag. Man-
anti-spyware on their computers, update their operating joo explained: The problems is, when you try to
systems and web browsers, and be cautious when clicking send outbound mail from your Gmail universal inbox,
on Internet links or when sharing personal information in Gmail adds a tag telling your recipients that you're
instant messages and emails.[124][125] actually using Gmail and not your oce e-mail. If
your recipient is using Microsoft Outlook, he'll see a
message like, From [email protected] on behalf
10.4.2 Google Buzz of [email protected]. Manjoo further wrote that
Google explains that it adds the tag in order to prevent
The February 2010 launch of Google Buzz, a former so- your e-mail from being considered spam by your recip-
cial network that was linked to Gmail, immediately drew ient; the theory is that if the e-mail is honest about its
criticism for publicly sharing details of users contacts un- origins, it shouldn't arouse suspicion by spam checking
less the default settings were changed.[126][127] software.[137] The following July, Google announced a
new option that would remove the On behalf of tag, by
sending the email from the server of the other email ad-
10.4.3 Google+ dress instead of using Gmails servers.[138]

A new Gmail feature was launched in January 2014,

whereby users can email people with Google+ accounts
even though they do not know the email address of the re-
11 See also
cipient. Marc Rotenberg, President of the Electronic Pri-
vacy Information Center, called the feature troubling, List of Google products
and compared it to the Google Buzz initial launch privacy Comparison of webmail providers
aw.[128]
Comparison of mail servers

10.4.4 Update to DoubleClick privacy policy

12 References
In June 2016, Julia Angwin of ProPublica wrote about
Googles updated privacy policy, which deleted a clause [1] gmail.com Trac Statistics. Alexa Internet.
that had stated Google would not combine DoubleClick Amazon.com. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
web browsing cookie information with personally iden-
tiable information from its other services. This change [2] Siegler, MG (March 14, 2010). The Key To Gmail: Sh*t
has allowed Google to merge users personally identi- Umbrellas. TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved November 25,
2016.
able information from dierent Google services to create
one unied ad prole for each user. After publication [3] Singer, Michael (March 31, 2004). Google Testing Free
of the article, Google reached out to ProPublica to say Webmail. Internet News. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
 9

[4] Craddock, Dick (January 5, 2010). A short history of [23] Gmail Labs. Google. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
Hotmail. The Windows Blog. Archived from the original
on May 25, 2010. Retrieved November 10, 2016. [24] Moolenaar, Bram (October 15, 2012). Find your stu
faster in Gmail and Search. Ocial Gmail Blog. Google.
[5] Kuchinskas, Susan (April 1, 2005). Endless Gmail Stor- Retrieved November 25, 2016.
age. Internet News. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
[25] Racz, Balazs (May 23, 2013). Search emails, Google
[6] Behrens, Nicholas (April 24, 2012). Gmail, now with 10
Drive, Calendar and more as you type. Ocial Gmail
gigabytes of storage (and counting)". Google. Retrieved
Blog. Google. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
November 11, 2016.

[7] Bavor, Clay (May 13, 2013). Bringing it all together: [26] Protalinski, Emil (May 23, 2013). Google adds Google
15 GB now shared between Drive, Gmail, and Google+ Drive les and Calendar events to Gmails search for US
Photos. Google. Retrieved November 11, 2016. users. The Next Web. Retrieved November 25, 2016.

[8] Petkov, Jason (May 13, 2013). 15GB of Free Storage, [27] Elias, Isaac (May 21, 2012). Improved search in Gmail.
Thanks Google!". W3Reports. Retrieved November 11, Ocial Gmail Blog. Google. Retrieved November 25,
2016. 2016.

[9] Drive storage. Google. Retrieved February 12, 2017. [28] Gmail workarounds for sub-string (partial word) search.
(registration required) Conuence. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
[10] Send attachments with your Gmail message. Gmail [29] Boursetty, Benot (August 31, 2011). Using Gmail, Cal-
Help. Google. Retrieved November 25, 2016. endar and Docs without an Internet connection. Ocial
Gmail Blog. Google. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
[11] Receive emails of up to 50MB in Gmail. G Suite Up-
dates. Google. March 1, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
[30] Zukerman, Erez (May 10, 2013). Review: Give Gmail
[12] Coldewey, Devin (March 1, 2017). Huzzah! Gmail now an extreme makeover with Gmail Oine. PC World.
accepts attachments up to 50 MB. TechCrunch. AOL. International Data Group. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
Retrieved March 2, 2017.
[31] Siegler, MG (May 11, 2011). Coming This Sum-
[13] Send Google Drive attachments in Gmail. Gmail Help. mer: Fully Oine Gmail, Google Calendar, And Google
Google. Docs. TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved November 25,
2016.
[14] Lenssen, Philipp (June 2, 2008). Kevin Fox of Gmail &
FriendFeed on User Experience Design. Google Blogo- [32] Calore, Michael (August 25, 2010). Gmail Gets Dialed
scoped. Retrieved November 25, 2016. Up a Notch With New Calling Feature. Wired. Cond
Nast. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
[15] Gilad, Itamar (May 29, 2013). A new inbox that puts you
back in control. Ocial Gmail Blog. Google. Retrieved
[33] Nowak, Peter (August 25, 2010). Google launches free
November 25, 2016.
voice calls from Gmail. CBC News. Retrieved Novem-
[16] Bonnington, Christina (May 29, 2013). Gmails New In- ber 25, 2016.
box Sorts Emails Into Tabbed Categories. Wired. Cond
Nast. Retrieved November 25, 2016. [34] Mullany, Anjali (August 27, 2010). Google announces
via Twitter: 1,000,000 Gmail calls in 24 Hours. New
[17] Cornwell, Jason (November 1, 2011). Gmails new York Daily News. Mortimer Zuckerman. Retrieved
look. Ocial Gmail Blog. Google. Retrieved Novem- November 25, 2016.
ber 25, 2016.
[35] Shankland, Stephen (August 26, 2010). Google: 1 mil-
[18] Houston, Thomas (November 1, 2011). Gmail redesign lion Gmail calls on rst day. CNN. Retrieved November
adds enhanced search box, prole pictures, conversations, 25, 2016.
and more. The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved November
25, 2016. [36] Weintraub, Seth (March 18, 2014). Google plans to kill
Google Voice in coming months, integrate features into
[19] Gmail New Look will be released to all users starting Hangouts. 9to5Google. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
March 27th. G Suite Updates. Google. March 20, 2012.
Retrieved November 25, 2016. [37] Russell, Brandon (March 18, 2014). Google Planning To
Discontinue Google Voice In Favor of Hangouts. Tech-
[20] Mark or unmark Spam in Gmail. Gmail Help. Google.
noBualo. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
Retrieved November 25, 2016.

[21] Coleman, Keith (June 5, 2008). Introducing Gmail [38] Change your language settings. Gmail Help. Google.
Labs. Ocial Gmail Blog. Google. Retrieved Novem- Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved
ber 25, 2016. November 25, 2016.

