The Apocynaceae of Namibia
The Apocynaceae of Namibia
The Apocynaceae of Namibia
The Apocynaceae
of Namibia
P.V. Bruyns
Bolus Herbarium
Department of Biological Sciences
University of Cape Town
Rondebosch
7701
Pretoria
2014
S TRELITZIA
This series has replaced Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa and Annals of the Kirstenbosch Botanic
Gardens, which the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) inherited from its predecessor organisa-
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S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) iii
Contents
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Materials and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Taxonomic account. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Apocynaceae Juss.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
RAUVOLFIOIDEAE Kostel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
CARISSEAE Dumort.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Carissa L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
MELODINEAE G.Don . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Diplorhynchus Welw. ex Ficalho & Hiern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
APOCYNOIDEAE Burnett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
BAISSEEAE M.E.Endress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Baissea A.DC.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
NERIEAE Baill.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Adenium Roem. & Schult.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Strophanthus DC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
MALOUETIEAE Mll.Arg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Pachypodium Lindl.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
PERIPLOCOIDEAE R.Br. ex Endl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Cryptolepis R.Br. (incl. Curroria Planch. ex Benth.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Ectadium E.Mey.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Raphionacme Harv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Tacazzea Decne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
SECAMONOIDEAE Endl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Secamone R.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
ASCLEPIADOIDEAE R.Br. ex Burnett. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
FOCKEEAE H.Kunze, Meve & Liede. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Fockea Endl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
MARSDENIEAE Benth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Gymnema R.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Marsdenia R.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Rhyssolobium E.Mey.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Stigmatorhynchus Schltr.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
ASCLEPIADEAE (R.Br.) Duby. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Asclepias L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Cynanchum L. (incl. Sarcostemma R.Br.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Gomphocarpus R.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Microloma R.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
iv S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
Pachycarpus E.Mey.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Pentarrhinum E.Mey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Pergularia L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Periglossum Decne.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Schizoglossum E.Mey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Schizostephanus Hochst.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Sphaerocodon Benth.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Tylophora R.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Xysmalobium R.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
CEROPEGIEAE Decne. ex Orb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Australluma Plowes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Baynesia Bruyns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Brachystelma R.Br. ex Sims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Ceropegia L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Duvalia Haw.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Hoodia Sweet ex Decne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Huernia R.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Larryleachia Plowes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Lavrania Plowes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Orbea Haw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Orthanthera Wight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Piaranthus R.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Quaqua N.E.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Stapelia L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Stapeliopsis Pillans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Tavaresia Welw.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Tridentea Haw.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Tromotriche Haw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 1
Abstract
The Flora of Namibia is dominated by the most diverse in the extreme south of the country,
families Poaceae, Asteraceae and Fabaceae. in the Rosh Pinah and in the Karasburg districts.
Here, an account of the Apocynaceae, the sixth The distribution of each species is mapped and,
largest family in Namibia, is presented. A total of for many genera, one species is illustrated with
153 species belonging to 46 genera are recorded line drawings. Lectotypes are selected for several
as occurring naturally for the country and 19 of species.
these species are endemic to Namibia, with two
endemic genera. More than half of these 153 Keywords: Apocynaceae, Apocynoideae,
species belong to the tribe Ceropegieae, with Asclepiadoideae, endemics, largest families, Na-
the highly succulent group, the stapeliads, repre- mibian Flora, Periplocoideae, Rauvolfioideae,
sented by 58 species. It is shown that the family is Secamonoideae.
2 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
Introduction
The only account of the Flora of Namibia & Bruyns (2000) and APG III (2009) these now
remains the Prodromus einer Flora von Sdwest- fall into a single family, which is the sixth largest
Afrika (Merxmller 19661972). Much new infor- in Namibia (Table 1).
mation has become available since the comple-
tion of this work and revision of the Prodromus Namibia is bounded on the west alongside
is becoming ever more necessary. In an attempt the Atlantic Ocean by the Namib Desert, one of
to initiate a Flora of Namibia, an account of the the most arid regions on Earth, and on the east
family Apocynaceae for Namibia is presented by the semi-arid Kalahari Desert (Simmons et al.
here. 1998). Consequently the country is mostly arid to
semi-arid. Over its surface area of 824292km2,
The Apocynaceae is a medium-sized, cos- a total of 3729 angiosperms have been record-
mopolitan family of some 5000 species with a ed. This is made up of 938 monocotyledons and
preponderance of species in the tropics (En- 2791 dicotyledons (Craven 1999), correspond-
dress & Bruyns 2000). The family is well repre- ing to the widely known ratio of three dicotyle-
sented in southern Africa generally, where over donous species to one monocotyledonous spe-
650 species are known (Germishuizen & Meyer cies (Goldblatt & Manning 2000). In contrast to
2003). the Cape Flora where petaloid monocotyledons
dominate (Goldblatt & Manning 2000), in Na-
In Huber (1967) the three families Apocyn- mibia the 938 monocotyledons are mainly non-
aceae (6 genera, 10 species), Asclepiadaceae petaloid, with 551 species in the Cyperaceae
(32 genera, 101 species) and Periplocaceae (5 and Poaceae alone and with the petaloid fami-
genera, 9 species) were listed for Namibia (i.e. a lies Amaryllidaceae (43), Asphodelaceae (50),
total of 43 genera with 120 species in the greater Hyacinthaceae (88), Iridaceae (36) and Orchi-
Apocynaceae). With the arrangement of Endress daceae (20) contributing only 237 species (25%
of the total number of monocots). Since Namibia
is generally dry, it is not surprising that the flora is
TABLE 1.The ten largest families of Angiosperms in Na-
mibia (data from Craven 1999)
dominated by the three families Asteraceae, Fa-
baceae and Poaceae (Table 1). Also, the largest
Family Number Number of genera are mainly drought-tolerant plants, with
of species endemics Crassula and Euphorbia providing the largest
(%) numbers of succulents (Table 2).
1. Poaceae 401 27 (7)
Of the 3729 species recorded, 589 (16%)
2. Asteraceae 360 61 (17)
are endemic to Namibia. In comparison to the is-
3. Fabaceae 312 34 (11) land-like level of endemism of nearly 78% for the
4. Aizoaceae 226 70 (31) 11423 species found in the 189629km2 of the
5. Scrophulariaceae 156 32 (21) Greater Cape Floristic Region (Snijman 2013),
6. Apocynaceae 153 19 (12) the level of endemism in the flora of Namibia
7. Cyperaceae 151 2 (1) is low. This is clearly a consequence of the flora
8. Acanthaceae 139 38 (27)
of Namibia consisting primarily of extensions of
other, more widely distributed floras. For exam-
9. Euphorbiaceae 91 16 (18)
ple, the Succulent Karoo of the western side of
10. Chenopodiaceae 91 39 (43) South Africa extends northwards into the winter-
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 3
TABLE 2.The ten largest genera of Angiosperms in Namibia (data from Craven 1999)
rainfall region of the extreme south of Namibia, westwards into the eastern flank of Namibia,
the Nama-Karoo extends from central South Af- and many elements of the Angolan flora extend
rica into the southeast of Namibia, the flora of southwards into the Kaokoveld and Ovambo-
the Kalahari Desert continues from Botswana land in the north of Namibia.
4 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
Specimens of Apocynaceae in the herbaria among the syntypes listed by the author in the
BOL, M, NBG, PRE, SAM and WIND were ex- protologue. For the line drawings, all vouchers
amined and determined, from which a database are at BOL unless otherwise indicated. All pho-
of specimens was built up (herbarium acronyms tographs are from the authors collection unless
according to Holmgren et al. 1990). These were otherwise indicated in the captions. Collections
used to draw up the descriptions, to determine where the collector did not give a number are
flowering times, and they also provided the raw left without number. Certain species such as Ca-
data for the maps. Where types are from Na- tharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don and Cryptostegia
mibia, they are cited in full; when from other grandiflora R.Br. are common in cultivation and
countries, only the country is given. Holotypes have even occasionally spread as weeds but do
and isotypes have been located as far as pos- not occur naturally in Namibia. Craven (1999)
sible and were either seen or were viewed on also recorded Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.)
the JSTOR Plant Science website (http://plants. Codd [De Winter 6044 (PRE)] and Periploca grae-
jstor.org/). A specimen is taken as the holotype ca L. [Range 1196 (SAM)] for Namibia. However,
if it was indicated as such by the author or if it is the first specimen was made from a plant in cul-
clear from where it is located relative to where tivation in Windhoek, and the second (of very
the author worked that it must be the holotype. doubtful identity, but too fragmentary for clear
In some cases it is impossible to be sure which identification) came from a garden at Kuibis and
specimen is the holotype and then a lectotype so neither occurs naturally in Namibia. All four
is selected from among the duplicates of the species are not considered further in this ac-
type number given in the protologue or from count.
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 5
Results
The Apocynaceae is represented in Namibia With 19 out of 153 (12%) endemic spe-
by 153 species distributed among 46 genera (Ta- cies, the Apocynaceae exhibits endemism that
ble 3). Taxonomic changes at generic level since is close to the level for the flora as a whole. Al-
1967 have led to several genera in the Brachy- most all of these endemics are amongst species
stelma alliance being abandoned (Dyer 1980). from the Namib and its edges and so fit roughly
On the other hand, many more genera are now the patterns identified by Simmons et al. (1998)
recognised among the stapeliads, though many and Craven & Vorster (2006), except for Brachy-
of these were informally recognised by Huber stelma codonanthum Bruyns from the Northern
(1967) and so the number of genera in the fam- Kalahari and four endemic species (Hoodia jut-
ily in Namibia has only risen from 43 to 46 since tae Dinter, Orbea albocastanea (Marloth) Bruyns,
1967. Huber had a relatively broad concept of Raphionacme namibiana Venter & R.L.Verh.,
species, so that very few species that he recog- Stapelia pearsonii N.E.Br.) from the arid south,
nised in 1967 have been sunk in the interim. mainly around the Great Karas Mountains, a re-
More importantly, the last 50 years have seen the gion that has not been considered important for
discovery of nearly 30 species that had not been endemic plants in Namibia before (Simmons et
recorded in Namibia by 1967. al. (1998); Craven & Vorster (2006)).
TABLE 3.Distribution of the Namibian species among the subfamilies and tribes of the Apocynaceae
With the relatively dry climate in Namibia, sands. In the same tribe, the distinctive group of
plants well suited to seasonally dry savanna stem-succulents collectively known as the stape-
and semi-arid scrubland predominate. Conse- liads has 59 species in Namibia (which makes up
quently, as Table 3 shows, 86% of the 153 spe- 38% of the Namibian Apocynaceae). However,
cies known in Namibia belong to the subfam- although proportionately well-represented (and
ily Asclepiadoideae. Also, the large cohort of providing 58% of the endemic Apocynaceae),
species in the Asclepias-alliance, particularly the species mostly belong to different genera.
prevalent in the moist grasslands of the eastern Results from molecular data (Bruyns et al. 2014)
flank of southern Africa (Fishbein et al. 2011), show that no lineages in the stapeliads have
has only 14 species in Namibia, making up 9% of diversified significantly in Namibia and unpub-
the Apocynaceae in Namibia, with no endemic lished results (Bruyns et al., in press) show that
species known. These species are mainly found the same is true in the closely related genera
in the moister Bergsavanna und Karstveld and Brachystelma and Ceropegia.
Hochlandsavanna of Giess (1971), around the
towns of Grootfontein-Tsumeb and Windhoek Three of the most widely distributed mem-
respectively. Unsurprisingly, the best-repre bers of the Apocynaceae in the Old World
sented group in the family in Namibia is the (Carissa spinarum L., Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.)
Ceropegieae, to which more than half (59%) of R.Br. ex Schult. and Cynanchum viminale (L.)
the species found in the country belong. The Bassi ex L.) occur in Namibia. Many other spe-
largest genera in the Apocynaceae in Namibia cies found in Namibia are widely distributed
belong to this tribe and are Brachystelma R.Br. in Africa. Some Namibian species have been
ex Sims (14 species) and Ceropegia L. (15 spe- speculated to have their closest relatives in
cies) and they are only about a quarter of the northeastern Africa (De Winter 1971) and many
size of the largest genera in Namibia (Table 2). genera have representatives in both these areas
For both these genera, their greatest diversity in (Thulin 1994). In the Apocynaceae this includes
Namibia is on the moister, eastern side of the genera such as Adenium Roem. & Schult., Caris-
country. Brachystelma is especially associated sa L., Ceropegia L., Duvalia Haw., Huernia R.Br.,
with areas covered by Kalahari sands and forms Orbea Haw., Stigmatorhynchus Schltr. and Ty-
part of the relatively rich geophytic flora of these lophora R.Br. However, many of the examples
originally cited of closely related species occur- Diversity in the Apocynaceae in Namibia is
ring in the two areas have, on closer examina- clearly higher in mountainous areas (Figure 1),
tion, proved to be relatively distantly related where rainfall is higher and more reliable and
within their respective genera. In other cases where the variety of geological and ecologi-
the species in these areas are closely related, cal niches is greatest. Greater collecting activity
though are not sisters. This is the case in Turn- around centres of population such as Windhoek
era (Turneraceae), with a single species in each (2217C) and Grootfontein (1918A) clearly plays
of southwestern Africa and northeastern Africa a significant role in the accumulation of data and
and over 135 species in the Americas (Thulin et makes the data for these areas more reliable, in
al. 2012a). Another example is Tribulocarpus di- contrast possibly to that from the more poorly-
morphanthus (Pax) S.Moore (Aizoaceae), which researched Kaokoveld. It is remarkable that the
occurs in both Namibia and northeastern Africa most diverse places for Apocynaceae are in the
and has been found to vary very little morpho- relatively remote parts of southern Namibia in
logically between the two areas, although dif- the Rosh Pinah district (2716D), where 29 spe-
ferences in certain DNA-regions were detected cies are known and in the Karasburg district in
(Thulin et al. 2012b); again representatives from the Great Karas Mountains (2718B), where 30
the two areas are closely related but are not species have been recorded, the highest number
sisters. For the Apocynaceae the primary exam- in the entire country. The diversity in the Great
ple is Tylophora fleckii (Schltr.) N.E.Br., which Karas Mountains much exceeds that of the Ka-
is also reported from northern Kenya, Somalia okoveld and of the Khomas Hochland around
and northern Tanzania (Goyder 2006a) but this Windhoek and is only approached in the moun-
seems more likely to be a case of morphological tains of the Grootfontein district (1918A) in the
convergence and needs to be examined more northeast and in the Tiras Mountains (2516C, D),
carefully. also in the south of the country.
8 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
Taxonomic account
In this account the subfamilies are listed the Periplocoideae sister to Baisseeae + Seca-
in their systematic order: Rauvolfioideae, Apo monoideae + Asclepiadoideae. The Baisseeae
cynoideae, Periplocoideae, Secamonoideae and were placed in the Apocynoideae (Endress
Asclepiadoideae (Endress & Bruyns 2000). Re- & Bruyns 2000; Endress et al. 2007; Endress et
cent results (Livschultz et al. 2007) have shown al. 2014) and are kept there in this treatment,
that the Baisseeae are sister to the clade consist- though this does not reflect the most recent
ing of Secamonoideae + Asclepiadoideae with results.
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 9
Apocynaceae Juss.
