IJMTES030638
IJMTES030638
IJMTES030638
Keywords ETABS 2013, Earthquake, Waffle Slab, Flat Slab, Seismic Analysis, Storey Drift, Maximum Displacement
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1.INTRODUCTION ribs are typically designed as T-beams, often spanning in the long
direction. A solid drop panel is required at the columns and load
In general normal frame construction utilizes columns, beams and bearing walls for shear and moment resistance.
slabs. However it may be possible to undertake construction
without providing beams, in such a case the frame system would
consist of slab and column without beams. These types of slabs are
called flat slabs. The slab directly rests on the column and load
from the slab is directly transferred to the columns and then to the
foundation. Flat slabs have been widely used in building
construction due to their advantages in reducing storey height and
construction period (compared with RC frames with beams and
columns), leading to a reduction of construction costs
1.1 Objective
Slab depths typically vary from 75 to 125 mm and rib Analysis And Design of Flat Slab and Grid Slab and their Cost
widths from 125 to 200 mm. Rib spacing of 600 to 1500 mm can be Comparison by Amit A. Sathawane, R.S. Deotale/ International
used. The overall depth of the floor typically varies from 300 to 600 Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN:
mm with overall spans of up to 15 m if reinforced, longer if post- 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.837-
tensioned. The use of ribs to the soffit of the slab reduces the 848
quantity of concrete and reinforcement and also the weight of the The aim of the project is to determine the most economical slab
floor. The saving of materials will be offset by the complication in between flat slab with drop, Flat slab without drop and grid slab.
formwork and placing of reinforcement. For ribs at 1200-mm The proposed construction site is Nexus point apposite to Vidhan
centres (to suit standard forms) the economical reinforced concrete Bhavan and beside NMC office, Nagpur. The total length of slab is
floor span L is approximately D x 15 for a single span and D x 22 31.38 m and width is 27.22 m. total area of slab is 854.16 sqm. It is
for a multi-span, where D is the overall floor depth. The one-way designed by using M35 Grade concrete and Fe415 steel. Analysis of
the flat slab and grid slab has been done both manually by IS 456- confine the longitudinal reinforcement bars in the ribs. Buckling of
2000 and by using software also. Flat slab and Grid slab has been the bars occurred when the cover concrete was lost. Since current
analyzed by STAAD PRO. Rates have been taken according to design regulations require designing for low inter story drift ratio
N.M.C. C.S.R. It is observed that the Drops are important criteria in (=0.006), it may be said that with both types of reinforcement it is
increasing the shear strength of the slab and the Flat slab with drop possible to reach similar deformations with the same safety. Shear
is more economical than flat slab without drop and grid slab. stud reinforcement has an advantage in the co-location rate, but
with the inconvenience that they may not confine properly the
Comparative Study of Seismic Performance of Multistoried compression steel. The use of post tensioned waffle slabs without a
RCC Buildings With Flat Slab and Grid Slab by Salman I solid zone around the column is not recommended. Although this
Khan1 and Ashok R Mundhada of International Journal of testing evidence seems to show that the system can reach
Structural and Civil Engineering Research (ISSN 2319-6009) Vol.4 deformation levels larger than those specified in the Normas
No.1, February 2015. tecnicas complementarias para el diseo y construccin de
This paper presents a review of the seismic performance estructuras de concreto (NTC-Conceto, 2004), more studies are
of multi-storied buildings for different floor heights and having required before such recommendation can be made.
different floor systems like Flat slabs, Grid slabs and conventional
solid slab-beam systems. It seems that the seismic performance of Finite Element Analysis and Parametric Study of Grid Floor
buildings having grid slab and flat slab is comparable but the Slab by Muhammed Yoosaf.K.T, Ramadass S, Jayasree
differences exist. For e.g. the base shear of a multi-storey structure Ramanujan American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) e-
with flat slab is less as compared to Grid slab, whereas the axial ISSN : 2320-0847;p-ISSN : 2320-0936 Volume-3 pp-20-27
force in the intermediate columns are more in case of flat slabs than www.ajer.org.