[22] Williams, Owen (June 23, 2015). Gmails 'Undo Send' [39] Warren, C. Andrew (October 9, 2012). Communicate
feature nally graduates out of labs after six years. The more easily across languages in Gmail. Ocial Google
Next Web. Retrieved November 25, 2016. Blog. Google. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
10 12 REFERENCES

[40] Lardinois, Frederic (October 9, 2012). Google Brings [58] Inbox by Gmail on the Google Play Store. Google Play.
More Than 100 Virtual Keyboards, Transliterations And Google. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
IMEs To Gmail. TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved Novem-
ber 25, 2016. [59] Read Gmail messages on other email clients using POP.
Gmail Support. Google. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
[41] Xiao, Xiangye (October 22, 2013). Handwriting input
comes to Gmail and Google Docs. Ocial Gmail Blog. [60] Pichai, Sundar (October 22, 2014). An inbox that works
Google. Retrieved November 25, 2016. for you. Ocial Gmail Blog. Google. Retrieved Novem-
ber 25, 2016.
[42] Monferrer, Pedro (August 5, 2014). A rst step toward
more global email. Ocial Gmail Blog. Google. Re- [61] Bohn, Dieter (October 22, 2014). Inbox is a total rein-
trieved November 25, 2016. vention of email from Google. The Verge. Vox Media.
Retrieved November 25, 2016.
[43] Grandoni, Dino (August 5, 2014). Google To Recog-
nize Emails That Use Special Characters. The Hung- [62] Etherington, Darrell (October 22, 2014). Googles In-
ton Post. AOL. Retrieved November 25, 2016. box is A New Email App From The Gmail Team De-
signed Not To Be Gmail. TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved
[44] Green, Travis (May 15, 2013). Send money to friends November 25, 2016.
with Gmail and Google Wallet. Ocial Gmail Blog.
Google. Retrieved November 26, 2016. [63] Gawley, Alex (May 28, 2015). Thanks to you, Inbox
by Gmail is now open to everyone. Ocial Gmail Blog.
[45] Honig, Zach (May 15, 2013). Google Wallet will soon Google. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
let you send payments as a Gmail attachment. Engadget.
AOL. Retrieved November 26, 2016. [64] Frank, Stefan (September 19, 2016). See more, plan less
try Google Trips. The Keyword Google Blog. Google.
[46] Send, request, receive, or withdraw money. Google Retrieved November 29, 2016.
Wallet Help. Google. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
[65] Newton, Casey (September 19, 2016). Google Trips is a
[47] Welch, Chris (March 14, 2017). Gmail for Android now killer travel app for the modern tourist. The Verge. Vox
lets you send people money right in the app. The Verge. Media. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
Vox Media. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
[66] Rideout, Ariel (July 24, 2008). Making security easier.
[48] Lopez, Napier (March 14, 2017). Google now lets you Ocial Gmail Blog. Google. Retrieved November 25,
send money via Gmail on Android. The Next Web. Re- 2016.
trieved March 14, 2017.
[67] Kirk, Jeremy (January 2, 2007). Google closes
[49] Panchapakesan, Venkat (June 1, 2011). Our plans to Gmail cross-site scripting vulnerability. InfoWorld.
support modern browsers across Google Apps. Ocial International Data Group. Archived from the original on
Gmail Blog. Google. Retrieved November 24, 2016. January 4, 2007. Retrieved November 25, 2016.

[50] Supported browsers. Chat Help. Google. Retrieved [68] Schillace, Sam (January 12, 2010). Default https ac-
March 19, 2017. cess for Gmail. Ocial Gmail Blog. Google. Retrieved
November 25, 2016.
[51] Kroeger, Rob (April 7, 2009). A new mobile Gmail ex-
perience for iPhone and Android. Ocial Gmail Blog. [69] Grosse, Eric (June 5, 2012). Security warnings for sus-
Google. Retrieved November 25, 2016. pected state-sponsored attacks. Google Security Blog.
Google. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
[52] Gmail on the iOS App Store. iTunes. Apple. Retrieved
November 25, 2016. [70] Google to warn users of 'state-sponsored attacks". CBC
News. June 6, 2012. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
[53] Gmail on the Google Play Store. Google Play. Google.
Retrieved November 25, 2016. [71] Lidzborski, Nicolas (March 20, 2014). Staying at the
forefront of email security and reliability: HTTPS-only
[54] Izatt, Matthew (November 3, 2014). A more modern and 99.978% availability. Ocial Gmail Blog. Google.
Gmail app for Android. Ocial Gmail Blog. Google. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
Retrieved November 25, 2016.
[72] Check the security of your emails. Gmail Help. Google.
[55] Izatt, Matthew (November 7, 2016). Gmail and Google Retrieved November 25, 2016.
Calendar get a whole lot better on iOS. They Keyword
Google Blog. Google. Retrieved November 26, 2016. [73] Some le types are blocked. Gmail Help. Google. Re-
trieved November 25, 2016.
[56] Welch, Chris (November 7, 2016). Google just re-
designed Gmail for iPhone and made it way faster. The [74] Email encryption in transit. Google Transparency Re-
Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved November 26, 2016. port. Google. Retrieved November 25, 2016.

[57] Inbox by Gmail on the iOS App Store. iTunes. Apple. [75] Google 2-Step Verication. Google. Retrieved Novem-
Retrieved November 25, 2016. ber 25, 2016.
 11

[76] Google 2-Step Verication. Google. Retrieved Novem- [93] Lardinois, Frederic (February 1, 2016). Gmail Now
ber 25, 2016. Has More Than 1B Monthly Active Users. TechCrunch.
AOL. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
[77] Shah, Nishit (October 21, 2014). Strengthening 2-Step
Verication with Security Key. Google Security Blog. [94] Miller, Ross (February 1, 2016). Gmail now has 1 billion
Google. Retrieved November 25, 2016. monthly active users. The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved
November 25, 2016.
[78] Turner, Adam (November 5, 2014). Google security
keys may oer extra layer of online protection. The Syd- [95] Frommer, Dan (August 1, 2014). Google is stealing away
ney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved November Microsofts future corporate customers. Quartz. Atlantic
25, 2016. Media. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
[79] Google (2010). My account has been locked. Archived [96] Gibbs, Samuel (May 16, 2014). Gmail Android app
from the original on May 22, 2009. Retrieved March 23, is rst to hit one billion installations. The Guardian.
2010. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
[80] Perez, Sarah (August 6, 2014). Why The Gmail Scan [97] Guynn, Jessica (February 9, 2010). Google aims to take
That Led To A Mans Arrest For Child Porn Was Not A on Facebook with new social feature called 'Buzz'". Los
Privacy Violation. TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved March Angeles Times. tronc. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
22, 2017.
[98] Cheredar, Tom (July 11, 2011). Google says Google+
[81] McCracken, Harry (April 1, 2014). How Gmail Hap- integration for Gmail is coming; users sound o.
pened: The Inside Story of Its Launch 10 Years Ago. VentureBeat. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
Time. Time Inc. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
[99] Horowitz, Bradley (October 14, 2011). A fall sweep.
[82] Google Gets the Message, Launches Gmail. Google. Ocial Google Blog. Google. Retrieved November 25,
April 1, 2004. Retrieved November 25, 2016. 2016.
[83] Oswald, Ed (November 2006). Google Oers Java-
[100] Striebeck, Mark (December 8, 2011). Gmail and Con-
based Mobile Gmail. BetaNews. Retrieved November
tacts get better with Google+". Ocial Gmail Blog.
25, 2016.
Google. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
[84] Pupius, Dan (October 29, 2007). Code changes to pre-
[101] Horowitz, Bradley (July 27, 2015). Everything in its right
pare Gmail for the future. Ocial Gmail Blog. Google.
place. Ocial Google Blog. Google. Retrieved Novem-
Retrieved November 25, 2016.
ber 25, 2016.
[85] Jones, K.C. (October 24, 2007). Gmail Now Has IMAP
[102] Google Launches Hosted Communications Services.
Support. InformationWeek. UBM Tech. Archived from
Google. August 28, 2006. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
the original on October 1, 2008. Retrieved November 24,
2016. [103] Campbell, Kelly (September 29, 2016). All together
[86] Pupius, Dan (January 29, 2008). Gmail/Greasemonkey now. Introducing G Suite.. Ocial Google Cloud Blog.
API issue. Ocial Gmail Blog. Google. Retrieved Google. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
November 25, 2016.
[104] Raghavan, Prabhakar (September 29, 2016). G Suite:
[87] Glotzbach, Matthew (July 7, 2009). Google Apps is out intelligent tools designed for teams. Ocial Google Cloud
of beta (yes, really)". Ocial Google Blog. Google. Re- Blog. Google. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
trieved November 25, 2016.
[105] Perez, Sarah (September 29, 2016). Google rebrands
[88] Rae-Grant, John (December 12, 2013). Images Now its business apps as G Suite, upgrades apps & announces
Showing. Ocial Gmail Blog. Google. Retrieved Team Drive. TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved November
November 26, 2016. 26, 2016.

