206 PASCOE: DEVIANT SExuAL BEHAVIOUR Canad. M. A. J.

Jan. 28,1961, vol. 84

DEVIANT SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR without concern, by many. It is difficult to believe

AND THE SEX CRIMINAL that such public interest was not as marked in the
Victorian era, although of course in a more subdued
HERBERT PASCOE, M.D., F.R.C.P.[C],* manner. So often, "wrong", "guilt", "sin", and
Edmonton, Alta. similar terms are applied to sex, and being a "good"
or "bad" person involves one's handling of one's
WHILE IT IS TRUE that the average man in our sexual activities, thoughts and interests.
Western civilization spends a great deal of his A combination of public concern over sexual
waking life fantasying and ruminating over sexual matters in general, plus mounting interest in the
matters, it is difficult to estimate just what propor- causation of sex crimes, disposal and rehabilitation
tion of his time this occupies. It is likely true that of the criminal population and the sex criminal in
the time spent thinking about such matters is particular, has led to the writing of this paper.
markedly disproportionate to the time spent in real What follows below combines the author's ex-
sexual activity. It is also true that one of the strik- perience in the treatment of patients with sex
ing differences between the commission of a crime deviations (with some personal reflections there-
and the restraining of oneself from such commission from), plus gleanings from the reports of colleagues
is merely the difference between thinking a thought and other authors who have dealt with similar
and acting out a thought. The inhibiting effect of patients in recent years.
a social and moral conscience is usually the differ- The public reaction to sex deviation of any sort-
entiating factor. If the thinking about criminal always stronger when children are involved-is one
deeds was equally as much a crime as the com- of alarm, resentment, and disgust, and with varied
mission of such deeds, then we would likely all be prejudice against the one who commits the deed.
criminals at one or other time in our lives. For years now, the public trend has been turning
Where social and moral conscience is weak or to the realization that such persons are ill-
absent, a psychopathic or sociopathic personality socially if not medically-and that prison alone is
is usually in existence. Or to put it in a simpler not the answer to their problem.
manner, whereas a normal person respects and is The inflammatory reaction of such deeds upon
aware of the difference between right and wrong, the public may produce temporary chaos and
so too is a psychopath often aware of social wrong, emotional turmoil, but may often bring about a
except that he does not care about it. He is thus worthwhile outcome, as happened in the city of
able to carry out antisocial behaviour without the Toronto six years ago. Three Toronto housewives,
pangs of conscience that most "normal" persons as a result of their concern over several sex crimes
would experience. Where such activity involves involving children in that city in 1954-55, banded
sexual behaviour, he may become a sex criminal together to found the "Parents' Action League",
(but such criminals are not necessarily all psycho- a lay organization dedicated to the pursuit and
pathic personalities). This will also depend upon dissemination of knowledge about sex crimes, and
whether or not he is discovered by the law, or research into treatment and possible prevention of
apprehended by the law. This raises a perplexing such phenomena. An impressive list of psychiatrists,
question. Does a crime occur whenever behaviour medical men, psychologists, legal personnel, poli-
described as criminal by a criminal code takes ticians and lay persons were involved in the crea-
place, or only if law enforcement bodies know of it? tion of the body, which received much public
For the answer to this, we must ask help from support, and support from the lay press. As a
our legal colleagues. result of its' efforts, and pressure directed by it
The element of conscience need not be involved upon the Ontario Provincial Government, the
in a so-called sex crime, however. Even if this "Forensic Clinic"-an affiliate of the Toronto Psy-
action follows mutual consent between two adult chiatric Hospital and the University of Toronto
homosexuals and neither calls upon the law to Department of Psychiatry-was born. The clinic
intercede, the action can still be considered was not entirely oriented to sex deviates even at
criminal if a legal officer learns of it. In some states first, although interest was predominantly in sexual
in the U.S.A., various deviant sex practices between deviation at that time. The Parents' Action League'
a man and a woman are crimes punishable by law branched out, as a lay organization, to concern
even with mutual consent between the two, should itself also with juvenile delinquency, salacious
the law be informed. literature, education in the schools regarding
The increasing overt interest in our civilization accepting rides from strangers, and other pertinent
regarding sexual matters in the past few years (as areas of concern. Chapters formed throughout the
witnessed by the popularity of certain novels, plus province, and interest in the organization spread
the sexual themes of the majority of successful through the nation and to the U.S.A.
