i

Super Scratch Programming Adventure!

2014, The LEAD Project

This is an excerpt of

S u pe r

S c r atc h
e!
a Adventur
m m in g
Pr o g r

Learn to
by
Pr o g r a m
ool
Making C
Gam es!

The Project

Super Scratch Programming Adventure!

2014, The LEAD Project
 e nts
Pa r
f o r r s
ot e a to
A N du c
d E
an

Scratch opens up an exciting world of computer programming

for kids and other beginning programmers. To follow along with
this book and use Scratch 2, youll need:
A computer with a recent Web browser (Chrome7 or later,
Firefox4 or later, or Internet Explorer 7 or later)with Adobe
Flash Player version 10.2 or later installed
A display thats 1024 768 or larger
A reliable Internet connection
A microphone and speakers (or headphones) to record and
listen to music
Once you have a browser and Adobe Flash Player installed,
just point your browser at http://scratch.mit.edu/. You can create
a new Scratch project without logging in by clicking the Create
button. Youll want to eventually Join Scratch to create your
own account and save your projects (see how in Join the Com-
munity! on page 15).
You should download the projects used in this book from
http://nostarch.com/scratch/. This online resource includes
complete working projects, custom sprites, and a short Getting
Started with Scratch guide produced by the Scratch team.

10
N o te The Resources file includes two versions of each game
in the book. One version is a completely finished and
playable game, perfect for young learners and anyone
who wants to build on the games in the book. The
second set of projects has no programming added, so
that students can follow along with the programming
instructions in this book. Remember, theres no wrong
way to play with Scratch!

But What Is Scratch, Anyway?

Scratch is a graphical programming
language that you can use for free.
By simply dragging and dropping
colored blocks, you can create interac-
tive stories, games, animation, music,
art, and presentations. You can even
upload your creations to the Internet
to share them with Scratch program-
mers from around the world. Scratch
is designed for play, self-directed
learning, and design.

Where Did the Name Scratch

Come From?
Scratch is named for the way that hip-hop disc jockeys (DJs)
creatively combine pieces of music, using a technique called
scratching. In the same way, Scratch programmers join different
media (images, photos, sound effects, and so on) in exciting ways
to create something entirely new.

11
Who Created Scratch?
Scratch is a project funded by the US National Science Founda-
tion (NSF). It was developed by the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT) Media Labs Lifelong Kindergarten Group.

Who Is Scratch For?

Scratch was developed for young people aged 8 and up to help
them developcreative learning skills for the 21st century. When
kids create programs, they learn important mathematical and
computer concepts that improve their creative thinking, logical
reasoning, problem solving, and collaboration skills.

This creative thinking spiral is from Professor Resnicks article,

Sowing the Seeds of a More Creative Society, published in ISTE
(International Society for Technology in Education).

12
 Designing Scratch projects challenges kids to think cre-
atively, and learning how to overcome obstacles and solve
problems builds confidence. This gives learners an advantage
later in life.

Is It Easy to Use Scratch?

Scratch was designed to prevent the common beginner pitfalls
in traditional programming languages, like misspelling and
errors in consistency. Instead of typing commands, programming
in Scratch is performed by dragging and joining programming
blocks. This graphical interface allows users to easily control the
way in which different types of commands react to each other.
Additionally, each block can fit with another only if it makes
computational sense. Colorized categories help organize and
group different sets of related commands based on their particu-
lar functions.
Since programs in Scratch run in real time, they can be
edited and tested at any given moment, even while the program
is running. This allows users to easily experiment with new
ideas or to repeatedly test their improvements!

How Many Languages Does

Scratch Support?
Scratch can be used in 50 different languages. Choose your
language from the pull-down menu at the bottom of the Scratch
website.

Where Can You Use Scratch?

You can use Scratch at schools, libraries, community centers,
and home. Even though Scratch is designed for young people
aged 8 and up, younger children can also learn to design and
create alongside their parents or siblings.

13
 Scratch is used around the world in elementary, middle, and
high schools. Computer science professors also use Scratch as a
means of introducing programming concepts to college students.