Erect, climbing or twining, sometimes thorny base of tube and then filaments usually absent.
shrubs, trees or shrubby to small fleshy nearly Anthers mostly modified, with lignified guide-rails
leafless succulents, often containing milky latex. and mostly with apical appendage, frequently at-
Leaves opposite, rarely alternate or whorled, al- tached to style head and forming gynostegium
ways entire. Flowers in terminal cymes or next to (free from style head and without guide-rails in
axils of leaves, sometimes solitary, with calyx and Rauvolfioideae). Ovary superior, usually of two
corolla, bisexual, radially symmetric, 5-merous carpels, in Carissa globose to ovoid, two-locular
except for paired ovaries. Corolla often with well-
and berry-like when mature, in all other genera
developed tube, lobes in bud dextrorse (overlap-
ping to right) or sinistrorse (overlapping to left). carpels free except apically where united just be-
Corona corolline and inserted in throat of corolla neath common style head, when mature forming
tube or staminal (usually then in two series) and a pair of dry follicles each dehiscing by a longitu-
attached to staminal column and usually closely dinal ventral split, sometimes single by abortion.
surrounding very reduced anthers, rarely ab- Seeds often with tuft of hairs at micropylar end,
sent. Stamens 5, in one whorl, attached to co- mostly dorsiventrally flattened and often with
rolla tube or fused into cylinder around style at raised margins, with sparse endosperm.
Key to subfamilies
1a Pollen grains loose in anthers and sometimes falling from ripe anthers onto translator (if pre-
sent) alongside them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
1b Pollen grains gathered into and enclosed in waxy masses (pollinia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.
2a Style head without well-developed translators between anthers, pollen removed directly
from sides of anthers by adhering to part of pollinator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.
2b Style head with well-developed translators in grooves between anthers, translators consisting
of sticky flattened end on outside (which adheres to pollinator for removal) and spoon- to
cornet-shaped receptacle into which pollen grains fall from anthers, with short neck joining
the two parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Periplocoideae
3a Anthers without hardened horny margins, not fused to style head; fruit an indehiscent berry
or a pair of dry hard dehiscent follicles with at most 4 seeds; seeds sometimes winged but
without hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rauvolfioideae
3b Anthers with hardened horny margins, fused to style head; fruit a pair of dry follicles with
many seeds; seeds with tuft of hairs at one or both ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apocynoideae
4a Each anther with 4 chambers and producing 4 pollinia; pollinaria each with 4 minute pollinia
attached directly to corpuscle which is much larger than pollinia . . . . . . . . . . . Secamonoideae
4b Each anther with 2 chambers and producing 2 pollinia; pollinaria each with 2 pollinia at-
tached directly or with intervening caudicle to corpuscle, pollinia at least as large as corpus-
cle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asclepiadoideae
10 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
FIGURE 2.Carissa bispinosa, flowering specimen with FIGURE 3.Carissa bispinosa, specimen with unripe fruit
immature fruit and large, forked spines, Namuskluft, and the characteristic large forked spines, Jericho,
near Rosh Pinah. Photo: Coleen Mannheimer. southeast of Warmbad. Photo: Coleen Mannheimer.
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 11
MELODINEAE G.Don
1 species (Plaizier 1980), Africa, subtropical FIGURE 8.Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, leaves. Photo:
South Africa to Congo and Tanzania. Barbara Curtis.
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 13
APOCYNOIDEAE Burnett
BAISSEEAE M.E.Endress
Baissea A.DC.
Unarmed small rhizomatous subshrub to
twiner to 6m, young shoots, inflorescences and
fruits shortly red-brown tomentose, sap milky.
Leaves persistent, opposite, on short pubescent
petioles 0.46.0mm long, oblong-ovate to lan-
ceolate or narrowly elliptic, acute to slightly mu-
cronate, pubescent to glabrescent, with incon-
spicuous veins, 647415mm. Inflorescence
FIGURE 10.Distribution of Diplorhynchus condylocar- shortly pedunculate, 1- to 3-flowered in small
pon. cymes alongside axils of leaves or in terminal
panicles of up to 15 flowers. Corolla white with
red longitudinal lines inside, broadly campanu-
Habitat: Rocky hillsides to open often decid-
late to nearly rotate, sparsely pubescent outside;
uous woodland, 10001300m.
tube 35mm long, including anthers, cupular,
Flowering time: Oct.Dec. with short stiff hairs near base; lobes linear, taper-
ing to slender tips, longer than tube, 730mm
Distribution: As for genus. In Namibia only in long, dextrorse in bud; anthers tilting conically to-
northern parts from Kaokoveld to Caprivi. Fig- gether and firmly connected to style head, with
ure 10. horny margins, tapering sagittately at bases into
sterile tails. Fruit a pair of dehiscent many-seeded
Voucher: Merxmller & Giess 1815 (M, thin-walled very slenderly fusiform pendulous fol-
WIND). licles spreading at about 60, 8050038mm,
14 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
FIGURE 11.Baissea wulfhorstii. Photo: Andy Moore. FIGURE 12.Distribution of Baissea wulfhorstii.
somewhat constricted between seeds; seeds dor- Adenium Roem. & Schult.
siventrally flattened, with sessile tuft of hairs at
micropylar end. Unarmed dwarf succulent shrub with swol-
len underground stem to small tree with bottle-
18 species (Van Dilst 1995), Namibia to West shaped to cylindrical fleshy stem and branches,
Africa. sap clear. Leaves deciduous, alternate to spirally
arranged near tips of branches, sessile, broad-
ly elliptical to linear, with short sparse to dense
Baissea wulfhorstii Schinz, Bull. Herb. Boissier
pubescence. Inflorescence shortly pedunculate
4: 816 (1896). Type: Namibia, Amboland,
to sessile, with several flowers in short, terminal
Omupanda in Uukuanyama, 15 Sept. 1894, cymes. Corolla crimson to pink, rarely white,
Wulfhorst 2 (Z, holo.; K, iso). Figure 11. salver-shaped; tube 2040mm long, including
Habitat: Flat, open woodland in deep Kala- anthers, with short cylindrical basal portion and
hari sand among trees and often growing within bell-shaped to funnel-shaped upper portion;
shrubs, 9001300m. lobes obovate, shorter than tube, dextrorse in
bud; anthers tilting conically together and firmly
Flowering time: Feb.Nov. connected to style head, with horny margins,
tapering sagittately at bases into sterile tails, tips
Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Namibia, elongated into slender subulate hairy append-
Zambia. Figure 12. ages. Fruit a pair of dehiscent many-seeded fairly
thin-walled fusiform follicles spreading at 180,
Voucher: De Winter 3735 (PRE, WIND). 80200812mm; seeds fusiform and slightly
flattened, with sessile tuft of hairs at each end.
1a Stems and branches succulent; leaves alternate 1a Shrub to small tree to 2m high, with bottle-
and spirally arranged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adenium shaped stem above ground; leaves obovate to
1b Stems and branches non-succulent; leaves in broadly elliptic with conspicuous veins, usually
opposite pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Strophanthus more than 15mm broad . . . . . . . A. boehmianum
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 15
1b Dwarf shrub to 0.25m high with swollen subter- Distribution: Angola, Namibia. Figure 15.
ranean stem; leaves linear with inconspicuous
veins, 415mm broad . . . . . . . . . . . . A. oleifolium Voucher: De Winter & Leistner 5406 (PRE,
WIND).
Adenium boehmianum Schinz, Verh. Bot. Ver-
eins Prov. Brandenburg 30: 259 (1888). A. Adenium oleifolium Stapf, Bull. Misc. Inform.
obesum subsp. boehmianum (Schinz) Row- 1907: 53 (1907). Type: from South Africa.
ley, Repert. Pl. Succ. 29: 3 (1980). Type: Na-
mibia, Ovamboland, Olukonda, Schinz 216 Dwarf shrub to 0.25m high with slen-
(K, lecto., Plaizier 1980). der branches arising from swollen subterra-
nean stem. Leaves linear, 40150415mm,
Shrub to small tree to 2m high, with bottle- glaucous, pubescent, acute. Corolla tube up
shaped swollen stem to 0.5m thick around base. to 30mm long, inside almost evenly farinose-
Leaves obovate to broadly elliptic, 6020015 papillate above stamens.
100mm, coriaceous, finely pubescent, obtuse or
mucronate. Corolla tube ca. 40mm long, com- Habitat: Flat semi-arid terrain, usually in firm
pletely glabrous inside above stamens. Figures but fairly deep sand or loam among scattered
13 & 14.
Key to species
FIGURE 18.Strophanthus amboensis, plant with fruit de- FIGURE 19.Distribution of Strophanthus amboensis.
hiscing. Photo: Willy Giess.
MALOUETIEAE Mll.Arg.
Pachypodium Lindl.
Spiny shrubs to trees with thick columnar
trunks, simple or with few ascending to spread-
ing branches, sap clear. Leaves deciduous, thinly
leathery, stiffly pubescent to almost glabrous, spi-
rally arranged, sessile, seated on short tubercle
and subtended by 2 strong spines laterally in stip-
ular position and often with smaller spine slightly
above in axillary position. Inflorescences many, in
terminal or axillary cymes near tips of stems and
branches, few-flowered, sessile. Corolla crimson
with white or red, red-brown and yellow, salver-
shaped to cylindrical; tube with short cylindrical
basal part and bell- or funnel-shaped upper part,
2550mm long, including anthers; lobes obovate
or elliptic, shorter than tube, twisted to right in
bud; anthers tilting conically together and firmly
connected to style head, with horny margins,
tapering sagittately at bases into sterile tails, tips
without hairy appendages. Fruit a pair of dehis-
cent many-seeded fairly thin-walled slender to
short and stumpy fusiform follicles, 50150mm
long; seeds dorsiventrally flattened, with sessile
tuft of hairs at micropylar end.
15 species, southern Africa, Angola and FIGURE 21.Pachypodium lealii, tree about 5m tall, Otjihipa
most diverse in Madagascar. Mountains, Kaokoveld, PVB.
Key to species
Voucher: De Winter & Giess 7105 (PRE, WIND). Flowering time: Nov.Feb.
22 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
2 species, Namibia and South Africa. Voucher: Giess 9078 (M, WIND).
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 23
FIGURE 30.Ectadium virgatum, flowers and fruit, Lore- FIGURE 32.Distribution of Ectadium virgatum.
lei, near Orange River. Photo: Coleen Mannheimer.
Raphionacme inconspicua H.Huber, Mitt. Bot. green or marked with purple inside; corona
Staatssamml. Mnchen 2: 73 (1955). Type: with slender erect almost filiform middle lobe
Namibia, Outjo, Volk 2718 (M, holo.). 57mm long slightly incurved towards tip, with
2 minute subulate lateral lobules on swollen
Stems few, erect to 300mm from solitary base, pale green to nearly white near base. Fol-
tuber just beneath ground. Leaves obovate, licles mostly paired, erect, spreading at 90120,
3050715mm, pale green, pubescent. Inflo- 609056mm, pubescent. Figure 34.
rescence terminal, pubescent, with several flow-
ers opening in quick succession, on peduncle
715mm long, pedicels 210mm long. Corolla Habitat: Among rocky outcrops often in
pale green and pubescent outside; tube 2mm open deciduous woodland, 8001800m.
long, cup-shaped; lobes 561.52.5mm,
spreading, finely and sparsely pubescent inside, Flowering time: Nov.Feb.
C
B
E A
FIGURE 34.Raphionacme inconspicua, Bruyns 5552. A, plant; B, side view of flower; C, enlarged view of centre of
flower; D, longitudinal section of flower; E, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, 10mm; BD, 1mm; E, 0.25mm.
26 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
Distribution: Angola, Botswana?, Namibia. Habitat: Sandy soil in open woodland, oc-
In Namibia only known in the northwest from casionally among rocks, 11001600m.
Outjo to the Kaokoveld. Figure 35.
Flowering time: Nov.Feb.
Voucher: Bruyns 7994 (WIND).
Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Mozam-
bique, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe. In
Raphionacme lanceolata Schinz, Verh. Bot. Namibia mainly in the parts covered by Kalahari
Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 30: 263 (1888). sands from Gobabis and the Auas Mountains
Type: Namibia, Omandongo, Schinz 167 (Z, northwards. Figure 36.
lecto., designated here; duplicate at K).
Voucher: Strohbach 1256 (WIND).
Stem usually solitary but branching above
ground to form small clump to 200(400)mm
tall, from perennial subterranean stem and often Raphionacme monteiroae (Oliv.) N.E.Br., Fl.
large solitary tuber 0.10.3m beneath surface. Cap. 4 (1): 533 (1907). Type: from Mozam-
bique. (= Chlorocyathus monteiroae Oliv.).
Leaves lanceolate to elliptic or obovate (circu-
lar), 2090750mm, grey-green, sparsely Stems few, twining to 0.52.0m, annual
pubescent. Inflorescences next to axils of leaves, above ground, from short subterranean stem
1- to 5-flowered opening in quick succession arising from solitary tuber to 0.1m below sur-
usually before leaves fully developed, pubescent, face. Leaves lanceolate to narrowly ovate,
sessile or on peduncles up to 20mm long, pedi- 2060720mm, grey-green, pubescent. Inflo-
cels 29mm long. Corolla pale green and pu- rescence terminal or next to axils of leaves, with
bescent outside; tube 23mm long, cup-shaped; several flowers often opening in quick succession,
lobes 5623mm, spreading, puberulous to pubescent, on peduncle 410mm long, pedicels
glabrous inside, pale green becoming purplish 36mm long bending downwards so flowers
towards tips inside; corona with 5 linear to nodding. Corolla green outside; tube 46mm
subulate truncate to shallowly bifid yellow-green long, slightly urceolate; lobes 81245mm,
to faintly purple lobes 46mm long without lat- ascending, sparsely puberulous within, green;
eral teeth, connivent around style head with nar- corona with slender subulate middle tooth 1.5
row openings between them. Follicles paired or 2.5mm long strongly incurved over style head,
solitary, erect, 4011057mm, sparsely pu- subtended by very short obtusely triangular lat-
bescent. eral lobules. Follicles not recorded. Figure 37.
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 27
Voucher: Von Koenen 451 (WIND). Voucher: Strohbach & al. 2935 (WIND).
28 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
Raphionacme velutina Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. covered by Kalahari sands from Gobabis and the
20, Beibl. 51: 12 (1895). Type: from South Auas Mountains northwards. Figure 40.
Africa. (= R. burkei N.E.Br.).
Raphionacme dinteri Schltr. ex Schinz, Viertel- Voucher: De Winter 3764 (PRE, WIND).
jahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zrich 55: 245 (1910). Type:
Namibia, 10km east of Orumbo, Dinter 1326 (Z, Note: Venter (2009) did not designate a lec-
lecto., designated here). totype properly, rendering his lectotypification
invalid. This is rectified here.
Stem usually solitary but branching above
ground to form small clump to 120(400)mm
tall, from perennial subterranean stem and Tacazzea Decne.
solitary tuber 0.10.2m beneath surface.