motion pictures) is commonly accepted, but not Why do (usually) men commit sex crimes, and
what are the most common types? The breakdown
*Sessional Instructor in Psychiatry, University of Alberta,
Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry. Edmonton;
of statistics for new cases seen in 1958 from the
(temporary) D.V.A. Consultant in Psychiatry. Colonel Mew-
burn Pavilion, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton,
Forensic Clinic in Toronto& indicates that the most
Alta. common types of antisocial sexual behaviour are
Canad. A. A. J.
Jan. 28,1961, vol. 84
PASCOE: DEVIANT SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR 207

homosexuality, exhibitionism, and pedophilia. Of treatment of sexual aberration, especially with the
179 new patients seen in 1958, only six were suffer- use of hormonal substances. One study4 has shown
ing from psychoneurotic disorders and 13 were that sex offenders have a low average 24-hour
schizophrenic; the majority of the remainder were 17-ketosteroid excretion, though not statistically
persons with disorders of character, behaviour and significant. A recent report5 from the Verdun
intelligence, but not necessarily victims of mental Protestant Hospital in Montreal showed that stil-
or emotional illness as we know it. bestrol was of definite value in suppressing un-
Table I indicates the frequency of the more desirable and socially uninhibited sexual behaviour
common types of sex crime in the city of Edmontorn
(population about 250,000) for the years 1957-59 in only six of the 15 chronic mental hospital pa-
inclusive, as described bv the Edmonton Citv tients on wvhom it wvas tried. These could well be
Police. persons without the finer attributes of personality

TABLE I.
1957 1958 19.59
Sex crimes as described by the Occuirrences A rrests or Occurrences A rrestsS 0or Occur7rences Arrests or
city of Edmonton police (lepartment reported sutmmonses reported sutmmo?wses reported sutnmonses
(a) Exhibitionism anid indecent acts (other
than urinatinig on street, etc.) .......... 52 18 68 15 83 15
(b) Rape . ............................... 8 6 16 10 15 18*
(c) Sexual assaults involvinig female children 18 10 25 16 20 12
(d) Homosexual acts involving adults ...... 3 4 6 6 4 2
(e) Homosexual offenices involving children.. 10 6 8 4 7 5
(f) Bestiality ............................ 2 1 2 1 0 0
*More than one male involved in some of these offences and therefore multiple airests.

Hammer and Glueck3 studied 200 male sex functioning, and thus personally unbiased subjects
offenders at Sing Sing Prison, under a program for such research.
sponsored by the New York State Department of Castration of sexual offenders is permitted by
Mental Hygiene, over a period of five years, and law in many countries, notably Norway.6 If it is
concluded that sex offenders have castration fears effective, likely its value is due to the psychic
(but not necessarily consciously) in the following trauma and fear inflicted, and not to specific
order of increasing intensity, according to the crime physiological or psychological treatment as such.
committed: (1) rape, (2) heterosexual contact with This practice in some ways resembles that of some
adolescents and children, (3) homosexual actions ancient civilizations, which amputated the hand of
vith adolescent partners, and (4) homosexual a criminal because of theft.
action with child partners. [Castration fears refers Lieberman and Siegel7 reported on a program
to the conscious or subconscious anxiety experi- for the treatment of sex offenders at a state hos-
enced by men with reference to loss of, or threats pital in California over a period of two years from
to their masculinity, virility, physical appearance, 1952 to 1954. In 284 patients involved, 50% of the
etc. Men with such a problem often have difficulty crimes were perpetrated upon children below the
1 elating easily to women, feel inferior, and so age of 14. For the most part, this did not involve
forth.] The continuum, from rapist to homosexual sexual intercourse. About one-half were returned
pedophilia, appears to represent in parallel fashion to the courts after a 90-day observation period as
the increasing intensity of castration feelings on the untreatable. Of the remainder, the results of an
one hand, and the correspondingly greater distance intensive treatment program proved gratifying-
from the mature female as a potential sexual object centring mainly on group psychotherapy. Three-
on the other. Incest subjects were found to be the quarters of the group were discharged as improved
most overtly psychotic, and also to harbour the and preliminary studies showed a low percentage
most intense castration feelings. The view held by of recidivism.
