英语语法手册
英语语法手册
英语语法手册
[]
(parts of speech)
[]
1.(morphology)
2.(syntax)
[]
(clause)
(sentence)
a)(simple sentence)
The people's Republic of China was founded in 1949.
b)(compound sentence)
Tom's father worked from morning till night but he got very little money.
c)(complex sentence)
It's a long time since I saw you last.
a)(declarative sentence)
I saw him yesterday.
b)(interrogative sentence)
Did you see him yesterday??
c)(imperative sentence)
Please come in.
d)(exclamatory sentence)
What a beautiful voice she has!!
[](word order)
1)
We help each other.
2)
We go to school every day.
3)
It's fine today.
4)
I like this place.()
There are many trees in this place.()
5)
7)
I met a friend at the bus-stop.
8)
There is a map of China on the wall.
9)
They worked quickly and efficiently.
He works just as hard as everyone else although he is over sixty.
10)
Ohit's you!!
[]
baby time
pencil socialism
air Shanghai
1)(common noun)
soldier water
pupil health
machine pleasure
2)(proper noun)
1)(class noun)
tractor panda
factory teacher
2)(collective noun)
class herd
crowd army
3)(material noun)
steel gram
fire cotton
4)(abstract noun)
happiness life
work whiteness
[](countable noun)(uncountable noun)
glass
paper
tin
copper
[]
(case)(no
minative case)(objective case)(possessive case)
()s
John's friend
Xiao Wang's notebook
children's books
my father's room
[]
1)
the Party's concern of the younger generation
the hatred of the soldiers for the enemy
2)
the reactionary rule's overthrow
the occupation of the city by the enemy
of+
of+
1)
a friend of my sister's (= one of my sister's friends)a picture of Mr. Wu's (
)(a picture of Mr. Wu )
2)
this lovely child of your aunt's
a (an)
1)
Xiao Xu's father is a miner.()
Give me a ballpen , please.()
2)
A steel worker makes steel.()
A triangle has three angles.()
3)
He comes from a firm in Beijing.
A young man wants to see you.
A car stopped in front of the gate.
4)
Butter is 4 yuan a kilo.
He drove the car at 18 miles an hour.
The Chinese Export Commodities Fair is held in Guangzhou twice a year.
The doctor told him to take the medicine three times a day.
the
1)()()
This is the house where Lu Xun once lived.()
The book on the desk is an English dictionary.(
book on the desk )
Cairo is the capital of Egypt.
We plan to cut the wheat in these fields in three days time.(
)
2)
Open the door, please.()
The Manager is in his office.()
Let's meet at the railway station.()
3)
Last week I read a story and a play. The story is about the Second World War and the play about the life of
university students.
[]
A horse is a useful animal.
The horse is a useful animal.
Horses are useful animals.
6)the the Chinese Communist Party the working
class the bourgeoisie the Labour Party()
7) the poor the rich
the wounded the sick the beautiful
8) the
Shanghai is the biggest city in China.
January is the first month of the year.
The sun rises in the east.
9) the
in the morning
in the afternoon
in the evening
to go to the theatre(cinema)()()
1)
the Yellow River the Baltic(Sea)the Pacific (Ocean)the Atlantic(Ocean)
the Xisha islands the Tianshan Mountains the Himalayas
2)
a)
the People's Republic of China the United States of America (
the Philippines the Sudan )
b)
the National People's Congress the State Council the United Nations
c)
the Tang dynasty the Warring States period
3)
the National Art Gallery the Great Wall the Peking Zoo the British Mu
seum
4)
the People's Dailythe Reader's Digest the Being Hotel
5)
The Lius have moved to Tianjin.
The Greens came to China for a visit last year.
1)
War is the continuation of politics.
Our battalion fought north and south during the Anti Japanese War.
He is fond of music.
Did you like the music of the film??
Science is making rapid progress in China.
Physics is the science of matter and energy.
China is rich in oil.
The oil produced in Dagang is of first-rate quality.
2)
1)
Canada Japanese love hatred glass water
2) thisthatmyyourwhosesomeanynoeachevery
That is my cap.
I enjoyed every minute of it.
I want this book, not that one.
3)
Spring has come.
Winter is the best time for skating.
Her little daughter was born in April 1987. 1987 4
We have mathematics on Monday.
[] in the spring in spring
4)
I don't approve of cousins marrying.
Books are my best friends.
5)()
[]
(pronoun)
a)b)
a) I am reading The Arabian Nights.()
This is John Smith speaking.()()
Can I help you??()
That's all.()
b)His father is an eye-doctor.()
All men are equal.()
3) I ()me ()Who ()whom ()
whose other's somebody's one's
4)
oneonesotherothers
1)(personal pronoun)
a)Ihesheitweyouthey.
b)mehimheritusyouthem.
