Basic Chemistry

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Basic Chemistry Atoms

Chemistry, a branch of physical science, is the study of the In orbit around the nucleus are the Electrons. These are found in a
composition, properties and behaviour of matter. series of orbits (depending on the atom) with differing numbers of
Chemistry is concerned with atoms and their interactions with other electrons as seen below.
atoms, and particularly with the properties of chemical bonds.
Chemistry is also concerned with the interactions between atoms (or
groups of atoms) and various forms of energy (e.g. photochemical
reactions, changes in phases of matter, separation of mixtures,
properties of polymers, etc.).
Chemistry is sometimes called "the central science" because it
bridges other natural sciences like physics, geology and biology with
each other.
Chemistry is a branch of physical science but distinct from physics.
Source: Wikipedia
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Matter Interaction of Atoms

In chemistry, matter is defined as anything that has rest mass and It's the electrons in orbit around the nucleus that allow one atom to
volume (it takes up space), as well as being made up of particles. interact with other atoms so they can be linked together.
The particles that make up matter have rest mass as well - not all For example, H2O consists of an Oxygen atom linked to 2 Hydrogen
particles have rest mass, such as the photon. atoms.
The law of Conservation of matter - matter can neither be created The linkage or interaction between the electrons of the Hydrogen and
nor destroyed. (Actually, NOT really true). Oxygen atoms is called a Chemical Bond.
Matter does not magically appear" or" disappear.
Atoms Element
Atoms are the basic unit of chemistry. They consist of 3 smaller The concept of chemical element is related to that of chemical
things: substance.
Protons - these are positively charged (+) A chemical element is specifically a pure substance which is
Electrons - these are negatively charged (-) composed of a single type of atom.
Neutrons - these have no charge A chemical element is characterized by a particular number of
These 3 smaller particles are arranged in a particular way. In the protons in the nuclei of its atoms.
centre is the Nucleus where you find the positive Protons and neutral This number is known as the atomic number of the element. For
Neutrons. example, all atoms with 6 protons in their nuclei are atoms of the
chemical element carbon, and all atoms with 92 protons in their
nuclei are atoms of the element uranium.
Although all the nuclei of all atoms belonging to one element will
have the same number of protons, they may not necessarily have
the same number of neutrons; such atoms are termed isotopes. In
fact several isotopes of an element may exist.
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Element Identifying Characteristics

Ninetyfour different chemical elements or types of atoms based Oxygen atoms contain 8 protons and have an atomic number of 8.
on the number of protons are observed on earth naturally, having The atomic number of an element never changes, meaning that the
at least one isotope that is stable or has a very long half-life. number of protons in the nucleus of every atom in an element is
A further 18 elements have been recognised by IUPAC after they always the same.
have been made in the laboratory. Mass Number
The standard presentation of the chemical elements is in the The mass number, also called atomic mass number or nucleon
periodic table, which orders elements by atomic number and number, is the total number of protons and neutrons (together known
groups them by electron configuration. as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus.
Due to its arrangement, groups, or columns, and periods, or rows,
of elements in the table either share several chemical properties,
or follow a certain trend in characteristics such as atomic radius,
electronegativity, etc.
Lists of the elements by name, by symbol, and by atomic number
are also available.
Element (Periodic Table) Atomic Symbols, Atomic Number