grid slabs. Buildings having the flat slab system are weaker in shear This paper deals with the influence of various parameters on the
as compared to those with conventional or even grid slab systems. economical spacing of the transverse beams in grid floor. The
The storey drift in building with flat slab construction was parameters considered in this study are span to depth ratio, spacing
significantly more as compared to conventional RCC building. As a of transverse beams, thickness of web and thickness of flange. The
result, additional moments were developed. Therefore, the columns magnitude of span to depth ratio considered is 16 to 60. The
of such buildings should be designed by considering additional spacing of transverse beams is varied from 0.5m to 2.0 m.
moments caused by the drift. Base shear of flat slab building would Thickness of slab and the ribs are made constant and are equal to
be less than the base shear in grid slab building. To draw definitive 0.1m and 0.15m respectively. The bending moment, the shear force
conclusions, more research is required. and the mid span deflection developed in grid floor beams have
been predicted by conventional and numerical methods and the
Dynamic Analysis of Multi-storey RCC Building Frame with results are compared. The parametric study is carried out using the
Flat Slab and Grid Slab by Ravi Kumar Makode, Saleem Akhtar, model proposed by ANSYS 12.0 software. The results of the study
Geeta Batham Int. Journal of Engineering Research and give an insight to the range for the magnitude of the various
Applications ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 2( Version 1), parameters to be considered for the optimum performance of grid
February 2014, pp.416-420. floors.
The flat slab buildings in which slab is directly rested on columns, Based on the present study, the following conclusions are
have been adopted in many buildings constructed recently due to arrived at.
the advantage of reduced floor to floor heights to meet the The spacing of grid beams influences the mid span
economical and architectural demands. Base shear of flat slab deflection and the bending moments developed in the grid
building is less than the base shear in grid slab building in both X beams
and Y-directions. Axial force in end columns of flat slab building is The span to depth ratio of grid floor slab system
less as compared to grid slab building. Axial force in intermediate influences the mid span deflection and the bending
columns of flat slab building is more as compared to grid slab moments developed in the grid floor beams
building. Maximum shear force is occurs in column of story-3. For It is expected that the monogram developed in this study
zone-II and soil type-II building drift in flat slab building and grid is useful for arriving at economical spacing of grid beams
slab building is within limit in both X and Y-directions. Building for the design of grid floor slabs.
drift in grid slab building is less as compared to flat slab building in Study on Economical Aspect of R.C.C Beam Slab Construction
each story in both X and Y-directions. and Grid Slab by Uzma A. Shaikh, Prof. Mohd. Shahezad,
International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research
Punching Shear in Waffle Slab Seismic Design by E. Arellano- Technology (ISSN: 2277-9655) Scientific Journal Impact Factor:
Mndez & O.M. Gonzlez-Cuevas Universidad Autnoma 3.449 (ISRA), Impact Factor: 1.852 [Shaikh, 3(8): August, 2014]
Metropolitana, Mxico D.F The aim of this work is to design R.C.C Beam Slab, One-Way
Five full-sized post tensioned flat slab-column connections Continuous Slab as well as Grid Slab for spans 15m X 27m and
subjected to axial load and flexural moment were tested to study then compare the results. This work includes the design and
their mode of failure, strength and ductility. The variables that were estimate for Conventional Beam Slab and Grid Slab of same span
tested are: 1) provision of stirrups or stud shear reinforcement; 2) of 15m X 27 m by M20, M25 and M30 grade of concrete. For
spacing between stirrups or shear studs; and 3) relationship between smaller spans, associated with normal building works, conventional
the applied axial load, Vu, and the punching shear strength of the beam slabs are found more cost effective, in this project comparison
slab with axial load and without shear reinforcement, VcR. In this of conventional beam slab and grid slab is made on the basis of
research, waffle slabs were used, being more used in Mexico than major material requirements of the slab. Based on the study and
solid slabs for economic reasons. design conducted for a plan of 15 m x 27 m it could be concluded
Both types of shear reinforcement used were suitable to resist the that RCC One way ribbed slab is more preferable than other two
applied load at low levels of inter story drift ratio. When levels of types of slab that is RCC one way continuous slab and grid slab.