How Can Scratch Be Used to

Educate in Schools?
Schools can use Scratch to aid teachers in subjects like math-
ematics, English, music, art, design, and information technology.
Scratch is designed for exploration and experimentation, so it
supports many different learning styles.
No matter what they use Scratch forcreative storytelling,
unique video games, or simple demonstrations of programming
conceptsScratch will provide a space for students to explore
and imagine. By engaging in design-based activity individually
or in groups, students will be motivated to learn.
Here are just a few of the things that students have used
Scratch to do:
A school in New York City used Scratch to build simulations
of the spread of infectious diseases.
A group of teenagers in India used Scratch to make an
animated map of their village, illustrating environmental
concerns where they live.

14
 Students at a university in Istanbul used Scratch to examine
video game culture by rapidly prototyping their own games
and testing the games with the public.
English students in a middle school in California used
Scratch to build a random story generator.
Students in an elementary school in Russia used Scratch to
build their own personalized tutorials for learning about the
coordinate system and trigonometry.
High school students in Michigan used Scratch to build a
physics simulator.
The possibilities are endless. It is our sincere hope that
thisbook inspires students to create their own games, stories,
and more.

Join the Community!

Because Scratch is online, kids can easily share their own
Scratch projects with their friends, family, and teachers. Once
someone shares their work publicly on the Scratch website, other
Scratch programmers can remix their projects, give them feed-
back, and more.
Follow these steps to join Scratch:
1. Visit the Scratch home page (http://scratch.mit.edu/) and
click Join Scratch to register (you only need to register
once).
2. Choose a username (dont use your real name), and then fill
out the rest of the information. If the person registering is
under 13, Scratch will ask for the email address of a parent
or guardian.

NOTE Once you share a project, everyone in the whole world

can see what youve made! Make sure that your kids

15
 or students know to keep their personal information
private.

As long as they have the username and password at hand,

kids can find games to play through the project gallery, remix
them, and share their thoughts with others from around the
world! To see how someone elses game was built, just click the
See Inside button ( ). To add to the program, click the
big orange Remix button ( ).
To share your own projects with the rest of the world, click
the big Share button ( ) in the Scratch editor. To make a
project private again, click the Unshare button in the My Stuff
listing.
Just remember that as a member of the Scratch community,
youll be sharing projects and ideas with people of all ages, all
levels of experience, and all parts of the world. So be sure to:
Be respectful of other players
Be constructive when commenting
Help keep the site friendly and fun
Keep personal information private
For more ideas and information about sharing and remixing
projects, visit http://wiki.scratch.mit.edu/wiki/Remix.

16
My Computer Cant Run
Scratch 2!
If your computer doesnt meet the requirements listed on
page10, you can still downloadand installScratch 1.4. (http://
scratch.mit.edu/scratch_1.4/). Scratch 1.4 projects are compat-
ible with the Web-based Scratch 2, and you can still share your
projects on the Scratch website using Scratch 1.4. (Unfortunately,
Scratch 1.4 cannot read programs created in the Scratch 2
software.)
You can download free PDF versions of Chapters 1 and 2,
which explain how the older 1.4 interface works, by visiting
http://nostarch.com/scratch/. You can also find versions of the
books games that are compatible with 1.4 on that page.

Im an Educator Using Scratch

Awesome! This book is great place to start for classes and after-
school programs. Youll want to download the free Educators
Guide at http://nostarch.com/scratch/. Visit the official Scratch
educators forum at http://scratched.media.mit.edu/ to exchange
resources, share success stories, and ask questions of other edu-
cators already using Scratch as an educational tool.

I Still Have Other Questions

You can find more information on the Scratch website:
Visit the Scratch FAQ at http://info.scratch.mit.edu/
Support/Scratch_FAQ/.
Visit the Scratch Help at http://scratch.mit.edu/help/.
Online Resources on page 156 has other helpful links.
Forupdates to this book, visit http://nostarch.com/scratch/.

17
Meet the Cast

Mitch
A computer science
student who loves to
make cool programs,
hes passionate about
movies and art, too!
Mitch is an all-around
good guy.

The Cosmic Defenders:

Gobo, Fabu, and Pele
The Cosmic Defenders are trans-
dimensional space aliens who can
travel through space and time.
Formally deputized by the Galactic
Council, the Cosmic Defenders duty
is to maintain the balance of the
universe.