[89] Google: Gmail Image Change May Improve Open Rate [106] Crandall, Marc (September 21, 2015). Google Apps for
Data, But Will Strip Other User Data. MarketingLand. Work adopts ISO 27018 cloud privacy standard. O-
December 12, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2016. cial Google Cloud Blog. Google. Retrieved November 26,
2016.
[90] Tate, Ryan (December 12, 2013). With the New Gmail,
People Will Know When You Open That Message. [107] Wei, Coach (August 11, 2005). AJAX: Asynchronous
Wired. Cond Nast. Retrieved November 26, 2016. Java + XML?". Developer.com. Retrieved November 25,
2016.
[91] Pichai, Sundar (June 28, 2012). Chrome & Apps @
Google I/O: Your web, everywhere. Ocial Google [108] PCWorld.com The 100 Best Products of 2005, re-
Blog. Google. Retrieved November 25, 2016. trieved May 14, 2006

[92] Lardinois, Frederic (May 28, 2015). Gmail Now Has [109] Bottom Line Design Awards Archived March 30, 2007, at
900M Active Users, 75% On Mobile. TechCrunch. the Wayback Machine. Honorable Mentions. Retrieved
AOL. Retrieved November 25, 2016. February 14, 2007.
 12 13 EXTERNAL LINKS

[110] The Best Web-Based Computer Applications For Small [128] New Gmail messaging feature causes privacy concerns.
Business. Forbes. September 7, 2006. Retrieved Febru- BBC News. January 10, 2014. Retrieved November 26,
ary 5, 2015. 2016.

[111] Google Award. Archived from the original on May 14, [129] Angwin, Julia (October 21, 2016). Google Has Quietly
2011. Dropped Ban on Personally Identiable Web Tracking.
ProPublica. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
[112] Welcome to the Google Privacy Policy. Google Privacy
& Terms. Google. Retrieved November 26, 2016. [130] Bradley, Tony (September 24, 2009). Google Outages
Damage Cloud Credibility. PC World. International
[113] How Gmail ads work. Gmail Help. Google. Retrieved Data Group. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
November 26, 2016.
[131] Siegler, MG (February 24, 2009). Where were you
[114] Gmail Privacy FAQ. Electronic Privacy Information during the great Gmail outage of February 2009?".
Center. Retrieved November 26, 2016. VentureBeat. Retrieved February 23, 2017.

[115] Gibbs, Samuel (April 15, 2014). Gmail does scan [132] Treynor, Ben (February 28, 2011). Gmail back soon
all emails, new Google terms clarify. The Guardian. for everyone. Ocial Gmail Blog. Google. Retrieved
Guardian Media Group. Retrieved November 26, 2016. February 23, 2017.

[116] Givens, Beth; Dixon, Pam (April 6, 2004). Thirty-One [133] Needleman, Rafe (April 17, 2012). Gmail users experi-
Privacy And Civil Liberties Organizations Urge Google ence outage. CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved Febru-
To Suspend Gmail. Privacy Rights Clearinghouse. Re- ary 23, 2017.
trieved November 26, 2016.
[134] D'Orazio, Dante (September 24, 2013). Yesterdays
[117] Rasch, Mark (June 15, 2004). Googles Gmail: spook Gmail outage delayed millions of messages by over two
heaven?". The Register. Situation Publishing. Retrieved hours. The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved February 23,
November 26, 2016. 2017.

[118] McMillan, Robert (January 13, 2010). Google at- [135] Etherington, Darrell (January 24, 2014). Gmail And
tack part of widespread spying eort. Computerworld. Google+ Go Down Across The World, Service Returns
International Data Group. Retrieved November 26, 2016. After Roughly 50 Minutes. TechCrunch. AOL. Re-
trieved February 23, 2017.
[119] Claburn, Thomas (March 9, 2011). Google Again Sued
[136] Treynor, Ben (September 1, 2009). More on todays
Over Gmail Content Scanning. InformationWeek. UBM
Gmail issue. Ocial Gmail Blog. Google. Retrieved
Tech. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
February 23, 2017.
[120] Abellin (July 2, 2012). Lawsuit: Gmail, Yahoo Email
[137] Manjoo, Farhad (May 4, 2009). Maintaining A True
Invade Privacy, Even Non-Users". ABC News. Retrieved
Universal Inbox on Gmail Remains Elusive. The New
November 26, 2016.
York Times. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
[121] Morisy, Michael (August 14, 2013). GMail a little too [138] Pellereau, Emmanuel (July 30, 2009). Send mail from
open? Google says users should have no 'expectation of another address without on behalf of"". Ocial Gmail
privacy'". Boston.com. Retrieved November 26, 2016. Blog. Google. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
[122] Rushe, Dominic (August 15, 2013). Google: don't ex-
pect privacy when sending to Gmail. The Guardian.
Guardian Media Group. Retrieved November 26, 2016. 13 External links
[123] Wingeld, Nick (February 6, 2013). Microsoft Attacks
Google on Gmail Privacy. The New York Times. Re- Ocial website
trieved November 26, 2016.
Ocial Website for Gmail for Work
[124] Drummond, David (January 12, 2010). A new approach
Gmail ocial mobile site (multilanguage)
to China. Ocial Google Blog. Google. Retrieved
November 26, 2016.

[125] Zetter, Kim (January 14, 2010). Google Hack Attack

Was Ultra Sophisticated, New Details Show. Wired.
Cond Nast. Retrieved November 26, 2016.

[126] Google Buzz Has Serious Privacy Flaws. Fox News.

February 12, 2010. Retrieved November 26, 2016.