inter story drift ratio larger to those allowed in ductile structures From cost point two way grid slab is more costlier than other two
regulations were applied, problems arose in the connections with types, there is a slight difference in between cost of One way
stud shear reinforcement (SSR), because SSR does not properly continuous slab and one way ribbed slab of 700 mm depth but in
case of one way continuous slab the clear head is less as depth of (IJEIT) Volume 2, Issue 12, June 2013 (ISSN: 2277-3754) ISO
beam is 900 mm where as in one way ribbed slab we are getting 9001:2008 Certified
more clear head. Besides, two way grid slab of 700 mm depth The main aim of this research is to analyze the structural behaviour
provide greater headroom and give column free space and good of the new suggested composite slab type under different conditions
architectural view. From economical point view RCC one way using the well known structural analysis program SAP2000. Indeed,
continuous slab is 5.21% costlier than one way ribbed slab of 700 this analysis requires a very careful choice of the used modelling
mm depth. Similarly two way grid slab of 900 mm depth is 43.21 % technique to accurately simulate the waffle composite slabs.
costlier and two way grid slabs of 700 mm depth is 32 % costlier Therefore firstly, a modelling techniques evaluation of waffle
than one way ribbed slab. composite slabs was achieved numerically using the finite element
technique and compared to the previously available experimental
Seismic Evaluation of Old RC Waffle Flat-Plate Systems by X. results of one-way composite slab types to achieve the best
Cahs, A. Benavent-Climent and A. Catalan, The 14th World modelling among three models named real shape, equivalent and
Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, 2008, grillage models assuming full interaction between steel sheeting and
Beijing, China. overlaying concrete. Many influencing parameters such as
In moderate-seismicity southern European countries it is very the waffle rectangularity, boundary conditions, depth and
common to use reinforced concrete waffle flat-plate structures for corrugation cell aspect ratio and corrugation type (trapezoidal and
sustaining both vertical and lateral earthquake loads. In the case of re entrant) which were expected to affect the structural behaviour of
Spain, many of these structures were designed during the seventies, the two-ways waffle composite slabs were investigated under
eighties and nineties according to earlier seismic codes which uniformly distributed loads.
required relatively small lateral strength and did not contain any The motivating force to achieve this research is trying to avoid
provision for attaining ductility. Past earthquakes have raised some undesired structural features and executive conditions of the
serious concerns about the safety of these structures in the case of a well-known traditional composite slabs reinforced with one-way
severe earthquake. In this paper, a numerical investigation is carried corrugated steel sheets.
out to evaluate the seismic demands on old RC waffle plate systems
located in southern Spain, in a moderate-to-high seismicity region. 3. METHODOLOGY
A prototype building, designed according to Spanish codes from the
1970s to 1990s and current construction practices, was analysed
with SAP2000 by using a non-linear static method. The frame
model was equipped with user defined hinges based on testing. The
low gravity shear ratio and the consideration of punching
reinforcement (a usual Spanish practice even when it was not
deemed necessary from calculation) lead to a strong column/weak
slab behaviour.
