Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer: Andre Hollstein, J Urgen Fischer
Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer: Andre Hollstein, J Urgen Fischer
Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer: Andre Hollstein, J Urgen Fischer
a r t i c l e in f o abstract
Article history: Accurate radiative transfer models are the key tools for the understanding of radiative
Received 7 November 2011 transfer processes in the atmosphere and ocean, and for the development of remote
Received in revised form sensing algorithms. The widely used scalar approximation of radiative transfer can lead
16 January 2012
to errors in calculated top of atmosphere radiances. We show results with errors in the
Accepted 17 January 2012
Available online 26 January 2012
order of 7 8% for atmosphere ocean systems with case one waters. Variations in sea
water salinity and temperature can lead to variations in the signal of similar magnitude.
Keywords: Therefore, we enhanced our scalar radiative transfer model MOMO, which is in use at
Radiative transfer Freie Universit
at Berlin, to treat these effects as accurately as possible. We describe our
Bio-optical ocean model
one-dimensional vector radiative transfer model for an atmosphere ocean system with
Matrix operator method
a rough interface. We describe the matrix operator scheme and the bio-optical model
Ocean optics
Polarization for case one waters. We discuss some effects of neglecting polarization in radiative
MERIS transfer calculations and effects of salinity changes for top of atmosphere radiances.
OLCI Results are shown for the channels of the satellite instruments MERIS and OLCI from
412.5 nm to 900 nm.
& 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction and Zhai [8] to name a few. The work described in this
paper is based on the radiative transfer model MOMO
An accurate and exible remote sensing scheme has a which is itself based on the work of Fischer and Grassl [9],
broad range of possible applications in the eld of atmo- Fell and Fischer [5] and Bennartz and Fischer [10]. It has a
spheric and oceanic research. Virtually, all analyses of long tradition of successfully developed remote sensing
measurements made by radiance sensors need radiative applications, including the sensing of lakes [11], analysis
transfer (RT) calculation results to derive meaningful of hyper spectral data to derive surface uorescence
physical quantities. In this paper we describe a radiative signals [12], the analysis of ocean color data from MERIS
transfer scheme which is able to calculate the vector measurements [13], and the retrieval of land surface
radiance eld in an atmosphere ocean system (AOS) with pressure from MERIS data [14]. We decided to upgrade
a wind blown interface. We assume that the system has the MOMO FORTRAN code to account for polarization in
no horizontal, but arbitrary vertical structure. Hence, the order to base the development of future remote sensing
scheme is a one-dimensional vector radiative transfer algorithms on accurate RT calculations.
solver. Similar systems have been described in the past In Sections 2 and 3 we introduce the radiative transfer
and recent literature, such as the works from Kattawar equation and the matrix operator method. In Sections 4
and Adams [1], Nakajima and Tanaka [2], Takashima [3], and 5 we describe the models for pure ocean water and
Chami [4], Fell and Fischer [5], Chowdhary et al. [6], He [7] the bio-optical model for in water constituents. Section 6
is devoted to the validation of the code and in Section 7
n
Corresponding author. Tel.: 49 30 838 56656. we describe rst applications as mentioned in the
E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Hollstein). abstract.
0022-4073/$ - see front matter & 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2012.01.010
A. Hollstein, J. Fischer / Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 113 (2012) 536548 537
2. Radiative transfer equation multiplying with the Gauss Lobatto weights ci:
Z X
k
The differential radiative transfer equation (RTE) given dm f m f mi ci : 8
in Eq. (1) states that the change of the diffuse light eld i1
@t Lt with respect to the optical thickness t is propor- We dene matrices that contain the Gaussian points,
tional to both the light eld itself, and the diffuse sources weights, phase matrix values, and source term values:
Jt at this optical depth:
c diagc1 , . . . ,ck , 9
m@t Lt Lt Jt: 1
M diagm1 , . . . , mk , 10
The light eld is described by a real four-dimensional
Stokes vector [15,16] (and references therein). To nd 7, 7
Pm i,j P m 7 mi , 7 m0j , i,j 2 1, . . . ,k, 11
unique solutions, it is necessary to dene boundary
conditions that dene the top and the bottom of the
Jm
i,j o0 S0 P m i,j et=mi , 12
atmosphere. Eq. (2) states that there is no diffuse down-
ward directed radiation at the top of the atmosphere, and J
m i,j o0 S0 P m i,j e
t=mi , 13
Eq. (3) states that the upward directed radiation at the
bottom of the AOS is given by the reection of the where d0m is the Kronecker delta. Dening the matrices
downward directed radiation. The surface reection is Gm == = and S = as abbreviations:
0
modeled using a real 4 4 reection matrix Rm, f, m0 , f Gm M1 1o0 p1 d0m Pm c, 14
0
which depends on the direction of incidence (m , f ) and
0
r01 Cm dt, 29
r10 C
m dt: 30
Fig. 3. Volume scattering coefcient with log scale according to the Morel model (in black) and varying with temperature and salinity (in gray).