Leaves linear-lanceolate to narrowly obovate, Erect shrub to liane twining to 5m, young
1550312mm, grey-green, pubescent. In- stems somewhat tomentose, sap milky. Leaves
florescences next to axils of leaves, dense and opposite, on petioles 1030mm long, broadly
5- to 15-flowered, flowers opening in quick suc- lanceolate to elliptic and obtuse to slightly cor-
cession, pubescent, sessile or on peduncles up date at base, 401102050mm, often dark
to 2mm long, pedicels 24mm long. Corolla green and nearly glabrous above, pale green
pale green and pubescent outside; tube 23mm and tomentose below. Inflorescences on long
long, cup-shaped; lobes 242mm, spreading, slender branched peduncles, mostly longer than
puberulous to glabrous inside, yellow-green in- subtending leaf, whitish tomentose. Corolla gla-
side; corona with subulate usually purple middle brous, dull red, campanulate and lobed nearly
lobe 23mm long subtended by 2 shorter pale to base, to 10mm broad; tube absent; lobes
yellow-green lateral lobules tapering to base. 57mm long, laterally touching and erect for
Follicles paired, erect, 407057mm, pubes- lower 0.51.0mm to form short cupular false
cent. tube above which lobes spread strongly; corona
of 5 erect often apically intertwined filiform seg-
Habitat: Sandy soil in open woodland, oc-
casionally among rocks, 12001600m. ments fused with corolla only at base; anthers
connivent over style head and arising from in-
Flowering time: Nov.Jan.(May). side of corona lobes. Fruit a pair of dehiscent
many-seeded fusiform follicles spreading at 180,
Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Namibia, 5070512mm, grey-tomentose; seeds dor-
South Africa. In Namibia mainly in the parts siventrally flattened, with sessile tuft of hairs at
micropylar end.
slender lobules around mouth of this tube; an- cylindical tube divided at its mouth into 20 lob-
thers extended into erect inflated translucent ules; inner series of 5 erect lobules partly fused
white sterile appendages filling up coronal to outer coronal tube lower down, pressed to
tube; pollinarium with 2 small flattened pol- backs of anther-appendages and exceeding
linia joined directly to corpuscle . . . . . . . . Fockeeae
them; anthers connivent quadrangular fertile
1b Corona in 1 or 2 series but not as above; anthers
part firmly connected to style head, truncate
often with appendages but not filling up coro-
nal tube (if present); pollinarium with 2 swol-
and with minute horny margins below, above
len to flattened pollinia attached to corpuscle
extended into inflated erect transparent-white
by often slender caudicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. sterile appendages 23mm long filling inside of
2a Pollinia developing in part of anther above posi- coronal tube; pollinaria 2 per anther, small flat
tion of corpuscle (horizontal or ascending in and elliptical, erect, sessile on corpuscle. Follicles
anthers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. pendulous, broadly fusiform and narrowing into
2b Pollinia developing in part of anther below posi- slender beak, glabrous, single by abortion; seeds
tion of corpuscle (pendulous in anthers) . . . . dorsiventrally flattened, slightly papillate, with
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asclepiadeae sessile tuft of hairs at micropylar end or with hairs
(except Sphaerocodon and Tylophora) all round margin (F. sinuata).
3a Pollinia with insertion crest along outer margin
(relative to anther); corolline corona absent; 6 species (Bruyns & Klak 2006), southern
gynostegial corona in 2 series; anthers without Kenya to South Africa.
sterile apical appendages . . . . . . . . . . Ceropegieae
3b Pollinia without insertion crest; corolline corona
sometimes present as 5 segments fused with Key to species
tube and reaching its mouth; staminal corona
in one series opposite anthers or absent; an- 1a Leaves rarely more than 30mm long and not
thers often with small sterile membranous ap- more than 20mm broad; stems short and
pendages around tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. erect or climbing to 12 m, arising via narrow
4a Ovaries narrowing gradually into slender neck neck from subterranean tuber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
below style head; appendages of anthers with 1b Leaves usually more than 3025mm; stems
basal horizontal slits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asclepiadeae usually massive and often climbing on trees to
(Sphaerocodon and Tylophora) 15m, not arising from tuber . . . . . . . . F. multiflora
4b Style head sessile on ovaries that lack slender 2a Margins of leaves revolute, leaves with dense ad-
neck; appendages of anthers without basal pressed pubescence; outer corona without
horizontal slits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marsdenieae spreading flap behind each longest terete lobule . . . . 3.
2b Margins of leaves not revolute, leaves with
sparse pubescence; outer corona usually with
spreading flap behind each longest terete lob-
FOCKEEAE H.Kunze, Meve & Liede ule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. angustifolia
3a Margins of leaves strongly undulate; corpuscle
relatively massive and nearly half as broad as
Fockea Endl. pollinia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. sinuata
3b Margins of leaves not undulate; corpuscle very
Erect to twining herb with underground slender and much less than half as broad as
napiform tuber or massive thick-stemmed liane pollinia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. comaru
without tuber, sap milky. Stems slightly fleshy,
finely pubescent when young. Leaves opposite,
subcoriaceous, pubescent to glabrous, often Fockea angustifolia K.Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst.
sessile, linear to elliptic, apiculate, deciduous. 17: 146 (1893). Type: from South Africa.
Inflorescences extra-axillary, 1- to 20-flowered, Fockea dammarana Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38:
umbellate, pubescent, often sessile. Corolla ro- 56 (1905). Type: Namibia. Damaraland, 1879, T.J.G.
tate with short tube; outside pubescent; inside Een (BM, holo.).
puberulous to glabrous, green to brown; tube
cupular, shorter than lobes; lobes linear, obtuse, Small geophytic herb or climber with tuber,
spreading, usually spiralling to left; corona of 2 stems erect to twining to 2m, young growth
series of lobes, white, glabrous; outer series a finely tomentose. Leaves with petiole 13mm
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 31
FIGURE 43.Fockea angustifolia, Lobatse, Bayer 1431 (NBG). A, part of flowering branch; B, side view of dissected
gynostegium; C, side view of anthers; D, pollinarium. Scale bar: A, 3mm; B, 1mm (at A); C, 0.5mm (at A); D,
0.25mm (at A).
long, greyish to brownish green, linear to elliptic, Habitat: Stony slopes or flats sometimes with
13651.515.0mm, obtuse to acute, glabrous surface limestone or calcrete, 10001700m.
to sparsely pubescent, margins usually neither
revolute nor undulate. Inflorescence 1- to 6-flow- Flowering time: Oct.May.
ered, flowers opening in succession, sessile; pedi- Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Ma-
cels 1mm long. Corolla 1040mm diam.; out- lawi, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanza-
side pubescent; inside green to brown, sparsely nia, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Very widespread in Na-
pubescent; tube 1.52.02.5mm, cupular; mibia. Figure 44.
lobes 41812mm, linear, obtuse, spreading,
with margins reflexed; outer corona 46mm long, Voucher: Seydel 1419 (M, PRE).
then divided into 20 slender lobules up to 5mm
long, longest outer lobes each usually with an- Fockea comaru (E.Mey.) N.E.Br., Fl. Cap. 4 (1):
other spreading lanceolate lobule behind them; 781 (1908). Type: from South Africa.
inner corona of 5 terete linear lobes 3mm long
adpressed to backs of anthers then erect. Follicles Small geophytic herb with tuber, stems usu-
70200812mm, smooth. Figure 43. ally erect to 200mm, young growth finely tomen-
32 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
tose. Leaves with petiole to 1mm long, green to shrub-like; stems fleshy, young stems tomentose,
bluish green, linear, 25651.54.0mm, ob- later covered with grey, shiny bark. Leaves with
tuse, upper surface darker than lower, margins petiole 825mm long, oblong to broadly elliptic,
strongly revolute, sometimes weakly undulate. 3015025100mm, tomentose to glabrous
Inflorescence 1- to 6-flowered, flowers opening above, below tomentose, margins not revolute
in succession, sessile; pedicels 12mm long. Co- or undulate. Inflorescence 10- to 30-flowered,
rolla 827mm diam.; outside finely pubescent; flowers opening simultaneously, on pedun-
inside grey-green to brown-green, sparsely pu- cle 515mm long; pedicels 513mm long. Co-
bescent; tube 1.532mm, cupular; lobes rolla 1015mm diam.; outside pubescent; inside
41212mm, linear, obtuse, spreading, mar- yellowish green to brown, glabrous to sparsely
gins strongly reflexed; outer corona 46mm long, pubescent; tube 1.52.03mm, shallowly
then divided into 20 slender spreading lobules cupular; lobes 5102mm, broadly linear, ob-
2.02.5mm long; inner corona of 5 terete linear tuse, spreading, with margins slightly reflexed;
lobes adpressed to backs of anthers then erect. outer corona 23mm long, then divided into
Follicles 501001012mm, smooth. 20 slender lobules; inner corona of 5 flattened
linear lobes adpressed to backs of anthers then
Habitat: Stony slopes, 14002000m. intertwined above them. Follicles 10022015
30mm, smooth. Figures 46 & 47.
Flowering time: Oct.May.
Habitat: On low hills or among rocks around
Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na- the base of hills, in dry deciduous woodland, espe-
mibia only in south, from Tiras Mountains to cially mopane (Colophospermum mopane (J.Kirk
Rosh Pinah and in Great Karas Mountains. Fig- ex Benth.) J.Kirk ex J.Lonard) 11001400m.
ure 45.
Flowering time: Aug.Dec.
Voucher: Strohbach & Dauth 3800 (WIND).
Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Malawi,
Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Zim-
Fockea multiflora K.Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. babwe. In Namibia only in northern edge in Ka-
17: 145 (1893). Type: from Tanzania. okoveld, also in hills between Otavi and Groot-
fontein and in Caprivi. Figure 48.
Large climber to 15m without tuber, with
stout trunk to 300mm thick sprawling on ground Voucher: De Winter & Wiss 4430 (PRE,
or twisting around trees for support, rarely WIND).
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 33
Gymnema R.Br.
Shrubby non-succulent climber to 3m with
woody, young stems pubescent, later grey with
many lenticels, sap clear. Leaves shortly petiolate,
obovate to elliptic, 15801020mm, rounded
or shortly cuneate at base, acute, shortly hairy to
FIGURE 49.Fockea sinuata, plant in flower, near Warm-
bad. Photo: Silke Bartsch.
glabrescent. Inflorescence a shortly pedunculate
umbel often arising in pairs at nodes, pubescent,
pedicels 24mm long. Corolla pale yellow or
cream inside, shortly campanulate, inside finely
pubescent on lobes and with patches of short
hairs on sides of corona lobes; tube 1.52.0mm
long, cupular, with 5 truncate corolline corona
lobes inserted below sinuses of lobes, fused to
sides of tube to base and filling space around
gynostegium (pressed on inner side to gynoste-
gium); lobes 1.52.0mm long, spreading and
recurved, ovate to deltate, glabrous; gynostegial
corona absent; anthers with short membranous
apical appendage; pollinia erect, without hya-
line insertion crest; style head protruding and
conical-obtuse beyond anthers. Follicles solitary,
fusiform and beaked, 508068mm, smooth
and glabrous; seeds dorsiventrally flattened, with
sessile tuft of hairs at micropylar end.
FIGURE 50.Distribution of Fockea sinuata.
20 species, Africa to Asia, South Africa to
China.
MARSDENIEAE Benth.
Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Schult.,
Key to the genera Syst. Veg. 6: 57 (1820). Type: from India.
(=Marsdenia sylvestre (Retz.) P.I.Forst.).
1a. Staminal corona absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
1b. Staminal corona present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Habitat: Among rocks in hilly areas or in
2a. Corolline corona of 5 truncate segments filling bushveld, 10001900m.
tube around gynostegium, fused with tube to
base and reaching its mouth; style head pro- Flowering time: Dec.Apr.
jecting beyond anthers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gymnema
2b. Corolline corona absent (corolla without coro- Distribution: South Africa to Arabia, India to
nal segments fused to sides of tube); style head China. In Namibia in the north, from Kaokoveld
entirely covered by anthers and their append- to Grootfontein and to Caprivi. Figure 51.
ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhyssolobium
3a. Style head extended as slender cylinder well be- Voucher: De Winter & Leistner 5327 (PRE,
yond anthers and beyond mouth of tube; se- WIND).
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 35
C
B
FIGURE 53.Marsdenia macrantha, Okonguati, Namibia, Bruyns 4091. A, portion of plant; B, bud; C, face view of flower;
D, side view of dissected flower with sepals removed; E, side view of gynostegium; F, half-flower; G, pollinarium.
Scale bar: A, 10mm; BD, 3mm (at C); E, 1mm; F, 1mm; G, 0.25mm (at C).
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 37
B
C
F
D E
FIGURE 58.Stigmatorhynchus hereroensis, Bruyns 5833. A, portion of plant; B, flower; C, dissected flower; D, gynoste-
gium; E, half-flower; F, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, 10mm; B, 2mm; C, 1mm; D, 0.5mm; E, 0.5mm; F, 0.25mm.
with petiole 15mm long, 1030612mm, with short membranous apical appendage; pol-
acute, soon glabrescent. Inflorescence a 1- to linia erect, without hyaline insertion crest; style
4-flowered sessile extra-axillary fascicle, finely head extended into cylindrical apically bifid
pubescent, pedicels 1.01.5mm long. Corolla beak 2mm long and exceeding tube. Follicles
white, narrowly campanulate, inside with dense fusiform and beaked, 253545mm, smooth
white hairs near bases of lobes and in tube; tube and glabrous, with 12 seeds; seeds dorsiven-
1.5mm long, cupular; lobes 34mm long, lin- trally flattened, with sessile tuft of hairs at micro-
ear, erect and spreading near tips; gynostegial pylar end.
corona in one series of 5 simple incurved lobes
behind and slightly shorter than anthers; anthers 2 or 3 species, Namibia, Somalia, Tanzania.
1a. Pollinia developing in part of anther above position of corpuscle (horizontal or ascending in anthers) . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
1b. Pollinia developing in part of anther below position of corpuscle (pendulous in anthers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.
2a. Corolla rotate; corona not raised above base of corolla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tylophora
2b. Corolla cupular; corona raised above base of corolla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sphaerocodon
3a. Sap clear and usually sparse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.
3b. Sap milky and usually copious . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.
4a. Corolla urceolate to cylindrical with lobes at most half as long as tube; corolline corona often present as tuber-
cles on inside of corolla tube near bases of anthers; gynostegial corona absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microloma
4b. Corolla rotate without tube and with spreading lobes; corolline corona absent; gynostegial corona present in 2
series, outer series fused into urceolate to bowl-shaped cup around gynostegium and equalling it . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Schizostephanus
5a. Outer series of corona fused into urceolate to bowl-shaped cup around gynostegium and equalling or ex-
ceeding it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cynanchum
5b. Outer series of corona not fused into urceolate to bowl-shaped cup around gynostegium and less than half as tall
as it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.
6a. Succulent with erect to twining green or grey-green cylindrical stems, leaves absent or as minute sessile scales
on young growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cynanchum
6b. Non-succulent herb to shrub or twiner with well-developed leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.
7a. Stem twining; leaves cordate, with long petiole; inflorescence with long peduncle elongating with development
of flowers into raceme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.
7b. Stems erect and not twining; leaves much narrower than broad, with short petiole or sessile; inflorescence with
short peduncle not elongating into raceme as flowers develop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.
8a. Corolla red-brown, green or whitish, glabrous inside, without distinct tube, lobes mostly recurved; pollinia
without fine insertion crest on inner edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pentarrhinum
8b. Corolla white to cream, white-bearded inside, with distinct tube (with corona joined to corolla at mouth of
tube), lobes spreading; pollinia with fine insertion crest on inner edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pergularia
9a. Margins of inner corona lobes folded inwards to form ascending hollow cavity; margins sometimes extended
into conspicuous keels touching backs of anthers and occasionally with tongue protruding from inside cavity . 12.