Experimentally based moment-rotation hinge models, for interior
and exterior waffle slab-column connections, are herein defined for
use in effective beam frame analysis. The test specimens were
provided with punching reinforcement, a usual practice in southern
Spain during the decades of the 1970s, 80s and 90s for waffle
flat-plate frames. Torsion cracking in the exterior column spandrel
beams and adherence failure of bottom reinforcement in the interior
connections can be considered as the main degrading factors. The
effective slab-width and strength models proposed by ACI 318-05
present good correlation with experimental results in the interior
connections. In the case of the exterior connection, meanwhile, a
trapezoidal effective cross section was considered, c1+3h and
c1+c2 being the upper and bottom dimensions, respectively. A
strength model for exterior connections accounting for the flexure
of the effective slab-width as well as the torsion capacity of the
edge spandrel beams is calibrated based on experimental data. The
hinge models obtained and presented here appear to accurately
reproduce the experimental load-deformation curves derived from
tests, thus proving useful for RC waffle flat-plate building
assessment. A pushover curve taking into account hinge non-
linearities and P-Delta effects has been obtained for a waffle flat- Fig. 3 Flow Chart
plate equivalent frame; the performance point in the Service,
Design and Maximum Earthquakes using the Capacity Spectrum 4. MODELLING
Method have been calculated. Strong column-weak slab behaviour
was appreciated until reaching collapse, slightly beyond the In this paper, the structures with waffle slab and flat slab for various
Maximum Earthquake performance point. Before collapse, which heights are modelled using the software ETABS 2013. To obtain
occurred at 2.3% of maximum displacement, the inter story drift the results for the effect of seismic force on flat slab and waffle slab
was almost uniformly distributed throughout the height of the framed structures different load combinations, as per IS: 1893
frame. (2002) are considered for the analysis. The parameters studied here
are storey drift and maximum displacement.
Structural behavior analysis of Two-Ways (Waffle) Composite
Slabs by M. Khalaf, A. El-Shihy, H. Shehab, S. Mustafa,
International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology
4.2 Description of Load: Seismic analysis is done on waffle slab and flat slab. After seismic
analysis changes in parameters such as maximum displacement and
Different loads are considered for the calculations: storey drift of the structure are noticed.
14 59.2 32.6
15 61.9 34.6
16 63.4 37.8
16 0.001086 0.000443
UNIT FLAT
WAFFLE
Table 9: Storey Drift in Y-Direction (Mm) for (G+15) Storey DESCRIPTION /RATE SLAB
SLAB (Rs)
Building (Rs)
Rs/
Concrete Cum 19,920,211 19,650,600
Steel Rs/ MT
16,686,244 21,947,172
Rs/
Weld mesh Nil
Sqm 194,615
Rs/
Shuttering
Sqm 13,767,880 67,18,244
8. REFERENCES
[1] STAAD Pro 2003 Users Manual. Research India Ltd., Bently
Systems, E2-4, Block GP, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata-700
091.
[2] N.Krishnaraju, Design of reinforced concrete structures,
CBS Publications & Distributors.
[3] P.C.Vargese, Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete
second edition.
[4] P.C.Vargese Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design.
[5] IS 456:2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete code of
practice.
[6] IS 1893:2000 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant design of
structures.
[7] IS13920:1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced concrete
structures to seismic forces-code practice.
[8] S.R.Damodarasamy, S.Kavitha, Basics of structural dynamics
and Aseismic design
[9] Amit A. Sathawane, R.S. Deotale (2013) Analysis and Design
of Flat Slab and Grid Slab and their Cost Comparison
[10] Salman I Khan1 and Ashok R Mundhada (2015) Comparative
study of seismic performance of multi storied RCC buildings
with Flat Slab and Grid Slab Ravi Kumar Makode, Saleem
Akhtar, Geeta Batham Int. Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications Muhammed Yoosaf.K.T, Ramadass S,
Jayasree Ramanujan American Journal of Engineering
Research (AJER) e-ISSN : 2320-0847 p-ISSN : 2320-0936
Volume-3 pp-20-27 www.ajer.org
[11] Uzma A. Shaikh, Prof. Mohd. Shahezad, International Journal
of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology (ISSN: 2277-
9655) Scientific Journal Impact Factor: 3.449 (ISRA), Impact
Factor: 1.852 [Shaikh, 3(8): August, 2014]
[12] Alaa C. Galeb, Zainab F. Atiyah, International Journal Of Civil
And Structural Engineering Volume 1, No 4, 2011 (ISSN 0976
4399)
[13] M. Khalaf, A. El-Shihy, H. Shehab, S. Mustafa, International
Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)