and Mass Numbers
Identifying Characteristics Isotopes

Each element is different and has unique properties. Isotopes are variants of a particular chemical element: while all
These differences can be described in part by looking at the isotopes of a given element share the same number of protons and
relationships between the atomic particles in each element. electrons, each isotope differs from the others in its number of
neutrons.
The periodic table contains numbers that describe these relationships.
Atomic Number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom determines an
element's atomic number.
In other words, each element has a unique number that identifies how
many protons are in one atom of that element.
For example, all hydrogen atoms, and only hydrogen atoms, contain
one proton and have an atomic number of 1.
All carbon atoms, and only carbon atoms, contain six protons and
have an atomic number of 6.
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Ions Anions
Sometimes atoms gain or lose electrons. The atom then loses or
gains a "negative" charge. These atoms are then called ions.
Sometimes atoms gain or lose electrons. The atom then loses or
gains a "negative" charge. These atoms are then called ions.
Positive Ion - Occurs when an atom loses an electron (negative F-1 Fluoride
charge) it has more protons than electrons. Cl-1 Chloride
Negative Ion - Occurs when an atom gains an electron (negative Br-1 Bromide
charge) it will have more electrons than protons.
Here are some examples of common ions:
I-1 Iodide
Na+ Sodium
K+ Potassium
Cl- Chloride
Ca+ Calcium
Fe+ Iron The Halogens
P- Phosphorous
Ions Anions
The following image shows Na losing an electron and Cl gaining
an electron OH-1 Hydroxide
Thus the Na becomes Na+
NO2-1 Nitrite
The Cl becomes Cl-
NO3 -1 Nitrate
PO4-3 Phosphate
SiO4-2 Silicate
SO4-2 Sulfate
MoO4-3 Molybdate
B4O7-2 Borate
Cations Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonds are formed when the electrons in an atom interact
with the electrons in another atom. This allows for the formation of
more complex molecules.
When two or more atoms are in a chemical bond they stay joined
H+ Hydrogen unless the needed amount of energy or more is transferred to the
Na+ Sodium bond.
Mg+2 Magnesium Something different can then happen.
Ca+2 Calcium Chemical bonds can be explained using different theories. Some of
Ag+1 Silver these theories try to explain chemical bonds in a simple way that
can be used by chemists to imagine what could happen when they
try to make molecules. Some explain how the atoms are bonded
together with more detail and are used by chemists and physicists.
There are 3 types of chemical bonds:
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Chemical Bonds
Covalent Bond
The sharing of a pair of electrons between 2 atoms.
Li2
Strong <----------------> Weak

SALT - a Cation and an Anion Covalent Bond

held together by an ionic bond.
Cl2
Covalent Bond Metallic Bond

These strong bonds form when two atoms share electrons.
Metallic Bond the sharing of valence electrons by neighbouring
Sometimes the electrons in an atom get shared. metal atoms.
It's much like when you were a kid and got to sleep over at a friends Metallic bond is the reaction between molecules within metals called
house. Your friends parents were in charge of you both for one night alkali reactive force. It is the sharing of a sea of delocalised electrons
and the next night you would sleep over at your house and your own amongst a lattice of positive ions, where the electrons act as a "glue"
parents would be in charge. This sharing of responsibility is giving the substance a definite structure.
functionally similar to the way covalent bonding works.
The electrons and the positive ions in the metal have a strong
attractive force between them. Therefore metals often have high
melting or boiling points. The principle is similar to that of ionic
bonds.
The metallic bond accounts for many physical characteristics of
metals, such as strength, malleability, ductility, conduction of heat
and electricity.
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Metallic Bond
Because the electrons move independently of the positive ions in a
Ionic bond
sea of negative charge, the metal gains some electrical conductivity.
It allows the energy to pass quickly through the electrons generating Li F
a current.
Metal bonds have at least one valence electron which they do not 2 2
share with neighbouring atoms, and they do not lose electrons to 1
form ions. Instead the outer energy levels (atomic orbitals) of the
1
metal atoms overlap. They are similar to covalent bonds.
Ionic Bond
An ionic bond is the bonding between a non-metal and a metal that
Ionic bond
occurs when a charged atoms (ions) attract after one loses one or
more of its electrons, and gives it to the other molecule, for example
sodium and chlorine.
Li F
This makes the bond stronger and harder to break. 2
2
In other words, an ionic bond is the electrostatic force of attraction 1
between two oppositely charged ions 1
Ionic Bond Ionic bond

Li+1 F-1
2 2
1 1
The attraction between a cation

SOET (RMIT University) MIET 7296 Apply Scientific Principles 27
and an anion.
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Valence
In chemistry, valence, also known as valency or valence number,
is the number of valence bonds a given atom has formed, or can
SimpleReactions
form, with one or more other atoms. For most elements the
number of bonds can vary.
The valence of an element depends on the number of valence
electrons that may be involved in the forming of valence bonds. Synthesis Decomposition
A univalent (monovalent) atom, ion or group has a valence of one (Combination)
and thus can form one covalent bond.
A divalent molecular entity has a valence of two and can form
two sigma bonds to two different atoms or one sigma bond plus
one pi bond to a single atom.
Single Double
Replacement Replacement
Valance and Radicals A + B AB

