L3 LTI Systems
L3 LTI Systems
L3 LTI Systems
Very large, t = 0 (t )
(t ) =
0, otherwise
1
K K t
2 1 0 1 2 3
The unit impulse function is a mathematical model to represent signals that are
highly localized in time.
x ( t ) = input y ( t ) = output
( excitation ) ( response )
x1 ( t )
LINEAR
y1 ( t )
SYSTEM
Cx1 ( t ) LINEAR
SYSTEM Cy1 ( t )
x1 ( t ) y1 ( t )
x2 ( t ) y2 ( t )
x1 ( t ) + x2 ( t ) y1 ( t ) + y2 ( t )
x1 ( t ) y1 ( t )
x2 ( t ) y2 ( t )
x1 ( t ) y1 ( t )
x2 ( t ) = x1 ( t t0 ) y2 ( t ) = y1 ( t t0 )
A causal system is a non-anticipative system in that the output does not precede,
or anticipate, the input.
i.e. The systems output depends only on the past and current input, but not on
the future inputs.
All nature, physics operate under this principal called causality (cause and
effect).
The impulse response of a causal system must be 0 for all t < 0. [ i.e. the
impulse input is (t) ].
A system has memory if its output signal depends on past or/and future values of
its input signal. System with a memory is also called dynamic system.
A system is memoryless if the output signal depends only on the present value of
the input signal. A memoryless system is also called instantaneous system.
v ( t ) = Ri ( t )
While the capacitor has memory:
t
v ( t ) = v ( t0 ) + i ( ) d
t0
x (t ) y (t ) x (t )
VTh
to it.
Note: the notation is restricted to the practical situation where the number of the
derivatives of the output is greater than or equal to the number of input derivative,
that is n m .
The order of a differential equation is the order the highest derivative of the output
function that appears in the equation.
Obtained by setting to zero terms involving the input and its derivative, with the
( ) + a s ( Ce ) + L + a s ( Ce ) = 0
result: 0 st 1 st n st
a0 s Ce 1 n
This result is known as the characteristic equation and can also be written as
k =n
a s
k =0
k
k
=0
s1 = r1 , s2 = r2 L sn = rn
are called characteristic roots. The characteristic equation can be written in factored
form: k =n
a s
k =0
k
k = an ( s r1 )( s r2 )L( s rn ) = 0
y (t ) , y ( t ) / t , n1 y ( t ) / t n1
t =0 t =0 t =0
a s
k =0
k
k
=0
y (t ) , y ( t ) / t , n1 y ( t ) / t n1
t =0 t =0 t =0
is called the initial condition (IC) solution and for simple (non-repeating) roots is of
the form
yIC ( t ) = C1e + C2e + L + Cne
r1t r2t rnt
n
or in compact form
yIC ( t ) = Ck e rk t
k =1
where the Ck for k = 1, 2,L n are coefficient that must be determined in order
to satisfy the given set of initial condition and rk for k = 1, 2,L n , are the
characteristic roots.
( s sk )
q
If the CE contain multiple roots indicated by the factor terms of the
form q 1 sk t q 2 sk t
C1t e + C2t e + L + Cq e sk t
d ( yh 0 + y f 0 )
Substituting to original differential equation
+ p ( yh 0 + y f 0 ) = q
dx
To find the homogenous solution, set forced function to zero:
dyh 0
+ pyh 0 = 0
dx
The yh 0 ( t ) is
yh 0 = Ae px
x (t ) y (t )
y ( t ) = k x ( t t0 )
h(t ) = k (t to )
1) The magnitude response H(j ) must be constant for all frequencies of interest.
H(j ) = k
arg H ( j )
Slope = -t0
a) Magnitude response
b) Phase response