2)(possessive pronoun)
a)myhisheritsouryourtheir.
b)minehishersitsoursyourstheirs.
3)(self-pronoun)myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselvesthems
elvesoneself.
4)(reciprocal pronoun)each otherone another.
5)(demonstrative pronoun)thisthatthesethosesuchsame.
6)(interrogative pronoun)whowhomwhosewhichwhat.
7)(relative pronoun)whowhomwhosewhichthat.
8)(indefinite pronoun)somesomethingsomebodysomeoneanyanythinganybody
anyonenonothingnobodyno oneeveryeverythingeverybodyeveryoneeachmuchm
anylittlea littlefewa fewotheranotherallnoneonebotheitherneither.
1)
a)
I am a cook.() We are cooks
You are a teacher.() You are teachers.
He is a barber.() The yare barbers.
She is a nurse.()The yare nurses.
It is a cart.() They are carts.
b)
It's I . Ohit's you.
[] I ()()
[] it's I (he, she ) Its me (himher )
2)
a)
The dog bit him.
Our P. T. teacher taught us to swim yesterday.
This is my new hat. Do you like it ??
b)
My brother often writes tome.
They took good care of us.
3)
a) we I ( our my)
We believe that China will make still greater progress in shipbuilding.
1)
I love my work in the hospital.
How many students are there in his (her) class?()?
There are many good teachers in our school.
I saw a film lasts saturday. Its title was Guerrillas on the Plains.
2)
a)
Our room is on the first floor, and theirs is on the second
Ours is a socialist country.
b)
I didn't borrow her dictionary. I borrowed his.
c)
Whose pencil is this?It is hers.?
()()
1)
Please help yourself to some lea.( help )
The girl is too young to look after herself.( look after )
He was always ready to help others; he never thought of himself ( t
hought of )
2)
1)
Do you often see one another??
New and old students learn from each other..
John and Tom helped each other.
2)
We are interested in one another's work.
The students corrected each other's mistakes in their homework.
Students cut each other's hair.
3)each other
Each tried to persuade the other to stay at home.
This is a plane()
Ohit's not that.()
How do you like these??()
This book is about Chinese traditional medicine.()
insthesethat those
1)This (these)that(those)
chairman Mao honoured Lin Hulan with these wordsA great life A glorious death
3) that those
The climate of shenyang is just as good as that of Beijing. (that climat
e)
The county's grain output of 1981 was double that of 1970. 1987 1980
(that grain output)
Television sets made in Nanjing are just as good as those made in Shanghai.
(those television sets)
4)This that
The book is about this thick.
I don't want that much.
It it
2)
Such were his words.()
The same can be said of the Other article.()
Take from the drawer such as you need.()
His name and mine are the same.()
[] same the
who()whom()whose()what() which(
)
Who is going to speak to us tomorrow??(who )
Who told you so??(who )
Whom are you talking about ??(whom who whom)
Whose umbrella is this ??(whose )
What is that? ?(what )
What did he say??(what )
Which is yoursthe blue pen or the redone??(which )
[] 77.7077.72
[] whowhatwhich ever
What ever do you want??
Who ever is she looking for ??
[]which what
What do you usually have for lunch??
Which do you like best??
Which of you comrades come from the Northeast? ?
( 4.18)
whowhosewhomthatwhich
(
)
The man who is talking with Mr. Brown is an eye Specialist
( who man)
He is the comrade whom you have been looking for ( whom
comradewhom )
The old man whose son is in the navy used to be carpenter.
( whose man)
The film which I saw last night is about a young teacher.
( which film, which )
This is the plane that will fly to Tokyo in the afternoon.( that
plane)
()
some ()
somebody
someone
something
any ()
anybody
anyone
anything
no ()
nobody
no one
nothing
all
both
neither ()
none ()
either ()
each
every
everybody
everyone
everything
other (s)()
another
much ()
many ()
few ()
a few ()
little ()
a little ()
one ()
1)
Both of them are waiters.
Is everybody here??
2)
I know little about the novel
I am speaking for myselfnot for others.
I was interested in everything that the old man told me.
3)
That's all for today. class is dismissed.
This book is too much for me.
4)
Study well and make progress every day.
He has some English books.
china will become a powerful modern country in another twenty years.
[]
Wang and Li both made good progress.()
They all went to the Zoo.()
Are you any good at mathematics??()
The meeting lasted some two hours.()
someanynoevery -body-one-thing
1)
a) somebody someone
something
b) anybody anyone
anything
c) nobody no one
nothing [5nQWiN]
d)everybodyeveryone
everything
2)
a)
Everything is made of elements.()
I have got nothing to say.()
something anything some any
Have you anything to say about this question? No, I havent anything to say. ( I have nothing to say.)(
Yes, I have something to say.) ?(
)
She told them something about her work.()
b)
There is nothing wrong with the lathe.
is there anything important in today's newspaper??