these authors is that the sex offender presents an In contrast, Glueck5 studied 30 pedophiles, 30
attempt on the part of the offender to employ rapists, and 50 non-offenders as controls. Among
substitute sex outlets for the mature female, because other features, a serious impairment of social and
of the threatening potential, both psychosexually moral conscience formation and resultant impair-
and psychosocially, with which she is endowed. ment of the restraining effect of conscience on overt
Almost every one of the subjects exhibited feelings behaviour was noted (this smacks strongly of the
of fear (as a reaction to massive Oedipal entangle- psychopathic personality). Because of the lack of
ments.) of approaching nmature females psycho- improvement in the inajority of men treated in
sexually. individual group therapy in his series, organic
As in the case of obesity, hopes for endocrino- therapies of various types were employed. The
logical causation of sex deviation are legion, but immediate post-treatment results in a group of sex
rarely realized in fact. So also is the case in physical offenders treated intensively with electroconvulsive
 208 PASCOE: DEVIANT SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR Canad. M. A. J.
Jan. 28,1961, vol. 84

therapy showed more promise than other measures. A shocked expression would be his greatest delight.
This is remarkable in view of the fact that few He was, in effect, saying-"Look at me- I really am a
psychiatrists would ever consider this treatment for man, am I not?" He experienced great concen- about
sexual deviation per se. The author noted that the feelings of inadequacy. There was some improvement
serious, character of the psychopathology in sexual with psychotherapy, in that the patient ceased to exhibit
offenders made psychotherapeutic approaches quite himself, and he expressed improvement in his feelings
of his own masculinity and personal confidence.
ineffective. In psychiatric research, particularly in
the therapeutic area, personal bias and faith by the
worker involved, often plays a part in the outcome, CASE 2.-A 44-year-old member of the Ar-med
so far as opinion about "improvement" is con- Forces was referred in lieu of a prison senitence after
cerned. making improper advances and suggestions to a neigh-
The Forensic Clinic in Toronto reported a high bour's 12-year-old daughter. Her parents were most
percentage of failed appointments. in 19582-23 o as generous in not pressing charges, provided he sought
treatment. A "Don Juan" as a younger mani, he had
against actual attendance. A similar finding is continually to assert his masculinity; by this it is
noted in the 1959 Annual Report from the clinic. meant that he was sexually promiscuous, having in-
This is not surprising in view of the high degree numerable affairs with successive partners. Such men
of character disorder present. Such persons often have profound but uniconscious doubts abotut their
fail to develop close relationships with their doctors abilities as lovers, and continually have to keep prov-
in a treatment program, and often fail to accept ing to themselves that they are adequate in this regard,
responsibilities of many kinds, including the keep- by successive ventures (e.g. the career "playboy" type
ing of appointments. The majority of new patients of individual). He had been drunk (and therefore
in 1958 were young; only 10%' were over 40 years, with lowered inhibitions) at the time of the offence.
His first wife divorced him because he committed
24% being between 20 and 24 years, and 20% adultery. His second wife was frigid and denied him
between 16 and 19 years. intercourse because of dyspareunia and gynecological
In group therapy with voluntarily referred difficulties. A combination of "ageing" plus uinavail-
homosexuals,9 sexual relationships between mem- ability of partners plus sexual frustration led to the
bers have developed. One aggressive member had seeking of an "easy mark". Although he claimed am-
to leave when he began acting out against passive nesia for the event, witnesses stated he wvas not deeply
members. Difficulties developed because of strong inebriated, so this was likely malingering to save face.
resistances offered by many men with character His marked depression and guilt afterwards, plus lack
disorders. It was felt that a few, but by no means of assaultiveness in experience with womeni. before,
all of the group, were being definitely benefited by suggested a favourable prognosis. His reactive depres-
sion seemed genuine. In interviews, he revealed long-
treatment. term feelings of personal inferiority comparinlg himself
There seemed to be general improvement in a with other men.