[127] Jackson, Todd (February 11, 2010). Millions of Buzz

users, and improvements based on your feedback. O-
cial Gmail Blog. Google. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
 13

14 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

14.1 Text
Gmail Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail?oldid=776720684 Contributors: Damian Yerrick, Eloquence, Zundark, The Anome,
Walter, Aldie, Mincus, SimonP, Shii, Stevertigo, Steverapaport, Frecklefoot, Edward, Ubiquity, Bdesham, Patrick, Michael Hardy, Evan-
Prodromou, Bewildebeast, Voidvector, Kidburla, Kku, Taras, Ixfd64, Philipdw, Gaurav, Zanimum, TakuyaMurata, Dori, Tregoweth, Aho-
erstemeier, Haakon, Stevenj, Theresa knott, Angela, DropDeadGorgias, Usedbook, Goblin, Whkoh, Nikai, Tristanb, Glueball, Lukobe,
Jonik, Ilyanep, Conti, Feedmecereal, Uriber, Jerec, Marknen, RodC, David Newton, Nohat, Bemoeial, David Latapie, Dysprosia, Jay,
WhisperToMe, Zoicon5, Hao2lian, Tpbradbury, Maximus Rex, Jerey Smith, Furrykef, Grendelkhan, Itai, Fibonacci, Omegatron, Mor-
ven, Quoth-22, Shizhao, AaronSw, MrWeeble, Frazzydee, UninvitedCompany, Francs2000, Garo, Phil Boswell, Chuunen Baka, Donar-
reiskoer, Chealer, 1984, Fredrik, Zandperl, TMC1221, Large Boat, RedWolf, Ankur, ZimZalaBim, Dittaeva, Yelyos, Nurg, Timoth-
yPilgrim, Chris Roy, Ashdurbat, Alexblainelayder, SchmuckyTheCat, Meelar, Rasmus Faber, JohnnyB~enwiki, Demerzel~enwiki, Khlo,
Naelphin, Emergencyninja, Boarder8925, ElBenevolente, HaeB, Jleedev, Mattaschen, GreatWhiteNortherner, Carnildo, Brave3, David
Gerard, SimonMayer, Exploding Boy, Dbenbenn, Philwiki, DocWatson42, Mshonle~enwiki, Kerttie, Fennec, DavidCary, Dinomite,
Oberiko, Luis Dantas, Laurens~enwiki, var Arnfjr Bjarmason, Lethe, Lupin, Zigger, Obli, Perl, Brona, Knut~enwiki, Sik0fewl,
Rick Block, Nikita Borisov~enwiki, Guanaco, Avsa, Tom-, AlistairMcMillan, Kukkurovaca, SWAdair, Dugosz, Bobblewik, Neilc,
OldakQuill, Saxsux, Mackeriv, Telso, Xmnemonic, Chris Edgemon, 1749-10-23, Antandrus, HorsePunchKid, Starbane, OverlordQ,
Salasks, Dnas, Jam2k, The Inedible Bulk, Boisemedia, Redleaf, Jiu, G3pro, Alex Cohn, CaribDigita, AlexanderWinston, Spatz, Drag-
onySixtyseven, Patrickjollie, Secfan, Bodnotbod, Lucky13pjn, Halo, Sam Hocevar, Cynical, Tzarius, TonyW, Asbestos, Kelson, Mark
Millard, Neutrality, HenHei~enwiki, Joyous!, Jewbacca, Cky, Jh51681, Karl Dickman, MementoVivere, M1ss1ontomars2k4, Ebello, Zon-
dor, Damieng, JamesTeterenko, Grunt, RandalSchwartz, Andylkl, Esperant, Generica, Corti, Hschin, Ankitmalik, Aniboy2000, Chris
Howard, Wanted, Tordek ar, Indosauros, Martinjakubik, Mjuarez, Discospinster, Solitude, Rich Farmbrough, Pak21, Wise mike, Neu-
ronExMachina, ThomasK, Thematicunity, Pmsyyz, Ebelular, Vsmith, Mecanismo, Jpk, EliasAlucard, Will2k, WadeLondon, StellarFury,
Gika, Paul August, Night Gyr, Bender235, JoeSmack, Plugwash, Danny B-), Hapsiainen, Violetriga, Meamemg, Evice, Darren Foong,
Syp, CanisRufus, Mr. Billion, Sempron~enwiki, Hayabusa future, Koenige, Aude, Sietse Snel, Art LaPella, Matteh, Leif, Nandhp, Lorem
Ipsum~enwiki, Uieoa, Longhair, Apollo2011, J44xm, Jwink3101, Casual3, Euniana, TheSolomon, BrokenSegue, TristanG, Cmdrjame-
son, Spug, Garlics82, Richi, Colin Douglas Howell, Of~enwiki, AlanH, Tonei, Troels Nybo~enwiki, B0at, Minghong, John Fader, Ku-
nal.nanda, Haham hanuka, Pearle, Jonathunder, Susheel c, Zellin, Jumbuck, Schissel, Bongle, Aeolien, Alansohn, Gary, Anthony App-
leyard, Mathwizxp, Coma28, Ollee, Dbm1175, Hoovernj, Theaterfreak64, Keenan Pepper, Andrewpmk, ABCD, Sade, SlimVirgin, Wa-
ter Bottle, Echuck215, Bios~enwiki, InShaneee, Phocks, Idont Havaname, MattWade, Onepoint618, Njahnke, SirPavlova, Shinjiman,
Atungare, Gdavidp, Randyjohnston, Zantastik, ReyBrujo, Cburnett, Logantracyo, Derbeth, Jtamboli, Buzzerzen, Randy Johnston, Greg-
Norc, Streetblader51, Mozillaman, R6MaY89, Aegith, ~shuri, Henry W. Schmitt, W7KyzmJt, Computerjoe, Adsims2001, Rotring, MIT
Trekkie, LunaticFringe, Thebritt, Dan100, Xtopher, Umapathy, Roguelazer, Amitpagarwal, Isaiah R, Scottbell, Oleg Alexandrov, Japanese
Searobin, TShilo12, Mahanga, Hijiri88, Gatewaycat, Stephen, Dopesh, JeTK, Jjatria~enwiki, Issk, Gmaxwell, Vlad1, Philthecow,
Evolve75, Hench, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Simetrical, Woohookitty, TheIguana, Scales, Shreevatsa, TigerShark, Justinlebar, Jer-
syko, Thorpe, Rajiv Varma, Josephf, Jacobolus, Anorris, Roger6106, Scjessey, JFG, ManosGR, Trdel, MONGO, Tabletop, Srborlongan,
Wikiklrsc, Tomhab, I64s, Singpolyma, Optichan, Ariamaki, SDC, Smartech~enwiki, Bjeversole, Jendeyoung, Marudubshinki, Stevey7788,
Tkid124, Jack1254, Kesla, Graham87, JiMidnite, Deltabeignet, Taestell, Jonohill, Qwertyus, Kbdank71, Jbarr, KramarDanIkabu, RxS,
RadioActive~enwiki, Brolin Empey, Mendaliv, RoshSok, 26point2, Josh Parris, Canderson7, Coruscus, Coneslayer, Wpuser0, Rjwilmsi,
Seidenstud, IanMcGreene, Joe Decker, Quale, Zbxgscqf, Jnlayson, Commander, Jbw1291, Lugnad, Amire80, Rillian, Carbonite, Drum-
bum, Suce, Tangotango, Collard, SMC, Goncalopp, Inaxdaze, Jehochman, Gumba gumba~enwiki, Afterwriting, Ian Dunster, Sleepy-
head81, Platypus222, Yamamoto Ichiro, Ibachs, FayssalF, J2000ca, FlaBot, Kiba, Nonsequiturmine, Ndabas, Harcalion, G Clark, Ground
Zero, Mujib, Jfaughnan, Gary Cziko, JYOuyang, Krueschan, Jameshsher, Gurch, Pcj, Hansamurai, Organisciak, Born2cycle, Intgr, Del-
fuego, Boneyard, Fritzophrenic, Darranc, Marlow4, Planetneutral, Ahunt, Oracleoftruth, Mark Yen, Saxdave, King of Hearts, Nicholasink,
Chobot, Milkman1042, Visor, Nagytibi, DVdm, MilesProwler, Mhwu, Shomat, Crosstimer, Gwernol, Samwaltz, MamboJambo, Elfguy,
Ravenswing, Theymos, YurikBot, Wavelength, Chanlyn, Eirik, Hawaiian717, Whoisjohngalt, Angus Lepper, Team6and7, Tombrend, Kin-
neyboy90, Fantababy, Gyre, X42bn6, Carolynparrishfan, Jimp, Retodon8, Alethiareg, Splamo, Family Guy Guy, Adam1213, FrenchI-
sAwesome, Hyad, Woseph, Kirin, Me and, Ivirivi00, AVM, Epolk, Green Tentacle, FreeD, BillMasen, Dantheox, Empaler, YEvb0, Aka-
mad, Dotancohen, Stephenb, Manop, Barefootguru, Sikon, CambridgeBayWeather, Eleassar, Rsrikanth05, Sjwheel, Magicman17, Hyjwei,
NawlinWiki, Falling Cloud, Bachrach44, AfterSpencer, Msikma, Grafen, Nathan8225, Deskana, Jaxl, TheLH, Zarel, Duran, DonSlice,
EKashp, Catamorphism, Majeed411, AndrewC, Thiseye, Chkiss, Cleared as led, Saoshyant, Mosquitopsu, Gcbwikipedia, Phileo, Moe
Epsilon, JosephWatkins, Froth, AkuM, Saberwyn, Deathcloud33, U235, Tony1, Alex43223, KMicke734, Cawas, Lucasreddinger, Seen-
inator, BOT-Superzerocool, Bota47, Jeremy Visser, Derek.cashman, Defkkon, Sebleblanc, Snu, Black Falcon, Derbeobachter, Phenz,
Wknight94, Hohohob, Fallout boy, Tetracube, Mugunth Kumar, FF2010, Getcrunk, Charu~enwiki, 21655, ReCover, Johndburger, 2over0,
PTSE, Jeanmaxime, Nachoman-au, Cloudbound, Theda, Closedmouth, Joelf, Pb30, KGasso, Pietdesomere, Dspradau, Sarefo, Petri Krohn,
HackerOfMinds, GraemeL, CWenger, Chrishmt0423, Scoutersig, Inquisitor911, JLaTondre, Timdietz, Webbunny, Hayfordoleary, Crush-
Nush, Sinan Taifour, Eggnock, Eptin, Lewys, Mardus, Rehevkor, Amberrock, Rykotsusei, Anthony717, Dposse, Eog1916, Cumbi-
agermen, Pouchkidium, Ozzmosis, SmackBot, John Lunney, Smadge1, Snecklifter, Ralphbk, Kkubasik, Aido2002, Ivan B, Hplovejet,
Doomdayx, Henrikb4, Ashwinkn, McGeddon, CastAStone, Ariedartin, C.Fred, Jaegen, Gary Kirk, Briananthis, Blue520, Peteresch, Jacek
Kendysz, Neoprobe, JD, Alksub, Delldot, Ratify, Agentbla, ProveIt, Fnfd, Kintetsubualo, Steen Kaufmann, Typhoonchaser, Stephen-
carr, Pumapayam, Yamaguchi , Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Dambrosio, Oscarthecat, Skizzik, Izzynn, Iadord, BirdValiant, Hitman012,
TimBentley, Hayson1991, Phoenixre159, Persian Poet Gal, MK8, Swanner, Kratoz, Tree Biting Conspiracy, Cmelbye, MalafayaBot,
Domthedude001, Neil D, Timneu22, ThirteenFeet, SchftyThree, Stevage, Hooriaj, PureRED, Calebegg, Thatcrazycommie, Leoni2,
Vobios, Kungming2, Solidusspriggan, DHN-bot~enwiki, Yoseby, Suppa chuppa, Mirell, Zouzzou, Mikker, D-Rock, JGXenite, John
Reaves, Manhinli~enwiki, MaxSem, Huji, Nanaki~enwiki, Christefano, SiZors, Jahiegel, Hildanknight, The Placebo Eect, Juancnuno,
Jennica, Skidude9950, Cregox, MeekSaron, Ulmer, Mystman666, Typpo, Rattletrapmusicman, Xiner, MrBobla, Lesnail, PeEll, Gra-
hameS, Nolawip, Phaedriel, Crboyer, Cybercobra, Irish Soue, DChiuch, Tapered, Downwards, Wheelboss, Qoosa, RJN, Miked84,
Kasperd, SnappingTurtle, Richard001, Martijn Hoekstra, Silveroblivion, IrisKawling, Weregerbil, Freedom to share, DMacks, Wizard-
man, Quatloo, Omnijohn, Mlpkr, B26b26, Deiz, Tesseran, Wossi, Thejerm, Richdick96, CIS, HYC, SashatoBot, Zchenyu, Esrever, Di-
gana, Chaotic Mind, Nscheibel, Gloriamarie, Oli888, Volt4ire, Soap, AmiDaniel, JackLumber, Jidanni, Guroadrunner, OcarinaOfTime,
Skewer, Kimgilmour, Cwbrown, Nathanww, Soumyasch, Aljullu, Oagersnap, Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, NavinS, LestatdeLion-
court, Eleveneleven, Kashmiri, Stefan2, Wickethewok, Highpriority, Mathias-S, Needlenose, Scetoaux, Oby1, LyleBarrere, Stwalkerster,
14 14 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