I need somebody strong to help me.
[]
1)(numeral)
2)
100
1 one[wQn] 11 eleven[i5levn]
2 two[tu:] 12 twelve[twelv]
3 three[Wri:] 13 thirteen [5We:5ti:n]
4 four[fC:] 14 fourteen
5 five [faiv] 15 fifteen [5fif5ti:n]
6 six[siks] 16 sixteen
7 seven [5sevn] 17 seventeen
8 eight [eit] 18 eighteen[5ei5ti:n]
9 nine[nain] 19 nineteen
10 ten[ten] 20 twenty [5twenti]
21 twenty-one [5twenti5wQn] 60 sixty
30 thirty [5WE:ti] 70 seventy
40 forty [5fC:ti] 80 eighty
50 fifty[5fifti] 90 ninety
2) 2090 -ty[ti]
3)-twenty-one()fifty-five()ninety-nine(
)
100
100 hundred [5hQndrid]
1,000 thousand [5WauzEnd]
1,000,000 million [5niljEn]
100,000,000 hundred million
1,000 million (=billion)
499 four hundred and ninety-nine(101999 )
3,876 three thousand eight hundred and seventy-six (10019999 )
57,453 fifty-seven thousand four hundred and fifty-three(1000199999))
768, 921 seven hundred sixty-eight thousand nine hundred and twenty-one
8,641, 457 eight million six hundred forty-one thousand four hundred and fifty-seven
50, 000, 000 fifty million
500, 000, 000 five hundred million
5, 000, 000, 000 five thousand million( five billion)
50, 000, 000, 000 fifty thousand million ( fifty billion)
1)
Two plus nine is eleven.
Four times six is twenty-four.
Three of them went to college last year.
( the three of them)
2)
Give me two.
3)
There are nineteen students in our class.
My uncle bought two hand tractors recently.
()hundred()thousand() million()( of
)
Our country has a population of l,200 million people.
There are three thousand students in the university.
Rice has been cultivated in the East for thousands of years.
Maize is the most important food crop for millions of people in the world.
4)
She is just fourteen.
He was already forty when he began to learn English
199
first [fE:st] lst
second [5sekEnd] 2nd
third [We:d] 3rd
fouth [fC:W] 4th
fifth[fifW] 5th
sixth[siksW] 6th
seventh[5sevenW] 7th
eighth[eitW] 8th
ninth[nainW] 9th
tenth[tenW] 10th
eleventh 11th
twelfth[twelfW] 12th
thirteenth 13th
nineteenth 19th
twentieth [5twentiiW] 20th
fortieth 40th
fifty-first 51st
sixty-second 62nd
eighty-third 83rd
ninety-fourth 94th
1) 119 (first)(second)(third)-th
[W]
2) th fiftheighthninthtwelfth
3) ty y i-eth [i
W]
4) twenty-one twent
y-first
5)1st2nd3rd4th
31st82nd93rd94th
1)
The first is better than the second.
2)
He was among the first to arrive.
3)
China exploded its first atom bomb in October 1964. 1964 10
His father died in the Second World War.
4)
Jack is always the first to get to the office in the morning.
[] the
1)(fraction)
12 one half [hB:f] 13 one-third 23 two-thirds
14 one-fourth one quarter [5kwC:tE] 34 three-fourths three quarters 2 3/5 two and three-f
ifths.
2)(decimal)
0.5 zero [5ziErEu] point five 1.25 one point two five 3.458 three point four five eight.
[]
1) in
(in) 897 (in) eight hundred and ninety-seven
(in) 1961 (in) nineteen sixty-one ( in nineteen hundred and sixty-one)
(in) 1905 (in) nine teen and five
(in) 1800 (in) eighteen hundred
2) in
1) at
We get up at six ( at six oclock).
They begin work at eight.
2)
a) past()
eleven past seven
a quarter past eight
half past nine
b) to()
two to seven
a quarter to eight
eighteen to nine
[]
[]
(adjective)
a lovely baby
the beautiful picture
modern history
1)
He is a good boy.
The Chinese Communist Party is a great party.
2)
The film is both moving and instructive.
I am very glad to see you.
3)
Have you got everything ready for the journey? ?
We keep our rooms clean and tidy.
4) the
The young are active.(the young )
The blind can learn to read with their fingertips. (the blind )
He has a keen sense of the new.(the new )
[] the young = the young peoplethe blind the Blind peoplethe new the new things.