The dashed line represents (right scale) relative differences between the model for a temperature of 201 and salinity of 20 PSU.
1.345 0.8
0.1
,T,S
T 10C
n
1.335 T 20C 1.
0.6
5.
1.330
S 35PSU
S 25PSU 0.5 10.
1.325 S 15PSU
S 5PSU Bricau d et al. 50.
0.4 from Mie calc.
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
in nm 500 600 700 800 900
in n m
Fig. 4. Relative refractive index with respect to wavelength, salinity and
temperature. Variations due to salinity changes at constant temperature Fig. 5. Single scattering albedo spectra from Bricaud 1998 (dashed
are shown with black lines, those with temperature at constant salinity lines), and best t results with penalty terms using a log normal size
are shown with gray dashed lines. distribution. The gray vertical columns indicate the position and the
width of the OLCI channels in that spectral band.
101
absorbtion in m1
102
103
C 0.1 C 0.5
C 1 C 5
yellow substance absorbtion
104
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
in nm
6. Model validation
0.995
angles to be able to compare with Chowdharys results. In
S
0.20
I TOA
0.10 w 0.4m s
Intensity I
w 1.0m s
10
0.05 w 3.0m s
w 5.0m s
0.02 w 7.0m s
10 0.01
50 0 50
50 0 50
zenith angle in deg
zenith angle in deg
Fig. 11. Upward directed radiance at the top of the atmosphere in the
solar position 0. 36.9 53.1 66.4 78.5
1.0 principle plane. Solar position is indicated with a vertical line. The black
line with plot markers represents the result with a black surface and also
shows the zenith resolution. Result for different surface wind speeds is
0.8 shown as gray shaded lines. The solar constant was set to unity, so the
unit represents reection.
degree of polarization dop
0.6
Critical Angle
1.0
opposite solar position diffraction
0.4 for solar
0.8 position
upward directed radiance
0.2 just above sea surface
0.6
downward directed
an d I
0.4
0.0
radiance just
50 0 50 below sea surface
zenith angle in deg 0.2
I
matrices that are used for the diffuse reection and Fig. 12. Upward (black) and downward (gray) directed radiances just
above and below the ocean surface. The solar position and refracted
transmission. In Fig. 11 we show upward directed TOA solar position are shown with vertical dashed lines. The critical angle is
radiances for a Rayleigh atmosphere with a black surface, shown by the gray vertical line.
and cases with an ocean surface with varying wind speed.
The Rayleigh optical thickness for these cases was set to of 0.1 m/s we can clearly see, that the transmitted diffuse
0.1 ( 545 nm) using a US standard atmosphere. As the radiance is almost entirely refracted into the Fresnel cone.
wind speed becomes smaller, the sun glint becomes more At the boundary of the cone we can see the brightening of
narrow and stronger as one would expect if the surface the underwater horizon. If the surface wind speed
roughness is changing from rippled to at. increases the boundary becomes more smooth and radi-
When the light eld propagates into the ocean it is ance is distributed to the outside of the Fresnel cone.
refracted according to Snells law. In Fig. 12 (t 0:1,w For a at ocean surface the Fresnel cone has a sharp
1 m=s) we show the upward and downward directed boundary and all transmitted radiance from the atmo-
radiance just above and below the ocean interface. The sphere is refracted into the cone. Upward directed radi-
directions are indicated by the signs of the radiances. We ance just below the ocean interface becomes total
show the position of the sun, the critical angle, and the internally reected if outside the Fresnel cone. In Fig. 14
position of the refracted solar position with vertical lines. As we show the downward directed radiance just below the
expected, the glint into the ocean is refracted, and the sun ocean interface; the sun is in zenith, the sky is black, and
glint has a steeper angle. the ocean is purely scattering. Different wind speeds are
An other way to test the refraction in the model is to shown with different shades of gray and one can see how
look at the downward directed radiance just below the the sharp boundary of the Fresnel cone becomes smother
ocean surface. We set the solar position to the zenith and for rougher ocean surfaces.
chose a high water absorption so that there is no upward
directed radiance that can contribute to the signal from 7. First applications
reection at the ocean surface. In Fig. 13 we show the
results of this simulation for different surface wind MOMO now accounts for polarization, sea water salinity,
speeds. When looking at the lowest chosen wind speed and sea water temperature and all three effects can have a
A. Hollstein, J. Fischer / Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 113 (2012) 536548 543
Fig. 13. Downward directed radiance just below the ocean surface. The
solar position is set to zenith and different surface wind speed cases are
shown with different gray shades. The ocean is highly absorbing and
reection from upward directed radiance from the ocean is not con-
tributing to the signal.
