Boeing Skyfox
Boeing Skyfox
Boeing Skyfox
Contents
1 Lockheed T-33 1
1.1 Design and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Operational history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.1 U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.2 Military use by other nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.3 Civilian use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Variants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3.1 Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.2 Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 Aircraft on display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.6 Notable accidents and incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.7 Specications (T-33A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.8 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.9.1 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.9.2 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.10 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 Boeing Skyfox 9
2.1 Design and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.1 Conversion options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.2 Operation and support costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.3 Potential customers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 Operational history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 Specications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3 Garrett TFE731 13
3.1 Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
i
ii CONTENTS
3.3 Variants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.4 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.5 Specications (TFE731-2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.6 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.7 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.10.1 Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.10.2 Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.10.3 Content license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Chapter 1
Lockheed T-33
The Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star (or T-Bird) is 1.2.1 U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy
an American jet trainer aircraft. It was produced by
Lockheed and made its rst ight in 1948 piloted by Tony The two-place T-33 proved suitable as an advanced
LeVier. The T-33 was developed from the Lockheed trainer, and it has been used for such tasks as drone di-
P-80/F-80 starting as TP-80C/TF-80C in development, rector and target towing. The U.S. Air Force began phas-
then designated T-33A. It was used by the U.S. Navy ini- ing the T-33 out of front line pilot training duties in the
tially as TO-2 then TV-2, and after 1962, T-33B. As of Air Training Command in the early 1960s as the Cessna
2015, Canadian-built examples remain in service with the T-37 Tweet and Northrop T-38 Talon aircraft began re-
Bolivian Air Force. placing it under the Undergraduate Pilot Training (UPT)
program. The T-33 was used to train cadets from the
Air Force Academy at Peterson Field (now Peterson Air
1.1 Design and development Force Base in Colorado Springs). The T-37 replaced
the T-33 for Academy training in 1975. The nal T-33
The T-33 was developed from the Lockheed P-80/F-80 used in advanced training was replaced 8 February 1967
by lengthening the fuselage by slightly over three feet and at Craig AFB, Alabama.[2] Similar replacement also oc-
adding a second seat, instrumentation and ight controls. curred in the U.S. Navy with the TV-1 (also renamed T-
It was initially designated as a variant of the P-80/F-80, 33 in 1962) as more advanced aircraft such as the North
the TP-80C/TF-80C.[1] American T-2 Buckeye and Douglas TA-4 Skyhawk II
came on line. USAF and USN versions of the T-33 sol-
Design work for the Lockheed P-80 began in 1943 with diered on into the 1970s and 1980s with USAF and USN
the rst ight on 8 January 1944. Following on the Bell as utility aircraft and prociency trainers, with some of
P-59, the P-80 became the rst jet ghter to enter full the former USN aircraft being expended as full scale
squadron service in the United States Army Air Forces. aerial targets for air-to-air missile tests from naval air-
As more advanced jets entered service, the F-80 took on craft and surface-to-air missile tests from naval vessels.
another roletraining jet pilots. The two-place T-33 jet Several T-33s were assigned to USAF McDonnell F-101
was designed for training pilots already qualied to y Voodoo, Convair F-102 Delta Dagger and Convair F-106
propeller-driven aircraft. Delta Dart units, to include similarly equipped Air Na-
Originally designated the TF-80C, the T-33 made its rst tional Guard units, of the Aerospace Defense Command
ight on 22 March 1948 with U.S. production taking as prociency trainers and practice bogey aircraft. Oth-
place from 1948 to 1959. The US Navy used the T-33 ers later went to Tactical Air Command and TAC-gained
as a land-based trainer starting in 1949. It was desig- Air National Guard F-106 and McDonnell-Douglas F-4
nated the TV-2, but was redesignated the T-33B in 1962. Phantom II units in a similar role until they were nally
The Navy operated some ex-USAF P-80Cs as the TO-1, retired, with the last being an NT-33 variant retired in
changed to the TV-1 about a year later. A carrier-capable April 1997.
version of the P-80/T-33 family was subsequently devel-
oped by Lockheed, eventually leading to the late 1950s to
1970s T2V-1/T-1A SeaStar. The two TF-80C prototypes 1.2.2 Military use by other nations
were modied as prototypes for an all-weather two-seater
ghter variant which became the F-94 Starre. A total of Some T-33s retained two machine guns for gunnery train-
6,557 Shooting Stars were produced, 5,691 by Lockheed, ing, and in some countries, the T-33 was even used in
210 by Kawasaki and 656 by Canadair. combat: the Cuban Air Force used them during the Bay
of Pigs Invasion, scoring several kills. The RT-33A ver-
sion, reconnaissance aircraft produced primarily for use
1.2 Operational history by foreign countries, had a camera installed in the nose
and additional equipment in the rear cockpit. T-33s con-
1
2 CHAPTER 1. LOCKHEED T-33
tinued to y as currency trainers, drone towing, com- In the 1980s, an attempt was made to modify and mod-
bat and tactical simulation training, hack aircraft, elec- ernize the T-33 as the Boeing Skyfox, but a lack of orders
tronic countermeasures and warfare training and test plat- led to the projects cancellation. About 70% of the T-
forms right into the 1980s. 33s airframe was retained in the Skyfox, but it was pow-
ered by two Garrett AiResearch TFE731-3A turbofan en-
gines.