( 3.4 7)
[] The sun rose red() red Dont marry young() young
( 16.18)
*
a large wild plant
a simple musical instrument
a small fierce dark brown animal ( dark brown)
1arge wild 1arge
wild plant and
a strong, swift horse
many happy and healthy children
a short and militant article (militant short
)
good
we11 better best
bad worse worst
many more most
much
little 1ess 1east
far fartherfurther farthestfurthest
1ess least
interesting difficult
less interesting less difficult
least interesting leas difficult
+ than
the+++
[]
(adverb)often
here very quickly
1)()
It is raining hard.( hard is raining)
Don't drive too fast.(fast drive too
fast)
He speaks English quite well.(well speaksquite well)
This is a fairly useful tool(fairly useful)
He has always helped his sister with her homework.(always h
as helped)
She often went there.(often there went)
Perhaps he will telephone later.(perhaps )
2)
Is he up??
She is out.
3)
Life here is full of joy.(here life)
1)
2)
It is a rather difficult job(rather difficult)
He runs very fast.(very fast)
3)
The peasants there are busy digging a canal now.
On my way homeI met groups of Young Pioneers.
1)
David drives faster than anyone I know.
She plays table tennis better than I.( play table tennis)
Mr. Martin usually gets to the office earlier than others.
They speak less fluently but more correctly than we do.
2) the ( the )
I work fastest when I'm under pressure.
He swims the best in Class One.
[]
[vip] + and +
( than )
The days are getting longer and longer.
He is becoming more and more interested in sports.
1)(verb)
a)swim push
b)have be
2)
[]
4) shallwillhavebeshouldwonld do
1) (transitive verb)
I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.
How long can I keep the book ?Harry asked.?
Dr. Bethune set us a good example.
Crude oil contains many useful substances.
2) (intransitive verb)
Birds fly.
It happened in June 1932.
My watch stopped.
She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening.
3)
a)
Shall I begin at once??(begin )
She began working as a librarian after she left school.(began )
When did they leave Chicago?(leave )
They left last week. (left )
b)
Wash your hands before meals.
Does this cloth wash well? ?
4)
a) arrive agree
1isten
We arrived at the railway station at noon.(at )(We reached the r
ailway station at noon.)
Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.(to )(
We all heard the lecture.)
Do they agree to the plan??(to )
b) serve
Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.
(phrasal verb)
1) +
The small boy insisted on going with his parents.
Do you often listen to broadcasts in English? ?
Look at the children. Arent they lovely?!
We stand for self-reliance.
depend on (upon)(*)wait on ()look for ()deal with
()look after()wait for()
2) +
I always get up as soon as the bell rings. ()
Look outthere's a car coming! !()
Have you handed in your exercises already? ?()
Please dont forget to put on your coatit's cold outside.()
put out () eat up ()putdown() set
off ()come up()go on()
[] + + +
+
work worked worked working
write wrote written writing
have had had having
do did done doing
2) behavedoworkstudy
3)(regular verb)
ed
[] -ed
5traveltraveled 5level1evelled
5totaltotaled 5model modelled
traveltraveled
(irregular verb)
4) -ing
a) -ing
gogoing standstanding
askasking answer answering
studystudying bebeing
seeseeing
[] -s(-es) + yy
-ing studying [5stQdiiN]fly flying [5flaiiN]carrycarrying [5kAriiN]
[] r -ingr
enter [5entE] entering [5entEriN]
answer [5B:nsE]answering[5B:nsEriN]
wear [wZE] wearing [5wZeriN]
b) e e-ing
comecoming writewriting
taketaking becomebecoming
c)
-ing
Sitsitting runrunning
Stopstopping beginbeginning
admitadmitting forgetforgetting
[] sendthinkaccept
-ingsendingthinkingaccepting
[] -ing
5traveltraveling 5levellevelling
5totaltotaling 5modelmodelling
traveltraveling
d)-ie ie y ing
diedying tietying
lielying
[]-c -c ck, -ed -ing
picnic picnicked picnicking
traffic trafficked trafficking
[]
l)
When they leave school, they will go to work in Tibet.
If You see himwill You tell him to ring me ??
We'll visit the cotton mill if it is fine tomorrow.
2)( gocomeleavestart )
4)
5)(
)
What time is it now? ?
The patient is much better now.
What is Shanghai like now? ?
l) be
2) be was were
3) have had
4)
3)
When my brother was a teenagerhe played table tennis almost everyday.
[] would used to
When he was a child he would go skating every winter.
Mr. Higgins used to have a big house in downtown.
My elder brother used to be in the PLA. He is now a police officer.
4)
They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him.
He promised me that when he went to the bookstore he would get me a copy of the Selected Stories of Lu
Xun.
1)tomorrow()next week(
)from now on()in a month()in the future()
My daughter will be twelve years old tomorrow.
He will come to see you the day after tomorrow.
The indoor swimming pool will be open to the public from October 16.
He will go to the technical training class every other day.
I shall go back to see my childhood friends in the summer vacation.
Today we shall have a report on the situation in Africa.
2)
We shall work in this factory everyday.
1)be going +
should() would()
would
I rang up to tell my aunt that I Should leave for Los Angeles next Monday.