group of exhibitionists, and also in a group of
pedophiles, but repeat offences took place, although CASE 3.-A 29-year-old clerk from Edmontoin was
the incidence was low. Eight of twelve voyeurists referred because of homosexual invitations to other
were treated, and three improved. men. He had much anxiety over his homosexual ten-
The Clinic, created originally under the leader- dencies. His usual contact consisted of his being mas-
ship of Dr. Peter Thomson, and now directed by turbated by his partner, with no other activity involved.
his successor, Dr. Edward Turner, is enthusiastic Outlets would always be sought whenever he was de-
about the future, in terms of its potential for re- pressed over his financial and situational difficulties, at
search, teaching and treatment.'0 which times he would feel inferior, inadequate and
A few typical case histories, involving the more not enough of a "man". He was married, with two
common type of sex crime, are given below, taken children. He felt that he was feminine in voice and
from the author's personal files. It is apparent in appearance and wished he might lose his hair because
it was thick and curly, and possibly feminine-appearing
most cases how prevalent the theme of masculine to others. He was actually not at all effeminate-looking.
inferiority appears. He experienced marked prevalent feelings of inade-
quacy and inferiority. His greatest thrill in being mas-
CASE 1.-A 27-year-old artist and office worker, a turbated was to have his penis pulled upon. In effect,
British Army veteran, was referred from the courts he was unconsciously asking other men to castrate him
because of exhibitionism. He was reported to the and therefore feminize him, i.e. pull his penis away
police after exposure ito a female guest he had never from his body. Early in his course of therapy, he kept
seen before, at a social gathering one evening. He was asking for "surgical" operation to his genitals, i.e. cas-
married with one child, intelligent, personable and well tration.
motivated. His domineering and hostile fa'ther ialways The strong feelings of reactive anxiety seen initially
told the patient as a boy, "You'll never amount to any- in treatment suggesited that the long-term prognosis
thing! You'll never be much of a man." He was h1and- was favourable. At the time of writing, this man had
some, of athletic build, short, and always timid in been under treatment for ten months. Whenever he
locker rooms about exposing himself to other men. did seek occasional homosexual outlets after therapy
He had a history of periodic exhibitionism with erect began, it always followed a period of frustration over
penis to women of varied ages-without concern for financial difficulties, strained personal relationships at
intercourse, although it might be offered by the "victim". work, and so on, wherein he would feel most inade-
Canad. M. A. J.
Jan. 28, 1961, vol. 84 PAsCOE: DEVIANT SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR 209

quate and unworthy. The frequency of such contacts When one such child reported him to her parents, he
was markedly reduced as a result of psychotherapy. was arrested, and subsequently referred for therapy.
As well, his feelings of personal worth and adequacy He was a respectable member of the community, was
and feelings of masculine self-esteem improved con- mlarried and had two children. Always shy of women,
siderably. he had entered marriage uninitiated to sexual activity.
In the Armed Forces, he had much opportunity for
CASE 4.-A 15-year-old youth was referred from the intercourse but was never able to "follow through".
Edmonton Juvenile Court Detention Home after it was On one occasion he slept iall night with a prostitute,
reported to police that he had removed the under- but could not "work up the nerve" to have relations
clothing from a four-year-old girl behind his house and with her. In treatment by two successive psychiatrists
apparently ejaculated upon her, frightening her to an he lost his interest in female children and coincidentally
extreme degree. This had happened at least once before developed an improved attitude in his feelings about
with the same child, and the reddened appearance of his own masculine abilities. As well, his fantasies about
her external genitals, as seen by a medical examiner, sex moved from prostitutes to women of this own social
confirmed her story. The youth denied the charge, status, and in fact lately to a possible affair with a
stating th!at he took her there to show her his rabbits, sister-in-law. The latter was not attempted, but at least
and that one of them had urinrated upon her and one indicated a progressive "maturity" in sexual yearnings.
