Full Report Refrigeration Unit

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI
MARA FAKULTI
KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA
THERMOFLUID
LABORATORY (CGE 536)
NAME : NABIL IMRAN BIN MOHD NAJIB

STUDENT NO : 2016691774
EXPERIMENT : REFRIGERATION UNIT
DATE PERFORMED : 11/4/2017
SEMESTER :3
PROGRAMME/CODE : EH243
GROUP : EH2433 GROUP 4
LECTURER : PROF MADYA IR. DR. NADIAH NOR MD YUSOP
No Title Allocated Marks % Marks

1 Abstract/ Summary 5
2 Introduction 5
3 Aims/ Objectives 5
4 Theory 5
5 Apparatus 5
6 Procedure 10
7 Result 10
8 Calculations 10
9 Discussion 20
10 Conclusions 10
11 Recommendations 5
12 References 5
13 Appendices 5
TOTAL 100
Remarks:
Checked by:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………….. 1
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………... 2
Objectives……………………………………………………………………………... 3
Theory…………………………………………………………………………………. 3
Apparatus……………………………………………………………………………... 7
Procedure…………………………………………………………………………….. 8
Result………………………………………………………………………………….. 11
Calculations…………………………………………………………………………… 13
Discussion…………………………………………………………………………....... 20
Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………… 21
Recommendations…………………………………………………………………….. 21
References…………………………………………………………………………...... 22
Appendices……………………………………………………………………………. 22
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the experiment is to understand the workings of a refrigerant unit which
consist of heat exchanger, condenser and compressor.
The method of experiments was using the The SOLTEQ Mechanical Heat Pump and
Thermodynamic Refrigeration Unit (Model: HE165) which can test how a heat pump and a
refrigeration unit works simultaneously.
The results obtained from the experiment are various. The power input obtained is 158 W,
the heat output is -0.1782 kJ/s and the CoP is 1.13 W. Experiment 3 and 4 showed that the Qh for
condensor is 9.2 W and the Qh for compressor is 0.2 W.
Two conclusions where made after the experiments were made. As the CoP and heat output
decreases, the temperature increases. The heat loss to surroundings have a major impact on the
coefficient of performance of heat pump.
It is recommnded that all units are to be checked to make sure it is working to prevent result
inanccuracies.
Page | 1
INTRODUCTION
The SOLTEQ Mechanical Heat Pump and Thermodynamic Refrigeration Unit (Model:
HE165) has been designed to provide a practical and quantitative demonstration of a vapor
compression cycle. Refrigerators and heat pumps both apply the vapor compression cycle,
although the applications of these machines differ, the components are essentially the same. The
Mechanical Heat Pump is capable of demonstrating the heat pump application where a large freely
available energy source, such as the atmosphere is to be upgraded for water heating.
Heat pump technology has attracted increasing attention as one of the most promising
technologies to save energy. Areas of interest include heating of buildings, recovery of industrial
waste heat for steam production and heating of process water for instance, cleaning and sanitation.
Page | 2
OBJECTIVE
Each experiment has its own objectives.
Experiment 1: Determination of power input, heat output and coefficient of performance
 To determine the power input, heat output and coefficient of performance of a vapour
compression heat pump system
Experiment 2: Production of heat pump performance curves over a range of source and
delivery temperatures
 To produce the performance of heat pump over a range of source and delivery temperatures
Experiment 3: Production of vapour compression cycle on p-h diagram and energy balance
study
 To plot the vapour compression cycle on the p-h diagram and compare with the ideal cycle.
 To perform energy balances for the condenser and compressor
Experiment 4: Production of heat pump performance curves over a range of evaporating

