Sadhana Vol. 38, Part 6, December 2013, pp. 13691391.


c Indian Academy of Sciences

Effect of heat input on dilution and heat affected zone

in submerged arc welding process
HARI OM1, and SUNIL PANDEY2
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, YMCA University of Science and
Technology, Sector 06, Faridabad 121 006, India
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi,

New Delhi 110 016, India

e-mail: [email protected]

MS received 26 September 2012; revised 13 March 2013; accepted 3 April 2013

Abstract. Submerged arc welding (SAW) is a fusion joining process, known for
its high deposition capabilities. This process is useful in joining thick section com-
ponents used in various industries. Besides joining, SAW can also be used for
surfacing applications. Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) produced within the base metal
as a result of tremendous heat of arc is of big concern as it affects the performance
of welded/surfaced structure in service due to metallurgical changes in the affected
region. This work was carried out to investigate the effect of polarity and other SAW
parameters on HAZ size and dilution and to establish their correlations. Influence of
heat input on dilution and heat affected zone was then carried out. Four levels of heat
input were used to study their effect on % dilution and HAZ area at both the electrode
positive and electrode negative polarities. Proper management of heat input in weld-
ing is important, because power sources can be used more efficiently if one knows
how the same heat input can be applied to get the better results. Empirical models
have been developed using statistical technique.

Keywords. Submerged arc welding; weld dilution; electrode polarity; heat affected
zone.

1. Introduction

Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) is primarily used in shipbuilding, pipe fabrication, pressure ves-
sels, and structural components for bridges and buildings due to its high deposition rate (Chandel
et al 1997). Other than joining, SAW is used to build up parts and overlay with stainless or wear-
resistant steel for example, rolls for continuous casting steel, pressure vessels, rail car wheels,
and equipment for mining, mineral processing, construction, and agriculture. SAW normally

For correspondence

1369
1370 Hari Om and Sunil Pandey

uses constant-voltage power supply and is self-regulating, so it can be used with a constant-
speed wire feeder. The current is controlled by the wire diameter, the electrical stick-out, and the
wire-feed speed, while the voltage is controlled by the power supply (ASM 1993). No shielding
gas is needed because arc is submerged and the molten metal is separated from the air by the
molten slag and granular flux. Direct-current electrode positive is most often used. However, at
very high welding currents, AC is preferred in order to minimize arc blow (Kou 2003).
The knowledge of how welding process parameters affect weld bead geometry is important
because it can be applied in automatic and semiautomatic control of arc welding processes where
optimal selection of input parameters is required for high productivity and cost effectiveness
(Shen et al 2012). The welding current direction also affects the weld bead profile. The current
may be direct with the electrode positive (reverse polarity), electrode negative (straight polar-
ity), or alternating (ASM 1993). As reported by various researchers, electrode positive polarity
produces wider beads usually with more penetration depth and electrode negative polarity yields
narrower beads with low penetration (Chandel 1987; Yang et al 1993).
Mechanical properties of a welded joint are dictated mainly by weld bead contour, HAZ area,
precipitation process and heat input during welding (Lancaster 1993). Base metal in the vicinity
of deposited weld metal undergoes a considerable change metallurgically and mechanically due
to weld thermal cycle. Size of this heat affected zone (HAZ) depends on the heat input and is
to be predicted for better analysis and understanding of the characteristics of HAZ affecting the
microstructure and properties of the welded steel (Gunaraj & Murugan 1999a).

2. Literature survey

Extensive work has been done by many researchers in the field of submerged arc welding and
various aspects of this fusion joining process have been discussed. Some of these researches
have been highlighted.
Pandey et al (1994) showed in their work that welding current and voltage have an appreciable
influence on element transfer, as well as on weld composition. Weldment properties such as
strength, toughness and solidification cracking behaviour are affected by chemical composition
of the weld. Chandel et al (1997) through their research paper presented theoretical predictions
of the effect of current, electrode polarity, electrode diameter and electrode extension on the
melting rate, bead height, bead width and weld penetration, in submerged-arc welding. Khallaf
et al (1997) described cracking behaviour during the submerged arc welding of medium carbon
steel plates and found that the cracking susceptibility increases with an increase in the welding
current and decreases with an increase in the welding speed or the electrode wire feed rate. It
also increases with increases in the plate rolling reduction ratio and with decrease in the plate
thickness.
Gunaraj & Murugan (1999a) studied the effect of controllable process variables on the heat
input and the area of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) for bead-on-plate and bead-on joint welding
using mathematical models developed for the submerged arc welding of pipes. A comparative
study of the area of the heat-effected zone between bead-on-plate and bead-on-joint welding was
then carried out. Gunaraj & Murugan (1999b), Murugan & Gunaraj (2005) again addressed the
main problem faced in the manufacture of pipes by the SAW process regarding the selection of
the optimum combination of input variables for achieving the required qualities of weld. They
suggested the solution by the development of mathematical models through effective and strate-
gic planning and the execution of experiments by RSM. Tuek (2000) worked on mathematical
modelling of melting rate in twin-wire welding for the first time and found his models were very
 Effect of heat input on dilution 1371