MTN~enwiki, Beetstra, Techsmith, Rabhyanker, Brazucs, Subiet, Stijak, Talkingpie, Waggers, Mets501, Martian.knight, Ace Frahm,
Ryulong, Dr.K., Kyros, Citicat, Niconc, Caiaa, Socomm203, Delta759, AbsoluteTruth, Vtt395, Dl2000, Ycaps123, Nathanrdotcom,
SubSeven, ALife~enwiki, JYi, SimonD, Emx~enwiki, HelloAnnyong, Slider10, Jakehall2, Vegassteven, Brandizzi, Adriatikus, Joseph
Solis in Australia, Rob-nick, Makgraf, J Di, Zero sharp, Tony Fox, Cazador, Cultra108, Leebert, Hk1992, BrOnXbOmBr21, Ande B.,
Chovain, Tawkerbot2, I5bala, Dlohcierekim, Eric C, Emote, FatalError, Tifego, Paul Matthews, JForget, ZDereli, EarthGuardian, Lin-
uxerist, Fenneth, Tanthalas39, Earthlyreason, Insanephantom, Zarex, Redekopmark, Mineral, John Riemann Soong, Daswede, Antriver,
JohnCD, Dub8lad1, Augurr, Kushal one, Kgx, Danhs, THF, Dgw, Navjotjsingh, NickW557, Juhachi, Speedboxer, Ferdiaob, Sjadam1,
Leujohn, WeggeBot, Cureholder, Michael B. Trausch, RobertMetcalf, Tim1988, Kate Moose, Diablo1123, Peteturtle, Cydebot, Vin-
tage Philco Radios, Wikien2009, Psyclic, Cgcollins, Piguy, SunDog, Gogo Dodo, Damiancorrigan, Tiak, Geemer, Skittleys, Odie5533,
Tawkerbot4, HitroMilanese, DumbBOT, Asenine, Kozuch, Rasheedy, ErrantX, Mfko, Editor at Large, Helvetica, DalekClock, Sevenaces,
Ptrappe, Lx45803, JohnInDC, Joowwww, Malleus Fatuorum, Epbr123, FromanylanD, Jack-o-lantern, Kalvin3460, Zgmatty, Nishant-
saini, Ramananrv123, 23prootie, CopterKid, FalcHedgehog, N5iln, Mojo Hand, Nonagonal Spider, Fluxbot, Dalahst, George Samp-
son, Second Quantization, D.Tzumli, Dachande, Tellyaddict, Turkeyphant, Sven Erixon, NigelR, JCam, Chandler, Mixsynth, Charlot-
teWebb, Michael A. White, Dawnseeker2000, TRiG, The Person Who Is Strange, Allachris, Zupreme, KrakatoaKatie, AntiVandalBot,
Luna Santin, Widefox, Mvjs, MBParker, Joa987, Smachet, Yomangani, Czj, Apiya27, Armyofgnomes, Dashboardy, Vigeesh, Alhoon,
Robzz, Dbrains, Darkson, Scepia, Wesman1023, Bruce Devaux, Kevin.cohen, Storkk, Kothari.sagar, Dreaded Walrus, 41523, Darren-
husted, JAnDbot, Davewho2, Gtennis, HyperSushi21, Barek, MER-C, Bdr9, Sukamusiru, Instinct, Jonemerson, BCube, IJMacD, Cool-
handscot, Kburney, 100110100, PlazzTT, Doctorhawkes, Y2kcrazyjoker4, Mdoc7, Thunderfox933, Arnold Go, Magioladitis, Bongwar-
rior, VoABot II, Randomcombooetters, MastCell, JamesBWatson, Appraiser, Rankun, Bradcis, CameronB, CTF83!, H.sanat, Dima1,
Alyoshka, Steven Walling, Nyttend, Jatkins, Lebroyl, YA1YB4FIGKYITQ0FB8AR, SparrowsWing, Avicennasis, Supsupwatz, Fallschir-
mjger, Animum, Cyktsui, Styrofoam1994, Mike Payne, Gomm, Kunaldeo, Spellmaster, Hondaracer, Rupeshmandal, Chris G, Der-
Hexer, Dark Reign, Arkar1984, Gamesbook, JasonS2101, Patstuart, GreenJoe, Fluteute, TheFenrirLied, Adriaan, R27smith200245,
[email protected], MartinBot, CliC, Richard Odin Johnson, Fibra-Kun En, AirCombat, Siswrn, ElJoe0, Theo75~enwiki, Co-
braBK, Jim.henderson, Motley Crue Rocks, Nikosapi, Ravichandar84, Mackaber, Joshrichardson, Legalese, Hempsworth, Commons-
Delinker, A Cornish Pasty, PrestonH, EdBever, Drunk donkey, Shellwood, J.delanoy, Samuel J, Xxrobot, CFCF, Tilla, Kulshrax, Numbo3,
Jaymac407, Jesant13, Kkcolor, FSUNolez06, Ginsengbomb, WarthogDemon, Jammerpunk1089, P3net, Kudpung, Microphone~enwiki,
Acalamari, Leeked, Prk6, Dispenser, It Is Me Here, Senthilpinagapani, Down2mars, Eliethesame, Scoobystones, Gurchzilla, Saudiqbal,
Chikinsawsage, Dan argo, Chemicalrubber, Zhouf12, NewEnglandYankee, MKoltnow, Edmoil, Qubed, Arcticfreeze83~enwiki, Gbohlen-
der, Althepal, White 720, Cometstyles, STBotD, Vanished user sduh9823rijqdc982hroihwef83hjy3w, Madanarchist, Remember the dot,
Moverington, Non-existent account, Sarregouset, Inter16, Owie123, Fisgoon, Ironicsky, Locsinator, DigitalEnthusiast, Tkgd2007, Su-
permoneybags, Xiahou, WikiMan53, CardinalDan, Funandtrvl, Carstnn, SouperAwesome, JameiLei, Silassewell, Lights, Hammersoft,
VolkovBot, TreasuryTag, Mexicosis, AresAndEnyo, DSRH, Indubitably, Sekar33, Tyler9xp, AlnoktaBOT, DjArcadian, Soliloquial, Leo-
remy, Aesopos, Philip Trueman, PNG crusade bot, Quientus, Laptopdude, TXiKiBoT, Oshwah, Zidonuke, I.scheme.a.lot, Dreamsorcerer,
Vipinhari, Redwiki536, Jmklooster, Mowsbury, Jomarreyes, ILikeToRead, Qxz, Someguy1221, Moooon25, Mehwoot, Anjacl, Joel.labes,
M gol, Martin451, RedAndr, Jackfork, Muhammad Mahdi Karim, Thegoldbar, S0mePERS0N101, Shanata, CO, Arjunatgv, Broken-
wit, Aboomarg, Rogerdpack, Whbstare, Danny sepley, Cactus2, Pious7, Billinghurst, Joshery420, Cricketchamps, Eliza39045, Tomachi,
Vaioviewsony123, Meters, 2soonb16, BankingBum, Aksimian Minsskij, WJetChao, Willypie, Enviroboy, BluejacketT, Vchimpanzee,