Michael said that about twenty agronomists Would come here in a few days.
(continuous tense)
be
1)
He sings well.
He is singing a folk song.
[]
know() be()have
()1ove ()hate()want()1ike()think()believe()see()hear(
)
1)()
()
What are you doing?
I'm doing some washing.?
Look! It is snowing.!
She is drawing a map.
Are they listening to the music?
NOthey are listening to the radio.?
2)
He is working on a paper.
They are compiling a dictionary.
3)( gocomestay1e
avestart )
He is corning to see you tomorrow.
They are going to the Ming tombs this coming Sunday.
They are taking the children to the zoo on Sunday.
What are you doing next Sunday? I'm going on a picnic with my wife and daughter.
?
was() were ()
1) gocomestartstayleave
The monitor announced that our new teacher was going to speak to us.
3)
It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A young woman suddenly
appeared on the riverbank. it was Xier. She had just escaped from Huang Shiren's house.
[]
1)
He sings well.
He is singing a folk song.
[]
know() be()have
()1ove ()hate()want()1ike()think()believe()see()hear(
)
1)()
()
What are you doing?
I'm doing some washing.?
Look! It is snowing.!
She is drawing a map.
Are they listening to the music?
NOthey are listening to the radio.?
2)
He is working on a paper.
They are compiling a dictionary.
3)( gocomestay1e
avestart )
He is corning to see you tomorrow.
They are going to the Ming tombs this coming Sunday.
They are taking the children to the zoo on Sunday.
What are you doing next Sunday? I'm going on a picnic with my wife and daughter.
?
was() were ()
1) gocomestartstayleave
The monitor announced that our new teacher was going to speak to us.
3)
It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A young woman suddenly
appeared on the riverbank. it was Xier. She had just escaped from Huang Shiren's house.
1)
He sings well.
He is singing a folk song.
[]
know() be()have
()1ove ()hate()want()1ike()think()believe()see()hear(
)
1)()
()
What are you doing?
I'm doing some washing.?
Look! It is snowing.!
She is drawing a map.
Are they listening to the music?
NOthey are listening to the radio.?
2)
He is working on a paper.
They are compiling a dictionary.
3)( gocomestay1e
avestart )
He is corning to see you tomorrow.
They are going to the Ming tombs this coming Sunday.
They are taking the children to the zoo on Sunday.
What are you doing next Sunday? I'm going on a picnic with my wife and daughter.
?
1) gocomestartstayleave
The monitor announced that our new teacher was going to speak to us.
3)
It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A young woman suddenly
appeared on the riverbank. it was Xier. She had just escaped from Huang Shiren's house.
[]
have (has) +
1)
I have finished my work.
We have set up many new factories in this area.
She has read all these books.
2)
Have you ever seen the play The Doll's House? ?
YesI have seen it twice.
I have learnt to drive.
The man has lived in China.
[] be
Where have you been? I've been to the laboratory.?
Have you ever been to Hangzhou? NoI've never been there.?
How have you been?I've been well thank you.?
1) since
for (for )
How long have you been in Beijing ? I have been in Beijing for four years.?
1) yesterday1a
sr monththree years agoin l960
just before
He has just come.
We have seen the movie before
2) alreadynevereveralwaysyetnot...yetoften
1) bybefore
2) for(
) since since
It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.
By the I read his new book I had known him for a long time.
He said that great Changes had taken place in his hometown since1980. 7980
[] whenbeforeafteras soon as
By next year our teacher will have taught English for twenty years.
[]
He said he would have paid me back the money by the end of the week.
We told him that we should have returned to the camp by four o'clock.
I hoped she would have finished the work before I got back.
1)
1)
[]
()
(sequence of tenses)
1)
They did not know when they would go to the Great Wall.
He said he was going to be an actor after leaving school.
[]
1)
The teacher told the pupils that the earth is round.
Somebody told me you an a writer.
2)
The teacher told his pupi1s that the Chinese Communist Party was founded in Shanghai in l921.
[]
be
be bebe
1)be
The driver is cleaning the car.
Yesterday afternoon we were discussing a new plan.
Women in our country are playing an important part in socialist construction.
2) be
A lot of consumer goods are made of nylon.
The Flower Show is usually held here in October. 10
The cinema will be closed for repair from March 3rd.
3)be
a)
The delegation is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
Im to be home before midnight.
b)
Youre to hand in your exercises tomorrow.
Where am I to put these tools? ?
What is to be done??
c) can may
I am not sure whether he is to turn up tonight.
My key is nowhere to be found.
d) be + about +
The meeting is about to begin.
have
hadHave (had)
I have known Mr. Smith for four years.
He has not made up his mind yet.
A woman came in with a babywho had just swallowed a safety pin.
do
diddo (did)
1)
Do you know each other? ?
How do you find the climate here? ?