accurate practically. A multi wire SAW process was modelled by Wen et al (2001) using a gen-
eral purpose finite element package for thick wall line pipes. It was shown that the geometric
distortion and residual stresses and strains can be minimized through process optimization.
Pandey (2004) proposed a relationship between welding current and direct SAW process
parameters using two level half factorial design. Interactive effects of direct parameters were also
studied. The study performed by Karaoglu & Segin (2008) focuses on the sensitivity analysis
of parameters and fine tuning requirements of the parameters for optimum weld bead geome-
try. Changeable process parameters such as welding current, welding voltage and welding speed
are used as design variables. Effects of all three design parameters on the bead width and bead
height show that even small changes in these parameters play an important role in the quality of
welding operation. The results also reveal that the penetration is almost non-sensitive to the vari-
ations in voltage and speed. Dhas & Kumanan (2011) used Taguchis design of experiments and
regression analysis to establish inputoutput relationships of the process. By this relationship,
an attempt was made to minimize weld bead width, a good indicator of bead geometry, using
optimization procedures based on the genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization
(PSO) algorithm to determine optimal weld parameters.
Ghosh et al (2011a) addressed the issue associated with the uncertainties involved with the
heat affected zone (HAZ) in and around the weldment produced by SAW process. The most
intriguing issue is about HAZ softening that imparts some uncertainties in the welded quality.
It increases the probability of fatigue failures at the weakest zones caused by the heating and
cooling cycle of the weld zone. They assessed the heat affected zone of submerged arc welding
of structural steel plates through the analysis of the grain structure by means of digital image
processing techniques. It was concluded that the grains are predominantly of smaller variety and
the counts for larger grain are almost negligible. The absence of larger size grains in the image
vouch for the soundness of the weld in comparison to the competing welding methodologies of
structural steel plates. Ghosh et al (2011b, c) used graphical technique to predict submerged arc
welding yield parameters and studied the effect of main factors, viz. current, wire feed rate, travel
speed and stick out and the interactions among the main factors on the welding bead parameters.
The interactions depicted the level of confounded character of the main factors with respect to
the significant yield parameters of the process.
A series of measurements was carried out by Shen et al (2012) on specimens of submerged arc
welded plates of ASTM A709 Grade 50 steel. The bead reinforcement, bead width, penetration
depth, HAZ size, deposition area and penetration area increased with increasing heat input but
the bead contact angle decreased with it. The electrode melting efficiency increased initially and
then decreased with increasing heat input but the plate melting efficiency and percentage dilution
changed only slightly with it. Cooling time exhibited a very good linear relationship with the
total nugget area, heat transfer boundary length, and nugget parameter.

3. Motivation for the present work

It is clear from the literature survey that a lot of work has been done in past years regarding the
modelling of bead geometry with respect to SAW parameters. Various statistical and modelling
techniques have used by different authors. HAZ, which is a critical zone in any weldment, has
been only modelled by Gunaraj and Murugan in 1999. They correlated the HAZ area with the
heat input and other welding parameters and comparison was done between HAZ produced in
bead on plate welds and pipe joint welds. It was concluded that for the same heat input, area of
the HAZ is greater on the plate than on the joint.
1372 Hari Om and Sunil Pandey

No studies in the past, however, been carried out to find the direct and interactive effect of
electrode polarity on the size of heat affected zone and heat input to the weld pool for submerged
arc welding. In the present work, an attempt is made to fill this gap by modelling the size of HAZ
for electrode positive as well as electrode negative polarity by using factorial design technique.
The effect of heat input on the percentage dilution and heat affected zone has also been studied.

4. Scheme of investigation

4.1 Identification of parameters and determination of working limits

Predominant parameters that had greater influence on welding quality were identified as wire
feed rate (WFR), open circuit voltage (OCV), welding speed (WS) and electrode polarity (PO)
were selected as welding parameters since they can be varied independently (Om & Pandey
2010). The working limits of selected parameters were finalized on the basis of a large number
of trial runs. Minimum and maximum levels of each parameter were decided by inspecting the
resulting bead on plate carefully so that it was free of any visible welding defect like surface
porosity, undercut, overlap, excessive convexity and cracks, etc. and it had smooth and uniform
appearance throughout the length. The high and low levels of the parameters were coded as +1
and 1, respectively. The actual values of parameters corresponding to the coded values are
given in table 1.
Further coded value for any intermediate actual value of given variable can be calculated from
the following relationship

X = [2x (xmax + xmin )] (xmax xmin ), (1)

where X is the required coded value of a variable, x is any actual value of variable lying between
xmin to xmax , xmin and xmax , are the actual values of variable at low and high levels, respectively
(Murugan & Parmar 1993; Pandey 2004).

4.2 Developing the design matrix

Statistical design of experiment is the process of planning the experiment so that the appro-
priate data that can be analysed by statistical methods will be collected, resulting in valid and
objective conclusions (Montgomery 2001). This approach is necessary if we wish to draw any
meaningful conclusions from the data. Factorial designs are the most efficient experimental
design methods since all possible combinations of the levels of the factors are investigated in
each trial of the experiment (Anderson & McLean 1974). The number of trials in a factorial

Table 1. Parameters and their values at two levels.