upon him at the same time. He was quite sullen, with- Initially he had selected ratther "helpless" partners
drawn and hostile and had a poor school record (sev- who would o'ffer no resistance. In sexual relations with
eral failed terms) with iapparent retarded level of his wife he had lalways been passive and had never
intelligence. His voice was 'high-pitched. His social taken the initiative.
behaviour and clinical record strongly suggested the
picture of an incipient schizophrenic breakdown. Be- CASE 7.-A 20-year-old service man, in the army
cause of this, the gravity of the problem, and his 12 years, was arrested because of indecent exposure
denial of, and inability to apprecilate the whole issue, to a young married woman in the laneway outside her
as well as his intractability to the interview situation, yard. This occurred on impulse; he had never seen
it was strongly recommended that he be detained 'her before. Referred after being placed on probation,
under observation in the Oliver Mental Institute as the he admitted that for several years he had been stealing
immediate prognosis and potential response to 'treat- women's underclothing from clothes lines and that he
ment was unfavourable. Inability of his mother to had used these to excite himself during masturbation,
grasp the severity of the situation also underlined the ejaculating into them and then destroying them. He
necessity of barring 'his return to the community, and used to steal his own sisters' underclothing for this
emphasized the need for residential treatment. She saw practice. He was one of four children, the others all
him only as a "good boy", and planned to send him to girls. He admitted morbid shyness in the company of
university ultimately. women. On the three occasions he had had inter-
CASE 5.-An 18-year-old student barber admitted course, he always needed liquor to fortify himself. He
great anxiety over his attraction to other men in which admitted to a heightened feeling of sensual pleasure
he fantasied himself in, or behaved actually as the during the brief exposure, but felt "stupid" afterwards.
female partner, in intercrural intercourse. He was ex- His mother, rather than his father, used to administer
tremely boyish-looking, of low average intelligence and beatings and punishments when he was younger. He
quite effeminate in appearance and behaviour. He stated that he used only used women's underclothing,
exhibited very little spontaneity and was quite shy and never brand-new. This patient exhibited combined
introverted in the interview situation. This problem perversion in the forms of fetishism and exhibitionism.
had been present since the onset of puberty. The heavy The ultimate prognosis was thought to be poor in view
constitutional element in this case, plus poor material of the schizoid make-up of the patient, and 'his dull
as a long-term psychotherapeutic case, -all led to the intellectual level. He was described by his superiors as
erroneous estimate of a poor prognosis. He experienced being sheepish and an inadequate soldier. Several
strong feelings of personal inadequacy and inferiority months after his original referral, in which time follow-
both as an individual and in the social scene, and was up interviews were carried out, there had been no
most uncomfortable in the presence of girls. Previous further attempt to carry out either act. Likely, fear of
individual and group therapy had failed. Psychothera- punishment was a strong deterrent factor in this case.
peutic interviews were directed at bols-tering this lad's
feelings 'about himself as a person, and in the course DISCUSSION
of treatment the therapist became a decided paternal The number of children and adults who die
figure to him. With the help of meprobamate medica- annually from sex crimes is minimal, compared with
tion and such psychological support, his symptoms of
anxiety and depression abated, rumination about him- the number who die from other crimes, accidents
self as feminine-like lessened in intensity, and his and diseases. There is a common misconception
interest in girls became much stronger. As well, he on the part of the public that exposure to sex
began going out on dates with the opposite sex, and deviates in childhood, of itself, will lead to later
developed much more self-confidence in general. neurosis or emotional and/or sexual maladjust-
ment. Isolated episodes such as these do not likely
CASE 6.-A 39-year-old merchant, several years have lasting effects, if the child involved is basic-
before, had been charged in Juvenile Court with in- ally emotionally healthy. Prevalent concern over
decent assault concerning a minor. Many young chil-
dren frequented his store and on occasion he would be sexual sensationalism is a characteristic of our
attracted to preschool-age girls, taking their hands and society, and may well belie our own inner anxiety
* placing them upon his genitals through his trousers. about sexual matters. To think of sex deviates as