and condensation temperatures
 To plot the performance of heat pump over a range of evaporating and condensation
temperatures which are the saturation temperature at condensing pressure.
Page | 3
THEORY
Heat flows in the direction of decreasing temperature, that is, from high temperature regions to
low-temperature ones. This heat transfer process occurs in nature without requiring any devices.
The reverse process however cannot occur by itself. The transfer of heat from a low temperature
region to a high temperature one requires special devices called refrigerators.
Refrigerators are cyclic devices, and the working fluids used in the refrigeration cycles are
called refrigerants. The figure below shows the schematic diagram of refrigerator. QL is the
magnitude of the heat removed from the refrigerated space at temperature TL, QH is the magnitude
of the heat rejected to the warm at temperature TH and Wnet,in is the net work input to the
refrigerator.
Refrigerator
Page | 4
Another device that transfers heat from a low-temperature medium to a high-temperature
one is the heat pump. Refrigerators and heat pumps are essentially the same devices; they differ in
their objectives only. The objective of a refrigerator is to maintain the refrigerated space at low
temperature by removing heat from it. Discharging this heat to a higher-temperature medium is
merely a necessary part of the operation, not the purpose. The objective of heat pump, however is
to maintain a heated space at a high temperature. This is accomplished by absorbing heat from a
low-temperature source, such as well water or cold outside air in winter and supplying this heat to
a warmer medium such as house. Look at the figure below.
Heat Pump
Page | 5
The performance of refrigerators and heat pumps is expressed in terms of the coefficient
of performance (COP), defined as
This relation implies that COPHP > 1since COPR is a positive quantity. That is, a heat pump
functions, at worst, as a resistance heater, supplying as much energy to the house as it consumes.
In reality, however, part of QH is lost to the outside air through piping and other devices, and COPHP
may drop below unity when the outside air temperature is too low. When this happens, the system
normally switches to the fuel (natural gas, propane, oil, etc.) or resistance-heating mode.
Page | 6
Apparatus
The SOLTEQ Mechanical Heat Pump (Model: HE165)
Page | 7
PROCEDURES
General Start-up Procedure
1. The unit and all instruments were checked and it was in proper condition.
2. Both water source and drain are connected then open the water supply and set the cooling
water flowrate at 1.0 LPM.
3. The drain hose at the condensate collector is connected.
4. The power supply is connected and switched on the main power follows by main switch at
the control panel.
5. Switch on the refrigerant compressor. The unit is now ready for experiment as soon as
temperature and pressures have been constant and stabilized.
General Shut-down Procedure
1. The compressor is switched off, followed by main switch and power supply.
2. The water supply is closed and ensured that water was not left running.
1. The general start-up procedures was performed.

2. Adjusted the cooling water flow rate to 40%.
3. Allowed the system to run for 15 minutes.
4. Recorded all necessary readings into the experimental data sheet.
Note: The cooling water and refrigerant flow rate display is in percentage (%). Below is the
formula to convert cooling water and refrigerant flow rate to LPM.
𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 (%)

1. Cooling water flow rate (LPM) = × 5 𝐿𝑃𝑀
100%
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 (%)
2. Refrigerant flow rate (LPM) = × 1.26 𝐿𝑃𝑀
100%
Page | 8
Experiment 2: Production of heat pump performance curves over a range of source and
delivery temperatures

5. The experiment was repeated with reducing water flowrate so that the cooling water outlet
temperature increases by about 3°C.
6. Similar steps was repeated until the compressor delivery pressure reaches around 14.0 bars.
7. The experiment may be repeated at different ambient temperature.

100%
100%
study

2. Adjusted the cooling water flow rate to 40% and allow the system to run for 15 minutes.

100%
100%
Page | 9
Experiment 4: Production of heat pump performance curves over a range of evaporating
and condensation temperatures

5. The experiment was repeated with reducing water flowrate so that the compressor delivery
pressure increases by about 0.6 bars. Maintain the evaporating temperature (TT4) by
covering part of the evaporator for the purpose of lowering the evaporating load.
6. Similar steps was repeated with water flow rate not less than 20%. Make sure that the
compressor delivery pressure does not exceed 14.0 bars.
7. The experiment may be repeated another constant evaporating temperature (TT4).