The Dark Wizard

erful
He is a shapeless yet pow
spi rit, wh ose origins Scratchy
and vengeful
now n. No thin g can stop An energetic cat living in cyber-
are unk
yin g the space, Scratchy is exactly what
his ambition of destro
youd expect from a cat on the
order of space and time.
Internet. Hes quite curious and
impulsive.
The Dark Minions
mic
These pesky foes are Cos
Defend ers wh o hav e fall en
rk
tothe dar k side. They wo
for the Dar k Wiz ard now .
Riding a Flare
from the Sun
 A solar storm A Flare
Rages on the Explodes with
surface of a burst of
thesun.... Energy!

Beoo
Beoo o-
oo
p!

Earthqu
I sure wish ak
Meanwhile, in
programming e!
school on Earth...
were easier...

Whoa!

Chirp Chirp

Wake up.

W-who are
Come on, you? What just
wake up! happened?
 My name is Thats right. I Amazing! My
Scratchy. followed that nameis Mitch. Im a
Im from flash of light, And computer science
Cyberspace. here I am! student!

Youre from a
computer?!

Oh no! I
cant move
my legs!

Hey Mitch.
umis your Where is
planet always
so gray?
everybody?
Ahhh!
Meneither!
Something Help!!
terrible is
forming in
the sky!
No way!
Somethings
wrong. Lets
go check
itout!

take this
Secret Manual
Stay Calm! beforethe
Thank goodness Black Tornado
Ifound you! swallows you!
Then follow my
Your body is instructions!
being frozen!

Lets
do
this!
 Breaking the Spell!
Chapter Focus The Game
Lets get to know Scratch! We need to get Scratchy the cat
Well also learn about sprites moving again. Well make him
and coordinates. dance across the Stage.

To follow along with the Secret Manual,

you first need to open Scratch. Once you
Create a new project, youll see Scratchy
the cat on a white backdrop. The cat doesnt
do anything yet because he doesnt have any The command blocks you
programs. Scratch calls Scratchy the cat can give a sprite are here.
and all the other characters and objects we Well stack these commands
add to a projecta sprite. Soon, well start together to break the magic
giving him directions to move by using the spell and get Scratchy back on
blue blocks in the middle of the screen. his feet. The blocks here are
all blue, as theyre from the
Motion palette.

an d D r
ck a
i
Cl

To move a block, just click and

drag it over here. This is called
the Scripts Area. Its where we
write our programs.

Youll need to give each sprite its

own instructions. In other games
we play, well have more than one
character to control, so well have
more than one sprite listed here, in
the Sprite List. To give a particular
sprite instructions, click a sprite in
the Sprite List first and then drag Now lets take a closer look
blocks into the Scripts Area. at the rest of the interface

22
 A Guided Tour of the Scratch Interface!

Palette
Sprite Toolbar Each of these ten buttons lets you choose
Contains the functions (called blocks) for programming your
Play the Give your Duplicate, Delete, sprites. You can combine these command
game full project a Grow, Shrink, and blocks in stacks to create programs that
screen. new name. Block Help tools control objects on the screen.

Stage
Displays your creation

Scripts Area
Heres where you build your
programs. Stacking blocks
The green flag starts the together here lets you control
game and the red flag the sprites in your project. Click
stops the game. one of the three tabs at the top
to change to other functions:
Scripts: Allows you to
drag command blocks from
the Palette and put them
together to write a program
Costumes: Allows you to
draw, import, or edit images
Sprite List
for a sprite
Here are the characters
and objects youve created, Sounds: Allows you to record
including the Stage itself. or import sound files for a
Click the icons to edit each sprite to use
sprite individually.

New Sprite Buttons

There are four ways to add a sprite:
Pick one from Scratchs built-in library
Draw a new one
Upload an image you already have
Take a photo with your computers webcam

23
 Sprite Information
You might have noticed a little blue i in the corner of the box around
Scratchy when you select his sprite in the Sprite List. Try clicking the i,
and youll get information about that sprite.

This section shows the sprites name, position, and direction it is facing
(the little blue line).

This is how you can rename the Scratchy sprite.

Right now its Sprite1. Dont you think thats a
ick little boring? Try renaming this sprite.
Cl ere
h

Click this arrow when Rotation Settings Try clicking and

youre done with the You can control how a sprite dragging the little
Sprite Settings pane. rotates in three ways: blue linesee what
Well play with these Can rotate freely happens to Scratchys
other settings later. Can face only left or right orientation.
No rotating allowed

Now, onto the fun stuff. To use Scratch to program

movements, you first have to understand how
Scratch positions things.