210 PASCOE: DEVIANT SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR Canad. M. A. J.
Jan. 28, 1961, vol. 84

being "ill" and requiring treatment as well as, or (The author of this paper does not necessarily
rather than, a prison sentence is humane. agree with the last recommendation of Ellis et al.,
Since most sex deviates are not inclined to vio- in terms of its potential to reduce the number of
lence or assault (excluding rapists and deviates sex crimes. )
with sadistic tendencies), there would seem to be The core of sex crime, then, is that of inability
no need for mass removal of such persons from the to appreciate oneself as being "masculine" in one's
community for a prolonged period of time. A own eyes, and to be inadequate sexually to a de-
great deal needs to be done as yet regarding public gree that one is unable to form satisfactory rela-
education in this matter, and it goes without saying tionships with the opposite sex. There may be
that a wealth of research is yet required in this marked hostility directed to women in general, or
field. Research helps often to determine what is the individual involved may derive sensual plea-
going on, but unfortunately does not always tell sure from inflicting violence upon others. Should
us what to do about it. this hostility erupt in an uncontrolled fashion, the
The problem of sex deviation and the sex crimi- beating of one's partners may take place, and rape,
nal is not unlike other social and medical problems. or the murdering of one's victim-a woman or child
Constitutional and environmental factors are likely -may be the outcome. Such assaultive sex crimes
both present in varying degrees in each offender. comprise only a minority of all sex crimes, but
Cultural, religious, philosophical, moral and eco- these naturally receive the major share of publicity
nomic factors may well play a part in varying de- in the lay press.
grees. As an example of the latter factor, a case is Let it be stressed that all sex deviates are not
described by a colleague, Major Carleton Taylor sex criminals, e.g. a fetishist is not a sex "criminal"
of Edmonton. This involved a serviceman who was as such. Certain types of deviation are listed in the
befriended by a wealthy homosexual from whom criminal code, and if a deviate commits one such
he later received financial remuneration after type of act he becomes a sex criminal, whether or
granting this person homosexual favours. This was not he is apprehended. The majority of sex crimi-
done because the serviceman, who had no serious nals are not dangerous in terms of being potential
homosexual interests, was badly in need of monev murderers, contrary to popular belief. In criminal
because of numerous gifts he had purchased for sex acts, attention is usually "forced" upon the
his mistress at that time. He was apprehended and victim-as in the case of rape, exhibitionism and
subsequently discharged from the service. pedophilia.
Johnson and Robinson" feel that perverse sexual When criminal sexual behaviour takes place, it
behaviour develops from unconscious or, less fre- is perpetrated upon a woman, a man or a child,
quently, conscious pathological fostering of deviant but in all cases, sexual gratification is attained
sexual behaviour, early in life, within the family from a goal less than the ideal, mutually accept-
setting. A parent may either act openly seductive able, heterosexual relationship. Hopefully, such a
towards a child, or may, by equivocation, foster heterosexual relationship is complete with sincerity,
behaviour oriented towards sexual deviation. This mutual respect, compassion and love.
writer agrees with their opinion that definitive To hope that in the immediate future all sex
psychiatric therapy is a prodigious task in both deviates and sex criminals can be "cured" with
the adolescent and adult sexual deviant, and that "treatment" is at the present time to be naive and
it is futile in patients who show no compelling idealistic. We are undoubtedly heading in the right
motivation for treatment. They feel that there direction, but society's hoped-for goal in this prob-
should be education of well-intentioned parents lem area remains as yet distant, and perhaps not
who do not observe proper and healthy rules of completely attainable.
modesty in the home. They admonish pediatricians
and family physicians to face the unequivocal truth SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
that all degrees of seduction and sexual stimulation Sex criminals are usually men with underlying
occur all too commonly in the home, and in fami- feelings of inadequacy regarding their own masculine
lies which exhibit every outward aspect of respect- status, and so seek less than an ideal heterosexual rela-
ability, decency, and conformity with convention. tionship with a mature woman as an optimum sexual
Ellis, Brancale and Doorbar12 of the New Jersey outlet. This psychopathology is for the most part below
the level of consciousness: the offender has i-omnlete
Diagnostic Center for Sex Offenders suggest cer- awareness of his feelings and attitudes in this area.