Process parameter Units Notation Type of parameter Low level (1) High level (+1)
Open circuit Volts OCV Numeric 33 42
voltage
Wire feed mm/sec WFR Numeric 16 28
Welding speed mm/sec WS Numeric 5.5 10
Polarity PO Categorical Electrode Electrode
negative (EN) positive (EP)
 Effect of heat input on dilution 1373

experiment increase considerably with increase in the number of factors (Adler 1975). Frac-
tional factorial experiments are important alternatives to complete factorial experiments when
budgetary, time, or experimental constraints preclude the execution of complete factorial exper-
iments (Mason et al 2003). In this work, a half fractional factorial design was adopted to cut
down the number of runs needed for full factorial design.
The design matrix, considering four independent welding parameters as mentioned in
section 4.1, was developed as per 2k1 fractional factorial design to conduct a total of eight runs
(241 = 8). Parameters WFR, OCV, WS and PO have been represented by the numbers 1, 2,
3 and 4, respectively in the present paper. The main effect of electrode polarity (PO) was con-
founded with the other three parameters (WFR, OCV, WS) interaction effect. The forth column
of the matrix was generated using the confounding pattern. The signs under the column 1, 2, 3
were arranged in standard Yates order, while those under the column 4 were obtained by select-
ing a generating relation 4 = 123. This means, defining contrast for the design was I = 1234.
Three parameters and higher order interactions were assumed to be negligible; the half fractional
factorial design of eight runs provided eight estimates for the effect of four welding parame-
ters on a particular response. Out of these estimates, one estimate was for the mean effect of
all the parameters on response, four estimates for the main effects and the remaining three con-
founded estimates for two parameter interactions (Adler 1975; Pandey 2004). Design matrix for
coefficients and confounding patterns has been shown in table 2.

4.3 Experimental procedure

A direct current constant voltage power source and mechanized submerged arc welding equip-
ment with a current capacity of 600 amperes was used for the experimentation. The equipment
could be used for an open circuit voltage range of 1248 volts. A single bead on plate technique
was used to deposit beads on 250 mm 75 mm 10 mm mild steel plates. A general purpose
agglomerated acidic flux (AWS SFA A-5.17) with a basicity index of 0.6 along with a compat-
ible mild steel single wire electrode of 3.15 mm diameter was used. The plates were cleaned
chemically and mechanically to remove rusting and possible sources of hydrogen such as grease
and oil, etc. The bead was deposited along the longitudinal centre line of each plate carefully so
that the heat distribution on both sides of bead remained same. The plates were then left to cool
at room temperature.

Table 2. Design matrix for calculating coefficients.

Regression WFR*OCV= WFR*WS= WFR*PO=

coefficient WFR OCV WS PO WS*PO OCV*PO OCV*WS
1 2 3 4 12=34 13=24 14=23
b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 1374

Table 3. Experimental design matrix and measured responses.

Design matrix (SAW parameters)

Coded values Actual values Responses
S.No. WFR OCV WS PO WFR OCV WS PO Heat input (kJ/mm) HAZ width (mm) HAZ area (sq. mm) % Dilution
1 1 1 1 (1) 16 33 5.5 EN 1.08 1.34 29.60 42.35
2 1 1 1 (1) 16 33 5.5 EN 1.18 1.48 26.70 44.19
3 1 1 1 (1) 16 33 5.5 EN 1.18 1.68 26.30 40.16
4 1 1 1 (1) 28 33 5.5 EP 1.66 2.20 36.20 48.47
5 1 1 1 (1) 28 33 5.5 EP 1.85 2.90 39.70 48.28
6 1 1 1 (1) 28 33 5.5 EP 1.62 2.50 34.50 52.17
7 1 1 1 (1) 16 42 5.5 EP 1.64 4.20 55.60 45.94
Hari Om and Sunil Pandey

8 1 1 1 (1) 16 42 5.5 EP 1.48 4.40 71.90 45.91

9 1 1 1 (1) 16 42 5.5 EP 1.69 4.10 68.90 48.11
10 1 1 1 (1) 28 42 5.5 EN 2.21 6.35 69.52 40.19
11 1 1 1 (1) 28 42 5.5 EN 2.40 5.66 75.27 40.08
12 1 1 1 (1) 28 42 5.5 EN 2.28 6.05 73.85 39.61
13 1 1 1 (1) 16 33 10 EP 0.65 1.06 10.40 48.57
14 1 1 1 (1) 16 33 10 EP 0.70 1.00 10.60 49.10
15 1 1 1 (1) 16 33 10 EP 0.60 1.20 10.80 50.25
16 1 1 1 (1) 28 33 10 EN 0.74 1.27 16.65 42.64
17 1 1 1 (1) 28 33 10 EN 0.82 1.33 13.86 46.94
18 1 1 1 (1) 28 33 10 EN 0.73 1.53 15.56 43.44
19 1 1 1 (1) 16 42 10 EN 0.78 1.35 14.85 43.12
20 1 1 1 (1) 16 42 10 EN 0.70 1.35 21.60 44.10
21 1 1 1 (1) 16 42 10 EN 0.78 1.59 23.66 41.12
22 1 1 1 (1) 28 42 10 EP 1.38 3.50 42.70 59.57
23 1 1 1 (1) 28 42 10 EP 1.40 2.71 34.60 62.68
24 1 1 1 (1) 28 42 10 EP 1.30 3.50 44.90 60.28
 Effect of heat input on dilution 1375