9b. Inner corona lobes solid or flat; margins not folded inwards to form cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.
10a. Corolla lobes glabrous inside; pollinium attached to corpuscle by caudicle much longer than pollinium . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Periglossum
10b. Corolla lobes densely pubescent to finely papillate inside; pollinium attached to corpuscle by caudicle much
shorter than pollinium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.
11a. Inner corona lobes fleshy and broadly wedge-shaped, obovate or transversely elliptic, without any append-
ages on inner face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xysmalobium
11b. Inner corona swollen with small subapical horn projecting towards style head, or erect and cross-shaped or
flat with ascending projection on inner face. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Schizoglossum
40 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
12a. Margins of inner corona lobes extended into conspicuous keels near base, keels nearly half as tall as lobes . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pachycarpus
12b. Margins of inner corona lobes with small and insignificant keels less than one quarter as tall as lobes . . . . . . . . . 13.
13a. Rootstock fibrous or woody, not forming napiform tuber; either short-lived perennial shrubs with stems
branching and rebranching above ground, or perennial herbs with simple annual stems; inflorescences many,
extra-axillary and terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gomphocarpus
13b. Rootstock a slender to stout tuberous taproot; perennial herbs with annual mostly simple stems; inflorescences
mostly terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asclepias
Key to species
Asclepias randii S.Moore, J. Bot. 40: 255 (1902). gynostegial corona raised above corolla on very
Type: from Zimbabwe. short column, brown in cavity, white near base,
lobes 3.5mm long, 1.5mm broad, channelled
Spreading herb 80200mm in diam., with part erect and exceeding style head, papillate in-
few sprawling stems 2mm thick, finely pubes- side cavity. Figure 62.
cent. Leaves with very short petiole 13mm long,
linear, up to 407024mm, acute, pubescent Habitat: Loamy gentle slopes among grass,
above and glabrous below except on midrib, 1800m.
with margins recurved. Inflorescence 3- to 6-flow-
ered, flowers opening simultaneously, facing Flowering time: Jan.Feb.
upwards on peduncle 1020mm long, finely
pubescent; pedicels 911mm long, ascending, Distribution: Namibia, Zimbabwe. In Namib-
pubescent. Corolla white suffused with brown, ia only known from a single gathering from the
rotate, 10mm diam., pubescent outside, gla- Otavi Mountains near Grootfontein. Figure 63.
brous inside; tube absent; lobes 4.02.5mm,
ovate, obtuse, spreading with ascending tips; Voucher: Bruyns 5487 (BOL).
E
C
FIGURE 62.Asclepias randii, Bruyns 5487. A, portion of plant; B, flower; C, gynostegium with one corona lobe re-
moved; D, half-flower; E, pollinarium; F, cross-section of leaf near middle. Scale bars: A, 10mm; B, 2mm; C, F,
1mm; D, 1mm; E, 0.25mm.
42 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
Key to species
F
D
E
J N
A
I
C
H
K M
B
FIGURE 71.Cynanchum pearsonianum, Great Karas Mountains, Namibia, Bruyns 3534; E, I Upington, South Africa,
Bruyns 3479. A, young stem; B, leaves (pubescence over entire surface not shown); C, inflorescence; D, side view
of flower; E, F, face view of flower; G, side view of dissected flower; H, I, side view of gynostegium; J, enlarged
view of gynostegium; K, face view of gynostegium; L, side view of gynostegium with inner corona cut away; M,
style-apex with appendages of anthers removed; N, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, C, D, E, F, 2mm (at D); B, G, H, I,
1mm (at G); J, L, M, 0.5mm (at G); K, 0.5mm; N, 0.25mm (at G).
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 47
ing from base, not twisted, 4824mm, with- Distribution: South Africa to Arabia, to India
out medial groove; outer corona lobes bulging and to Australia. Widespread in Namibia. Figure
at base and with rounded entire apex spreading 75.
horizontally inwards, joined to dorsal append-
ages of inner lobes, inner lobes 1.52.0mm long, Voucher: De Winter 4040 (PRE, WIND).
with ovoid base and ovate-acute limb pressed to
anthers and exceeding fertile part of anther (but Note: The various subspecific names recog-
not sterile appendages), with somewhat spread- nised by Meve & Liede-Schumann (2012) and
ing cupular dorsal projections at level of and earlier have proved to be difficult to apply to
joined to outer lobes. Namibian material with any certainty or consist-
ency, so they are not recognised here.
Habitat: Rocky flats and gentle slopes to de-
ciduous bush on Kalahari sands, 3001900m. According to Mossetti (2007: 59), Linnaeus
made the new combination Cynanchum viminale
Flowering time: Sep.May. on the basis of a letter dated 13 December 1767
48 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
from Ferdinando Bassi. In this letter, Bassi sug- 2a. Stems produced annually, simple, glabrous in all
gested this name for Euphorbia viminalis L., after parts and slightly glaucous on leaves; leaves at
having grown this species in the Botanic Garden least 25mm broad . . . . . . . . . . . G. semiamplectens
at the Academy of Sciences in Bologne and hav- 2b. Stems perennial, extensively branched, pubes-
ing realised that it had been placed in the wrong cent or puberulous at least on young shoots
family and the wrong genus. Bassis account of and leaves; leaves at most 20 mm broad . . . . . . . 3.
this species was presented before the Academy 3a. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, truncate or
cordate to rounded at base, coriaceous . . . . .
in Bologne on the same day but only appeared in
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. cancellatus
print in 1783, nine years after Bassis death. Lin-
3b. Leaves linear, tapering gradually into petiole, thin . 4.
neaus (1771) mentioned a letter from Bassi under
4a. Young stems, pedicels and follicles thinly pu-
this species as well and consequently the name is bescent; corona slightly laterally compressed
cited as Cynanchum viminale (L.) Bassi ex L. with sides not close to one another at top and
leaving broad entrance to cavity, upper ends
next to anther appendages extended into teeth
Gomphocarpus R.Br. pointing back into cavity . . . . . . . . . . G. fruticosus
4b. Young stems, pedicels and follicles tomentose;
Erect non-succulent herb or shrub 0.53.0m
corona strongly laterally compressed with
tall, with simple or branched erect to spread-
sides close to one another at top and leav-
ing stems, pubescent to glabrescent, sap milky.
ing narrow slits to cavity, upper ends next to
Leaves sessile to shortly petiolate, lanceolate to anther appendages not extended into teeth
linear, 30150120mm. Inflorescence a many- pointing back into cavity . . . . . . . . G. tomentosus
flowered pedunculate extra-axillary umbel, finely
pubescent. Corolla greenish white or pale yellow,
rotate and lobed nearly right to base, inside gla- Gomphocarpus cancellatus (Burm.f.) Bruyns,
brous or minutely papillate; tube absent; lobes Bothalia 25: 165 (1995). Type: from South
5835mm, oblong-ovate, spreading to re- Africa.
flexed; gynostegial corona in 2 series, outer series
of 5 minute lobules beneath bases of guide-rails, Robust perennial shrub to 1.5m tall with
inner series of 5 prominent lobes arising behind stout erect perennial stems arising from fibrous
anthers with margins folded inwards to form cup- roots, densely covered with short hairs. Leaves
like structure (sometimes with tooth inside cup); sessile, grey-green, oblong-lanceolate to ellip-
anthers with short apical appendages pressed tic, 20501020mm, acute to obtuse, trun-
against but not covering style head; pollinia pen- cate or cordate to rounded at base, coriaceous,
dent in anthers, flattened, without translucent in- pubescent, margins not recurved. Inflorescence
sertion crest, longer than broad; style head near- 10- to 25-flowered, flowers opening simulta-
ly flat on top and depressed in centre. Follicles neously, nodding on peduncle 520mm long;
fusiform or inflated and ovoid, beaked, usu- pedicels 1525mm long, slender, spreading, pu-
ally single by abortion, erect, 2070530mm, bescent. Corolla 1012mm diam., rotate with
smooth and glabrous to ornamented with pu- lobes strongly reflexed; outside pubescent; inside
bescent slender bristle-like processes, with many glabrous to finely setulose, white to cream; lobes
seeds; seeds ovate, dorsiventrally flattened, papil- 57mm long, ovate to elliptic, acute; gynoste-
late, with sessile tuft of hairs at micropylar end. gial corona not raised above corolla on column,
lobes of inner series 32mm, equalling
20 species (Goyder & Nicholas 2001), Africa style head, not laterally compressed, upper ends
and Arabia to Dead Sea. next to anther appendages extended into spread-
ing teeth pressed to anther appendages, without
Key to species tooth in cavity. Follicles 40602030mm,
erect, inflated, pubescent, covered with slender
1a. Leaves 12mm broad; follicles slender, 57mm bristles up to 6mm long.
broad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. filiformis
1b. Leaves more than 3mm broad; follicles swol- Habitat: Rocky gneissic slopes, 1400m.
len and usually more than 15mm broad when
mature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Flowering time: Jul.Sep.
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 49
Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na- inside finely setulose, greenish yellow; lobes 3.5
mibia only known in southwest from gneissic 5.0mm long, ovate to elliptic, acute; gynostegial
hills north of Rosh Pinah. The specimen Na- corona raised above corolla on short column 0.5
mibia, Bushmanland, Nieuwfontein, Pearson 1.0mm long, lobes of inner series 32mm,
3432 (K), listed in Goyder & Nicholas (2001) slightly exceeding style head, only very slightly
is from Kliprand (= Nieuwfontein) in southern laterally compressed leaving broad entrance to
Bushmanland in South Africa and the species is cavity, upper ends next to anther appendages ex-
restricted to the area receiving winter-rainfall. tended into erect teeth, with obtuse tooth arising
Figure 76. in base of cavity and usually projecting slightly.
Follicles 203057mm, pendulous, pubescent
Voucher: Bruyns 8309 (K, WIND). when young and later glabrous, smooth.
Gomphocarpus tomentosus Burch., Trav. S. sides close to one another at top and leaving nar-
Africa 1: 543 (1822). Type: from South Africa. row slits to cavity, upper ends next to anther ap-
pendages not extended into teeth pointing back
Perennial shrub to 1.5m tall with erect into cavity, without tooth arising in cavity. Folli-
perennial stems arising from fibrous roots, cles 40801520mm, erect, inflated, pubes-
grey-tomentose on young shoots. Leaves with cent, covered with slender bristles up to 10mm
petiole 18mm long, grey-green, linear, 50 long. Figure 80.
8037mm, acute, thin and persistent, finely
pubescent above and tomentose below, margins Habitat: Rocky flats and disturbed patches in
only slightly recurved. Inflorescence 3- to 10-flow- grassland, 10002200m.
ered, flowers opening simultaneously, nodding
on peduncle 1020mm long; pedicels 1015mm Flowering time: Feb.May.
long, slender, spreading, pubescent. Corolla
Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Mozam-
1215mm diam., rotate with lobes spreading or
bique, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe. Of the
reflexed; outside pubescent; inside glabrous to
two subspecies recognised, only subsp. tomento-
finely setulose, yellow-green; lobes 57mm long,
sus is found in Namibia, where it is widespread.
ovate to elliptic, acute; gynostegial corona raised Figure 81.
above corolla on short column 0.51.0mm tall,
lobes of inner series 33mm, slightly exceed- Voucher: De Winter 2483 (PRE, WIND).
ing style head, strongly laterally compressed with
Microloma R.Br.
Erect somewhat rigid non-succulent of-
ten dwarf shrub 0.11.0m tall sometimes with
branches twining above, pubescent to glabrous,
sometimes spinescent, sap clear. Leaves linear to
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, petiole 0.55.0mm
long, 25517mm, acute to obtuse, pubes-
cent to glabrous. Inflorescence a 1- to 15-flowered
sessile extra-axillary fascicle with flowers open-
ing simultaneously, finely pubescent, pedicels
19mm long. Corolla green to yellow or pink to
red and sometimes with several bright colours, cy- 5a. Sepals broader towards middle, glabrous ex-
lindrical mostly with lobes connivent over mouth cept for few scattered hairs near base, almost
of tube and closing it completely, inside glabrous equalling corolla tube; corolla tube about
except for 5 patches of hairs or ring of hairs in twice as long as corolla lobes . . . . . . M. calycinum
5b. Sepals narrowing from base, pubescent under-
tube below middle; tube 29mm long, cylindrical
neath, much shorter than corolla tube; corolla
and usually strongly pentagonal, sometimes with
tube 4 as long as corolla lobes . . . M. hereroense
corolline corona of 5 rounded tubercles project- 6a. Leaves sagittate with widened base; plant a
ing inside from walls opposite anthers and alter- shrub 0.31.5m tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.
nating with patches of hairs; lobes 0.53.5mm 6b. Leaves tapering into petiole, not sagittate with
long, deltoid, acute, erect or remaining con- widened base; plant a dwarf, usually heavily
nivent over tube and closing mouth of tube com- grazed shrublet usually <150mm tall . . . . . .
pletely; gynostegial corona absent; anthers with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. calycinum
membranous apical appendage pressed to style 7a. Stems green, glabrous, rigid, branches straight
head and mostly exceeding it; pollinia pendent in and not twining above; sepals glabrous within .
anthers, without translucent insertion crest, often . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. penicillatum
flat, longer than broad; style head conical above 7b. Stems densely whitish tomentose, branches of-
anthers. Follicles fusiform and beaked, single by ten twining around each other above; sepals
abortion, pendulous, 207035mm, smooth pubescent within . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. incanum
and glabrous to pubescent, with many seeds;
seeds ovate, dorsiventrally flattened, papillate, Microloma armatum (Thunb.) Schltr. ex Gilg
with sessile tuft of hairs at micropylar end. & Benedict, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 53: 167 (1915).
Type: from South Africa.
10 species (Bruyns & Linder 1991), Namibia,
South Africa. Microloma spinosum N.E.Br., Bull. Misc. Inform.
1909: 307 (1909). Type: Namibia, near Aus, 1200m,
Marloth 4662 (K, holo.).
Key to species
Microloma spinosum subsp. dinteri (Schltr.)
Wanntorp, Opera Bot. 98: 62 (1989). Microloma din-
1a. Corolla tube white, lobes bright green and
teri Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 51: 130 (1913). Type: Na-
glabrous, erect to spreading and not closing
mibia, Naukluft, Dinter 8333 (B, holo.; BM, BOL, K,
mouth of tube at anthesis . . . . . . M. poicilanthum M, PRE, S, W, Z, iso.).
1b. Corolla tube greenish yellow to pink or red,
lobes at least finely pubescent (sometimes dull Microloma spinosum subsp. velutinum
green), connivent or pressed into tube, closing Wanntorp, Opera Bot. 98: 62 (1989). Type: Namibia,
Witptz, between Inachab and Lderitz, Dinter 2 (Z,
mouth of tube at anthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
holo.).
2a. Corolla 5.510.0mm long; gynostegium at least
3.5mm tall; corolline corona present as series
Small rigid shrub 0.10.3m tall, younger stems
of 5 tubercles projecting from walls of tube
green or grey-green soon becoming rigid and often
near level of bases of anthers; pollinia >1mm
somewhat spiny, pubescent to tomentose. Leaves
long, conspicuously flattened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.