Chenzw, LittleBenW, Jimbo607, Michael Frind, Logan, Iammrysh, Goodoog, Foxmajik, EmxBot, Iceage6891, Mayfare, Hebbet, Pare
Mo, OgdenChris, Anindianblogger, Rkarthea, SieBot, Leirith, Jalal2007, Nubiatech, Jauerback, Thegreatcurve, Caltas, Matthew Yeager,
Aznpidgeon222, Steveoeo, Paulbrock, Owl 2, Keilana, Maddiekate, Pxma, InterwebUsr, Flyer22 Reborn, Jimthing, Frostlord999, JSpung,
Thenotorouiouspie, Oxymoron83, Antonio Lopez, Ddxc, Poindexter Propellerhead, Wbazha, Kd24, Bouldermain, Diego Grez-Caete, Mr
White, Spitre19, LittlegreenmanfromMars, Jongleur100, Cyfal, Georgette2, Mygerardromance, Dust Filter, Helenock, Crazycasta, Ita-
marm10, Pikamander2, M2Ys4U, Denisarona, Escape Orbit, Bob.lanahan, Tuntable, Rock her, Rashid.ladaf, ImageRemovalBot, Helios
solaris, Martarius, Sfan00 IMG, Rfvuhbtg, Uriel0424, ClueBot, PipepBot, Foxj, Narom, The Thing That Should Not Be, Rjd0060, Windeh,
MIDI, Glaanieboy, Multipleidentitynumberthree, Froggy920, Outspan, Cptmurdok, Drmies, Frmorrison, Mild Bill Hiccup, Camrockz, Un-
cle Milty, Kathleen.wright5, Boing! said Zebedee, Xavexgoem, LizardJr8, Ashinberry, Parkwells, Ottawahitech, Trivialist, Carlo222222,
Alexbot, Socrates2008, Jusdafax, Resoru, Dogcatmousecheese, Njuuton, Estirabot, NuclearWarfare, Wikibojopayne, Jotterbot, Bremer-
enator, Dekisugi, One dripping assROD, Ashtonstreet01, Thingg, Versus22, CowsPoluteMoreThanCars, Stevenrasnick, Connah0047,
SoxBot III, Dlhumphrey, SF007, Citizen of the state, DumZiBoT, Katzo9.7, Macriada, Lunboks, AncientToaster, BarretB, XLinkBot,
Sftpbr, Nowthenews, Yuppers9876, Rror, MayoMayoMayo, Breadcrumbs, Matma Rex, Zodon, Avikpram, Airplaneman, SES21, Hexa-
Chord, Kodster, Jerryjf, B Fizz, Drummerjjk09, Vid89, Asrghasrhiojadrhr, Cunard, Addbot, Xp54321, Alexandrujuncu, American Ea-
gle, Grayfell, Milominderbinder2, Jhumbo, Willking1979, Blogsd, Some jerk on the Internet, Kakapikaka, Binary TSO, Theleftorium,
DougsTech, Zellfaze, Metagraph, Innv, Bmccaerty, Soccer5432, WikiFanCMC, Older than dirt, Fieldday-sunday, Untitledmind72, Lau-
rinavicius, MistaXFrye, Pc12345, Ashton1983, Cgd8d, Fluernutter, NjardarBot, Ecord, Download, Abubakersiddiq, Ravikolli, Glane23,
Simeon24601, General Staal, Jomunro, AndersBot, Debresser, Favonian, Xbotx, Doniago, SamatBot, Poocat9, Jasper Deng, 5 albert square,
Kartasanza, Sheliaval, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Thomasknowles, Jan eissfeldt, Teles, Gail, Jarble, Cody.feilding.nz, Odder, Ben Ben, Karan.102,
Luckas-bot, Yobot, Kakapi, 2D, Fraggle81, Legobot II, Awesomedrako, The Earwig, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Amelebashi, Snaven,
, Productofthebox, Eric-Wester, Koman90, AnomieBOT, Gtz, Killiondude, Jim1138, IRP, Galoubet, JackieBot, Piano non troppo,
Kumar ec032, Kingpin13, Sabata, Flewis, CarFan1234, Materialscientist, TheTechieGeek63, Citation bot, Taeshadow, WickWax, Arthur-
Bot, Bands-of-neon, LovesMacs, LilHelpa, JoeyCoonce, Kdube310, Xqbot, Nasnema, Elhehir, Person1936, Drovethrughosts, Jewang,
A.j0y0u5, Locos epraix, AbigailAbernathy, JeEpler, 5867dude, Knightrider154, RadiX, Frosted14, 11kravitzn, Wizardist, Protection-
TaggingBot, Ericgoldman, , Milebrega, Mark Schierbecker, Scientes, Mathonius, Thatoneguy1995, 78.26, AuCourantStory, Bhc3,
Companioncube31, Aaditya 7, Faulkie, Chriss789, iedas, Thehelpfulbot, Anteko, Schuhpuppe, Pepper, Shaggy321, Louis.lecoeur, Gate-
girl12345, Vineethkuruvath, HJ Mitchell, Girlwithgreeneyes, Jaxboy32, Puppy5999, A little insignicant, Cannolis, HamburgerRadio, Max
lombardo, OgreBot, Lady Lotus, Nadoqueen, Wwmonroe, Winterst, WQUlrich, Kenrick95, Pinethicket, I dream of horses, Bob123123123,
Bizcallers, Coekon, JNorman704, BeeJones, A8UDI, MastiBot, Brian Everlasting, Meaghan, Jandalhandler, Dac04, Zmander1, Wild
mine, Pantherskin, Bnc319, TobeBot, Awliya, Sweet xx, Train2104, Sheogorath, Catwalker909, Grapesoda22, Beerrocks, Lotje, Ed-
winyzh, Callanecc, Adrie7, Twalters82, Begoon, Gredandforge1998, Merlinsorca, Vanished user aoiowaiuyr894isdik43, Calicowoman0,
Genhuan, MikyStack, Mass09, Tbhotch, Von waxenstein, Sideways713, BrightBlackHeaven, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Wikiborg4711, Jfman-
tis, Djkcel, Mean as custard, Scottys94, Joseph.pentangelo, RjwilmsiBot, Sickmonkey123, Syscomet, Vaxent, Phlegat, Forenti, Becritical,
Malayil, SoftwareLibre, Slon02, AndrewQuiroz24, Rollins83, EmausBot, Sliceofmiami, Ruzeenrezvie, Gfoley4, Look2See1, Venomcuz,
Pbrowning, Ca.funke, Hula Hup, Racerx11, Gihanchanaka, Razor2988, EdEstes, RenamedUser01302013, Winner 42, Wikipelli, Dcirovic,
K6ka, Riddlemegan0, Kkm010, Chocolate4921, Liquidmetalrob, F, Shuipzv3, Katas2011, TheMegaIdiot, Bryce Carmony, Shencypeter,
14.2 Images 15