Three replicates for each of eight experimental runs (total runs 8 3 = 24) were conducted as
per the design matrix. The nozzle to plate distance was kept constant throughout the experiment
at 30 mm. These runs were performed randomly as the randomization protects against unknown
biases, including any unanticipated or unobservable break-in effects due to greater or lesser
care in conducting the experiment (Mason et al 2003).

4.4 Recording of responses

Welding current and welding voltage were recorded during welding for the given set of parame-
ters for each experimental run. After cooling at room temperature each plate was cut at the centre
transverse to the welding direction in order to obtain the specimen of about 10 mm thickness. The
sized specimens were molded with Bakelite and then polished using fine grade emery papers.
Molded and polished specimens were then etched with 2 % Nital solution in order to reveal
different zones of deposited weld bead. Well etched specimens were then scanned using high
resolution scanner and bead profiles and area of HAZ were measured using digital measuring
tools.

4.5 Development of model

Table 3 shows the experimental design matrix and measured responses. The functional relation-
ship R = f (WFR, OCV, WS, PO) was considered, where R is one of the responses. This relation
can be expressed as shown in eqn. (2).

R = b0 + b1 W F R + b2 OC V + b3 W S + b4 P O + b12 W F R OC V
+ b13 W F R W S + b14 W F R P O + b23 OC V W S + b24 OC V P O
+ b34 P O W S (2)

Table 4. ANOVA for HAZ width.

Source SS DF MS F-VALUE P-VALUE % CONTR

Model 5.30 6 0.88 152.40 <0.0001
WFR 0.84 1 0.84 144.26 <0.0001 15.78
OCV 2.30 1 2.30 396.26 <0.0001 43.34
WS 1.68 1 1.68 290.26 <0.0001 31.74
PO 0.07 1 0.07 12.55 0.0025 1.37
WFR*OCV 0.09 1 0.09 16.20 0.0009 1.77
WFR*PO 0.32 1 0.32 54.87 <0.0001 6.00
Residual 0.10 17 0.01
Lack of fit 0.00 1 0.00 0.05 0.8203
Pure error 0.10 16 0.01
Cor total 5.40 23 100
Std. Dev. 0.076 R2 0.982
Mean 1.566 Adj -R2 0.975
C.V. % 4.861 Pred- R2 0.964
Press 0.196 S/N ratio 34.328
1376 Hari Om and Sunil Pandey

Table 5. ANOVA for HAZ area.

Source SS DF MS F-VALUE P-VALUE % CONTR

Model 10843.83 5 2168.77 98.17 <0.0001
WFR 665.71 1 665.71 30.13 <0.0001 6.14
OCV 4441.22 1 4441.22 201.04 <0.0001 40.96
WS 5041.94 1 5041.94 228.23 <0.0001 46.50
PO 118.73 1 118.73 5.37 0.0324 1.09
WFR*PO 576.24 1 576.24 26.08 <0.0001 5.31
Residual 397.65 18 22.09
Lack of fit 103.28 2 51.64 2.81 0.0902
Pure error 294.37 16 18.40
Cor total 11241.48 23 100
Std. Dev. 4.700 R2 0.965
Mean 36.176 Adj -R2 0.955
C.V. % 12.993 Pred- R2 0.937
Press 706.929 S/N ratio 26.501

According to confounding pattern, 12 = 34, 13 = 24 and 14 = 23, shown in table 2, the above
relation can be modified by incorporating the confounding parameters as given in eqn. (3).
R = b0 + b1 W F R + b2 OC V + b3 W S + b4 P O + b5 W F R OC V
+ b6 W F R W S + b7 W F R P O, (3)
where, b5 = (b12 + b34 ), b6 = (b13 + b24 ), & b7 = (b14 + b23 ).

4.5a Checking the adequacy of developed model: The significance of the model was tested by
using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) technique. The result of ANOVA for responses is shown
in tables 4, 5, 6 and 7. These tables show details of sum of squares (SS), degrees of freedom

Table 6. ANOVA for heat input.

Source SS DF MS F-VALUE P-VALUE % CONTR

Model 6209089 7 887013 156.44 <0.0001
WFR 1322022 1 1322022 233.17 <0.0001 21.29
OCV 1030372 1 1030372 181.73 <0.0001 16.59
WS 3543484 1 3543484 624.97 <0.0001 57.07
PO 43493 1 43493 7.67 0.0137 0.70
AB 130732 1 130732 23.06 0.0002 2.11
AC 101792 1 101792 17.95 0.0006 1.64
AD 37195 1 37195 6.56 0.0209 0.60
Pure error 90718 16 5670
Cor total 6299807 23 100
Std. Dev. 75.29839 R2 0.986
Mean 1220.246 Adj -R2 0.979
C.V. % 6.170754 Pred- R2 0.968
Peess 204114.5 S/N ratio 36.048
 Effect of heat input on dilution 1377

Table 7. ANOVA for percentage dilution.