A radical is a group of atoms of elements, e.g., sulfate radical [SO4]. Synthesis
Some common radicals and their chemical symbols are listed
below.
Decomposition AB A + B
Single
Replacement AB + C A +CB
Double AB + CD AD + C B
Replacement
Chemical Reactions
A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of
one set of chemical substances to another.
Chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the
positions of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical
bonds between atoms, with no change to the nuclei (no change to
the elements present), and can often be described by a chemical
equation.
There are four basic types of chemical reactions.
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Chemical Equation Balancing chemical equations

A chemical equation is a way to describe a chemical reaction If any fractional coefficient exist, multiply every coefficient with the
using chemical formulae and other symbols. smallest number required to make them whole, typically the
For example: Nickel (II) chloride, dissolved in water, plus sodium denominator of the fractional coefficient for a reaction with a single
hydroxide, dissolved in water, produces solid nickel (II) hydroxide fractional coefficient.
plus sodium chloride, dissolved in water is written as below
equation.
Balancing chemical equations Balancing chemical equations

The law of conservation of mass dictates the quantity of each As an example, seen in the above image, the burning of methane would be balanced
by putting a coefficient of 1 before the CH4.
element does not change in a chemical reaction.
1 CH4+ O2 CO2+ H2O
Thus, each side of the chemical equation must represent the same Since there is one carbon on each side of the arrow, the first atom (carbon) is
quantity of any particular element. balanced.
Similarly, the charge is conserved in a chemical reaction. Looking at the next atom (hydrogen), the right hand side has two atoms, while the left
hand side has four. To balance the hydrogens, 2 goes in front of the H2O, which
Therefore, the same charge must be present on both sides of the
yields:
balanced equation. 1 CH4+ O2 CO2+ 2 H2O
One balances a chemical equation by changing the scalar number for Inspection of the last atom to be balanced (oxygen) shows that the right hand side has
each chemical formula. four atoms, while the left hand side has two. It can be balanced by putting a 2 before
O2, giving the balanced equation:
Simple chemical equations can be balanced by inspection, that is, by
CH4+ 2 O2 CO2+ 2 H2O
trial and error. Another technique involves solving a system of linear
This equation does not have any coefficients in front of CH4 and CO2, since a
equations. coefficient of 1 is dropped.
Balancing chemical equations Ionic equations

One balances a chemical equation by changing the scalar number for An ionic equation is a chemical equation in which electrolytes are written as
each chemical formula. dissociated ions.
Ionic equations are used for single and double displacement reactions that occur in
Simple chemical equations can be balanced by inspection, that is, by aqueous solutions.
trial and error. Another technique involves solving a system of linear For example in the following precipitation reaction:
equations. CaCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2AgCl(s)
Ordinarily, balanced equations are written with smallest whole- the full ionic equation would be:
number coefficients.
Ca2+ + 2Cl + 2Ag+ + 2NO3 Ca2+ + 2NO3 + 2AgCl(s)
If there is no coefficient before a chemical formula, the coefficient 1
is understood.
The method of inspection can be outlined as putting a coefficient of
1 in front of the most complex chemical formula and putting the
other coefficients before everything else such that both sides of the
arrows have the same number of each atom.
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Ionic equations Ionic equations

and the net ionic equation would be: Double displacement reactions that feature a carbonate reacting with an acid have the
net ionic equation:
2Cl(aq) + 2Ag+(aq) 2AgCl(s)
2 H+ + CO32 H2O + CO2
or, in reduced balanced form, If every ion is a "spectator ion", then there was no reaction, and the net ionic equation
Ag+ + Cl AgCl(s) is null.
In this aqueous reaction the Ca2+ and the NO3 ions remain in solution and are not
part of the reaction. They are termed spectator ions and do not participate directly in
the reaction, as they exist with the same oxidation state on both the reactant and
product side of the chemical equation. They are only needed for charge balance of
the original reagents.
Ionic equations Avogadros number & the mole