tain recommendations for the prevention of sex The personality makeup of the majority of persons
crimes: (1) To reduce drastically the number of guilty of sex crimes, often, but not always, contains
sex offences on the statute book (e.g. why should strong evidence of psychopathic behaviour, inferring
sex perversion between two mutually consenting relative lack of social and moral conscience. This
adults be considered a crime?). (2) To increase augurs pooely for a successful treatmen!t outcome in
the amount and objectivity of sex instruction. (3) these particular men. Where the basic personality is
To encourage a much more liberal, socially sanc- not so affected, the prognosis is more favourable. It
would be fair to say that the prognosis for the ten-
tioned heterosexual participation on the part of dency to deviate sexually is the prognosis of the under-
young people. lying personality or personality disorder.
Canad. M. A. J. PASCOE: DEVIANT SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR 211
Jan. 28, 1961, vol. 84

Several case histories involving the most typical RESUME

kinds of sex deviation- homosexuahlity, exhibitionism, A la base du crime sexuel est l'ineapabilite de l'individu
pedophi'lia-are presented, and in these cases there is de s'accepter comme etre entierement masculin et une
evidence of a prevailing "castration anxiety" with feel- insuffisance sexuelle assez prononcee 'a rendre impossible
ings of masculine inferiority. des relations satisfaisantes avec l'autre sexe. On trouve
ou une hostilite prononcee contre les femmes en general
The problem in general, involving causation, clin- ou l'individu en question prend un plaisir sensuel de
ical findings, results of investigations and treatment, l'emploi de violence contre des autres. Si cette hostilite
and social implications, is discussed. It is stressed that eelate sans restraints, il est possible que le partenaire soit
there is no one single objective form of treatment for battu et un viol ou le meurtre du victime-une fenmme ou
un enfant-peut en resulter. Les crimes sexuels violents de
sex deviates, 'criminal or otherwise. Results vary be- ce genre ne forme qu'une minorite parmi tous les crimes
tween different workers. Group and individual psycho- sexuels, mais naturellement ils reeoivent la plus grande
therapies are the major forms of treatment available. publicite dans la presse laique.
Many of the 'strongly psychopathic personalities in- Un conduite sexuelle anomale est donc infligee a une
femme, 'a un homme ou a un enfant, mais dans tous les
volved in sex crime are unfortunately refractory to cas la satisfaction sexuelle est obtenue par un but inferieur
such measures. a la relation heterosexuelle ideale et mutuellement accep-
table. Dans les meilleurs cas les relations heterosexuelles
The author wishes to express his gratitude to Dr. Keith sont pleines de sincerite, de respect mutuel et d'un amour
A. Yonge, Professor and Director of the Department of tendre.
Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine, and En general cette psychopathologie se trouve au dessous
the University of Alberta Hospital, for his helpful criticisms du niveau de conscience et par consequent la malade ne se
and recommendations regarding the writing of this paper, rend compte qu'insuffisament de ses attitudes et sentiments
and to Mrs. Sheila Harrison and Miss Betty Davies for sexuels. Si le malade souffre d'une personalite evidemment
thf-ir assistance in preparing the manuscript. pathologique, c'est-'a-dire s'il a des defauts du sens social et
moral, les resultats de traitement sont souvent tres me-
REFERENCES diocre. La psychotherapie individuelle ou en groupes et
la methode principale de traitement qui se trouve "a notre
1. HAHN, MRS. MURRAY: Provincial Organizer, P.A.L.: disposition. Un seul mode de traitement objectif des per-
Personal Communication, 1960. versions sexuelles, qu'elles soient criminelles ou non, n'existe
2. Forensic Clinic, Toronto Psychiatric Hospital: First
Annual Report, 1958. pas. Les resultats ae therapie diff6rent d'auteur 'a auteur.
3. HAMMEIR, E. F. AND GLUECK, B. C., JR.: Psychiat. Quart., Le probleme du crime sexuel en general est discute, y
31: 325, 1957. compris les causes, les signes cliniques, les resultats des
4. GARST, J. B. AND STOBIN, E. K.: A.M.A. Arch. Neurol. d
Psychiat., 74: 125, 1955. investigations et traitements et les consequences sociales.