Source SS DF MS F-VALUE P-VALUE % CONTR

Model 903.95 7 129.14 48.08 <0.0001
WFR 71.54 1 71.54 26.64 <0.0001 7.91
OCV 8.33 1 8.33 3.10 0.0972 0.92
WS 132.44 1 132.44 49.31 <0.0001 14.65
PO 517.08 1 517.08 192.53 <0.0001 57.20
WFR*OCV 29.92 1 29.92 11.14 0.0042 3.31
WFR*WS 57.47 1 57.47 21.40 0.0003 6.36
WFR*PO 87.16 1 87.16 32.45 <0.0001 9.64
Pure error 42.97 16 2.69
Cor total 946.92 23 100
Std. Dev. 1.639 R2 0.955
Mean 46.970 Adj -R2 0.935
C.V. % 3.489 Pred- R2 0.898
Press 96.687 S/N ratio 22.076

(DF), mean square (MS), F-Ratio (F-VALUE) and Probability of larger F-value (P-VALUE)
along with the percentage contribution (CONTR%) of each of the factors and their interactions
in the model (Fnides et al 2011). The F value in the ANOVA table, also known as the ratio of
variances, is the ratio of model mean square (MS) to the appropriate error mean square. Larger

Normal Plot of Residuals for HAZ Width

99

95
90
Normal % Probability

80
70

50

30
20
10
5

-3.00 -2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00

Internally Studentized Residuals

Figure 1. Normal probability plot of the studentized residuals to check normality of residuals for HAZ
width.
1378 Hari Om and Sunil Pandey

F-values show that the variance contributed by the model is significantly larger than random
error. If the F ratio lies near the tail of the F-distribution then the probability of a larger F is
small and the variance ratio is judged to be significant. Usually, a probability value less than
0.05 is considered significant at 95 % confidence level, thus justifying the use of the assumed
polynomial. Coefficient of multiple determination R2 and adjusted R2 are the measures of the
amount of reduction in the variability of particular response. For a model to be adequate, R2 and
adjusted R2 values must approach unity and be close to each other. If they differ considerably,
there is a good chance that non-significant terms have been included in the model (Montgomery
2001).

4.5b Significance of coefficients of the model: It is quite important to determine whether the
coefficients are statistically significant or not. The statistical significance of the coefficients was
tested by applying the t test. Coefficients having t values less than or equal to the listed t
value from tables at 95 % confidence level, are considered insignificant and can be dropped along
with the responses with which they are associated without affecting much the accuracy of the
proposed model (Gunaraj & Murugan 1999b; Pandey 2004). Only the significant coefficients
and associated parameters were considered in the developed mathematical model. The model
should consist of the factors and interactions that are significant, plus any terms that are needed to
maintain hierarchy. For the present 2-level factorial design, the half-normal probability plots and
Pareto charts were used to choose an appropriate model for each response. Normal probability
plots and predicted vs. actual responses plots are shown in figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.
Modelling software Design Expert was used for analysis of variance.

Normal Plot of Residuals for HAZ Area

99

95
90
Normal % Probability

80
70

50

30
20
10
5

-3.00 -2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00

Internally Studentized Residuals

Figure 2. Normal probability plot of the studentized residuals to check normality of residuals for HAZ
area.
 Effect of heat input on dilution 1379

Normal Plot of Residuals for Heat Input

99

95
90
Normal % Probability

80
70

50

30
20
10
5

-2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00

Internally Studentized Residuals

Figure 3. Normal probability plot of the studentized residuals to check normality of residuals for heat
input.

Normal Plot of Residuals for % Dilution

99

95
90
Normal % Probability

80
70

50

30
20
10
5

-2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00

Internally Studentized Residuals

Figure 4. Normal probability plot of the studentized residuals to check normality of residuals for
%dilution.
1380 Hari Om and Sunil Pandey

3.00

Predicted Values of HAZ Width

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00

Actual Values of HAZ Width

Figure 5. Predicted HAZ width vs. actual HAZ width.

80.00
Predicted Values of HAZ Area

60.00

40.00

20.00

0.00

10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00

Actual Values of HAZ Area

Figure 6. Predicted HAZ area vs. actual HAZ area.

Effect of heat input on dilution 1381

1.60

1.40

Predicted Values of Heat Input

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60

Actual Values of Heat Input

Figure 7. Predicted heat input vs. actual heat input.

65.00

60.00
Predicted Values of % Dilution

55.00

50.00

45.00

40.00

35.00

35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00

Actual Values of % Dilution

Figure 8. Predicted percentage dilution vs. actual percentage dilution.