Qiob, AOC25, Kruzerkrapple, , Battoe19, Thedropsore, H3llBot, Ernstkm, Jdawg246, Kingicy, Erianna, AutoGeek, Otzithe-
caveman, Rcsprinter123, Allstar5198, Karthikndr, Gsarwa, Donner60, Moshi Monster Fan303, The Spock, RJW Times, Juancamene-
ses11, The9Man, RayneVanDunem, Megankou, Marioluigi98, Cshirish, LikeLakers2, Talhaji, Ad Orientem, Arunregi007, ClueBot NG,
Upadhyay eeshan, Better email better life, Gareth Grith-Jones, Goalloverhere, Bob4141, MelbourneStar, LogX, This lousy T-shirt,
Corex303, Theintuitus, Baseball Watcher, Simsock, Shoopyrules, Jamesbundu, YuMaNuMa, The Master of Mayhem, Leejoe Schar,
Hofmic, Abhijeet Safai, Twillisjr, Jiangkaiwen, U.Steele, Widr, Stinwin, Snowgeek22, Helpful Pixie Bot, Daniel Biazoto, ,
Titodutta, Calidum, Calabe1992, WNYY98, Lowercase sigmabot, BG19bot, Mousie12, KamranMackey, AlbertEinstein99, CityOfSil-
ver, Maxum95P, Andymcsherry, Sujathasubhash, Graham11, MusikAnimal, Dpipski, Adsandy, Ausmanpk, Compfreak7, TrebleSeven,
Benzband, Falkirks, Joydeep, Timotheus1, Altar, Aranea Mortem, Tony Tan, Gorobay, AlbionSection, Meclee, Glacialfox, Geilamir,
Kostasawesome, Smarttim, Tanmoy705, BattyBot, Millennium bug, David.moreno72, Calcwatch15, David Greener, Bs100218, Cyberbot
II, ChrisGualtieri, Xyzspaniel, LocalNet, Soulparadox, Theresemsmith, Drvela, Cpt.a.haddock, Rezonansowy, Mattjsrules, Mrkdmp, Co-
dename Lisa, Wiki4jey, James sudworth, Kalyandev, Kaleb Verhaeghe, Makecat-bot, Fancypants0120, Lugia2453, Isarra (HG), Frosty,
Shakgenii, JigPungle, Sahithsas, Kateyn.kohl, General lee100, Greengreengreenred, Kevinfury, Acetotyce, Jamesmcmahon0, Saucymug-
wump, TheMillionRabbit, Melonkelon, Pseudonymous Rex, Tentinator, NYBrook098, New worl, Babitaarora, Trooper1005, 211oo1,
Wikiuser13, Nscher831, MesserAbouter, Deaunagibbs, JWNoctis, Lmorrisetcher, Persieus2670, Bhasinnitish, SharpPack, WikiVids,
Bojo1498, Seundeocr, Docdo, JaconaFrere, Skr15081997, Adamtt9, 7Sidz, Sneha20singh$, UltraJames, Daksh004, Abhinavpatel007,
Aditjain1980, CatcherStorm, Monkbot, Mr Nextious Wolemon, Guyzola53, Lucky Ducky 7, Horse lover 116, Estrategist, Nexthh87,
Clubjustin, Acagastya, Alien Putsch resistant, ShaylaCoe, Hannah1420036, Seonutz, Negative24, Sunmist, TerryAlex, Nitin93anker,
Blogsiva, HMSLavender, SD0001, Dontworryixedit, Seano314, JC713, KH-1, Gusthes, Ofeliahemme, ChamithN, Sonic N800, Crys-
tallizedcarbon, Howtoisolve, Matiia, Saahil shetty, Karimkamali, Liance, Baliharish, Jay patel 1555, Iantoz, MinetrooperS12, Moshrf,
NMPNY, Shgutow, LevenB, Kaungkhantkyaw2015, Marleymarleymarley69, Johanna, Debjaniwrites, Amaltasd, ToonLucas22, Shastri
rdec, XSventse, Evil6010, Evil6011, Evil6012, Ghgggggggggg, Johnwang101, Md parwez arman, Ezrawalker745, Guptasaurabh209, Kas-
parBot, Baoluoix, Daniel Kryzhanovski, MusikBot, Rowayda nasser, Courtneymoberly, Morphdog, Modelhabob, Cobbutksbspotraoobat,
My Chemistry romantic, Oluwa2Chainz, Ffswontforget, Johnbalestrino, Scott2357, Gudtalent, StopShellFromTheArctic, Gaste Archibald
Wozniak, Jr., Murph9000, Pampzopedia, V.LALRINDIKA, Shaq000786, NonAlphabetic, Harshsharma9619, Some of everything, Mer-
ceeleeann, Coddan Ercin, Chandra100n, Seanbello, Gotitbro, Parsa272, Chenthil Vel, CLCStudent, Rollingcontributor, Goo16, Simplex-
ity22, Camptamp179, Mannysoloway, Abdullahbenu, Allthefoxes, Renteriairene, InternetArchiveBot, Donnie Keeney, H.mmariee, Ces-
Pan, Md.Shajedul Haque, Mk2897, Olivia.frederick, Sudhanshu221, BeautyPink1, DBZFan30, Loganmccaig1234, Flaherty05, Gurban-
guly Berdimuhamedow, RebekahYockey, Imri12, Michal farkas, Melipone5s, Mikkyvee, KGirlTrucker81, GreenC bot, Nwe Nwe123,
Salientunplugged, Curdnovel234, Cdonitzen, Dragonmove, NeRdMuRdErEr715, Fanfan12317, Loveena Chhatlani, IzzyCx, MisterRan-
domized, ReMiiX Lethal, Natividadhall, Joshkeogh123, Sudeepdhakal, Halieyhortowiski, Martinananx, Demi-rae2000, Siran5678, Jelly-
Jaydeep, Niamhbarrett, Perpscerpguy, Joseph lee walker, Fintans6, Gbosekals, Sinister6889, Bender the Bot, Deccy Murphy, Sudan.regmi,
L3X1, Morganmatheny, Thefrugalpinoytv, NanoStance, MishraMan, Omegaa7838, Kookcsp, Jellyman698, Brandonharnell33, Cara buat
gmail, Rtiger65432345, Ewun 123, MostWanted07, MajaGiebien2006, Julkar ahmed sayem, Charley006, EnderJake1, EvanDylanBroden-
Bartek, Sasikumarss, Davidjakson, Willow-mae, Alden1, Samqrs, Amoman123, Harshv967, Petlover2006 and Anonymous: 2149