In a neutralization or acid/base reaction, the net ionic equation will usually be:
Avogadro's number and the mole are very important to the
H+ + OH H2O understanding of atomic structure.
There are a few acid/base reactions that produce a precipitate in addition to the water The Mole is like a dozen. You can have a dozen guitars, a dozen
molecule shown above. An example would be the reaction of barium hydroxide with roosters, or a dozen rocks. If you have 12 of anything then you
phosphoric acid because the insoluble salt barium phosphate is produced in addition would have what we call a dozen. The concept of the mole is just
to water. like the concept of a dozen.
You can have a mole of anything. The number associated with a
mole is Avogadro's number. Avogadro's number is
602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (6.02 x 1023).
Probably the only thing you will ever have a mole of is atoms or
molecules. One mole of magnesium atoms (6.02 x 1023magnesium
atoms) weigh 24.3 grams. 6.02 x 1023 carbon atoms weigh a total of
12.0 grams. 6.02 x 1023 molecules of CO2 gas only weigh a total of
44.0 grams.
Ionic equations Concentration

In this aqueous reaction the Ca2+ and the NO3 ions remain in solution and are not part The amount of solute dissolved in a solvent. Solute
of the reaction. They are termed spectator ions and do not participate directly in the
reaction, as they exist with the same oxidation state on both the reactant and product Solvent
side of the chemical equation. They are only needed for charge balance of the original
reagents.
In a neutralization or acid/base reaction, the net ionic equation will usually be:
H+ + OH H2O
There are a few acid/base reactions that produce a precipitate in addition to the water
molecule shown above. An example would be the reaction of barium hydroxide with
phosphoric acid because the insoluble salt barium phosphate is produced in addition
to water.
Low------------------- High
dilute dy loot concentrated
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pH H2O H+
Solubility 1 10 1
Strong ACID
Solubility -how likely it is for a solute to dissolve in a solvent. HCl Hydrochloric acid
H2SO4 Sulfuric acid
2 100 1
insoluble soluble HNO3 Nitric acid
Low High 3 1000 1
Weak ACID
CH3COOH Acetic acid
H2CO3 Carbonic acid
Citric acid
Acid
pH paper
Red Litmus paper
Blue Litmus paper

Base Balancing equations
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Ag + Cl2 2 AgCl CH4 + O2 CO2+2H2O

1 2 1 1 1 4 2 1 2 2 1
2 2
4 2
Both sides must be equal
for ALL atoms.
2 Ag + Cl2 2 AgCl CH4 +2 O2 CO2+2H2O

1 2 1 1 1 4 2 1 2 2 1
2 2 2
4 4 2

for ALL atoms.
CH4 + O2 CO2+ H2O Ag + Cl2 AgCl

1 4 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1

for ALL atoms.
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Catalyst
Catalyst is a substance which alters the rate of a chemical reaction.
It is unchanged at the end of the reaction.
Experiment with the changes of states of a substance (i.e. water, dry
ice).
Chart- state changes: melting, boiling, freezing, evaporation,
condensation, and sublimation.
Platinum catalyst
2 CO + O2 Pt 2 CO2
stabilized
intermediates
References
Wikipedia
http://www.personal.psu.edu/staff/m/b/mbt102/bisci4online/chemi
stry/chemistry1.htm
http://library.thinkquest.org/19957/atomic/molebody.html
Physical Science-Glencoe Science
11

Basic Chemistry

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4/9/2013

Basic Chemistry Atoms

Matter Interaction of Atoms

Element Identifying Characteristics

Element (Periodic Table) Atomic Symbols, Atomic Number

Identifying Characteristics Isotopes

Cations Chemical Bonds

Strong <----------------> Weak

SALT - a Cation and an Anion Covalent Bond

Covalent Bond Metallic Bond

Ionic Bond Ionic bond

The attraction between a cation

Valance and Radicals A + B AB

Chemical Equation Balancing chemical equations

Balancing chemical equations Balancing chemical equations

Balancing chemical equations Ionic equations

Ionic equations Ionic equations

Ionic equations Avogadros number & the mole

Ionic equations Concentration

Red Litmus paper

Blue Litmus paper

Base Balancing equations

Ag + Cl2 2 AgCl CH4 + O2 CO2+2H2O

2 Ag + Cl2 2 AgCl CH4 +2 O2 CO2+2H2O

Both sides must be equal

CH4 + O2 CO2+ H2O Ag + Cl2 AgCl

Both sides must be equal

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