Click the Stage icon in the Sprite List. Switch to

the Backdrops tab in the Scripts Area and choose
Choose backdrop from library.

Note: Sprites have costumes while the Stage has

backdrops.

Choose
the xy-grid
backdrop and
click OK to
use it. Its in
the Other
category.

24
Now you can see exactly how Scratch positions objects.
Everything is on a grid with two axes:
y-axis: A vertical line that marks up and down positions;
ranges from 180 (lowest) to +180 (highest)
x-axis: A horizontal line that marks left and right positions;
ranges from 240 (farthest left) to +240 (farthest right)
Scratchys default position is at the point where the x-axis
and y-axis meet. Hiscoordinates are (X: 0, Y: 0).

Now we can program movements for

Scratchy the cat! But first, try dragging
him to the top of the Stage, as shown
on the right.

Note: The bottom-right corner displays

the coordinates of your mouse. This
will be really helpful when we start
setting the positions of sprites!

The current coordinates of a sprite are

shown in the upper-right corner of the
Scripts Area, too.

To make sure were giving Scratchy the cat

instructions, click him in the Sprite List (the
box at the bottom left of the screen). Switch to
the Scripts tab in the Scripts Area and then
click the Motion palette button. Click and drag
out the command block go to x:0 y:0 to the
Scripts Area.

25
 Click the number of a coordinate to change it. Set x to 0 and
set y to 125. Now click the block to run it! Scratch goes right
tothat position. Weve just written our first program! Its really
that simple.

We want Scratchy to move

around, but at the moment, he
moves too fast for us to see! To
make him move more slowly, click Next, select the
the Control palette and drag out Duplicate button on
the command wait 1 secs to the the Sprite Toolbar
Scripts Area. Make sure to drag it and stamp it on the
under your blue command block. commands to make
Wait for a white line to appear and five copies.
then release the mouse.

The two commands are joined

together! Now change the time
to0.1 secs.

Tip: If you want to separate the

commands, simply drag away
the block. If you want to delete a
block, simply drag it back to the
palette. Give it a try. To move a big
stack of blocks, click and drag the
topmost block in the stack.

26
Type these coordinates in your
own program, so it matches this
picture. When youre finished,
click the whole command block
to make Scratchy jump around
in a pentagon shape!

To make him move in a loop continuously, drag out the

command block forever from the Control palette and place
it at the top of the code. Click the block, and it will actually
run! Click to stop Scratchy from moving around. You can
testany program in this wayjust click it with your mouse.

Tip: Whenever youre writing scripts, youll want to test them

every now and then to see if they work the way you expect.

Now lets make Scratchy glide around instead of

jumping from point to point. To do this, click the
Motion palette, drag out five glide commands,
and join them together. Follow the picture on
the right, and copy the seconds and coordinates.
Once youre finished, click the script to see the
results!

Now we can join these two programs together! From

the Events palette, drag out the When clicked
command and put it at the top of your two scripts.

Tip: Well often need multiple scripts to start at the

same time, and using the When clicked command
will help us do that.

27
 Because we used the When clicked command, we
can use these buttons above the Stage to start ( )
and stop ( ) the game.

Next, click the Pen palette

and drag out the four green
Pen blocks shown on the
right. Now when Scratchy
moves, hell draw a magic
star web!

h! Occasionally, when you run your program,

h -o e s
U er ! there is a software bug. This is the most
Th ug exciting part of computer programming:
b
a
discovering an error in something you
have made and then solving the problem.
In this case, sometimes Scratchy will
draw an odd line at the beginning of the
program.

If we drag Scratchy anywhere else on

theStage and then press , he draws an
extra line because he starts in the wrong
place. Try doing this multiple times to see
if you can spot the bug.

28
This software bug can be fixed by adding
some more codethat is, new blocksto
your program. In this case, simply place
a new go to block (from the blue Motion
palette) above the green Pen blocks and
below the When clicked block.

With this little correction, Scratchy will

always begin drawing from the correct
position in the grid. The bug is gone!

Lets add a whole new program to

make a magic star web that changes
colors. Build a second stack of blocks
that uses the change pen color by
command and see what happens.