14.2 Images
File:Android_robot_2014.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Android_robot_2014.svg License: CC
BY 3.0 Contributors: File:Android robot.svg, https://android.com Original artist: Google
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_
linneighborhood.svg License: LGPL Contributors: All Crystal Clear icons were posted by the author as LGPL on kde-look; Derivative
works of this le: of File:Banned proxys.svg Original artist: Everaldo Coelho and YellowIcon; User:Ch.Andrew, Notwist and Carport
File:Decrease2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Decrease2.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Sarang
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by-
sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Gmail-transport-encryption.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Gmail-transport-encryption.png Li-
cense: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Gmail_Icon.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Gmail_Icon.png License: Public domain Contribu-
tors: gMail site Original artist: Google Inc.
File:Gmail_inbox_in_Japanese.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1b/Gmail_inbox_in_Japanese.png License:
PD Contributors:
http://mail.google.com/mail/ Original artist:
n/a
File:Gmail_mobile_screenshot.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Gmail_mobile_screenshot.png License:
Fair use Contributors: Original publication: July 13, 2015

Immediate source: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.gm&hl=en Original artist: Google, Inc.

File:Gmail_screenshot.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c5/Gmail_screenshot.png License: Fair use Contribu-
tors:
https://mail.google.com/ Original artist: ?
File:Google_2015_logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Google_2015_logo.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/master/ui/webui/resources/images/google_logo.svg Original
artist: Google Inc.
16 14 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ?

Original artist: ?
File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This le was derived from Wiki letter w.svg: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Wiki_letter_w.svg' class='image'><img alt='Wiki letter w.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_
letter_w.svg/50px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png' width='50' height='50' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/
Wiki_letter_w.svg/75px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/
100px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='44' data-le-height='44' /></a>
Original artist: Derivative work by Thumperward
File:Wikibooks-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Bastique, User:Ramac et al.

14.3 Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0