She did not go to hospital after breakfast She went to work as usual.
2)
Don't be so careless.
Do not hesitate to come when you need help.
3)
I do think he is right.
Do come often.
Do askif you have any questions.
4)
Only then did I understand the importance of science.
Never did I expect to see him there.
5)
Does he also study geography?? Yeshe does.
Did it snow a lot last week? Yesit did?
He works even harder than you do.
[] do
shall Will
will will
He will be twenty-five years old next month.
You will have an examination in English tomorrow.
The weather forecast says that therell be heavy rain tomorrow.
should would
We were told that we should sight the Treasure lsland that night.
[]
1)(modal verb)
2)
3)(ought ) shallwillshouldwould
1)
I can We can
You can You can
He
They can
She can
It
2)
a)
may would
can could
may night
shall should
have to had to
b)
must must ( had to)
ought to ought to
needneed
dare dare( dared)
3)can(maymust)be doingcan
(maymust) have donecan(maymust)be done
not(
)
shall notshan't [FB:nt]
will notwon't [wEunt]
can notcan't [kB:nt]
must notmustn't [5mQsnt]
should not shouldn't
would not wouldn't
could not couldn't
dare not daren't [dZEnt]
need not needn't
can
can
It surely can't be six o'clock already? ?
You can't be hungry so soonTom. You've just had lunch.
She cannot be so careless.
Where can he be? ?
What can he mean? ?
It surely can't be six oclock already? ?
[] can
What can he be doing all this time? ?
She cannot be playing ping-pong now.
[] can may may
You can drop in any time.
Can I use your basin? of courseyou can.?
You can have my seatIm going now.
Could
could Call 1) 2)()
1)We were sure that he could do the work.
He was a farmhand. He could not afford to send his son to school.
2)At that time we thought the Story could not be true.
[] could can
could you wait half an hour??
could you please ring up again at six? ?
could we visit a kindergarten? Ive been wanting to see one ever since I came to China.
?
[] were (was) able (to) could
I am glad we were able to catch the train.
could not
I am sorry we couldnt ( weren't able to) catch the train.
can
can can could
() be able
With their help, we shall be able to finish the work in a few days.
cancould
can (could)
could can
Can he have left already? ?
Could she have forgotten my address? ?
It couldnt have been henry. He has gone to the factory.
Surely she can not have arrived so early.
[] could
You could have done the work better.()
You could have got the early train.()
[]--must
must
must
must
I must leave at 9:00
Soldiers must obey orders.
You must get to the stallion before three oclock.
You must come earlier tomorrow.
must
must must not
must
must ()
He told us we must all be ready by nine.
It was too late to go backwe must go on.
[] have to ()
I am afraid You will have to wait a while.
At every step I had to pull my legs out of the snow.
must
may
He must be in the library now.
The old man must be over seventy now.
She must know how to do farm work.
You ate very little at breakfast today. You must be hungry now.
[] must
must
I mailed the letter two weeks ago. She must have received it.
[]--may, might
may might
may
May I come in? Yesdo. ?
May I borrow you raincoat? ?
You may go now.
You may ring us up any time during office hours.
[] may must not()
May I take this book out of the reading-room? Noyou mustnt. ?
may
We may call on you this evening.
She may not go to the concert tonight.
The news may or may not be true.
[] may
May you succeed.
May you have a pleasant journey.
might may
The speaker said we might ask him any question.
He said he might go to the Palace Museum on Sunday.
[]night may
He night not come today.
Might I make a suggestion? ?
[]might
You mightpay more attention to spoken English.
You might shut the windows. The wind is blowing so hard outside.
may (might)
may might might
()
Nick may (might) have gone to the library.
Our manager may (might) have gone to Harbin last weekend.
[]have to
have to
have to
must
[]--shall
shall
shall
shall
should
should
should
.
You should have stopped at in red light.
You Should not have gone back to work without the doctors permission.
[]--will
Will
Will
I will try.
I will do my best.
We will never do it again.
Which will you fake??
Who will go with me? ?
will
[]--would
Would
will
He declared that he would do everything to help us.
I told peter that I would go along wit him.
All in e doctors and nurses told Dr. Bethune not to give his own blood to the wounded, but he wouldnt liste
n.
would
would will
Would you tell us something about yourself? ?
Would you like to have a glass of wine? ?
Would you please tell me the way to the nearest bus-stop? ?
Would you mind helping me with my packing? ?
[]I would like to I should like to I would like Id like
I should (would) like to have a look at the new television set.
Id like to borrow a copy of Alice in Wonderland.
Would
I found that retired persons would often go to the park to play chess.
When he had a problem to solvehe would work at it until he found an answer.
[]--ought
ought
ought to Ought
.
You ought to follow the old mans advice.
You oughtnt to smoke so much.
You ought to go to the clinic at once. You dont look well.