Isnt that cool? You can give a single

sprite more than one set of blocks!
Scratchy now has two programs. This
tiny second program sure makes a big
difference in how the game looks.

29
 Remember to save
this file so you can
play with it later!

If you are logged into Scratch, the website stores all of your projects into
My Stuff so you can easily find them. The website saves your progress
every so often, but you can save manually too: File4Save Now. You can
also save different versions of your programs to make sure you dont lose
older versions of your games and can safely experimentFile4Save Copy
creates a new version of your project in My Stuff. If you want to download
a version for yourself, try File4Download to your computer. Then save
it in a safe spot!

Scratchys Challenge!!
Can you edit this program to make Scratchy draw
different kinds of shapes? Give it a try!

30
Entering
Space
 Magic Alright! I can
star web! feel my limbs
sh again!
WhoO

The Dark Who are

Nice work!
Wizard? you again?
Youve broken
the Dark
Wizards spell!

My name is this universe is

Gobo. Im nowcontrolled by the OH no! Were the
That solar
a cosmic Dark Wizard and his minions. only ones left!
flare
defender! they froze all the cosmic
destroyed
defenders besides me
the balance
and all the humans
between the
onearth.
digital world
and the real
world!

32
 Great Idea!
This Secret Yes! If I learn You can design
Manual saved to program, it new equipment and
us. Maybe might help to even control our
it can help defeat the Dark movements!
other people Wizard!
as well!

We need the
energy from seven
Alright! dimensional strings
But why does
to open the stargate
Scratchy need
the space suit?
and reach my
friends...

Oh no!
My fellow ...but inside the
defenders are in vortex, theres no
trouble! Change oxygen, and lightning
into a space suit can make things
and savethem, disappear!
kind feline!

Wow! Its full

Im ready! of stars!

by the way,
Gobo, my name
is Scratchy, and
hes Mitch! The adventure into
space begins

33
 A Space Odyssey!
Chapter Focus The Game
Learn to design new costumes Avoid the lightning bolts and
and program a sprites move collect seven dimensional strings.
ments, reactions, and sound Once youve got them all, the
effects. Monolith will appear!

To make things really easy, lets start by opening

a blank project called 02 - A Space Odyssey.sb2.
This project has all the sprites youll need, but
none of the programming yet. To open a file, click
File4Upload from your computer.

But lets try making some sprites of our own, so

you can make changes to this games characters
and invent your own games, too! Click Scratchys
sprite icon in the Sprite List, and then click the
Costumes tab. Youll see the Paint Editorjust
be sure to click the costume you want to change.

At the top of the Paint

Editor, you can give your
Costume a name. We
can then reference the
costume names in our
programming.

If your Paint Editor

looks different, it could
be because you havent
opened the blank project
file (02 - A Space Odyssey
.sb2) that has Scratchys
astronaut costume.

Scratch has two modes

for editing graphics
on the right is Bitmap
mode. See page 38 to
learn more about editing
in Vector mode.

34
 Heres where all the tools
are. The Brush and Eraser
tools make it easy to draw.

Use the Fill tool to color big

parts of your drawing at once.
You can choose a single color
from the palette or use a The Eyedropper tool will
gradient effect from the Tool match the current color to any
Options. color you click in your image.

Tool Options Click the Zoom buttons (the magnifying

Whatever tool you are using, the options glasses on the bottom right) to zoom in
for the tool will appear at the bottom of or out on your creations. This will make
the Paint Editor. For example, the size it easier to draw! Clicking the equals sign
ofthe Brush or Eraser can be adjusted (=) shows you exactly how your sprite
ifyou want to make a big drawing or will appear on the Stage.
addfine detail. Just click and drag here
to pick the right size. If youre not sure what a button does,
simply hover your cursor over it, anda
You pick a color for your tool here, too. description will appear!

35
 You also have tools to draw rectangles and ellipses.
Can you give Scratchy a stovepipe hat like Abe
Lincoln using the Rectangle and Ellipse tools?

These shapes can be empty inside

or filled in. Try experimenting with
different colors for the inside and
outside. If you press the shift key
when you start to draw, youll
have a perfect circle or square!
(You can also use this shift trick
when using the Line tool to draw
a straight line.) Try rotating your
shapes using the handle on the
top of the box.

The Text tool lets you add

writing to your sprite. Well
use this tool when we need
to give the player instructions
for our games. If you want
to move the text, simply click
and drag the black box that
surrounds your text.