Fresnel cone
0.35
0.30 w 0.1m s
w 0.2m s
0.25 w 0.4m s
w 1.0m s
0.20 w 3.0m s
w 5.0m s
I
0.15
w 7.0m s
0.10
0.05
0.00
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
zenith Angle
Fig. 14. Downward directed radiance just below the ocean surface
without contribution from transmitted radiance. Different surface wind
speeds are indicated with different shades of gray.
underestimating the real value. Results are shown for the pattern, therefore we see no easy way of correcting scalar
solar positions 25.91 (see panel (a)) and 50.31 (see panel radiative results without running a full vector model.
(b)). The salinity is 35 PSU, the wind speed is 7 m/s, and
the sea water temperature is 15 1C. For both cases
combined, the relative polarization error is in the order 7.2. Salinity
of 78%. A change of sign occurs and the pattern of this
change depends strongly on solar position. The highest The salinity of the ocean can vary from values as little
relative polarization error can be found in the principle as 5 PSU, as in the northern part of the Baltic sea, to a
plane opposite to the solar position (Fig. 16). maximum of 40 PSU. A standard value of 35 PSU for the
Fig. 15 shows results for water leaving radiances for open oceans can be assumed [46]. Figs. 17 and 18 show
the same case. The range of the relative polarization error the effects of a salinity change from 35 PSU to 5 PSU on
increases from 2.5% to 5% to values from 1.5% to 6% top of atmosphere and water leaving zenith radiance:
for the higher solar angle. With increasing solar angle a 1I5 PSU =I35 PSU . The water leaving radiance is dened as
sign change of the relative polarization error occurs. the upward directed radiance just above the ocean sur-
We can conclude that the effects of neglecting polariza- face, but without radiance contributions from diffuse and
tion for a realistic atmosphere ocean system with case one direct reection from the ocean surface. It is the radiance
waters depend strongly on viewing geometry and solar directly emerging from the ocean and is an useful starting
angle, and in the shown cases reached values up to 78%. point for ocean colour retrievals using radiative transfer
The relative polarization error can show a rather complex results for the ocean alone.
Both gures show values for the sun at zenith (top value
per cell), at 25.91 (bottom value per cell), and a chlorophyll
concentration ranging from zero (pure sea water) to
50 mg=l. The atmosphere was modeled aerosol free, and
gaseous absorption was taken into account. The root causes
of the salinity effect are changes in the sea water absorption,
the sea water bulk scattering coefcient, and the real part of
the sea water refractive index. The results for the pure sea
water case can be seen as upper limit to the salinity effect.
Increasing chlorophyll concentration leads to additional
Fig. 17. Salinity effect (1I35 PSU =I5 PSU ) for top of atmosphere zenith
radiance in %. Top value per cell represents results with the sun in zenith
position, and bottom values for the sun at 25.91. Results are shown for
the OLCI channel subset from 412.5 nm to 900 nm, and a chlorophyll
concentration range from pure sea water to 50 mg=l.
Fig. 18. Salinity effect (1I35 PSU =I5 PSU ) for zenith water leaving radi-
ance in %. Top value per cell represents results with the sun in zenith
position, and bottom values for the sun at 25.91. Results are shown for
Fig. 16. Same case as in Fig. 15, but for the water leaving radiance. the OLCI channel subset from 412.5 nm to 900 nm, and a chlorophyll
(a) Sun at 25.91 and (b) sun at 50.31. concentration range from pure sea water to 50 mg=l.