[]ought should
ought
(ought to have done) should have d
one(ought not to have done) should not ha
ve done
He ought to have done the exercise more carefully.
I ought to have returned these books to the library last week.
You ought not to have been so rude.
You ought not to have taken his skates without asking him.
[]--dare
dare ()
dare dare
to
They dare not tell the truth.
Dare he admit his mistake? ?
He dared say no more
dare to
Young people should dare to thinkdare to speak and dare to act.
[]dare do
to
Do they dare to do it? ?
The enemy did not dare to come out after dark.
[]
I didnt dale come.
Who dares stop me? ?
[]--need
need()
dare
to to
-s
Need we return the magazines today??
Every member needs to pay only a little money a year to get medical care.
You need not write down your translation. You may do it orally.
[] dare need to do
to
Do they need to take any tools with them? No., they dont need to.?
He did not need to go there early that day.
need
I need a dictionary.
You need a hair-cut.
Do you need a fountain-pen? ?
I dont need a new jacket.
Mary looks triedshe needs a rest.
Neednt ( to)
[]
1)(mood)
2)
a)(indicative mood)
There are two sides to every question.
Jinzhou is famous for its apples.
Comrade Zhang Side had a deep love for the Party.
b)(imperative mood)
Bring along your exercise books tomorrow.
Make yourself at home.
Don't move! !
Don't be late.
Be quiet! !
c) (subjunctive mood)
[] A
1)()
2)(be were)
3) had + ()
4) should + ()
5) should have + ()
6) should ()Would() +
7) should()Would() + have +
[]
1)
If I Were you I should go and see the dentist at once.
If they were no gravity, we should not be able to walk.
If they had timethey would study Italian too.
If She knew GermanShe would read Marx and Engels in the original
2)
If I had known of your arrival I should have met you at the station.
If you had come a few minutes earlieryou would have met him.
If She hadnt been so strict with herself, she wouldnt have made such great progress.
If the child had fallen through the ice, he would have drowned.
3)
If it Were Sunday tomorrowmy brother would go skating at the Beihai Park.
[] were to + (
) should +
If you were to come tomorrowI might have time to see you.
If I were to see her tomorrowI would tell her about your decisions.
[] B
if
werehad should w
erehad should
Should he cometell him to ring me up.
Were I in your positionI would go.
Had they not helped usour experiment would have failed.
[]
without contradiction nothing would exist.
We could not have done the work well without your help.
It wonld be a good idea to go swimming at the summer palace.
All this would have been impossible ten years ago.
[] C
() couldmightwou1d to
to
[] D
If he had followed the doctor's advicehe Would be quite all right now.
()
If I were youI Would have gone to the theatre.(
)
If you hadn't helped meI couldn't have finished it on time and most likely I would be still working now.
(
)
[] E
1)
That would be fine.( if you should do it )
You might stay here forever.( if you wanted )
I would not have done it.( if were you )
[]
Who would have thought of it ? ?
2)()
If he were here!!
If I had never married.
if only
If only I could help you! !
If only I were ten years younger!!
If you would only try harder!(only would )
[] if only
If only I had known earlierId have sent you a telegram.
[] F
It is natural(necessarystrangeimportant) that...that
should
It is quite natural that he should think so.
It is strange that he Should have gone away without telling us.
It is necessary that the question should be settled at once.
It is important that we should speak politely.
It is imperative that we should practise criticism and self-criti - cism.
1) wish ( that)
()(
)
I wish I were a pilot.
I wish I knew how to operate the machine.! (= I'm sorry I dont kno
w.)
I wish he hadn't gone.!(= I'm sorry he has gone.)
We wish you had come to our New Year's party.(= but you did
not)
wish
as if as though
(be were) had +
My mother locked after the orphan as if he were her own child.
You speak as if you had really been there.
as if
It looks as if it might rain
[] lest in case 15.33 15.30
It is time (that)
It is time we left.
It is time we went to bed.
It is time we summed up our results.
1)(verbal)
2)
a)
b)
He likes to sing
be was were.
walking
3)
a)
(a)
(b)
(c)
b)
[] B
1)(infinitive) to
2)
a)
He wants to study Japanese.( to study Japanese)
b)
The rain continued to fall heavily.( to fall heavily)
to study Japanese to fall heavily
3)
1)
To lean out of the window is dangerous.
To talk with him is a great pleasure.
To die for the people is a glorious death!
5)
a)
He went to Beijing to study in 1988.
He went to Paris to learn French.
[] in order to () so as to()
We often listen to English broadcasts in order to get more practice in training our ears.
[] too...to()
He is too young to join the army.
It was too coldto go out last night.
[] only
I went to see him only to find him out.
I hurried to the post officeonly to find it was closed.
[] C
get()ask()
order()persuade()advise()like()want()tell()know()help(
)call on()
He got someone to repair the door.