2b. Corolla mostly 24mm long (except M. lon-
with petiole 0.51.0mm long, green or grey-green,
gitubum); gynostegium <2.3mm tall; corol-
deltate, 2814mm, acute, pubescent. Inflo-
line corona absent; pollinia <0.5 mm long, rescence 1- to 6-flowered, flowers opening si-
not conspicuously flattened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. multaneously, sessile; pedicels 24mm long, erect
3a. Corolla tube 6.09.5mm long; pollinarium to spreading. Corolla 24mm long, cylindrical to
with caudicles nearly as long as pollinia . urceolate; outside finely pubescent and greenish
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. longitubum yellow (often changing to red-brown after anthe-
3b. Corolla tube 24mm long, caudicles of pol- sis); inside with ring of deflexed hairs below middle
linarium less than half length of pollinia . of tube, otherwise glabrous; tube 241.5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. armatum 3.0mm, cupular to urceolate, corolline corona
4a. Plant a climber with stems twining around sur- absent; lobes 0.51.0mm long, deltate, acute, bent
rounding vegetation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. at right angles to mouth of tube, connivent over it
4b. Plant not a climber, forming erect, free-standing to depressed into it, closing off entrance to tube,
shrub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. slightly folded inwards along midrib.
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 53
Small slender climber, stems green and Microloma hereroense Wanntorp, Svensk Bot.
twining to 1m or eaten back to small dense al- Tidskr. 63: 337 (1969). Type: Namibia, table
most spiky shrublet, young growth very sparsely mountain near Ozondati, 90km from Omar-
pubescent to glabrous and covered with slight uru to Fransfontein, 11 Apr. 1968, Wanntorp
waxy bloom. Leaves with petiole 1.52.0mm 839 (S, holo.; K, WIND, iso.).
long, grey-green, linear to narrowly lanceolate,
61824mm, acute, often decurrent, gla- Small slender climber, stems green and twin-
brous. Inflorescence 3- to 10-flowered, flowers ing to 1m, young growth very sparsely pubescent
opening simultaneously, on short peduncle to glabrous and covered with slight waxy bloom.
17mm long; pedicels 39mm long, ascending Leaves with petiole 12mm long, grey-green,
(sepals bright red and equalling tube). Corolla linear to filiform, 205013mm, acute, often
610mm long, cylindrical and slightly widening pendent, glabrous. Inflorescence 5- to 15-flow-
towards mouth; outside setulose; inside with 5 ered, flowers opening simultaneously, on short
patches of deflexed hairs below middle of tube peduncle 13mm long; pedicels 39mm long,
between corona lobes, otherwise glabrous; tube ascending. Corolla 5.510.0mm long, cylindrical;
54 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
C
G
D
Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na- column 1mm tall, outer series of 5 small lobes
mibia from the Tiras Mountains to Aus and Rosh beneath guide-rails; inner series of 5 large lobes
Pinah. Figure 90. 78mm long alongside anthers, with margins
folded inwards into two deltate plates touching
Voucher: Bruyns 8102 (WIND). anthers and equalling style head, exceeding style
head, not laterally compressed, without tooth in
(Microloma lanatum Wanntorp is only cavity; anthers with membranous apical append-
known from collections of Dinter from around age covering sides of style head; pollinia pen-
Pomona in Lderitz district [Rheinpfalz, Pomona,
dent in anthers, without insertion crest, attached
Dinter 6337 (B, BM, BOL, K, L, M, PRE, S, SAM);
to corpuscle with slender caudicle. Follicles to
Dinter 6357 (B); Dinter 6487 (B)] and is likely to
12070mm, ovoid to fusiform, erect, inflated,
be conspecific with one of the above. Huber
pubescent, smooth; seeds ovate, dorsiventrally
(1967) included Dinter 6337 and 6357 under M.
flattened, papillate, with sessile tuft of hairs at
armatum.)
micropylar end.
FIGURE 92.Pachycarpus lineolatus, Bruyns 5484. A, flower; B, gynostegium; C, gynostegium with one corona lobe re-
moved; D, half-flower; E, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, 6mm; B, 3mm; C, D, 2mm (at C); E, 0.25mm.
Pentarrhinum E.Mey.
Non-succulent twiner to 3m, glabrous,
sap clear. Leaves cordate, 20801050mm,
petiole 1050mm long. Inflorescence a many-
flowered extra-axillary fascicle initially umbellate
and later elongating into raceme. Corolla red-
brown or greenish, rotate and lobed nearly to
base, glabrous; tube absent; lobes 4523mm,
oblong or oblong-lanceolate to ovate, acute,
spreading or reflexed, margins with fine cilia; gy-
nostegial corona in 2 series, outer series of 5 small
lobules beneath guide rails confluent with bases
of inner series; inner series of 5 free lobes equal-
ling to twice as high as style head, obcuneate or
slipper-shaped, obliquely truncate or rounded
FIGURE 93.Distribution of Pachycarpus lineolatus. at tip, bearing a horn projecting inwards from
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 59
E G H I
FIGURE 100.Schizoglossum capense, Bruyns 5834. A, portion of plant; B, C, flower; D, flower with sepals removed; E,
flower with two corolla lobes removed; F, gynostegium; G, gynostegium with two corona lobes removed; H, half-
flower; I, pollinarium; J, cross-section of leaf near middle. Scale bars: A, 2mm; BE, J, 1mm (at B); FH, 0.5mm
(at G); I, 0.25mm.
64 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
Habitat: Stony flats and gentle slopes in placed under Schizoglossum baumii Schltr. by
woodland, 11001400m. Huber (1967), which was included in Aspidoglos-
sum masaicum by Kupicha (1984).
Flowering time: Dec.Feb.
Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na- Schizoglossum saccatum Bruyns, Bothalia 25:
mibia known from west of Grootfontein to near 169 (1995). Type: Namibia, south of Kaoko
Tsumkwe. Figure 101. Otavi, 1400m, Bruyns 5558 (BOL, holo.; K,
WIND, iso.).
Voucher: Giess & Smook 10614 (WIND).
Non-succulent herb, 50150mm tall, with
ascending, simple or branched annual stems aris-
Schizoglossum masaicum N.E.Br., Bull. Misc. ing from small subterranean tuber, pubescent,
Inform. 1895: 252 (1895). Type: from Kenya. sap milky. Leaves linear, 20701.53.0mm, gla-
(= Aspidoglossum masaicum (N.E.Br.) brous above and pubescent below. Inflorescence
Kupicha). a 4- to 5-flowered extra-axillary fascicle, flowers
opening simultaneously, peduncle 720mm
Like Schizoglossum biflorum but leaves
long, pubescent along one side only, pedicels
only 12mm broad, inner series of corona lack-
79mm long, pubescent. Corolla green with
ing deltoid apex to dorsiventrally flattened lobes,
faint purple veins, rotate and lobed to base; tube
pollinia with more obvious insertion crest.
absent; lobes ovate-lanceolate, 562.5mm,
Habitat: Swampy flats in grassland, 1200m. glabrous outside, densely white-pilose inside; gy-
nostegial corona in 2 series, inner series of 5 inflat-
Flowering time: Feb. ed ovoid lobes with small apical process project-
ing horizontally onto anther appendage; anthers
Distribution: Namibia to Ethiopia. In Namib- with truncate membranous apical appendage
ia only known in Omuramba Khaudum, south of covering sides of style head only; pollinia pen-
Rundu. Figure 102. dent in anthers, without insertion crest, attached
to corpuscle with fairly broad-based but slender
Voucher: De Winter & Marais 4686 (PRE, caudicle; style head flat on top with slightly de-
WIND). pressed centre. Follicles unknown. Figure 103.
Note: The collections De Winter & Marais Habitat: Stony flats and gentle slopes among
4686 (PRE, WIND) and Strey 2661 (PRE), were trees, 12001400m.
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 65
Schizostephanus Hochst.
Spreading deciduous shrub with succulent
stems to 1.5 m or climber to 34(10)m; stems
515 mm thick, initially finely pubescent and
bright green later with grey-brown bark, sap
clear. Leaves ovate-cordate, petioles 2040mm
long, 30602550mm, acute, glabrescent,
flat, deciduous. Inflorescences many alongside
nodes on younger stems, racemose with pe-
duncle 30801.52.0mm, finely pubescent,
flowers in groups of 12 and opening in gradual
succession; pedicels 46mm long. Corolla yellow
becoming maroon in lower third of lobes inside,
rotate and lobed nearly to base, 78mm diam.,
inside with fine scattered hairs up to 0.25mm
long near bases of lobes; tube absent; lobes
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 2.5
FIGURE 103.Schizoglossum saccatum, south of Kaoko
Otavi, PVB 5558. 3.51.5mm, spreading and slightly twisted;
gynostegial corona in 2 series, outer series fused
into urceolate to bowl-shaped tube 23mm
Flowering time: Dec.Feb. long, usually with 10 small lobules around
mouth, inner series of 5 fleshy keeled lobules to
Distribution: Angola, Namibia. In Namibia
1mm long, arising behind anthers and touching
only known in Kaokoveld. Figure 104.
their bases; anthers with membranous apical ap-
Voucher: Bruyns 5558 (BOL, K, WIND). pendage covering style head except at apex; pol-
linia pendent in anthers, with fine insertion crest
Note: Craven (1999) mentioned two speci- along inner edge (relative to anther), attached
mens (Curson 1247 and 1251) of Schizoglossum to corpuscle with slender caudicle. Follicles fusi-
periglossoides Schltr. at PRE, but neither has form and flattened, paired, spreading at 180,
been located and the species is unlikely to occur 60901220mm, glabrous, with many seeds;
in Namibia. seeds ovate, dorsiventrally flattened, with sessile
tuft of hairs at micropylar end.
FIGURE 104.Distribution of Schizoglossum saccatum. Voucher: Van Jaarsveld & Ems 18876 (BOL).
66 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
C
E
B F H
FIGURE 105.Schizostephanus gossweileri, A, B, C, E, F, H, Bruyns 10677; D, G, Van Jaarsveld & Ems 18876. A, piece of
young stem with leaf; B, upper part of inflorescence; C, D, side view of flower; E, face view of flower; F, G, side
view of centre of dissected flower; H, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, 15mm (at B); B, 3mm; C, D, E, 1mm (at B); F,
G, 1mm (at F); H, 0.25mm (at B).
Sphaerocodon Benth.
Non-succulent herb 150500mm tall with
erect branched annual stems from small subter-
ranean stem and series of slightly swollen roots,
pubescent, sap clear. Leaves oblong-elliptic,
FIGURE 106.Schizostephanus gossweileri, with Dan Cra- with short indistinct petiole, 1830715mm,
ven, west of Oncocua, Angola, PVB 10677. rounded at base, glabrous above, pubescent
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 67
FIGURE 110.Tylophora fleckii, Tiras Mountains, PVB Voucher: Merxmller & Giess 944 (PRE,
5738. WIND).
C E
A
F
G
FIGURE 111.Tylophora fleckii, Brandberg, Namibia, Bruyns 3319. A, portion of stem; B, side view of inflorescence; C,
face view of flower; D, side view of centre of dissected flower; E, face view of gynostegium; F, centre of half-flower;
G, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, 5mm; B, C, 2mm (at C); D, E, 1mm (at C); F, 0.5mm (at A); G, 0.25mm (at A).
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 69
1a Stems thin, occasionally fleshy but then cylindrical and without tubercles joined or arranged into rows along
stems; leaves conspicuous (rarely rudimentary) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
70 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
1b Stem fleshy, not cylindrical but with (usually conspicuous) tubercles joined or arranged into rows along stems;
leaves reduced to spines, subulate rudiments or minute scales on tips of tubercles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 [stapeliads].
2a. Staminal corona consisting of one series of lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orthanthera
2b. Staminal corona consisting of two series of lobes, outer series alternating with anthers and inner opposite an-
thers and adpressed to backs of anthers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.
3a. Corolla tube 570mm long, cylindrical or bottle-shaped, basally inflated around corona then narrowing into
slender neck and usually funnel-shaped at mouth, longer than corolla lobes, outer corona lobes forming cup-
like structure around level of anthers with inner lobes rising from this structure to meet in centre and rise in
column above apex of style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceropegia
3b. Corolla tube 045mm long, mostly 03mm long and much shorter than lobes (when longer than lobes then
outer corona urceolate and inner lobes reduced to cushions touching backs of anthers and much shorter than
anthers: B. gymnopodum) and without basal inflation, slender neck and funnel-shaped mouth, corona variable
but inner lobes mostly much shorter than anthers (though cf. B. blepharanthera and B. schultzei) . . . . Brachystelma
4a. Outer and inner series of corona lobes vertically well separated on staminal tube and neither partly nor wholly
fused to one another (outer corona often disc-like) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.
4b. Outer and inner series of corona lobes not vertically separated on staminal tube and partly or wholly fused to
one another . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.
5a. Leaf-rudiments with small stipular denticles; corona raised above base of tube on stipe, outer series resting on
rim or sides of small cupular tube formed entirely by annulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Duvalia
5b. Leaf-rudiments without stipular denticles; corona very rarely raised above base of tube on stipe (though cf. H.
oculata), outer series spreading on base of tube and often partly fused to it, tube often with annular thickening
around mouth but not formed entirely by annulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Huernia
6a. Tubercles on stem arranged into 6 or more rows or angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.
6b. Tubercles on stem arranged into 45 rows or angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.
7a. Inflorescence usually only 1 per stem near base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.
7b. Inflorescences several per stem, mainly towards apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.
8a. Leaf-rudiment slightly sunken into apex of obtuse tubercle and <1mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lavrania
8b. Tubercle tapering into leaf-rudiment which is not at all sunken into apex of tubercle, leaf-rudiment consisting of
3 sharp spines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tavaresia
9a. Each tubercle on stem armed at apex (at least when young) with a spine (1.5)315mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hoodia
9b. Each tubercle on stem with small persistent and not spine-like leaf-rudiment <1mm long usually sunken into
apex of tubercle or leaf-rudiment absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Larryleachia
10a. Stems, pedicels, sepals and outside of corolla at least finely pubescent (stems sometimes nearly glabrous); leaf-
rudiments deciduous, erect; corolla often covered inside with fine slender hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stapelia
10b. Stems, pedicels, sepals and outside of corolla glabrous (or finely papillate); leaf-rudiments spreading or absent;
corolla inside papillate or with short, thickened hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.
11a. Inflorescences produced mainly in upper half of stem, usually several per stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.
11b. Inflorescences arising in lower half of stem, usually only 1 per stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.
12a. Outer corona much reduced to absent (as spreading lobe beneath guide-rails), deep nectarial cavity present
beneath guide-rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Piaranthus
12b. Outer corona not much reduced, nectarial cavity shallow or absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.
13a. Young tubercle tipped with leaf-rudiment constricted slightly at base above tubercle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.
13b. Young tubercle either without leaf-rudiment or with tubercle continuing (without constriction) into hard, often
spike-like leaf-rudiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quaqua
14a. Surface of stem smooth; corolla inside covered with papillae, corolla lobes not crested along middle . Australluma
14b. Surface of stem rugulose; corolla inside without papillae, corolla lobes crested along middle . . . . . . . . . . Baynesia
15a. Inner corona lobes laterally flattened, rising above anthers and connate in centre well above style head . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stapeliopsis
15b. Inner corona lobes dorsiventrally flattened and adpressed to backs of anthers for most of their length . . . . . . . . 16.
