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    JRF

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    of 7

    Guide for Agricultural

    Competitive Examinations
    (An Enhanced Competition Explorer)
    Useful for:
    P JRF (Agronomy) and other disciplines
    P SRF, NET & ARS
    P Ph.D. Examination of IARI, BHU & GBPUAT, IGKV etc.
    P Under-graduate & Post-graduate Courses of Various Indian
    Universities

    Includes Previous Years Question papers of JRF Examination

    Edited and Compiled by


    R.K. Sharma, N. Pandey, A.P. Singh
    & R.S. Maitry

    DAYA PUBLISHING HOUSE


    Delhi 110 002
    iv

    2011 EDITORS
    ISBN 81-7035-719-5
    ISBN 978-81-7035-719-3

    All rights reserved, including the right to translate or to reproduce this book or parts thereof
    except for brief quotations in critical reviews.

    Published by : Daya Publishing House


    4760-61/23, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj,
    New Delhi - 110 002
    Phone: 23245578, 23244987
    Fax: (011) 23260116
    e-mail : [email protected]
    website : www.dayabooks.com

    Laser Typesetting : Classic Computer Services


    Delhi - 110 035

    Printed at : Chawla Offset Printers


    Delhi - 110 052

    PRINTED IN INDIA
    Preface

    During recent past, agriculture as whole have faced tremendous challenges due
    to increased demand of food grains and agriculture related raw materials for allied
    sectors. This created enormous job opportunities in teaching, research, extension,
    industries and financial institutions. Therefore, excellent human resources have been
    the prime needs for aforesaid organization. The Indian Council of Agricultural
    Research (ICAR), New Delhi is conducting All India Competitive Examination every
    year for awarding Junior Research Fellowship, National Eligibility Test and Senior
    Research Fellowship, besides recruiting Scientists through Agricultural Scientists
    Recruitment Board. In addition to that Common Entrance Test for competitive
    examination for post-graduate degree, Doctor of Philosophy courses of various State
    Agricultural Universities, Banking services and State Boards are being conducted for
    selection of suitable candidates. All these examinations are mostly objective based
    and students always look for study material that is ready to use and easy to grasp.
    The present book Guide for Agricultural Competitive Examinations has been
    prepared in most simple, clear and appropriate manner which covers core courses
    offered for Junior Research Fellowship and other competitive examinations. While
    preparing the book, a wide discussion has been made with the students, teachers
    and scientists and as per their desire, this book is brought out.
    We hope that this book impart basic and innovative knowledge of various fields
    of agriculture. We will be grateful to readers, if errors are pointed out so that necessary
    corrections can be incorporated in the book. We humbly welcome critical suggestions
    for further improvement of this book.
    Authors
    Contents

    Preface v
    1. Historical and Current Innovations in Indian Agriculture 1
    2. Agricultural Meteorology 25
    3. Crop Production 37
    A) Basic principles of crop production
    B) Classification of crops and their origin
    C) Soil and climatic requirements
    D) Leading states in area, production and productivity of crops
    E) Recommended fertilizer dose
    F) Inflorescence of different crops
    G) Fruit types and edible parts of different crops
    H) C3, C4 and CAM plants
    I) Oil percentage of oilseed crops
    J) Recommended Seed rate of field crops
    K) Recommended Plant geometry of field crops
    L) Test weight of field crops
    M) Mutant varieties of crops
    N) Toxic substances found in different fodder and food crops
    4. Modern Concepts of Tillage 56
    5. Cultivation Practices of Crops 62
    A) Cereals crops
    B) Pulses crops
    viii

    C) Oilseeds crops
    D) Fibres
    E) Sugar crops
    F) Fodder & forages crops
    G) Commercial crops
    H) Medicinal & aromatic plants
    I) Fruit & Vegetable crops
    6. Irrigation Water Management 119
    A) Concept of irrigation
    B) Water resources in India
    C) Scheduling of irrigation
    D) Irrigation water measurement
    E) Methods of irrigation
    F) Concept of available soil moisture
    G) Evapotranspiration
    H) Water requirement of crops
    I) Irrigation water quality
    J) Agricultural drainage
    7. Watershed Management 144
    8. Weed Management 149
    9. Dryland Agriculture 173
    10. Soil and Water Conservation 179
    11. Cropping and Farming Systems 199
    12. Soil Science 205
    A) Soil structure & texture
    B) Soils of India
    C) Soil fertility & productivity
    D) Plant nutrients
    E) Manures & fertilizers
    F) Problem soils
    13. Genetics 242
    A) Cell organelles
    B) Mitosis & Meiosis
    C) Mendelian genetics
    ix

    14. Plant Physiology 247


    A) Photosynthesis
    B) Respiration and Photorespiration
    C) Transpiration
    15. Biochemistry 252
    A) Carbohydrates
    B) Protein
    C) Nucleic acid
    D) Enzymes
    E) Vitamins
    16. Plant Protection 258
    A) Major pests of crops & their control measures
    B) Major diseases of crops & their control measures
    17. Agricultural Extension 270
    A) Important rural development programmes
    18. Agricultural Statistics 275
    A) Elements of Statistics
    B) Principles of Field Experimentation
    19. Agroforestry Systems 284
    20. Organizational Set-Up of Agricultural Research,
    Education and Extension 287
    21. Numerical Problems 298
    22. Syllabus for ICAR-JRF 2011-2012 (Subject: E-1: Agronomy/
    Farming Systems Management) 305
    23. Previous Years Question Papers of JRF-Agronomy from
    ICAR (2000 to 2009) 308
    References 389
    Guide for Agricultural Competitive Examinations 1

    Chapter 1
    Historical and Current
    Innovations in Indian
    Agriculture

    AGRICULTURAL UPDATES
    P U.P. has highest total fertilizer consumption.
    P Crop under highest irrigation is 1st - wheat, 2nd - rice (50 per cent of total
    area).
    P Irrigated area to net sown area highest in sugarcane (93 per cent) followed
    by wheat (85 per cent).
    P Largest imported fertilizer is potash (K 2O).
    P 26 per cent of the Indian population are under poverty line.
    P The parameter to group under BPL is:
    v In urban area - less than 2100 cal/day
    v In rural area - less than 2400 cal/day
    P Indian standard ratio for fertilizers has been assumed to be 4:2:1.
    P In India, the NPK nutrients ratio being used is 6.5:2.5:1 as recommended
    ratio of 4:2:1.
    P State having maximum area under irrigation Punjab
    P Major source of irrigation in India Canal
    P Maximum area under fruit crops Mango
    P Maximum production under fruit crops Banana
    P First agriculture census in India conducted in 1970
    P As per national forest policy, for ecological balance, the forests cover should
    be on 1/3rd area (i.e. 30 per cent) of the country.

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