5. ADAMSON, J. D.: J. Ment. Sc., 105: 762, 1959. Quelques dossiers des cas les plus typique de perversion
6. BREMER, J.: Asexualization-A follow-up study of 244
cases, Brett-MacMillan Ltd., Galt, Ontario, 1959.
sexuelle, 'a savoir l'homosexualite, l'exhibitionisme et la
7. LIEBERMAN, D. AND SIEGEL, B. A.: Am. J. Psychiat., 113: pedophilie, sont presentes.
801, 1957. II est souligne que toute th6erapie psychiatrique defini-
8. GLUECK, B. C., JR.: Ibid., 112: 584, 1956. tive d'un pervers sexuel, adolescent ou adulte, est une
9. THOMSON, P. G.: J. Social Therapy, 4: 96, 1958.
10. TURNER, R. E., HUTCHINSON, H. C. AND O'DONNELL, L.: tache enorme et qu'elle est en vain chez des malades sans
Canad. J. Corrections, 1: 15, 1958. desir sincere de se faire traiter.
11. JOHNSON, A. M. AND ROBINSON, D. B.: J. A. M. A., 164:
1559, 1957. 523 Medical Arts Building,
12. ELLIs, A., BRANCALE. R. AND DOORBAR, R. R.: The 11010 Jasper Avenue,
psychology of sex offenders, Charles C Thomas, Spring-
field, Ill., 1956. Edmonton, Alta.

PAGES OUT OF THE PAST: FROM THE JOURNAL OF FIFTY YEARS AGO
THE MARITIME MEDICAL NEWS have struggled so hard to found this journal, and the
distinguished ability of those directly in charge of it, we
In the Maritime Medical News for December an important have great confidence in urging all our readers to subscribe
announcement is made to its readers, which with all proper for it. And this brings us to consider our own relations to
humility and thankfulness we reproduce in part. the new journal.
"There has been, for a long time, a feeling that we in "The Maritime Medical News was founded in 1888 by
Canada should have a journal, somewhat on the lines of Dr. Arthur Morrow, now residing in Kalispell, Montana,
the British Aledical Journal, a journal which should serve and has, we believe, served a useful purpose, and has been,
the interests of the profession throughout the Dominion. It to some degree, a bond of union to the profession in the
was natural that the impulse should come first from the Maritime Provinces. It mugt be evident that the new
Canadian Medical Association. Whether or not, in course journal, if successful in its aims, will serve a much wider
of time, the Association may, as in the case of the British purpose and must tend to unify the interests of our pro-
Medical Association, be represented in every part of the fession throughout the Dominion. A careful consideration
country by branches, forming the local medical societies, of all these circumstances has led the shareholders and
there can be no doubt that a journal conducted by the editors of the Maritime Medical News to the conclusion
Canadian Medical Association, publishing the papers read that it is their duty to further, as far as possible, the
at its annual meetings, and such other articles as might interests of the new journal, as they believe their interests
be contributed, discussing matters of importance to the are also those of the medical men of Canada, and they
whole profession, such as medical reciprocity, giving from have, therefore, resolved to suspend the publication of
time to time a conspectus of medical progress in general, the Maritime Medical News with the current issue. If, at
and such items of home and foreign medical news as would some future time, it should appear to be in the in-terests of
be interesting to us all, would be at once an interesting the profession in these Maritime Provinces to have a journal
paper and a powerful factor in binding our scattered representing local and special needs, we have no doubt
interests in one Canadian whole. More than a year ago, men will be found able and willing to resuscitate and
at the Winnipeg meeting, sanguine spirits hoped for the revivify this slender body of ours. And now to all our readers
appearance of such a journal during the present year. There a kindly farewell! To the new Journal our hearty and
were lions in the way and it is only after an immense loyall good wishes, and to all our comrades from Sydney to
amount of hard work and a great deal of mutual concession Victoria (and not forgetting Newfoundland) a Happy New
that the Finance Committee of the Canadian Medical As- Year!"-Editorial, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 1:
sociation is in a position to issue the circular we have just
quoted. Knowing, as we do, the high aims of those who 58, January 1911.