16a. Surface of stems micro-papillate (dull and not shiny); tubercles obtuse and not tapering to tip; leaf-rudiments
absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tromotriche
16b. Surface of stems smooth (shiny); tubercles not obtuse but tapering into leaf-rudiment; leaf-rudiments present .17.
17a. Leaf-rudiment deltoid to subulate, slightly constricted at base, caducous, with small multicellular hairs in stipu-
lar position and along margin but lacking stipular denticles; corolla inside usually covered with multicellular
papillae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tridentea
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 71
17b. Tubercle tapering uniformly to tip and leaf-rudiment without basal constriction, without small hairs in
stipular position but frequently with small stipular denticles; corolla inside from deeply rugulose to smooth but
rarely with multicellular papillae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orbea
E
G
B
A
C
F
FIGURE 114.Australluma peschii, Omaruru townlands, Namibia, Bruyns 2345. A, apex of stem with several buds; B,
face view of flower; C, side view of flower; D, side view of dissected flower; E, face view of gynostegium; F, side
view of gynostegium; G, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, 3mm; BD, 1mm (at C); E, F, 1mm (at E); G, 0.25mm (at E).
72 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
FIGURE 115.Australluma peschii, south of Grootfontein, FIGURE 117.Baynesia lophophora, Baynes Mountains,
PVB 10311. PVB 8000.
1 species, Namibia.
FIGURE 116.Distribution of Australluma peschii.
F G B
FIGURE 118.Baynesia lophophora, Baynes Mountains, Namibia, Bruyns 8000. A, apex of stem with several buds; B,
leaf-rudiment; C, D, side view of flower; E, side view of dissected flower; F, side view of gynostegium; G, face view
of gynostegium; H, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, 2mm; B, F, G, 0.5mm (at B); C, D, 1mm (at C); E, 1mm (at B); H,
0.25mm (at A).
Key to species
1a. Outer corona lobes united into entire or 5-lobed cup with inner lobes cushion-like and only reaching bases of
anthers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
1b. Outer corona not fused into cup, inner corona lobes not cushion-like and nearly equalling anthers or longer
than them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.
2a. Corolla tube more than twice as long as lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. gymnopodum
2b. Corolla tube shorter than lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.
3a. Corolla lobes ovate-lanceolate to deltate at base becoming linear above, erect over mouth of tube and remain-
ing fused at apices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. stenophyllum
3b. Corolla lobes deltate to oblong and not becoming linear above, free at apices and widely spreading beyond
mouth of tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.
4a. Cup formed by outer corona neither containing anthers nor containing inner corona lobes (both anthers and
inner corona lobes projecting beyond its mouth) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. discoideum
4b. Cup formed by outer corona much exceeding height of anthers and inner corona lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.
5a. Corolla lobes oblong and 4.56.0mm long; cup formed by outer corona with five small notches in margin . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. cupulatum
5b. Corolla lobes deltate and 34mm long; cup formed by outer corona deeply 5-lobed with each lobe bifid and
narrowing towards apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. codonanthum
6a. Inner corona lobes meeting in centre and then either rising up in column above style head or widely diverging
above it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.
6b. Inner corona lobes shorter than anthers or just meeting in centre, neither rising in column above style head nor
widely diverging above it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.
7a. Corolla tube 46mm long, urceolate, lobes dark maroon-black; flowers in simultaneously opening evil-smelling
clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. mafekingense
7b. Corolla tube not more than 1.5mm long, shallowly plate-like to cupular, lobes not dark maroon-black; flowers
few and opening in gradual succession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.
8a. Corolla lobes lanceolate-oblong to narrowly deltate, 24 times as long as broad at base; inner corona lobes
usually swollen towards tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. blepharanthera
8b. Corolla lobes filiform, about 10 times as long as broad at base or more; inner corona lobes not swollen to-
wards tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. schultzei
9a. Pedicel 1035mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.
9b. Pedicel 14mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.
10a. Corolla lobes not recurved, with subclavate pendulous cilia along margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. schinzii
10b. Corolla lobes recurved, without cilia along margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.
11a. Corolla lobes 23mm long, deltate to ovate-lanceolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.
11b. Corolla lobes 68mm long, with deltoid base then becoming linear and recurved above . . . . . . . . B. recurvatum
12a. Corolla glabrous within . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. arnotii
12b. Corolla pubescent within, with slender crinkled hairs adhering to corona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. pruinosum
13a. Corolla faintly rugulose inside, lobes deltate (1.01.5 times as long as broad at base) and free at tips . . . B. dinteri
13b. Corolla smooth within, lobes linear to filiform (at least 4 times as long as broad at base) and remaining joined
at tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. circinatum
Brachystelma arnotii Baker, Refug. Bot. 1: t. 9 Inflorescences sessile, of few successively open-
(1869). Type: from South Africa. ing flowers, pedicels 10350.5mm, descend-
B. grossartii Dinter, Neue Pfl. Sdw.-Afr.: 16, t. ing. Corolla rotate, 610mm diam.; outside pale
8 (as grossarthii) (1914). Type: Namibia, Okakuja, green and finely pubescent, inside purple-brown
Grossart sub Dinter 2698 (SAM, holo.). with green tips to lobes, glabrous, smooth; tube
absent; lobes 2312mm, ovate-lanceolate
Small finely pubescent herb 30100mm tall, to deltate, spreading to reflexed. Corona raised
from flattened-discoid tuber. Stem mostly soli- on small stipe, green, glabrous and finely papil-
tary and simple, 1.5mm thick. Leaves ovate to late on outer lobes; outer lobes 1mm long, lin-
linear, 1040515mm, with entire margins. ear and truncate or apically notched, ascending
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 75
and with longitudinal groove along upper sur- carrot-shaped tuber. Stem usually solitary, 1.5mm
face; inner lobes <0.5mm long, touching backs thick. Leaves narrowly elliptic, 102237mm,
of anthers at bases of anthers, reduced to small with entire undulating margins. Inflorescences
cushion-like swellings, dorsally confluent with sessile, of few successively opening flowers, ped-
outer lobes. icels 8110.5mm, ascending to descending.
Corolla campanulate, 410410mm; outside
Habitat: Widespread on Kalahari sand among pale green to pink and finely pubescent, inside
trees and bushes, 12001600m. pale green to pink and white in tube, glabrous,
finely papillate towards bases of lobes (each papil-
Flowering time: Dec.Mar. la tipped with a hair) otherwise smooth; tube
1.01.5mm deep, broadly cupular; lobes 25mm
Distribution: Botswana, Namibia, South Af- long, lanceolate-oblong to narrowly deltate, as-
rica. In Namibia known from Otjiwarongo to cending. Corona 3436mm, sessile,
Gobabis. Figure 120. white with green inner lobes, glabrous; outer lobes
0.5mm long, spreading, truncate; inner lobes
Voucher: Woortman 221 (WIND).
24mm long, adpressed to backs of anthers near
bases then rising in centre and then connivent or
Brachystelma blepharanthera H.Huber, Mitt. diverging, linear and usually swollen towards tips.
Bot. Staatssamml. Mnchen 4: 33 (1961).
Type: Namibia, Otjihua, Okahandja, flow. Habitat: Flat gravelly patches or among rocks
Jan. 1909, Dinter 410 (SAM, lecto., desig- and driedoring (Rhigozum trichotomum Burch.)
nated here). shrubs in flats, sometimes on gentle slopes,
12001900m.
Blepharanthera dinteri Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst.
51: 146 (1913). Brachystelma dinteri (Schltr.) E.Phillips, Flowering time: Dec.Apr.
Bothalia 4: 38 (1941), nom. illegit., non Schltr. (1913).
Type: Namibia, Otjihua, Okahandja, flow. Jan. 1909, Distribution: Angola, Namibia. Known from
Dinter 410 (SAM, lecto., designated here). Etosha to Gobabis and south to Helmeringhaus-
Blepharanthera edulis Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. en. Figure 121.
51: 147 (1913). Type: Namibia, Brakwater, Dinter
1514 (missing). Voucher: Bruyns 5818 (BOL, WIND).
Small very sparsely pubescent herb 20 Note: Schlechter (1913) cited two specimens:
300mm tall, from elongated irregularly top- to Namibia, Otjihua, Okahandja, flow. Jan. 1909,
Dinter 410; Neitsas, flow. Dec. 1910, Dinter 680. Distribution: Botswana, Mozambique, Na-
Both are present in SAM and one is selected as mibia, Swaziland, Zimbabwe. In Namibia known
lectotype. from Kombat to Gobabis and near Windhoek.
Figure 122.
Brachystelma circinatum E.Mey., Comm. Pl. Voucher: Braine sub Giess 9054 (NBG, WIND).
Afr. Austr.: 196 (1838). Type: from South Af-
rica.
Brachystelma codonanthum Bruyns, Bothalia
Small finely pubescent erect herb 50100mm 25: 157 (1995). Type: Namibia, northeast of
tall, from flattened-discoid tuber. Stem often Grootfontein, Bruyns 5518 (BOL, holo.).
branched, 1.5mm thick. Leaves ovate-lanceolate
to linear-lanceolate, 103038mm, with entire Small finely pubescent herb 20150mm tall,
often undulating margins. Inflorescences sessile, from flattened-discoid tuber. Stem usually solitary,
of several successively opening flowers, pedi- 1.5mm thick. Leaves elliptic, 1122915mm,
cels 130.5mm, spreading. Corolla divided with entire margins. Inflorescences sessile, of
nearly to base and lobes remaining fused at tips several successively opening flowers, pedicels
in cage-like structure, 81235 mm; outside 230.5mm, spreading. Corolla campanulate,
pale green and finely pubescent, inside green- 5910mm; outside pale green to brown and
yellow to cream, finely pubescent, smooth; tube finely pubescent, inside green to brown with
0.51.02.5mm, shallowly bowl-like; lobes greenish tips to lobes, glabrous, obscurely trans-
6812mm, linear tapering slightly from broad- versely rugulose; tube 2.5mm deep, broadly
er base. Corona 22mm, sessile, cream, gla- conical; lobes 34mm long, deltate, spread-
brous; outer lobes 0.5mm long, erect, deeply ing. Corona 1.53mm, sessile, dark brown,
bifid into narrow erect lobules; inner lobes <1mm glabrous; outer lobes erect and fused into cup
long, adpressed to backs of anthers and exceeding 1.5mm tall containing anthers, deltate and
them to meet in centre, linear, obtuse. notched near apex; inner lobes 0.5mm long,
adpressed to backs of anthers near bases of an-
Habitat: Widespread on Kalahari sand thers and much shorter than them, swollen and
among trees and bushes in flats, also on stony cushion-like, dorsally confluent with outer lobes.
hills around Windhoek and east of Tsumeb,
11001800m. Habitat: Deep white sand in open forest,
1200m.
Flowering time: Dec.Mar.
Flowering time: Jan.Mar.
C
E
B D
FIGURE 124.Brachystelma cupulatum, A, B, near Witvlei, Namibia, Bruyns 1953; CE, Botswana, Cole 425. A, plant; B,
bud; C, face view of flower; D, side view of dissected flower; E, face view of gynostegium. Scale bars: A, 10mm;
B, C, D, 2mm (at C); E, 1mm.
78 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
pubescent, inside green to speckled with brown, cences sessile, of several successively opening
glabrous, smooth to finely transversely rugulose; flowers, pedicels 8300.5mm, spreading.
tube 0.5mm long; lobes 2323mm, ovate- Corolla rotate, 1522mm diam.; outside pale
deltate, spreading. Corona 1.52.04mm, green and finely pubescent, inside purple-black,
sessile, brownish green, glabrous; outer lobes glabrous, transversely rugulose; tube 1mm
0.5mm long, almost square and truncate or long, cupular; lobes 81212mm, linear-
apically notched, erect and incurved towards lanceolate, ascending to spreading. Corona
tips; inner lobes <0.5mm long, touching backs 1.52mm, sessile, white below, purple on
of anthers at bases of anthers, reduced to rec- lobes, glabrous; outer lobes 1mm long, trun-
tangular cushion-like swellings dorsally confluent cate, erect and forming deep cup below anthers,
with outer lobes. slightly notched at tips; inner lobes <0.5mm
long, adpressed to backs of anthers near bases
Habitat: Widespread, usually on stony slopes
of anthers and much shorter than them, slightly
among trees and bushes but also in flats in sand
swollen and cushion-like, dorsally confluent
among trees, 11001600m.
with cup of outer lobes.
Flowering time: Dec.Mar.
Habitat: Widespread but rare on Kalahari
Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Namibia, sand among trees and bushes, 1200m.
Zimbabwe. In Namibia known from Kaokoveld
to Grootfontein and southwards to Windhoek. Flowering time: Dec.Mar.
Figure 126. Distribution: Botswana, Namibia, South Af-
Voucher: Giess & al. 11075 (M, PRE, WIND). rica, Zimbabwe. In Namibia known from a single
collection from northeast of Grootfontein. Figure
127.
Brachystelma discoideum R.A.Dyer, Flow. Pl.
Afr. 42: t. 1668 (1973). Type: from South Af- Voucher: Bruyns 10337 (BOL).
rica.
Note: The plant photographed in Leffers
Small finely pubescent herb 50100mm (2003) and represented in WIND by the speci-
tall, from flattened-discoid tuber. Stem mostly mens Hines 350 and Firestone N-5-2 is not B.
solitary and simple, 2mm thick. Leaves elliptic, discoideum and appears to be an undescribed
1025815mm, with entire margins. Inflores- species.
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 79
Small finely pubescent herb 50120mm tall, Brachystelma mafekingense N.E.Br., Fl. Cap.
from flattened-discoid tuber. Stem mostly solitary, 4 (1): 854 (1908). (=Ceropegia mafeking-
1.5mm thick. Leaves linear to spathulate-obovate, ensis (N.E.Br.) R.A.Dyer). Type: from South
25100520mm, with entire margins. Inflores- Africa.
cences on decurved peduncle 41012mm,
of few successively opening flowers, pedicels Small finely pubescent herb 30150mm tall,
3150.5mm, ascending to descending. Corolla from flattened-discoid tuber. Stem mostly solitary,
cylindrical, 155048mm; outside pale green often much branched, 1.52.0mm thick. Leaves
and finely pubescent, inside deep maroon in base oblong-lanceolate to elliptical, 730510mm,
becoming red above, with hairs often with swollen with entire often undulating margins. Inflores-
apex; tube 1545mm long, cylindrical, often bent cences sessile, of many simultaneously open-
downwards below middle; lobes 23mm long, ing flowers, pedicels 3120.5mm, ascending.
broadly deltate, erect around mouth of tube, longi- Corolla campanulate, 1012mm long; outside
tudinally folded. Corona 2.53.53.03.5mm, cream spotted with dark purple and very sparsely
sessile, dark maroon, glabrous; outer lobes fused pubescent, inside dark maroon-black becoming
into urceolate tube 2.53.5mm long, with 5 small paler in tube, glabrous; tube 463.03.5mm,
spreading deltate-obtuse lobules around mouth; urceolate and pentagonal in cross-section; lobes
inner lobes 0.5mm long, adpressed to backs of 57mm long, broadly linear from deltate base,
anthers near bases of anthers and much shorter spreading from mouth of tube and slightly in-
than them, swollen and cushion-like, dorsally con- curved near tips. Corona 2.52mm, raised
fluent with cup of outer lobes. on short stipe, dark purple, glabrous; outer lobes
fused into short cup <1mm tall below anthers
Habitat: Widespread on Kalahari sand and behind inner lobes, deeply divided opposite
among trees and bushes in flats, 11001450m. guide-rails; inner lobes 12mm long, adpressed
80 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
to backs of anthers then rising in column in cen- brown with paler patch near tips of lobes, pubes-
tre, linear, dorsally confluent with cup of outer cent with fine white crinkled hairs; tube 0.5mm
lobes. long, shallowly cupular; lobes 231.52.0mm,
deltate to ovate-deltate, reflexed. Corona
Habitat: Widespread on Kalahari sand 1.752.00mm, sessile, white below, black on
among trees and bushes in flats but also in hills lobes, glabrous; outer lobes 1mm long, deltate,
around Windhoek, 15001900m. erect and slightly incurved, bifid to near middle;
inner lobes <0.5mm long, adpressed to backs of
Flowering time: Dec.Apr. anthers and shorter than them, deltoid.
Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na- Habitat: Stony ground among scattered trees
mibia known from Kombat to near Gobabis and and bushes, 12001800m.
near Windhoek. Figure 129.
Flowering time: Dec.Mar.
Voucher: Dinter 2701 (SAM, WIND).
Distribution: Angola, Namibia. In Namibia
Note: This species is unusual for its dense known from single collection from the Otjihipa
clusters of simultaneously opening, foul-smelling, Mountains in the Kaokoveld. Figure 130.
almost black flowers.
Voucher: Bruyns 8021 (BOL, K, WIND).
Brachystelma pruinosum Bruyns, Novon 19:
18 (2009). Type: Namibia, Otjihipa above Brachystelma recurvatum Bruyns, Bothalia
Okombambi, Bruyns 8021 (BOL, holo.; K, 25: 156 (1995). Type: Namibia, Otavi Moun-
WIND, iso.). tains, Bruyns 5486 (BOL, holo.; WIND, iso.).
Small finely pubescent herb 50100mm tall, Slender finely pubescent herb 60300mm
from flattened-discoid tuber. Stem mostly solitary tall, from flattened-discoid tuber. Stem often soli-
and simple, 1.5mm thick. Leaves narrowly ellip- tary, 12mm thick. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 30
tic, 152538mm, with entire margins. Inflo- 90313mm, with entire margins. Inflorescenc-
rescences almost sessile, of several successively es almost sessile, of several successively opening
opening flowers, pedicels 10150.5mm, de- flowers, pedicels 10160.25mm, spreading.
scending. Corolla rotate, 58mm diam.; outside Corolla rotate-reflexed, 78mm diam.; outside
dark green and finely pubescent, inside purple- pale green and finely pubescent, inside green-
black blotched with yellow, pubescent, smooth; Corolla rotate, 810mm diam.; outside pale
tube 0.5mm long, shallowly plate-like; lobes green and finely pubescent, inside purple-brown
68mm long, deltate and erect for lower 1.5mm with white centre, pubescent with fine hairs to
then becoming slender, linear and recurved glabrous, smooth; tube 0.5mm long, shallowly
above, inside brown-green and pubescent. Coro- cupular; lobes 4624mm, ovate to lanceo-
na 11.5mm, sessile, pale yellow, glabrous; late, spreading and not recurved, with pendu-
outer lobes 0.5mm long, erect, truncate and lous subclavate cilia along margins. Corona ses-
notched near apex; inner lobes 0.5mm long, sile, white with purple-brown margins, glabrous;
adpressed to backs of anthers and almost equal- outer lobes <1mm long, truncate, annular or
ling them, slender and linear, with broad dorsal cup-like around anthers, slightly notched around
projection confluent with outer lobes. margins; inner lobes <0.5mm long, adpressed to
backs of anthers near bases of anthers and much
Habitat: Stony sloping ground among grass- shorter than them, slightly swollen and cushion-
es and trees, 12001800m. like, dorsally confluent with cup of outer lobes.
Flowering time: Jan.Mar. Habitat: Flat areas with white sand among
trees, 1100m.
Distribution: Angola, Namibia. In Namibia
known from Grootfontein to Outjo. Figure 131. Flowering time: Dec.Mar.
Voucher: Bruyns 5486 (BOL, WIND). Distribution: Namibia, Zimbabwe. In Na-
mibia known from near Ondangua. Figure 132.
Brachystelma schinzii (K.Schum.) N.E.Br., Fl. Voucher: Sheuyanga 1295 (WIND).
Trop. Afr. 4 (1): 471 (1903). Craterostemma
schinzii K.Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 17: 154
(1893). Type: Namibia, Ovamboland, near Brachystelma schultzei (Schltr.) Bruyns,
Olukonda, Jan. 1886, Schinz 163 (Z, holo.). Bothalia 25: 162 (1995). Tenaris schultzei
(Schltr.) E.Phill., Bothalia 4: 41 (1941). Kine-
Small finely pubescent herb 50100mm tall, petalum schultzei Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 51:
from flattened-discoid tuber. Stem mostly solitary 150 (1913). Type: Namibia, Okakuja, Dinter
and sparsely branched, 1.5mm thick. Leaves lin- 2528 (SAM, lecto., Bruyns 1995).
ear, 105025mm, with entire margins. Inflo-
rescences sessile, of several successively opening Small finely pubescent herb 50200mm tall,
flowers, pedicels 12160.5mm, ascending. from flattened-discoid tuber. Stem mostly solitary
Small finely pubescent herb 30150mm tall, Note: There is no evidence that Schlechter
from flattened-discoid tuber. Stem mostly soli- saw the specimen Dinter 2361 (SAM) and so this
tary, sometimes branched, 1.5mm thick. Leaves is designated as the lectotype.
narrowly linear, 205025mm, with entire
margins. Inflorescences sessile, of few succes- Ceropegia L.
sively opening flowers, pedicels 380.5mm,
ascending. Corolla narrowly campanulate, Sometimes slightly succulent climber to
12203.04.5mm; outside pale green and erect herb with swollen fusiform roots or sub-
finely pubescent, inside maroon, glabrous; tube terranean tuber, often pubescent, sap clear to
38mm long, cupular and slightly pentagonal in slightly milky. Leaves narrowly linear to broadly
cross-section; lobes 414mm long, linear from ovate or circular, petioles often short and in-
ovate-lanceolate to deltate base, erect around distinct. Inflorescences several in pedunculate
mouth of tube and remaining joined at tips. Co- or sessile cymes, 1- to 20-flowered, flowers
rona 1.52.02.5mm, sessile, yellow, glabrous; usually opening in succession. Corolla tubular
outer lobes fused into urceolate tube 1.52.0mm with lobes free or remaining united at tips; tube
long, with 5 small erect deltate-obtuse lobules 1070mm long, bottle-shaped or cylindrical,
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 83
Key to species
1a. Plant with one or more flattened, discoid, fleshy or hard tubers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
1b. Plant without a tuber, rootstock a cluster of swollen, fusiform roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.
2a. Leaves succulent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.
2b. Leaves not at all succulent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.
3a. Plant a dwarf succulent to 120mm tall; basal inflation of corolla tube without scattered wart-like papillae in-
side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. occidentalis
3b. Plant a climber to 13 m; basal inflation of corolla tube with scattered wart-like papillae inside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.
4a. Flowers sessile, corolla glabrous outside, corolla lobes linear-attenuate and remaining fused at tips or tapering
to filiform usually free and widely spreading tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.
4b. Flowers borne on distinct peduncle 1020mm long, corolla finely pubescent outside, corolla lobes remaining
fused at apices into cage over tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. pachystelma
5a. Corolla lobes tapering to filiform usually free and widely spreading tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. multiflora
5b. Corolla lobes linear-attenuate but not becoming filiform and remaining joined at tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. floribunda
6a. Plant an erect non-climbing herb to 0.4m tall with linear leaves; flowers solitary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. dinteri
6b. Plant a climber to 13m with ovate-lanceolate to elliptic leaves; flowers several per inflorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.
7a. Peduncles 1535mm long; tuber usually more than one per plant, fleshy with smooth soft epidermis; corolla
tube bent at right angle above basal inflation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. purpurascens
7b. Peduncles not exceeding 10mm long or absent; tuber solitary, hard with rough exterior; corolla tube straight
from base or scarcely bent above basal inflation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.
8a. Tuber covered with elliptic protuberances; corolla 1015mm long; outer corona lobes recurved and spreading
towards base of tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. stenoloba
8b. Tuber without elliptic protuberances; corolla 16mm long or more; outer corona lobes ascending or broadly
spreading but not recurved towards base of tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.
9a. Corolla 1622mm long; sepals 23mm long; outer corona lobes broadly spreading and deeply bifid . C. paricyma
9b. Corolla 4060mm long; sepals 512mm long; outer corona lobes ascending to spreading near tips only and
entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. meyeri
10a. Stems with slight ridges originating at base of each leaf-pair, giving stem slightly angular cross-section . . . . . . . . 11.
84 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
10b. Stems without ridges originating at base of each leaf-pair, stem with circular cross-section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.
11a. Inflorescence sessile; leaves with entire margin; corolla uniformly pale yellow to cream outside . . . . . C. stenantha
11b. Inflorescence borne on distinct peduncle 1030mm long; leaves with finely denticulate margins; corolla mot-
tled on pale background outside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.
12a. Basal inflation of corolla tube constricted around middle then broader and becoming narrow again; corolla
lobes slender and attenuated or forming triangular cage over tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. nilotica
12b. Basal inflation of corolla tube not constricted around middle; corolla lobes forming circular cage over
tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. crassifolia
13a. Leaves linear and 36mm broad; corolla tube with longitudinal ridges of papillae in basal inflation . . . C. filiformis
13b. Leaves ovate to lanceolate or elliptic and at least 7mm broad; corolla tube without papillae in basal inflation . . . 14.
14a. Stems 38mm thick, slightly succulent; basal inflation of corolla with hairs; corona sessile but outer lobes not
fused to base of tube, outer lobes bifid near tips only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. lugardiae
14b. Stems 12mm thick, wiry; basal inflation of corolla glabrous; outer corona fused to base of tube and outer
lobes bifid right to point of fusion to corolla tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. carnosa
roots. Stems 36mm thick, slightly 4-angled Ceropegia dinteri Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 51:
in cross-section, deciduous. Leaves elliptic or 153 (1913). Type: Namibia, Rehoboth, flow.
ovate-lanceolate to linear, 30100540mm, Jan. 1912, Dinter 2527 (SAM, lecto., desig-
with finely denticulate margins. Inflorescences nated here).
with ascending peduncle 101523mm,
Dwarf slender erect herb to 0.4m tall, from
pedicels 102023mm, ascending. Corolla flattened-discoid tuber. Stem usually solitary,
2550mm long; outside white with purple 1.52.0mm thick, circular in cross-section, de-
blotches and glabrous, inside white with maroon ciduous. Leaves linear, 5015034mm, with
lines; tube 20401015mm, basal inflation al- entire margins. Inflorescences sessile, single-
most spherical then constricted into narrow tube flowered, pedicels 10251mm, ascending.
widening slightly towards mouth, pubescent Corolla 60120mm long; outside white with
except in basal inflation where longitudinally green-purple spots and glabrous, inside brown
ridged; lobes 516mm long, ovate but folded between green lines above basal inflation; tube
and linear, inside pale green with reticulation 205056mm, basal inflation ellipsoidal then
of purple-grey veins and maroon hairs. Corona constricted slightly into narrow tube widening
2345mm, white with maroon patches, slightly to mouth, glabrous; lobes 3050mm
long, slightly ovate near base then folded above
sessile, glabrous; outer lobes broadly cupular
into slender linear tails usually twisted together
containing anthers, slightly spreading above; in- above mouth of tube, inside green and purple
ner lobes 0.8mm long, adpressed to backs of above paler base, with marginal cilia. Corona
anthers then just meeting in centre, very slender 65mm, yellow with red spots, on short
from broad base. stipe, glabrous; outer lobes broadly cupular well
below anthers, erect; inner lobes 2.5mm long,
Habitat: Among trees on stony hillsides to adpressed to backs of anthers then rising in col-
sandy flats, 12002000m. umn in centre, linear becoming slightly broader
above base.
Flowering time: Dec.Mar.
Habitat: Among stones on rocky slopes and
Distribution: Namibia and South Africa to in sandy flats among trees, 10001650m.
Kenya. In Namibia sparsely recorded from Wind-
hoek and Gobabis to near Kombat. Figure 136. Flowering time: Nov.Feb.
B
C
L D
F
H
FIGURE 140.Ceropegia lugardiae, A, B, near Witvlei, Namibia, Bruyns 2276; C, Rundu, Namibia, Bruyns 2312; D, G,
I, K, near Otavi, Namibia, Bruyns 1943; E, H, J, L, Katima Mulilo, Namibia, Bruyns 2286; F, NW of Molepolole,
Botswana, Bruyns. A, B, part of plant; C, bud; D, E, F, side view of flower; G, H, side view of centre of dissected
flower; I, J gynostegium; K, L, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, B, 10mm (at A); CH, 3mm (at D); I, J, 2mm (at I); K,
L, 0.25mm (at D).
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 89
Note: Plants from Namibia have been re- Flowering time: Nov.Mar.
ferred to C. bonafouxii K.Schum. (e.g. Dyer
1980), but it is impossible to separate these from Distribution: Widespread in southern Africa.
C. meyeri, under which they are included here. In Namibia from Kaokoveld to Caprivi and south
to Okahandja and Gobabis. Figure 143.
Ceropegia pachystelma Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. height of anthers, slightly spreading above; inner
Syst. 20, Beibl. 51: 47 (1895). Type: from lobes 2mm long, adpressed to backs of an-
South Africa. thers then rising in column and diverging above,
Ceropegia acacietorum Schltr. ex Dinter, Neue
linear becoming distinctly broader above base.
Pfl. Sdw.-Afr.: 20 (1914). Type: Namibia, Okasewa,
Dinter 2723 (SAM, lecto., designated here).
Habitat: Among stones and bushes or in
sand among trees, 10001600m.
Ceropegia boerhaavifolia Schinz, Vierteljahrsschr.
Naturf. Ges. Zrich 71: 139 (1926), nom. illegit., non Flowering time: Nov.Mar.
Deflers (1896). Type: Namibia, Auasberge, Dinter 292
(Z, holo.). Distribution: Botswana, Namibia, Mozam-
Ceropegia schinziana Bullock, Kew Bull. 1955: bique, South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe. In
626 (1956). Type: Namibia, Auasberge, Dinter 292 (Z, Namibia from Auas Mountains to Okahandja
holo.). and Gobabis. Figure 146.
wards apices, inside green and pubescent. Co- then constricted slightly into narrow tube wid-
rona 44mm, sessile, pubescent inside outer ening to funnel-shaped mouth; lobes 1217mm
lobes; outer lobes plate-like not reaching height long, ovate near base then folded and slender
of anthers, widely spreading and deeply bifid above usually slightly spiralling, inside pale yel-
into slender teeth; inner lobes 2.5mm long, low and pubescent. Corona 43mm, on short
adpressed to backs of anthers then rising in cen- stipe, pubescent on outer lobes and bases of in-
tre and diverging, slender and linear. ner; outer lobes broadly cupular containing an-
thers, erect and deeply bifid; inner lobes 2mm
Habitat: Among dense bushes and trees, long, adpressed to backs of anthers then rising in
1000m. column in centre, linear becoming laterally flat-
tened above base.
Flowering time: Jan.Mar.
