Chemistrymidterm
Chemistrymidterm
Chemistrymidterm
Chemical Change
Chemical change is any change that results in the formation of new chemical substances. At the
molecular level, chemical change involves making or breaking of bonds between atoms. These
changes are chemical:
iron rusting (iron oxide forms)
gasoline burning (water vapor and carbon dioxide form)
eggs cooking (fluid protein molecules uncoil and crosslink to form a network)
bread rising (yeast converts carbohydrates into carbon dioxide gas)
milk souring (sour-tasting lactic acid is produced)
suntanning (vitamin D and melanin is produced)
Physical change rearranges molecules but doesn't affect their internal structures. Some examples
of physical change are:
whipping egg whites (air is forced into the fluid, but no new substance is
produced)
magnetizing a compass needle (there is realignment of groups ("domains") of iron
atoms, but no real change within the iron atoms themselves).
boiling water (water molecules are forced away from each other when the liquid
changes to vapor, but the molecules are still H2O.)
dissolving sugar in water (sugar molecules are dispersed within the water, but the
individual sugar molecules are unchanged.)
dicing potatoes (cutting usually separates molecules without changing them.)
A chemical property may only be observed by changing the chemical identity of a substance.
This property measures the potential for undergoing a chemical change. Examples of chemical
properties include reactivity, flammability and oxidation states.
Scientists
Democritus- suggested that all matter was made of tiny particles called atoms
Boyle - suggested all elements are mode of the same type of atoms
Dalton - Atomic Theory w/ several postulates about atoms and compounds
JJ Thompson - Plum pudding Model performed cathode ray tube experiment
Rutherford - Gold Foil Experiment - suggests most of an atom is empty space
Bohr - Planetary model of the atom
How to determine number of protons, neutrons, and electrons
84 = 36 + (Number of Neutrons)
What number added to 36 makes 84? Hopefully, you said 48. That is the
number of neutrons in an atom of krypton.
Isotopes - same element, different # of neutrons (Atomic Mass is average of all isotopes of an
element)
Radiation
Beta emits 0-1e
Alpha emits a 42He
Gamma emits energy y
Period - row
Group/Family - columns
RULE 1. Zeros in the middle of a number are like any other digit; they are always significant.
RULE 2. Zeros at the beginning of a number are not significant; they act only to locate the
decimal point.
RULE 3. Zeros at the end of a number when there is a decimal point are sig w/o not
RULE 1. In carrying out a multiplication or division, the answer cannot have more significant
figures than either of the original numbers.
RULE 2. In carrying out an addition or subtraction, the answer cannot have more digits after
the decimal point than either of the original numbers.