I persuaded my brother to change his mind.
The doctor advised him to take a good rest.
too make()let()see()
watch()hear()have()feel() help to
Make the past serve the present and foreign things serve China.
He let me go home.
We must have someone repair the refrigerator.
I heard him speak in the next room.
Mother is helping pat (to) clean her shoes.
[] to
[] D
to not
He decided not to go home.
The teacher warned the pupils not to go skating on thin ice.
I told him not to open the door.
+
whowhatwhich whenwherehow
for + () +
for () for
1)
For us to learn foreign languages is important.
for us to learn foreign languages
for + () +
[] E
1)
I saw him go out.(saw go out )
Would you help me put things in order before we leave??(w
ould help put )
2)
I hope to see you again.(to see hope )
The boy said he wanted to be a scientist.(to be wanted )
write
to write to be writing
to have written
He see ms to be recovering.
When he came inI happened to be lying on the bedreading.
[] E
to be written
to have been written
to(split infinitive)
[] F
1)(gerund)-ing
2)
a)
I have finished repairing that machine.
b)
They have started working in the apple-orchard.
1)
Seeing is believing.
Reading aloud is very important in learning English.
Looking down on women is feudal ideology.
[]
Its no use over spilt milk.()
Its no good talking about it.
2)
Her job was looking after the pigs.
His hobby is collecting stamps.
[]
She was washing clothes. ()
3)
a) beginstartstopfinishlike
please stop talking.
You must practise reading English aloud.
b)
My sister is fond of reading novels.
Were tired of having the same kind of food everyday.
Instead of going to Zhongshan parkthey went to the ZOO.
Mr. Bush earns his living by teaching.
He was punished for stealing.
4)
My father works in a printing shop.
Our school built a swimming pool last summer.
Our teacher uses a very good teaching method.
not
Trying without success is better than not trying at all.
He Hated himself for not having worked hard.
1)
writing
having written
2)
being written
having been written
()
()
1)
Stop talking.!(talking )
Stop to think about it for a moment.(to think )
I remember seeing him()
You must remember to post the letter.()
4) finish(
)avoid()enjoy()mind()insist on()object to()give up
()practise ()put off()
We all enjoy listening go Beethoven's symphonies.
We should avoid making grammer mistakes in our exercises.
The doctor says I must give up smoking.
Would you mind repeating what you have just said??
5) want()wish()
hope()agree()promise()mean()decide()expect()manage()
pretend()
I hope to visit China again.
I wish to take this opportunity to make up for the lessons I have missed.
Teachers and students managed to set up a laboratory.
6) begin()start
()continue()like()hate()prefer()
When did you begin learning (to learn) typewriting??
They continued working (to work) after the meal.
()
(verbal noun)
[] G
a reading-room
drinking water
a writing course
a sleeping car ()
the getting-up bell
[] H
1)(participle)
2)()
-ing
-ed
1)
surprising ()
surprised ()
an exciting story ()
excited spectators ()
a moving film
A moved audience
A tiring journey
A tired football player
He told us many interesting things last night.
She is interested in astronomy.
fallen leaves
the exploded bomb
a retired miner
returned students
2)
1)
Im reading a very interesting book.
He likes to drink cold boiled water.
Lei Fengs spirit is inspiring the people all over the country. ()
His report is inspiring. ()
The road was completed by the PLA men.()
The road is completed.()
3)
a)()
Looking out of the windowI saw groups of children passing by the house.
(= When I locked out of the window)
Heatedthe metal expands.(= When it is healed)
Opening the drawer he took out a dictionary.(= He opened the drawer and t
ook...)
[] when while
While working in the factory (= While I was working in the factory)I learnt a lot from the workers.
not
Not knowing what to doshe went to the teacher for help.
I left at noonnot staying for lunch.
un-
The boy was left uncared for.
seewatchhearsetkeepfin
dhaveget
We saw them walking across the road.
We heard the children singing I Love Beijings Tian An Men
I found my hometown almost completely rebuilt.
have get
[] J
1)
writing
having written
2)
(working leamt )
Knowing that they were going abroad next week they began to make preparations.
(knowing began )
He came up to mesayingGlad to see you again.(saying
came )
3)
being written
haring been written
(absolute construction)
The young woman standing over there is our new English teacher.
( standing over there the young woman)
Having finished his workhe went out to play volleyball.(having finished
his work he)(
)
The dark clouds having dispersedthe sun shone again.()
We shall thresh the wheatweather permitting.()
Their room was on the first floorits broad window overlooking the park.
(the first floor
)
We redoubled our effortseach man working like two.()
Almost all metals are good conductorssilver being the best of all.
()
The meeting overwe all left the room.( over
being)
This donewe went home.()
She gazedher hands clasped to her breast.*
[]
talking of ()speaking of ()
[]with + + ()