In the late 1990s, 18 T-33 Mk-III and T-33 SF-SC from
the Bolivian Air Force went to Canada to be modernized
at Kelowna Flightcraft. New avionics were installed, and
detailed inspection and renewal of the fuselage and wings
were performed. Most of the aircraft returned in early
2001 and remain operational.
1.3 Variants
TP-80C Original United States military designation for
the Lockheed Model 580 two-seat trainer for the
United States Army Air Forces. Designation
changed to TF-80C on 11 June 1948 following es-
tablishment of the United States Air Force as a sep-
United States Air Force Lockheed RT-33 reconnaissance plane
arate military service in 1947, and then to T-33A on
forced down in December 1957, on display in Gjirokastr,
5 May 1949; 20 built.
Albania.
T-33A Two-seat jet trainer aircraft for the United States
Air Force and delivery to foreign air forces under the
Military Aid Program, 5871 including 699 diverted
to the United States Navy as the TV-2.
AT-33A Conversions of the T-33A for export as a close
support variant tted with underwing pylons and
hard points for bombs and rockets. Also used in
the original ghter lead-in program at Cannon AFB,
NM approximately 1972- 1975.
DT-33A This designation was given to a number of T-
33As converted into drone directors.
NT-33A This designation was given to a number of T-
USAF Lockheed NT-33A 33As converted into special test aircraft.
QT-33A This designation was given to number of T-
The T-33 has served with over 30 nations, and continues
33As converted into aerial target drones for the
to operate as a trainer in smaller air forces. Canadair built
United States Navy.
656 T-33s on licence for service in the RCAFCanadian
Forces as the CT-133 Silver Star while Kawasaki manu- RT-33A T-33A modied before delivery as a single-seat
factured 210 in Japan. Other operators included Brazil, reconnaissance variant; 85 built, mainly for export
Turkey and Thailand which used the T-33 extensively. under the Military Aid Program.
1.4. OPERATORS 3
1.3.1 Canada
1.3.2 Other
1.4 Operators
L-245 One Lockheed owned fuselage with a more pow-
erful engine. Was later developed into the T2V For operators of Canadian-built aircraft refer to Canadair
SeaStar.[6] T-33.
T-33 Republic of Korea Air Force Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star belonging to the former Imperial
Iranian Air Force (IIAF)
Belgian Air Force (38 T-33A, 1 RT-33A oper-
ated from 1952) (all retired) Brazilian Air Force (all retired)
Bolivia Burma
Bolivian Air Force - Bolivia acquired 15 T-33AN Burmese Air Force 15 x AT-33A for use as train-
from Canada in 197374, purchasing 5 more from ers and close air support.[11] (all retired)
Canada in 1977 and 18 T-33SFs from France in
1985.[8] 18 were upgraded to T-33-2000 standard
Canada
in 20002001.[9] 14 remain operational as of De-
cember 2015.[10]
Royal Canadian Air Force
Brazil
Royal Canadian Navy
1.4. OPERATORS 5
Cuba
Denmark
T-33 T-Bird of French Air Force in 1980 on the Air Base 705 of
Tours Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
(all retired)
Germany
Greece
Japan Air Self-Defense ForceT-33A
Guatemala
Chile (all retired)
Honduras
Republic of China Air Force (all retired)
Indonesia Pakistan
Indonesian Air Force T-33A (all retired) Pakistan Air Force T-33A, RT-33A (all retired)
Iran Paraguay
Imperial Iranian Air Force Paraguayan Air Force operated six AT-33A donated
by Taiwan in 1990. The belonged to the Grupo
Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force (all retired) Aerotctico (GAT) 2nd. Fighter Squadron called
Indios. They were withdrawn from use in 1998.
Italy
Peru
Japan Air Self Defense Force T-33A assembled Philippine Air Force (all retired)
and later manufactured by Kawasaki Heavy Indus-
tries Aerospace Company from 1956.[14] (all re- Portugal
tired)
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Portuguese Air Force T-33A and one RT-33A (all
retired)
Nicaragua
Republic of Korea Air Force: T-33A is First intro-
duction Time: August, 1955. It also served with the
Fuerza Area de Nicaragua FAN received delivery ROKAF Black Eagles aerobatic team, (all retired)
of four AT-33A aircraft from the US Government
after the failed Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961. Retired Spain
from service in 1979.