100%
100%
Experiment 5: Estimation of the effect of compressor pressure ratio on volumetric efficiency

5. The experiment may be repeated at different compressor delivery pressure.
Page | 10
RESULTS
Cooling Water Flow Rate (FT1) % 40

Cooling Water Inlet Temperature (TT5) ᵒC 27.6
Cooling Water Outlet Temperature (TT6) ᵒC 28.9
Compressor Power Input W 158
Experiment 2: Production of heat pump performance curves over a range of source and delivery
temperatures
Test 1 2 3
Cooling Water Flow Rate, (FT1) % 60 50 40
Cooling Water Inlet Temperature, (TT5) ᵒC 29.3 29.3 29.2
Cooling Water Outlet Temperature, (TT6) ᵒC 30.5 30.6 30.8
Compressor Power Input W 161 160 161
Experiment 3: Production of vapour compression cycle on p-h diagram and energy balance study
Refrigerant Flow Rate, (FT2) % 61.8

Refrigerant Pressure Low, (P1) Bar (abs) 2.0
Refrigerant Pressure High, (P2) Bar (abs) 7.0
Refrigerant Temperature, (TT1) ᵒC 29.3
Cooling Water Flow Rate, (FT1) % 40.0
Cooling Water Inlet Temperature, (TT5) ᵒC 28.7
Cooling Water Inlet Temperature, (TT6) ᵒC 30.7
Compressor Power Input W 162
Page | 11
Experiment 4: Production of heat pump performance curves over a range of evaporating and
condensation temperatures
Test 1 2
Cooling Water Flow Rate, (FT1) % 60 60
Refrigerant Pressure Low, (P1) Bar (abs) 2.0 2.0
Refrigerant Pressure High, (P2) Bar (abs) 6.9 7.0
Refrigerant Temperature, (TT1) ᵒC 27.9 27.6
Compressor Power Input W 159 160
Cooling Water Flow Rate (FT1) % 61.5

Refrigerant Pressure Low, (P1) Bar (abs) 2
Page | 12
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 (%)

Cooling water flow rate (LPM) = 𝑋 5 𝐿𝑃𝑀
100%
40%
= 𝑋5
100%
= 2 LPM
𝐿 1 𝑚³ 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
=2 𝑋 𝑋
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 000 𝐿 60 𝑠
= 3.33 X 10-5 m3 / s
𝑚³ 1 000 𝑘𝑔
Mass Flow Rate (m) = 3. 33 X 10-5 𝑋
𝑠 𝑚³
= 0.033 kg / s
Value of h5 and h6 from table A-4 ( Saturated Water – Temperature Table )
T (oC) h (kJ/kg)
27.6 115.7
28.9 121.1
Heat Output, Qh = m(h5 - h6)

= 0.033 ( 115.7 – 121.1 )
= - 0.1782 kJ / s
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 (𝑊)
Coefficient of Performance =
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 (𝑊)
𝑘𝐽 𝐽
0.1782 𝑋 1 000
𝑠 𝑘𝐽
=
158 𝑊
= 1.13 W
Page | 13
Experiment 2: Production of heat pump performance curves over a range of source and delivery
temperatures
The calculation is as in the experiment 1
Test CoP Temperature

1 1.55 30.5
2 1.41 30.6
3 1.38 30.8
Graph of Coeffiecient of Performance against

Temperature
1.6
Coefficient of Performance
1.55
1.5
1.45
1.4
1.35
1.3
1.25
30.5 30.6 30.8
Temperature ( ᵒC )
Test Power Input Temperature

1 161 30.5
2 160 30.6
3 161 30.8
Page | 14
Graph of Power Input againgst Temperature
161
160.8
Power Input (W)

160.6
160.4
160.2
160
159.8
159.6
159.4
30.5 30.6 30.8
Temperature (oC)
Test Heat Output Temperature

1 250 30.5
2 221.4 30.6
3 222.4 30.8
Graph of Heat Output against Temperature

255
250
Heat Output (W)
245
240
235
230
225
220
30.5 30.6 30.8
Temperature (ᵒC)
Page | 15
study
Refrigerant Pressure Low, (P1) Bar (abs) 2.0
By using the method of interpolation and the data of Refrigerant-134a Table;