1382 Hari Om and Sunil Pandey

4.6 Final models

After carefully analyzing the measured responses by statistical techniques, final models com-
prised of significant factors only were developed as follows;
Final equation in terms of coded factors:
H AZ W idth = [1.57 + 0.19 W F R + 0.31 OC V 0.26 W S + 0.055 P O
+ 0.063 W F R OC V 0.12 W F R P O]2 (4)

H AZ Ar ea = 36.18+5.27W F R+13.60OC V 14.49W S+2.22 P O 4.90W F R P O

(5)

H eat I nput = 1220.25 + 234.70 W F R + 207.20 OC V 384.25 W S

+ 42.57 P O + 73.80 W F R OC V 65.13 W F R W S
39.37 W F R P O (6)

%Dilution = 46.97 + 1.73 W F R + 0.59 OC V + 2.35 W S

+ 4.64 P O + 1.12 W F R OC V + 1.55 W F R W S
+ 1.91 W F R P O. (7)
Final equation in terms of actual factors with electrode posive polarity:
H AZ W idth = [1.604 0.075 W F R + 0.018 OC V 0.118 W S
+ 0.002316 W F R OC V ]2 (8)

H AZ Ar ea = 26.381 + 0.061 W F R + 3.023 OC V 6.442 W S (9)

H eat I nput = 1576.078 32.565 W F R 14.093 OC V 64.646 W S

+ 2.734 W F R OC V 4.82 W F R W S (10)

%Dilution = 78.951 1.834 W F R 0.778 OC V 1.478 W S

+ 0.041 W F R OC V + 0.115 W F R W S. (11)
Final equation in terms of actual factors with electrode negative polarity:
H AZ W idth = [0.649 0.037 W F R + 0.018 OC V 0.118 W S
+ 0.002316 W F R OC V ]2 (12)

H AZ Ar ea = 66.763 + 1.694 W F R + 3.023 OC V 6.442 W S (13)

H eat I nput = 1202.244 19.442 W F R 14.093 OC V 64.646 W S

+ 2.733 W F R OC V 4.824 W F R W S (14)
 Effect of heat input on dilution 1383

Figure 9. Interaction effects of process parameters on HAZ width.

%Dilution = 83.643 2.469 W F R 0.779 OC V 1.478 W S

+ 0.041 W F R OC V + 0.115 W F R W S. (15)

5. Results and discussions

Above mentioned mathematical models in terms of coded factors (eq. 47) may be used to
predict the responses like HAZ width, HAZ area, heat input per unit length and % dilution by
substituting parameter values in the coded form. Equation 811 represent models in terms of

Figure 10. Interaction effects of process parameters on HAZ area.

1384 Hari Om and Sunil Pandey

Figure 11. Interaction effects of process parameters on heat input.

actual factors for electrode positive polarity and eqn. 1215 stand for models in terms of actual
factors for electrode negative polarity and direct values can be calculated by putting actual values
of welding parameters. The variation of responses is presented graphically as shown in figures 9,
10, 11 and 12.

5.1 Effect of processes parameters on HAZ width

Figure 9 indicates that the HAZ width, in general increase with increase in wire feed rate and
open circuit voltage while it decreases with the increase in welding speed with both the polarities

Figure 12. Interaction effects of process parameters on % dilution.

 Effect of heat input on dilution 1385

i.e., electrode positive and electrode negative. It can be noted that at low open circuit voltage
apparently there is no change in HAZ width with increase in wire feed rates, but at higher open
circuit voltage, an increase is seen under electrode positive polarity. On the other hand, even
at low open circuit voltage, HAZ width increases significantly with the increase in wire feed
rates but rate of increase is not influenced by high open circuit voltage under electrode negative.
Main effect of polarity is not so significant as compared to other variables, but it has interactive
influence with wire feed rates. It is noticed that low wire feed rates under electrode positive
produced wider HAZ as compared to electrode negative, but at high wire feed rates wider HAZ
is obtained with electrode negative. It indicates that HAZ width is more sensitive to wire feed
rates under electrode negative conditions. No interactions of welding speed are present with wire
feed rates, open circuit voltage or polarity. From ANOVA table 4, it is found that open circuit
voltage and welding speed with 43 and 31 %, respectively are the most effective parameters.

5.2 Effect of processes parameters on HAZ area

Mathematical model for HAZ area in coded form indicates that a reduction in HAZ area is
favoured by decrease in wire feed rates and open circuit voltage. Figure 10 shows that smaller
HAZ area can be produced by increasing welding speed. Again, the main effect of polarity is
not influential but it has interaction with the wire feed rates similar to HAZ width. One can
notice that at low wire feed rates HAZ area is higher at electrode positive under all similar
variable combinations, while at high wire feed rates electrode negative polarity provides larger
HAZ area. Hardly any effect of wire feed rates is observed on HAZ area with electrode positive
but wire feed rates become more effective under electrode negative. In other words, electrode
negative polarity with lower wire feed rates should be favoured for achieving small HAZ area
during submerged arc welding. Like HAZ width, welding speed and open circuit voltage are
most significant parameters which influence HAZ area (table 5).