Thailand
Royal Norwegian Air Force (all retired)
1.8. SEE ALSO 7
Wingspan: 38 ft 10 1 2 in (11.85 m)
Turkey
Height: 11 ft 8 in (3.55 m)
Turkish Air Force T-33A and RT-33A (all retired) Wing area: 234.8 sq ft (21.81 m2 )
[14] History of the Kawasaki Aerospace Division. Kawasaki 1.10 External links
Heavy Industries, Ltd. Retrieved: 21 March 2010.
T-33 in Mexican Air Force
[15] Pocock 1986, p. 92.
AeroWeb: T-33s on display list
[16] Aircraft Enquiry: N109X. FAA Registry. Retrieved:
11 Mar 2012. Warbird Alley: T-33 page
Boeing Skyfox
|} The Boeing Skyfox was a twin-engined jet trainer air- fuel storage, eliminating the need for the T-33s tip tanks,
craft, a highly upgraded development of the Lockheed but tip mountings were retained to accommodate optional
T-33. It was designed as a primary trainer to compete auxiliary fuel tanks if desired.
with and replace the Cessna T-37 Tweet.[1] Besides its Other modications included inboard wing leading-edge
primary role as a trainer, the aircraft was envisioned to
extensions, the replacement of the tip tanks with winglets,
have other roles as well, including ground attack. The new canopy with one-piece windshield, revised nose ge-
program was started by the Skyfox Corporation in 1983,
ometry to improved visibility from the cockpit and to fair
and was acquired by Boeing in 1986.[2] into the T-33s lateral intakes, new tail surfaces with a
The program included the replacement of the Allison mid-set tailplane, although the original wings were re-
J33-A-35 turbojet by two Garrett TFE731-3A turbofans. tained, and new avionics.
It also included an extensive redesign of the airframe.
Only one prototype aircraft was built, and the program
was later canceled due to lack of customers.[3] 2.1.1 Conversion options
9
10 CHAPTER 2. BOEING SKYFOX
Aerodynamic renement kit. To replace the T-33A, Portugal signed a letter of intent
with the Skyfox Corporation in the middle of the 1980s
Structural renement kit. for 20 conversion kits. The Fora Area Portuguesa
(FAP) proposed that Ocinas Gerais de Material Aero-
nautico (OGMA) in Alverca would undertake the con-
Nose wheel steering.
versions, but insucient orders were obtained from other
nations to motivate Boeing to continue with the project.[6]
Anti-skid power brakes.
Hydraulic components kit. Even the USAF was interested in the Skyfox. It was orig-
inally planned to demonstrate the Skyfox at Farnborough
Generator control and distribution system. International 1986, but the aircraft was tested at the time
by the USAF. Eventually, the USAF did not purchase the
Throttle quadrants and control system. Skyfox.
August 1983.[8] After conversion to the Skyfox congu- Fuel consumption: 23.3 mg/(Ns).
ration it ew its rst ight as the Skyfox prototype on 23
August 1983, nearly 35.5 years after the rst ight of the Armament
T-33. Race and test pilot Skip Holm performed the initial
ight test at the Mojave Airport, California. The Skyfox
prototype was white overall, with black cheat lines, and a A total of 2,700 kg of armament on 10 underwing hard-
very pale blue trim. points.
Internal fuel capacity: 3,191 litres [3] Boeing Skyfox. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
Total fuel capacity: 4,932 litres [4] Baugher, Joe. Lockheed TP-80C/TF-80C/T-33A.
USAF Fighters, 16 July 1999. Retrieved: 15 July 2011.
Powerplant: 2 Garrett TFE7313A turbofan,
3,700 lbf (16.5 kN) each [5] Lockheed T-33 'Shooting Star'. Warbird Alley. Re-
trieved: 15 July 2011.
Performance [6] Huertas 1996, p. 152.
Range: ** Internal fuel: 1960 nmi (3,630 km) [7] CT-33/RCAF21160. Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 15
July 2011.
Internal and external fuel: 2,600 nmi (4,815
[8] N221SF. FAA Retrieved: 15 July 2011.
km) ()
[9] Skyfox Specications. Airwar. Retrieved: 15 July
Service ceiling: 40,000 ft (12,192 m) 2011.
Rate of climb: 4,900 ft/min (1,494 m/min) at sea
level. (985 ft/min [300 m/min] at altitude) Bibliography
12 CHAPTER 2. BOEING SKYFOX
Air Classics, Volume 19, Number 11, November 2.6 External links
1983.