Refrigerant Temperature ᵒC, (TT1) 29.3 278.3
Energy balance on the condenser

Refrigerant flow rate = LPM
L 𝑚3 1 min
= 3.09 x x
1 min 1000 L 60 s
= 5.15 x 10-5 m3 / s
Mass flow rate = (5.15 x 10-5 m3/s) x (1000 kg/m3)
= 0.0515 kg/s
Heat Output, Qh = m(h3 – h4)
= 0.0515 kg/s (266.7 - 87.7) kJ/kg
= 9.2 kW
Energy balance on the compressor
Heat Output, Qh = m(h1 – h2)
= 0.0515 kg/s (278.3 – 317.2) kJ/kg
= 2 kW
Page | 16
Pressure vs Enthalpy
350
300
250
Pressure
200
150
100
50
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Enthalpy
Page | 17
Experiment 4: Production of heat pump performance curves over a range of evaporating and
condensation temperatures
Test 1
By using interpolation method;
Refrigerant flow rate, LPM = 3 LPM

L 1 m3 1000 kg 1 min
Mass flow rate =3 x x x
min 1000 L m3 60 s
= 0.05 kg/s
Qh = m(h3- h1)
= 0.05 kg/s (270.57 – 277.1)
= - 330 W
COPh = 330/159
= 2.08
Test 2
Refrigerant flow rate, LPM = 3 LPM

L 1 m3 1000 kg 1 min
Mass flow rate =3 x x x
min 1000 L m3 60 s
= 0.05 kg/s
Qh = m(h3- h1)
= 0.05 kg/s (269.4 – 272.4)
= - 330 W
COPh = 150/160
= 0.94
Page | 18
Refrigerant Flow Rate (FT2) = 0.77 LPM

Density of Refrigerant 134a = 4.25 kg/m3
𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑃1

Compressor Pressure Ratio = =
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑃2
6.9
=
2
= 3.45
Volumetric Efficiency
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

Volumetric Efficiency =
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟
𝑚³ 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 4.25 𝑘𝑔/𝑚³

Mass flow rate = 0.77 𝐿𝑃𝑀 𝑋 𝑋
1000 𝐿 60 𝑠 𝑚³
= 5.454 x 10-5 m3/s

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒
Actual Volume Flow Rate =
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡
5.454 x 10‾⁵
=
4.25
= 1.283 x 10-5 m3/s

1.283 𝑥 10‾⁵
Volumetric Efficiency = X 100 %
1.61 𝑥 10‾⁵
= 79.71 %
Page | 19
DISCUSSION
Experiment 1 was to the power input, heat output and coefficient of performance (CoP) of
the heat exchanger and compressor. From the data obtained and calculations, the power input is
158 W, the heat output is -0.1782 kJ/s and the CoP is 1.13 W.
Experiment 2 was to determine the production of heat pump performance curves over a
range of source and delivery temperatures. From the data obtained and calculations, as the CoP
and heat output decreases, the temperature increases.
In Experiment 3, the objective is to plot the vapour compression cycle on the p-h diagram
and compare with the ideal cycle and to perform energy balances for the condenser and
compressor. A graph was plotted and shows that a cycle was formed. The energy balanced is also
calculated and showed a major difference in heat output of condenser and compressor which is
due to energy loss towards surroundings.
Experiment 4 was to determine the production of heat pump performance curves over a
range of evaporating and condensation temperatures. From the data obtained and calculations, the
heat output obtained for Test 1 and Test 2 are the same at -330 W. The CoP of test 1 and test 2 are
2.08 and 0.94 respectively. This shows that heat lost surrounding may occurred which affected the
coefficient of performance.
As for Experiment 5, the compression and volumetric efficiency were calculated to find
the ratio of the amount of refrigerant gas entering the compressor (suction) versus the amount of
gas leaving the compressor (discharge). Based on the result, the value for compressor pressure
ratio is 3.45. We then considered and calculated the actual volume flow rate to determine the
volumetric efficiency which is 79.71 %. For both compressor ratio and volume efficiency, there is
a small different that caused by the flow rate. As a whole, higher compressor ratio is needed as it
allows the engine to gain more energy.
Page | 20
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, all experiments were performed and shows various results. Experiment 1
obtained the power input is at 158 W, the heat output and the coefficient of performance of the
system which is at 178 W and 1.13 W respectively.
Experiment 2 shows that as the CoP and heat output decreases, the temperature increases.
Experiment 3 shows that as the cycle obtained is almost similar to the ideal cycle only to be
different due to heat loss to surroundings. Experiment 4 also shows the effect of heat loss on the
CoP.
The experiments were done with constant power input, shows that CoP increases, the
temperature decreases and vice versa. This is important to note when handling refrigation units
such as HVAC.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Ensure the unit is in good condition before running the experiment.