5.3 Effect of process parameters on heat input

Heat input per unit length of weld is given by;
I V
HI = (k J/mm) , (16)
S 1000
where, V = arc voltage (Volt), I = welding current (Amp.), S = welding speed (mm/s) and =
arc efficiency. In the present work, arc efficiency = 0.95 is taken, which is the mean of the
range of values reported for SAW process (Shen et al 2012; Easterling 1992).
Figure 11 indicates that the heat input to the weld pool increases with the increase in wire
feed rates and open circuit voltage and a decrease in trend is seen with increase in welding
speed under both polarities viz. electrode positive and electrode negative. Slightly less heat input
with electrode negative is witnessed, compared to electrode positive. It is clearly observed from
the interaction between wire feed rates and open circuit voltage that there is a reduction in the
increase rate of heat input with respect to wire feed rate at lower open circuit voltages. Interaction
between wire feed rates and welding speed reveals that rate of increase of heat input with respect
to wire feed rates decreases at higher values of welding speed. Almost same is the case with
electrode negative. Interaction effect of polarity with wire feed rate indicates that rise in heat
input is more with electrode negative than electrode positive under all the similar conditions
of open circuit voltage and welding speed. In that way electrode negative is more sensitive to
1386 Hari Om and Sunil Pandey

change in welding parameters as far as the heat input is concerned. From the ANOVA analysis
(table 6) of heat input, it is found that welding speed is the most influential parameter with 57 %
contribution.

5.4 Effect of process parameters on % dilution

Dilution is ratio of weight of parent metal melted to the total weight of the fused metal and is
expressed as the percentage dilution. Control of dilution levels is of much importance in welding
applications. In similar metal joining, one needs to have maximum dilution, while in case of
dissimilar metal joining like hardfacing and cladding, etc., need for minimum dilution arises.
Therefore, it is quite useful to study the effects of welding parameters on dilution levels. It
was found from the statistical analysis that electrode polarity and the weld travel speed are the
most significant parameters that affect dilution. Developed models show that all the welding
parameters have positive main effects on dilution i.e., an increase in wire feed rates, open circuit
voltage, and welding speed favour higher dilution percentage.
However, from table 7, it is observed that polarity is the most influential main effect with
a contribution of 57 % in the proposed model. As evident from figure 12, changing electrode
negative from electrode positive, a sharp decrease in dilution takes place with the same wire feed
rate and open circuit voltage. This decrease in dilution is the result of reduced welding current
and in turn, arc force which finally affects penetration capability of the arc. Melting rate of the
electrode is not affected to that extent with the decrease in welding current as the simultaneous
increase in arc voltage makes up some of the heat input. So, a large reduction in penetration
compared to that in deposited metal, lead to lower dilution levels. Wire feed rate seems not so
significant in controlling dilution. An interaction of polarity is present with wire feed rates. A rise
in dilution is seen with wire feed rates at electrode positive but the trend is reversed at electrode
negative.
An interaction between welding speed and wire feed rates in figure 12 shows that high welding
speed sharpen the effects of wire feed rates on dilution enhancement with electrode positive,
while the effects are not so sound in case of electrode negative. Open circuit voltage as main
effect does not affect dilution, but its interaction with wire feed rates illustrates that high open
circuit voltage enhance the effectiveness of wire feed rates in positive electrode polarity. At lower
welding speeds reinforcement area will be on higher side due to increased deposition per unit
length of the weld. The bigger molten pool will prevent arc to penetrate deeper, which in turn
may lead to lower dilution levels. However, higher welding speeds may lead to low penetration
values but simultaneously a sharper decrease in the deposition rate per unit length of the weld
will result in higher dilution levels.

5.5 Effect of heat input on HAZ size and dilution

Heat input in submerged arc welding depends on welding current, voltage and speed eq. (16).
Effect of heat input on the responses is a reflection of what combination of current, voltage
and speed has been used in producing said amount of heat input. The study of the influence of
heat input is important, because power sources can be used more efficiently if one knows how
same heat input can be applied to get the desired results. In this part, four heat input levels i.e.,
700, 1000, 1300 and 1600 J/mm were selected for both electrode polarities to study the effect
on dilution and HAZ area. For each level of heat input, welding current, welding voltage and
welding speed were so varied that heat input remained constant and corresponding changes in
 Effect of heat input on dilution 1387

Figure 13. Effect of heat input on HAZ area and dilution (EN- electrode negative, EP- electrode positive).

HAZ area and % dilution were noted down and plotted as illustrated in figures 1316 using
SYSTAT sigma plot software. Following conclusions were drawn from the observations.