36
 To use the Select tool, use your
mouse to create a frame around a
certain area. Then you can do all
sorts of things to the selected part
of your costume:
Click and drag the selection to
move it to a new location.
Resize, smush, or stretch the
image using the handles on the
sides of the box
Rotate the selection by clicking
and dragging the handle at the
top center of the box
Press and hold the ctrl key and
C key at the same time to copy
the image area (Mac users can
use -C instead). Then press
ctrl-V to paste your selection,
as many times as youlike.
Press the delete key to erase
the selection.

The Set costume center

button marks the center of
your sprite. This helps to
make sure your sprite doesnt
end up in the wrong place
when it spins or rotates!

By using the Duplicate tool,

you can copy and stamp a
selected area as many times
as you want! Just draw a
frame around the area you
want to copy and then click
wherever you want to paste.

37
Vector Mode
You may have noticed that
when you edit other sprites in
Scratch, you dont seethe same
Paint Editor tools. Some newer
sprites are vector artthats just
a fancy way to say theyre made
of shapes, instead of pixels.
Vector art have small filesizes,
but they are great qualityand
they can be resized without
losing quality.

Note: For simplicitys sake, all

of the graphics in this book use
Bitmap mode. But your custom
projects can use a mix of vector
and bitmap graphics.

You can switch from Scratchs Bitmap mode (the

one seen earlier) to Vector mode by clicking the
Convert to Vector button at the bottom right of Select object
the Paint Editor. The difference between using Reshape a line or shape
(click on an object, then Pencil
these two tools in Scratch is like the difference
drag its round handles) Line
between Adobe Photoshop and Illustratoror
GIMP and Inkscape. Use whichever Paint Editor Rectangle
Ellipse
mode you like the most!
Text
Fill tool
Youcan import SVG files into Scratchs vector
editor. In Vector mode, you can squeeze and Duplicate
shape lines, reshape, and ungroup. Heres how Forward a layer
the Vector mode works. Back a layer
Ungroup

38
Try opening a vector
graphic from Scratchs
library, and give editing
one a try.

The Backpack
Heres a cool new feature. If youre logged into the
Scratch website, youll see something called the
Backpack at the very bottom of the screen. Click it,
and itll open up. Yours will be empty until you throw
some sprites in it.

Your Backpack lets you share sprites and

scripts between projects. If you play a really
cool game on the Scratch website and want
to use the character in an entirely new
project, just click and drag the sprite right
into your Backpack.

When you create a new project of your own,

just open the Backpack again and drag the
sprite out. You can write all new programs,
or use the ones that were already with the
sprite. You can even use your Backpack to
store programs you want to reuse!

39
Once you know how to use the Paint Editors
tools, Scratchy can put on his space suit!
Goahead and draw your own, or use the
costume thats already in the project.

Because weve selected the horizontal

rotation style (circled below) Scratchy will
face only left and right.

Now we have the main

character for our game:
Scratchy the astronaut!

40
Next, lets take a look at the other
sprites in the game. You can use the
art thats already in the game, or
draw new artwork yourself! Click
to draw a new sprite.

First, take a look at the String and

the Monolith. They are two costumes
for the same sprite, String. If they
were two separate sprites, wed have
to write two programs. But now we
can make this sprite switch costumes
and write only one program.

Now for our third new sprite, some

scary Lightning! The player will need
to avoid the lighting.

We also need some instructions to

appear at the start of the game. Well
call this sprite Banner.

41
Next, lets look at the Stage.
Iused artwork of a black hole
from NASA! You can draw a
new backdrop if you like. Click
the Stage in the Sprite List, and
then click the Backdrops tab.

Now that we have a bunch of sprites for the

game, you can see how everything appears in
the Sprite List. To give a sprite new instructions
or costumes, youll first have to click it in the
Sprite List. Lets start by giving Scratchy the
astronaut his programming.

Lets write our first program for Scratchy! Make

sure hes selected in the Sprite List and youve clicked

the Scripts tab. His first program is a short one that
makes him bounce up and down a little. This makes
him look like hes floating in zero gravity!

