Microwave Huawei
Microwave Huawei
Microwave Huawei
Panduan Belajar ;
#Microwave communication is developed on the basis of the electromagnetic
field theory .
therefore ,before learning this course ,you are supposed to have mastered the
following knowledge :
* Network communications technology basics
* electromagnetic field basic theory
Tujuan :
after this course , you will be able to explain ;
1. Concept and characteristics of digital microwave communications
2. Functions and principles of each component of digital microwave equipment
3. Common networking modes and application scenarios of digital microwave
equipment
4. Propagation principles of digital microwave communication and various types
of fading
5. Anti fading technologies
6. Procedure and key points in designing microwave transmission link
Konten ;
1. Digital Microwave Communication overview
2. Digital Microwave Communication equipment
3. Digital Microwave Networking and Application
4. Microwave propagation and anti fading technologies
5. Designing Microwave Transmission Links
@setelah gambar 2
Definisi Microwave :
1. Microwave is a kind of electromagnetic wave. in a broad sense ,the microwave
frequency range is from 300 MHz to 300 GHz . But In microwave communication ,
the frequency range is generally from 3 GHz to 30 GHz .
2. According to the characteristics of microwave propagation, microwave can be
considered as plane wave .
3. The plane wave has no electric field and magnetic field longitudinal
components along the propagation direction . The electric field and magnetic
field components are vertical to the propagation direction . therefore , it is called
transverse electromagnetic wave and TEM wave for short .
@gambar 4,5,6
page 14 digital microwave communication modulation (1) :
Digital baseband signal is the unmodulated digital signal . The baseband signal
cannot be directly transmitted over microwave radio channels and must be
converted into carrier signal for microwave transmission
@gambar 7
1. ASK : Amplitude Shift Keying . Using the digital baseband signal to change the
carrier amplitude (A). wc and phi remain unchanged
2. FSK : Frequency Shift Keying . Use the digital baseband signal to change the
carrier frequency (wc). A and phi remain unchanged.
3. PSK : Phase Shift Keying . use the digital baseband signal to change the carrier
phase (phi). Wc and A remain unchanged
4. QAM : Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. Use the digital baseband signal to
change the carrier phase(phi) and Amplitude (A) . Wc remains unchanged
@gambar 9
Questions :
1. What is microwave ?
2. What is digital microwave communication ?
3. What are the frequently used digital microwave frequency bands ?
4. What concepts are involved in microwave frequency setting?
5. What are the frequently used modulation schemes ? Which are the most
frequently used modulation schemes ?
@gambar 11,12,13,14
Fresnel Zone radius : The vertical distance from P to the TR line in the fresnel
zone . the first fresnel zone radius is represented by F1 (n=1).
@gambar 35
@gambar 36 fresnel zone radius formula
*The first Fresnel Zone is the region where the microwave transmission energy is
the most concentrated . The obstruction in the Fresnel zone should be as little as
possible . With the increase of the Fresnel Zone serial numbers , the field
strength of the receiving point reduces as per arithmetic series .
@gambar 37
*Along the microwave propagation trail , the obstruction from buildings, trees,
and mountain peaks is sometimes inevitable . If the height of the obstacle enters
the first Fresnel zone,additional loss might be caused . As a result , the received
level is decreased and the transmission quality is affected . Clearance is used to
avoid the case described previously .
* the vertical distance from the obstacle to AB line segment is called the
clearance of the obstacle on the trail . For convenience , the vertical distance hc
from the obstacle to the ground surface is used to represent the clearance . In
practice ,the error is not big because the line segment AB is approximately
parallel to the ground surface . If the first Fresnel zone radius of the obstacle is
F1,then hc/F1 is the relative clearance .
* Smooth ground or water surface can reflect the part of the signal energy
transmitted by the antenna to the receiving antenna and cause interference to
the main wave (direct wave) . The vector sum of the reflected wave and main
wave increases or decreases the composite wave. As a result , the transmission
becomes unstable. Therefore,when doing microwave link design,avoid reflected
waves as much as possible. If reflection is inevitable , make use of the terrain
ups and downs to block the reflected waves.
* Different reflection conditions of different terrains have different effects on
electric wave propagation. Terrains are classified into the following four types :
- Type A : mountains (or cities with dense buildings)
- Type B : hills (gently wavy ground surface)
-Type C : plain
-Type D : large area water surface
* The reflection coefficient of mountains is the smallest , and thus the mountain
terrain is most suitable for microwave transmission. The hill terrain is less
suitable. When designing circuits, try to avoid smooth plane such as water
surface .
Rain Fading
* For frequencies lower than 10 GHz, rain loss can be ignored . Only a few db
may be added to a relay section.
* For frequencies higher than 10GHz , repeater spacing is mainly affected by rain
loss. For example , for the 13 GHz frequency or higher , 100 mm/h rainfall causes
a loss of 5 dB/km. Hence, for the 13 GHz and 15 GHz frequencies , the maximum
relay distance is about 10 km. For the 20 GHz frequency and higher , the relay
distance is limited in few kilometres due to rain loss.
* High frequency bands can be used for user-level transmission . The higher the
frequency band is, the more severe the rain fading .
#Multipath Fading
* Multipath fading : Due to multipath propagation of refracted waves, reflected
waves , and scattered waves, multiple electric waves are received at the
receiving end . The composition of these electric waves will result in severe
interference fading .
* Reasons for multipath fading : reflections due to non-uniform atmosphere ,
water surface and smooth ground surface .
* Down fading : fading where the composite wave level is lower than the free
space received level . Up Fading : fading where the composite wave level is
higher than the free space received level.
_ Non-uniform atmosphere
_ Water surface
_ Smooth ground surface
@ gambar 45