2. Follow the procedure thoroughly to avoid mistakes during the experiment.
3. Record the reading of the desired unit once it has been stable.
Page | 21
REFERENCES
1. Wikipedia Authors. (n.d). Entalphy.
Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy
2. Wikipedia Authors. (n.d). Refrigeration.
Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration
3. Wikipedia Authors. (n.d). Refrigerant.
Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerant
4. Wikipedia Authors. (n.d). Heat pump and refrigeration cycle.
Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle
5. Wikipedia Authors. (n.d). Vapor-compression refrigeration.
Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration
6. Wikipedia Authors. (n.d). Coefficient of performance.
Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_performance
APPENDICES
SEE NEXT PAGE.
Page | 22

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI

NAME : NABIL IMRAN BIN MOHD NAJIB

No Title Allocated Marks % Marks

Each experiment has its own objectives.

Experiment 1: Determination of power input, heat output and coefficient of performance

Experiment 4: Production of heat pump performance curves over a range of evaporating

General Start-up Procedure

General Shut-down Procedure

Experiment 1: Determination of power input, heat output and coefficient of performance

1. The general start-up procedures was performed.

𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 (%)

1. The general start-up procedures was performed.

𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 (%)

1. The general start-up procedures was performed.

𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 (%)

1. The general start-up procedures was performed.

𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 (%)

Experiment 5: Estimation of the effect of compressor pressure ratio on volumetric efficiency

1. The general start-up procedures was performed.

Experiment 1: Determination of power input, heat output and coefficient of performance

Cooling Water Flow Rate (FT1) % 40

Refrigerant Flow Rate, (FT2) % 61.8

Experiment 5: Estimation of the effect of compressor pressure ratio on volumetric efficiency

Cooling Water Flow Rate (FT1) % 61.5

Experiment 1: Determination of power input, heat output and coefficient of performance

𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 (%)

Value of h5 and h6 from table A-4 ( Saturated Water – Temperature Table )

Heat Output, Qh = m(h5 - h6)

The calculation is as in the experiment 1

Test CoP Temperature

Graph of Coeffiecient of Performance against

Test Power Input Temperature

Power Input (W)

Test Heat Output Temperature

Graph of Heat Output against Temperature

Refrigerant Pressure Low, (P1) Bar (abs) 2.0

Refrigerant Pressure High, (P2) Bar (abs) 7.0

Refrigerant Temperature, (TT1) ᵒC 29.3

Refrigerant Temperature, (TT2) ᵒC 78.9

Refrigerant Temperature, (TT3) ᵒC 30.4

Refrigerant Temperature, (TT4) ᵒC 25.9

By using the method of interpolation and the data of Refrigerant-134a Table;

Refrigerant Temperature ᵒC, (TT2) 78.9 317.2

Refrigerant Temperature ᵒC, (TT3) 30.4 266.7

Refrigerant Temperature ᵒC, (TT4) 25.9 87.7

Energy balance on the condenser

Refrigerant Temperature, (TT1) ᵒC 27.9 277.1

Refrigerant Temperature, (TT3) ᵒC 32.1 270.57

Refrigerant flow rate, LPM = 3 LPM

Refrigerant Temperature, (TT3) ᵒC 30.9 269.4

Refrigerant flow rate, LPM = 3 LPM

Refrigerant Flow Rate (FT2) = 0.77 LPM

𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑃1

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑚³ 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 4.25 𝑘𝑔/𝑚³

= 5.454 x 10-5 m3/s

= 1.283 x 10-5 m3/s

1. Ensure the unit is in good condition before running the experiment.

1. Wikipedia Authors. (n.d). Entalphy.