Turi Bine
Turi Bine
Turi Bine
(iii) Casing:
is density water
C
Contd
Contd
Contd
Contd
From the above it can be seen that more the
value of cos, more will be the efficiency.
Traditional X blade
runner runner
Contd
Francis turbine
Spiral
casing
draft
tube
Contd
Spiral Casing:Most of these machines have vertical shafts although
some smaller machines of this type have horizontal shaft. The fluid enters
from the penstock (pipeline leading to the turbine from the reservoir at
high altitude) to a spiral casing which completely surrounds the runner.
This casing is known as scroll casing or volute.
Output Energy
Head [m]
Hydraulic Efficiency [%] Contd
Output Energy
Output [%]
Gap losses
.
Gap losses
Francis Turbine Power Plant : A Continuous
Hydraulic System
The effective head across any turbine is the difference between the
head at inlet to the machine and the head at outlet from it. A reaction
turbine always runs completely filled with the working fluid.
The kinetic energy of the fluid finally discharged into the tail race is
wasted. A draft tube is made divergent so as to reduce the velocity at
outlet to a minimum.
Contd
Therefore a draft tube is basically a diffuser and should be
designed properly with the angle between the walls of the
tube to be limited to about 8 degree so as to prevent the flow
separation from the wall and to reduce accordingly the loss of
energy in the tube(shown in figure 3.3).
(3.3)
(3.
4)
Friction losses between runner and covers
Friction losses
Contd
The pressures are defined in terms of their values
above the atmospheric pressure. Section 2 and 3 in
Figure 3.3 represent the exits from the runner and
the draft tube respectively. If the losses in the draft
tube are neglected, then the total head at 2
becomes equal to that at 3.
(3.6)
The shape of the blades of a Francis runner is complex. The exact shape
depends on its specific speed. It is obvious from the equation of specific
speed that higher specific speed means lower head.
In a purely radial flow runner, as developed by James B. Francis, the bulk flow
is in the radial direction. To be clearer, the flow is tangential and radial at the
inlet but is entirely radial with a negligible tangential component at the outlet.
The flow, under the situation, has to make a 90oturn after passing through
the rotor for its inlet to the draft tube.
Contd
Contd
At the outlet of this type of runner, the flow is mostly axial
with negligible radial and tangential components. Because
of a large discharge area (area perpendicular to the axial
direction), this type of runner can pass a large amount of
water with a low exit velocity from the runner.
4.2
b
since
Hence, it
4.
becomes 5
Substituting U1
from Eq. (4.2b)
4.6
N is rotational speed of
Contd
Available headHequals the head delivered by
the turbine plus the head lost at the exit. Thus,
sinc
e
with the help of Eq.
(4.3), it becomes
4.
7
Contd
Substituting the values of H and N from Eqs
(4.7)nd (4.6) respectively into the expres
given by Eq. (4.5), we get,
4.8
The Kaplan's blades are adjustable for pitch and will handle
a great variation of flow very efficiently.
Contd
They are 90% or better in efficiency and are
used in place some of the old (but great)
Francis types in a good many of
installations.
spiral
casing
Guide
vanes runner
Losses and Efficiencies of Hydraulic Turbines
Losses
Various types of losses that occur in a power plant
are given below:
(a) Head loss in the penstock: This is the friction loss
in the pipe of a penstock.
(b) Head loss in the nozzle: In case of impulse
turbines, there is head loss due to nozzle friction.
(c) Hydraulic losses: In case of impulse turbines,
these losses occur due to blade friction, eddy formation
and kinetic energy of the leaving water. In a reaction
turbine, apart from above losses, losses due to friction
in the draft tube and disc friction also occur.
Contd
(d) Leakage losses: In case of impulse turbines, whole of the water
may not be striking the buckets and therefore some of the water
power may go waste. In a reaction turbine, some of the water may be
passing through the clearance between the casing and the runner
without striking the blades and thus not doing any work. These losses
are called leakage losses.
(e) Mechanical losses: The power produced by the runner is not
available as useful work of the shaft because some power may be lost
in bearing friction as mechanical losses.
f) Generator losses: Due to generator loss, power produced by the
generator is still lesser than the power obtained at the shaft output.
Contd
Efficiencies
Various types of efficiencies are defined as under:
(a) Hydraulic efficiency: It is the ratio of the power
developed by the runner to the actual power supplied by
water to the runner. It takes into account the hydraulic
losses occurring in the turbine
h = Runner output / Actual power supplied to runner
= Runner output / (QgH)
Where, Q = Quantity of water actually striking the runner
blades
H = Net head available at the turbine inlet
Contd
(b) Volumetric efficiency: It is the ratio of the actual
quantity of water striking the runner blades to the
quantity supplied to the turbine. It takes into account
the volumetric losses.
Let Q = Quantity of water leaking or not striking
the runner blades
v = Q / (Q+ Q)
(c) Mechanical efficiency: The ratio of the shaft
output to the runner output is called the mechanical
efficiency and it accounts for the mechanical losses.
m = Shaft output / Runner output
Contd
(d) Overall efficiency: Ratio of shaft output
to the net power available at the turbine
inlet gives overall efficiency of the turbine
0 = Shaft output / Net power
available o =
Shaft .output
(Q + Q ) gH
Shaft .output Runner.output Q
o =
Runner.output QgH ( Q + Q )
o = m h v