42
 For program , well make a conditionalif something
is true, then something else will happen. In the Control
palette, drag out an if block. Then for the diamond shape,
drag the Sensing block key ______ pressed?. Right below
the if, put what you want to happenwhen the statement
is true. Drag out the rest of these commands to form the
complete program. Now you can move Scratchy up, down,
left, and right by using the keyboard!

Now well give Scratchy two more programs. Well need to

program them individually, and then use When clicked
to make them all run at the same time.

Lets write programs and . Click the Control

and Looks palettes and drag out these commands.

Program controls which costume Scratchy

wears, and program makes Scratchy become
invisible like a ghost each time he gets struck by
lightning.

When youve finished all of this, Scratchys

programming is complete!

Next, lets click the Banner sprite.

We just need a simple program to
make these instructions appear at
the start of the game. The repeat 2
loop using the show and hide blocks
makes our instructions flash, so the
game is even more exciting.

43
Now we can add sound effects to the game!
Ive already added a few, but you can change
things up. First, click the Stage in the Sprite
List. Then click its Sounds tab. You can create
whatever kind of sounds effects or music you
like for your Scratch projects. You can even
record your own sounds right in the Scratch
program.

If you click the Record button, a sound recorder will pop up.
You can click the round button to record speech or sound
effects through a microphone. When youre finished, click OK.

Note: To record your own sounds, youll need a microphone

attached to the computer. To listen to sound effects and music,
youll need speakers.

If you want to use sounds that are prerecorded, you can press
to use Scratchs sound library, or to choose files from
your own computer (MP3 and compressed WAV, AIF, and AU
formats are supported).

44
Now we can add some simple programs to the
Stage. Program makes its backdrop change
colors. Inprogram , use the Sound palette
toadd a song to the Stage.

Next, we can add some sound effects to the

String and Lightning sprites to make the game
more exciting! Test how you like my sound
effects, and make your own if you like.

You can record a sound yourself and

then change it using the Effects menu.
Try reversing what you record to make
it sound really weird!

Click the Lightning sprite, and

write a program so that whenever
Scratchy touches a lightning bolt,
a sound will play.

45
 The Lightning sprite needs some more
programs. Go to the Control, Events,
Looks, and Operators palettes and
program these commands to have the
lightning bolt randomly grow bigger
or smaller, making the game more
magical.

Next, write this program to make the lightning

disappear whenever Scratchy touches it and to
control the way it moves.

The lightnings vertical position (y-axis) changes

because we repeat eight times the subtraction of
40 steps (-40) from its original y-coordinate of 260.
To make the lightning move differently, you can
change and play with these numbers.

So that the lightning bolt makes Scratchy disappear,

we must make sure that each time it movesthat
is, the position of its y-axis changesthe program
will check if it touches Scratchy.

Tip: Sometimes when youve used

the hide and show blocks, a sprite
can disappear while youre working
on the programrunning it, testing
it, and checking for bugs. Simply click
the show block in the Looks palette
to make the sprite appear again.
(You can also check the show box
inthe Sprite Information pane.)

46
Now its time to program the String sprite.
Make sure you click it in the Sprite List first!

Program makes it change color, just like
our Stage. Program will give it a simple
animation, using the fisheye effect.

Now for a big program. Lets start

by dragging out the blocks you can
see in . These will control how the
String costume spins and moves.

47
 Then add to your program so that
it looks like . This will make your
dimensional string appear in a
random place on the Stage seven
different times. The say blocks
and play sound blocks at the end
of the program make sure the
player knows he has grabbed a
dimensional string.

Were not done yet!

This is a big script.

48
 Add a When clicked block at the top of our script
and some instructions at the very bottom so that once
Scratchy has collected seven dimensional strings, the
String sprite will change to its Monolith costume. When
that happens, the player wins the game. Make sure
your finished program looks like .

Now youre done!

Nice work!

49
After saving the file, you can enjoy your final
creation! Make the Stage full screen and
click to begin a new round.

Scratchys Challenge!!
Add more lightning bolts to give yourself a
challenge. Or you could replace the lightning
bolt with a big, scary space monster you drew
yourself! Give it a try!

50
 The adventure continues...

Its sudden death in this Defend the server from

penalty kick shootout! sneaky hacker attacks!

Get the gem and escape the battle the dark wizard in
booby-trapped maze! the awesome fighting
anawesome fighting game!
game!

Buy the book at http://nostarch.com/scratch

and use SCRATCH2 to get 40% off your purchase.