5.5a Effect of heat input on dilution: A careful study of figure 13 indicates that for any level
of the heat input, electrode positive gives higher dilution. A wide range of dilution (4755 %)
could be achieved under the given heat input conditions, when electrode is kept positive. It is also
noted that variation subsides as large heat inputs are used. Figures 1416 show the corresponding
welding current, voltage and speed, which result in dilution values shown in figure 13. It is
clearly indicated that the higher dilution is associated with high welding current, high speed and

Figure 14. Variation of welding current and HAZ area with heat input (EN- electrode negative, EP-
electrode positive).
1388 Hari Om and Sunil Pandey

Figure 15. Variation of welding voltage and HAZ area with heat input (EN- electrode negative, EP-
electrode positive).

low welding voltage. It is beneficial in joining thick sections using same heat input, where higher
dilution is needed.
It can be noted from figure 13 that dilution is not significantly affected by heat input with elec-
trode negative and an appreciable range of heat input (7001600 J/mm) can be used to achieve
almost constant dilution (4043%). This result supports earlier work by Shen et al (2012), Clark
(1985). Slight variation is seen at higher heat input levels i.e., 1300 and 1600 J/mm. Weld-
ing current for electrode negative, as shown in figure 14, varies from 240 A to 270 A for heat
input from 700 to 1300 J/mm. For 1600 J/mm heat input, little higher current (300320A) is

Figure 16. Variation of welding speed and HAZ area with heat input (EN- electrode negative, EP-
electrode positive).
 Effect of heat input on dilution 1389

needed, however for individual heat input levels, variation is small. From figures 15 and 16
corresponding values of welding voltage and speed can be noted. For elevated heat input, in
general, higher welding voltage and lower welding speed is desired.

5.5b Effect of heat input on HAZ: In figures 1316, it is evident that HAZ area shows a general
increasing trend with heat input per unit length for both the polarities. Minimum HAZ area, that
might be obtained with respect to four levels of heat input in ascending order, were found to be
10, 19, 29 and 38 mm2 for negative polarity and 11, 21, 32 and 48 mm2 for positive polarity as
depicted in figure 13. At any given heat input condition, small HAZ size is achieved using high
welding current, low welding voltage and high welding speeds as can be seen in figures 1416.
High welding voltages at any heat input level always tend to produce wider HAZ. A band of
HAZ area (e.g., 2136 mm2 at 1000 J/mm) can be produced with almost constant dilution and at
definite heat input level. This is because of the variations occurring in bead geometry parameters
arising out of changes in welding current, voltage and speed. Overlapping of range of HAZ area
is also observed for both the polarities. In other words, same HAZ area might be obtained in the
overlapping range but at the cost of increased dilution with electrode positive.

5.6 Validation of models

Models for HAZ area and heat input represented in eqn. (56) can be validated by the models
developed by Gunaraj & Murugan (1999a) through their work to find out the effect of process
parameters on the heat input and HAZ area produced in SAW of pipes. A five level four factor
(wire feed rate, welding speed, open circuit voltage and nozzle to plate distance) rotatable central
composite factorial design was used to develop models for HAZ area and heat input. That is
the only work which had been carried out in the past to model HAZ area for SAW process
that too using electrode positive polarity only. Trends exhibited for HAZ area and heat input
with respect to process parameters in the present work show good conformity with the results
obtained by Gunaraj and Murugan. This comparison becomes more important as the process
parameter window shown in table 1 lies well within that used by these authors. Slight variation
can be attributed to difference in other conditions like plate thickness of 6 mm was used instead
of 10 mm in the present work. Effect of heat input on HAZ area in the present work is also found
similar as reported by these authors i.e., average HAZ area has linear relationship with heat input
as described in section 5.5b and figure 13. This shows that two level fractional factorial designs
can provide useful information if conditions do not allow the use of more complex design of
experiments.

6. Conclusions

The present work is an effort to quantify the effect of SAW parameters on heat input, HAZ size
and dilution. Following conclusions can be drawn from the study.
(i) Two level factorial design techniques have been used to develop mathematical models
for predicting heat input, HAZ size and dilution in submerged arc welding and cladding
process.
(ii) Effect of process variables on heat input follows similar trend for both the polarities being
slightly on lesser side for electrode negative. However, rise in heat input on increasing wire
feed rate is more pronounced with electrode negative. This can be attributed to the fact
1390 Hari Om and Sunil Pandey

that a narrower bead width is produced while using negative electrode polarity (Yang et al
1992). This leads to increased heat input density on the base metal as the current levels are
increased.
(iii) HAZ width/area rises more effectively with wire feed rate at all the levels of open circuit
voltage under electrode negative condition. Again the reason for wider HAZ is increased
heat input concentration as the bead gets narrower and more heat per unit area is transferred
into base metal which in turn alters its metallurgy deeper into base metal.
(iv) Influence of process variables on HAZ area is found similar to that on HAZ width. However,
electrode negative polarity produces lesser HAZ under all conditions, in general, except at
higher wire feed rates.
(v) Electrode polarity influences % dilution significantly. More than 20% decrease in dilution
is observed with negative polarity as seen from figure 13. As lower dilution is achieved with
electrode negative, submerged arc welding can be efficiently used for cladding, hardfacing,
etc., and still maintaining high deposition rates. In view of this, use of SAW with negative
polarity has been suggested by several researchers for surfacing applications (ASM 1993;
Chandel 1987; Yang et al 1993).
(vi) HAZ area varies almost linearly with heat input i.e., low values of HAZ width/area can be
achieved keeping the heat input on lower side for both polarity conditions.

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