A. Hollstein, J. Fischer / Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 113 (2012) 536548 545
absorption and scattering by ocean components which are Appendix A. Rough atmosphere ocean interface
independent from the salinity, therefore decreasing the
salinity effect. A chlorophyll concentration of 0:1 mg=l The model of the surface reection matrix R and trans-
represents global mean value and for this concentration mission matrix T is based on papers by Nakajima and
the salinity effect is in the order of 3.114.85%. For top of Tanaka [2], Kattawar and Adams [1], and Sancer [47]. This
atmosphere radiances and channels up to 753.8 nm, the is modeled as a Gaussian distribution of surface facet
salinity effect is generally decreasing with increasing chlor- normals which is caused by surface roughening due to the
ophyll concentration, and remains almost constant for the wind blowing over the surface [48,49]. Shadowing effects of
channels with higher wavelength. This is caused by the the surfaces facets are modeled using a shadowing function
increase in sea water absorption (see Fig. 6). High sea water Z 1 Z 2p
absorption renders the water body almost black and the 1
Em 1 dm0 dfRm, m0 , f Tm, m0 , f: A:1
remaining cause for effects are changes of the refractive m 0 0
0.05
0.10
Acknowledgments
0.05
Appendix B. Numerical techniques B.2. Fourier series modication for the conservation
of radiation
B.1. Phase function truncation
The conservation of intensity for scattering can become
Phase function truncation is a widely used method to an issue if the zenith resolution of the RT computations is too
decrease the number of Fourier terms necessary for low. Incident radiation ~ Sm0 is scattered0 to all other direc-
m
azimuthal radiative transfer calculations. The general tions m described by the phase matrix: ~ S m Mm0 , m~
Sm0 .
procedure is shown in Fig. B1. The strong forward peak ~
In Fourier space, the zeroth matrix M 0 describes the mean of
of the original phase function (shown in black) is con- the angular distribution and we therefore describe the
tinuously replaced by a second order polynomial. To energy conservation in Fourier space as:
accurately represent the modied phase function far Z Z
fewer Fourier terms are necessary, but forward scattered m 0
I m0 dm ~
S 0 m ~ 0 m0 , m~
dmM Sm0 0 : B:1
radiation is effectively treated as unscattered. We show
this effect in Fig. B2 using the phase functions used in
the comparison with SCIATRAN. We show results from In the case of unpolarized incident solar radiation the
the SCIATRAN model, and results from MOMO using the matrix product simplies, and the conservation of inten-
original and the truncated phase function. In panel (b) we sity can be written as:
show the downward directed radiation. The strong diffuse Z
forward scattering could not be reproduced, but away 8m0 -1 ~ 11 m0 , m 0-Em0 :
dm M B:2
0
from this feature the results with truncated phase func-
tion agree well.
Due to the limited number of zenith angles, the left
To keep the polarization properties of the original
hand side of Eq. (B.2) may not vanish and is set to E.
phase matrix, we rescale all other elements of the matrix
Increasing the number of zenith angles would diminish
with the ratio of the truncated and the original phase
this residual but this may not be possible due to con-
function [4].
strains in available computation resources. For this reason
we modify the phase matrix:
10
1000
~ 11 m0 , m0 M 11 m0 , m0 Em0
M B:3
0 0
g m0
Phase Function
10
As described in Appendix B.1, the phase matrix is then
1
0.1
truncated one modied to keep the polarization state of the scattered
0 50 100 150
Scatering Angle
10.00 up down
Fig. B1. Phase function and truncated phase function. Truncation is 5.00 Original
Modified
performed from 151 on. 1.00 Highres
0.50
I
0.10
0.05
3.00
azimuth angle: 0 90 180 0.01
2.00 Sciatran result: 0 20 40 60 80
1.50 Original phase matrix:
Truncated phase matrix: zenith angle in deg
1.00
I
0.70
0.50
up down
0.30 0.20 Original
Modified
0 20 40 60 80 0.15 Highres
d op
0.05
0.00
5.0 0 20 40 60 80
1.0 Fig. B3. Effect of diagonal balancing of residuals to better conserve the
0.5 total intensity of the system. Comparing intensity and degree of
polarization for the original and balanced case using a cloud model
0.2
with optical thickness 5 and a black underlying surface. Azimuthal
0 20 40 60 80 averaged calculations where done using 180 (high res) and 60 zenith
zenith angle in angles. For the cases with lower resolution the original and the modied
cases where calculated and the high resolution is seen as truth.
Fig. B2. Detailed comparisons of MOMO and SCIATRAN results. (a) Upward (a) Comparison of upward and downward azimuthal averaged intensity
directed radiance for the aerosol case and (b) downward directed radiance and (b) comparison of upward and downward azimuthal averaged
for the aerosol case. degree of polarization.
A. Hollstein, J. Fischer / Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 113 (2012) 536548 547
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