Boeing Skyfox by Ruud Deurenberg
Aviation Week & Space Technology, 23 May 1983.
Airwar Skyfox
Aviation Week & Space Technology, 29 August
1983, p. 23.
Garrett TFE731
The Garrett TFE731 (now Honeywell TFE731) is The TFE731 was based on the core of the TSCP700,
a family of geared turbofan engines commonly used which was specically developed for use as the auxiliary
on business jet aircraft. Garrett AiResearch originally power unit (APU) on the McDonnell Douglas DC-10.
designed and built the engine, which due to mergers The design featured two important factors: low fuel con-
was later produced by AlliedSignal and now Honeywell sumption, and low noise proles that met the newly es-
Aerospace. tablished U.S. noise abatement regulations.
Since the engine was introduced in 1972, over 11,000 The rst test run of the TFE731 occurred in 1970 at Gar-
engines have been built, ying over 100 million ight- retts plant in Torrance, California.[2] The rst production
hours.[1] model, the TFE731-2, began rolling o the assembly line
in August, 1972, and was used on the Learjet 35/36 and
Dassault Falcon 10, both of which entered production in
3.1 Development 1973.
The TFE731-3 was developed for use in the Lockheed
JetStar re-engining program, and subsequent versions of
it have been used on a number of aircraft, including the
Learjet 55.
In 1975, the TFE731 was named Aviation Product of the
Year by Zi-Davis Publishing Company.[3]
The 5 model was certied in 1982, and a decade later,
an engine utilizing the TFE731-5 power section and a
TFE731-3 fan was built and designated the TFE731-4,
intended to power the Cessna Citation VII aircraft.[4]
The most recent version is the TFE731-50, based on the
60 used on the Falcon 900DX, which underwent its
ight test program in 2005. Honeywell has developed this
engine complete with nacelle as a candidate to retrot a
Honeywell TFE731 and S-duct intake of a Dassault Falcon
900EX exposed during maintenance
number of aircraft equipped with older engines.[5]
3.2 Design
The TFE731-60 has an inlet diameter of 0.787 m. The
fan consists of 22 fan blades, 52 exit-guide vanes, and ten
struts, and is driven by a gearbox. The ve-stage com-
pressor has four axial (LP) stages and one radial or cen-
trifugal (HP) stage.
3.3 Variants
TFE731-2
View of a TFE731-4R in maintenance with cowlings, afterbody
and thrust reverser removed. TFE731-3
13
14 CHAPTER 3. GARRETT TFE731
Aero L-139 (prototype only) Compressor: 1 stage fan, 4 axial low pressure com-
pressor stages, 1 centrifugal high pressure compres-
AIDC AT-3 sor stage
Boeing Skyfox Combustors: Annular
British Aerospace BAe 125 Series 700 Turbine: 1 stage high pressure turbine, 3 stage low
pressure turbine
CASA C-101
3.7 Notes
[1] TFE731. Honeywell.
3.8 References
Gunston, Bill (2006). World Encyclopedia of Aero
Engines, 5th Edition. Phoenix Mill, Gloucestershire,
England, UK: Sutton Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-
7509-4479-X.
Leyes II, Richard A.; William A. Fleming (1999).
10. The History of North American Small Gas
Turbine Aircraft Engines. Washington, DC: Smith-
sonian Institution. ISBN 1-56347-332-1.
3.10.2 Images
File:023_a_T-33A_of_RoKAF_(3223333726).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/023_a_T-33A_of_
RoKAF_%283223333726%29.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: 023 a T-33A of RoKAF Original artist: Jerry Gunner from Lincoln,
UK
File:Boeing_Skyfox.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Boeing_Skyfox.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Con-
tributors: http://www.warbirds-online.org/index.php?s=Skyfox Original artist: Warbirds Online
File:Canadian_Red_Ensign_1921-1957.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Canadian_Red_Ensign_
1921-1957.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
File:DF-ST-89-09964.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/DF-ST-89-09964.jpg License: Public do-
main Contributors: http://www.dodmedia.osd.mil/DVIC_View/Still_Details.cfm?SDAN=DFST8909964&JPGPath=/Assets/Still/1989/
Air_Force/DF-ST-89-09964.JPG Original artist: MSGT GUIDO LOCATI
File:Dassault_Falcon_900EX,_Italy_-_Air_Force_JP6346097.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/
Dassault_Falcon_900EX%2C_Italy_-_Air_Force_JP6346097.jpg License: GFDL 1.2 Contributors:
Gallery page http://jetphotos.net/viewphoto.php?id=6346097 Original artist: Aldo Bidini
File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Bolivia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Chile.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Colombia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Cuba.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: User:Madden
3.10. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 17