Habitat: Among dense bushes and trees in
Distribution: Namibia to Tanzania. In Namib- sandy ground, 10001100m.
ia only known on Impalela Island in the Zambezi
River. Figure 147. Flowering time: Jan.Mar.
Voucher: Killick & Leistner 3349 (PRE). Distribution: Botswana and Namibia to Con-
go. In Namibia only known in Caprivi. Figure 148.
Ceropegia purpurascens K.Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Voucher: Bruyns 2281 (NBG, WIND).
Syst. 17: 152 (1893). Type: from Angola.
Slender finely pubescent climber to 2m, from Ceropegia stenantha K.Schum., Bot. Jahrb.
1several flattened-discoid slightly fleshy tubers. Syst. 17: 152 (1893). Type: from Sudan.
Stem usually solitary, 1.52.0mm thick, circular
in cross-section, partly deciduous. Leaves broadly Glabrous climber or scrambler to 3m with
ovate-lanceolate to elliptical, 20801535mm, slightly succulent stems and leaves, from clus-
with entire margins. Inflorescences with slender ter of swollen fleshy roots. Stems 24mm thick,
descending peduncle 15351mm, pedicels slightly 4-angled in cross-section, deciduous.
10201mm, ascending. Corolla 2030mm Leaves lanceolate to linear, 2080320mm,
long; outside green suffused with red and gla- with entire margins. Inflorescences sessile,
brous, inside pubescent except in basal inflation; pedicels 101512mm, ascending. Corolla
tube 101556mm, basal inflation ellipsoidal 2030mm long; outside pale yellow to cream
Voucher: Giess 12458 (WIND). 1b. Annulus with conspicuous hair-like papillae
0.51.5mm long, corolla with hair-like papil-
Note: Plants in Namibia are usually referred lae over most of inner surface . . . . . D. caespitosa
to var. australis H.Huber. 2a. Outer corona within tube formed by annulus;
corolla lobes tightly folded longitudinally
Ceropegia ampliata E.Mey. was considered along midrib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. maculata
to occur in Namibia by Sssenguth & Merxml- 2b. Outer corona level with or slightly above top
ler (1952) and Huber (1957) but later Huber of annulus; corolla lobes convex above and
(1967) considered this unlikely. No specimens only laxly folded along midrib . . . . . . . . . . D. polita
exist from Namibia, though the species is known
to occur in Botswana.
Duvalia caespitosa (Masson) Haw., Syn. Pl.
Succ.: 45 (1812). Type: from South Africa.
Duvalia Haw.
Dwarf succulent forming mat 30200mm
Dwarf spineless sometimes rhizomatous diam. Stems 1050622mm, not rhizoma-
mat-forming succulent 40300mm diam. Stems tous, 4- to 5-angled. Corolla 1832mm diam.; in-
8100625mm, 4- to 6-angled, glabrous, side pink-brown to purplish, covered at least on
green to purplish, tuberculate, each tubercle annulus and bases of lobes with hair-like papillae
tipped with small non-persistent leaf-rudiment. 0.51.5mm long; annulus 1.53.0612mm,
Inflorescence glabrous, 1 per stem in lower half, ring-like, with corona resting on its upper sur-
few-flowered, sessile, pedicel 8251.5 face; lobes 912mm long, 35mm broad at
2.0mm, holding flower facing upwards close to base, folded tightly along midrib for at least half
ground. Corolla 1530mm diam., rotate, deeply of length and there narrowly linear-acute, mar-
lobed; outside glabrous, flat near centre; inside gins not ciliate. Corona 4.57.0mm diam., red-
with central part thickened into fleshy circular to dish to purplish brown; outer lobes at mouth
pentagonal annulus, papillate to hairy on annu- of tube and completely closing it; inner lobes
lus and around bases of lobes; tube 14mm long, 0.51.0mm long.
shallowly conical to bowl-shaped, formed entire-
ly by annulus; lobes 3.516.01.58.0mm, lon- Habitat: Stony slopes or flats under small
gitudinally folded tightly along midrib so mostly shrubs, 10001600m.
narrowly linear-acute to -acuminate, spreading,
margins often ciliate; gynostegial corona of 2 se- Flowering time: Nov.May.
ries of lobes arising on staminal tube and and well Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na-
separated from one another, 2.54.525mm; mibia only known in the winter-rainfall region of
outer lobes forming pentagonal to circular spread- the southwest, from Aus to Rosh Pinah. Of the
ing disc, included in tube to spreading on top of three subspecies recognised (Bruyns 2005) only
and covering annulus; inner lobes 0.51.0mm subsp. pubescens (N.E.Br.) Bruyns occurs in Na-
long, adpressed to backs of anthers, dorsiventral- mibia. Figure 151.
ly flattened, at base with rounded obtuse ascend-
ing to spreading dorsal projection 0.81.5mm Voucher: Bruyns 3909 (BOL).
long; anthers horizontal on top of style head, rec-
tangular; pollinium ellipsoidal, longer than broad,
with insertion-crest along outer edge. Follicles Duvalia maculata N.E.Br., Fl. Cap. 4 (1): 1033
paired, erect, terete-fusiform, 6012047mm, (1909). Type: from South Africa.
glabrous and smooth. Duvalia minuta Nel in A.C. White & B. Sloane,
Stap., ed. 2, 3: 1168 (1937). Type: Namibia, Great Karas
14 species, southern Africa, Arabia and Mountains, Mickberg, E.F.T. Rusch (missing). Type:
northeast Africa. White & Sloane, Stap., ed. 2, 3: fig. 1218 (lecto., Meve
1997).
Key to species
Dwarf succulent forming mat 30150mm
1a. Annulus glabrous, with fine papillae <0.5mm diam. Stems 1040612mm, rarely slightly
long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. rhizomatous, 4- to 5-angled. Corolla 1525mm
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 95
C
D
FIGURE 152.Duvalia maculata, South Africa, Bruyns 3045. A, face view of flower; B, side view of dissected flower; C,
face view of gynostegium; D, side view of gynostegium; E, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, 3mm; B, 2mm; CD, 1mm
(at B); E, 0.25mm (at B).
96 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
dorsiventrally flattened; inner lobes adpressed Follicles paired, erect, terete-fusiform, slender,
to backs of anthers and mostly shorter than glabrous, smooth.
them, dorsiventrally flattened; anthers horizontal
on top of style head, rectangular; pollinium D- 14 species, Angola, Botswana, Namibia,
shaped, with insertion-crest along outer edge. South Africa.
Key to species
1a. Pedicel 26mm thick; flowers (20)25170mm diam., never dark red-brown to purple-black, mostly saucer-
shaped with broad flat to bowl-shaped united part (rarely funnel-shaped), with small tube just enclosing
gynostegium, lobes much less than half as long as broad (excluding narrow tip) and shorter than breadth of
united part of corolla outside corolla-tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
1b. Pedicel 0.51.5 (2.0)mm thick; flowers 820mm diam., if larger (2040mm) then dark red-brown to purple-
black, if saucer-like then without small tube enclosing gynostegium, lobes more than half as long as broad and
much longer than breadth of united part of corolla outside tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.
2a. Corolla glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.
2b. Corolla covered with fine hair-like bristles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.
3a. Corolla 2055mm diam., limb of outer corona adpressed to corolla just outside tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. juttae
3b. Corolla (40)50100mm diam., outer corona just touching side of corolla tube near mouth, not adpressed to
corolla outside tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. gordonii
4a. Outer corona lobes not exceeding height of inner lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. gordonii
4b. Outer corona lobes exceeding height of inner lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.
5a. Corolla funnel-shaped, usually yellow or orange; stems matt bluish green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. parviflora
5b. Corolla bowl-shaped to flat, brick-red to flesh-pink; stems grey-green to brownish green . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. currorii
6a. Horns of outer corona lobes adherent laterally to dorsal part of inner lobes for entire length of outer lobes . . . . . . 7.
6b. Horns of outer corona lobes not adherent laterally to dorsal part of inner lobes for more than half of length of
outer lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.
7a. Corona 2.02.2mm broad across top; corolla tube conical with sides of tube touching sides of gynostegium . . . . . 8.
7b. Corona 34mm broad across top; corolla tube saucer-shaped, sides of tube not touching sides of gynoste-
gium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. officinalis
8a. Stems 2228-angled; corolla 2040mm diam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. ruschii
8b. Stems 1214(16)-angled, corolla 1115mm diam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. triebneri
9a. Stems usually sprawling, spines only present on young growth; pedicel 415mm long, flowers never yellow
inside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. pedicellata
9b. Stems erect with persistent spines; pedicel 2mm long or shorter (if slightly longer then flowers bright yellow
inside) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.
10a. Corolla tube 24mm deep and completely containing gynostegium (except sometimes for tips of outer corona
lobes), united part of corolla funnel-shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. alstonii
10b. Corolla tube <1mm deep and containing only basal stipe of gynostegium, united part of corolla flat to slightly
saucer-shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. flava
Hoodia alstonii (N.E.Br.) Plowes, Asklepios 56: broadly conical; lobes (4)6845mm, ovate-
7 (1992). Type: from South Africa. deltate, acute, spreading to ascending, convex
above from reflexed margins. Corona 22.5
Many-stemmed often dense shrub to
3.0mm, raised on short stipe, pale yellow; outer
10.5m. Stems 0.11.04080mm, 20- to
22-angled, erect, whitish grey-green, tuber- lobes 1.01.5mm long, erect, bifid at least to level
cles tipped by a stout sharp pale brown spine of base of inner lobes into erect tapering obtuse
610mm long. Corolla 1018mm diam., cam- lobules; inner lobes 0.5mm long, adpressed
panulate; inside bright yellow becoming whitish to backs of anthers and usually exceeding them,
towards base, smooth; tube 23(4)mm deep, oblong, obtuse. Figure 156.
98 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
D
E
FIGURE 159.Hoodia currorii, west of Kamanjab, Namibia, Bruyns 4060. A, face view of flower; B, face view of gynoste-
gium; C, side view of centre of dissected flower; D, papillae inside corolla beyond mouth of tube; E, pollinarium.
Scale bars: A, 15mm; B, 1mm (at A); C, 1mm; D, 0.5mm (at A); E, 0.25mm (at A).
form mouth, containing whole of gynostegium; Voucher: Giess 9417 (M, PRE, WIND).
lobes 525mm long (excluding narrow tip), 20
75mm broad at base, broadly ovate to broadly Note: Of the two subspecies recognised
deltate, abruptly narrowing into narrow subulate (Bruyns 1993), only subsp. currorii occurs in Na-
point 620mm long, spreading. Corona 233.8 mibia.
5.0mm, sessile, deep red-purple or red-brown,
shiny, well separated from sides of corolla tube;
outer lobes erect, forming 5-lobed cup from slightly
taller than style head to nearly twice as tall as style
head, bifid for less than half of length into erect
obtuse-truncate to deltoid teeth, fused laterally for
most of length to bases of inner lobes; inner lobes
0.5mm long, mostly exceeding anthers, rec-
tangular, obtuse. Figures 158 & 159.
Hoodia flava (N.E.Br.) Plowes, Asklepios 56: 8 Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet ex Decne. in
(1992). Type: from South Africa. DC., Prodr. 8: 665 (1844). Type: from South
Africa.
Shrub to 0.5m tall but mostly much smaller. Hoodia husabensis Nel in A.C. White & B.
Stems 753003570mm, 18- to 31-angled, Sloane, Stap. 3: 1069 (1937). Type: Namibia, Hus-
erect, tubercles tipped with a weak brown spine ab gorge, June 1935, Boss sub SUG 6920 (missing).
46mm long. Corolla 1015mm diam., rotate, Type: White & Sloane, Stap., ed. 2, 3: fig. 1145 (lecto.,
lobed to halfway; inside greenish yellow some- Bruyns 1993).
times with brown tips to lobes or wholly brown, Hoodia longispina Plowes, Brit. Cact. Succ. J. 11:
minutely papillate to smooth; tube <1mm deep, 57 (1993). Type: Namibia, 45km south of Witptz,
Plowes 5321 (SRGH, holo.).
formed by distinct thickening around base of gy-
nostegium; lobes 2.54.03.55.0mm, broadly Shrub to 1.00.6m. Stems 0.11.0m25
ovate-deltate, acuminate, spreading. Corona 50mm, 11- to 17-angled, erect, grey-green to
2356mm, raised on short stipe, slightly grey-brown, tubercles each tipped with a stiff
translucent yellow; outer lobes 1.62.2mm long, spine 612mm long. Corolla (40)50100mm
spreading, bifid below middle into dorsiventrally diam., rotate, circular to 5-lobed; inside
flattened linear obtuse lobules (those of adjacent flesh-coloured to deep purple-red usually with
lobes usually connivent); inner lobes 0.51.0mm darker veins, smooth to with small conical papil-
long, adpressed to backs of anthers and usually lae each tipped with a bristle up to 2.5mm long;
exceeding them, linear, obtuse, with narrow dor- tube 1.01.54.56.0mm, cupular, containing
sal ridge near base joined to outer lobes. most of gynostegium, formed entirely by annular
thickening near base in otherwise flat corol-
Habitat: Gravelly flats under bushes or stony la; lobes to 15mm long (excluding narrow tip),
slopes, 8001300m. 50mm broad, broadly ovate, abruptly narrowing
to subulate point 36mm long, spreading. Co-
Flowering time: Nov.Apr. rona 1.52.046mm, purple-black, raised on
very short stipe, usually just touching side of tube
Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na- at mouth; outer lobes erect, entire and truncate
mibia only recorded from eastern flank of Great or emarginate to bifid to halfway into ascending
Karas Mountains. Figure 161. obtuse lobules <1mm long, laterally fused for
most of length to bases of inner lobes; inner lobes
Voucher: Bruyns 3494 (BOL). 1mm long, adpressed to backs of anthers and
slightly exceeding them, linear to square, ob- dark purple-black; outer lobes 1.0l.5mm,
tuse to truncate, with broad dorsal ridge near erect then spreading so that tips touch corolla
base connected to outer lobes. Figure 162. outside tube, transversely oblong to shortly bifid,
truncate-emarginate to obtuse, laterally fused
Habitat: Stony flats to slopes, 5001600m. near base to bases of inner lobes; inner lobes
0.5mm long, adpressed to backs of anthers
Flowering time: Nov.Apr. and slightly exceeding them, linear to square,
obtuse to truncate, with obtuse dorsal projection
Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na-
fused to outer lobes.
mibia widespread in southern half from slopes
of Brandberg to near Rosh Pinah and Warmbad. Habitat: Stony flats among shrubs, 1200
Figure 163. 1700m.
Voucher: Giess 9128 (M, PRE, WIND). Flowering time: Nov.Apr.
Distribution: Namibia. From Klein Karas to
Hoodia juttae Dinter, Neue Pfl. Sdw.-Afr.: 34, fig. Great Karas Mountains. Figure 164.
25 (1914). Hoodia bainii var. juttae (Dinter) H.
Huber, Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. Mnchen 4: 33 Voucher: Bruyns 3508 (BOL, WIND).
(1961). Type: Namibia, Klein Karas, J. Dinter
3203 (SAM, holo.; S, iso.).
Hoodia officinalis (N.E.Br.) Plowes, Asklepios
Shrub to 0.30.5m. Stems 6030030 56: 9 (1992). Type: from South Africa.
50mm, 15- to 17-angled, erect, grey-green, tu- Trichocaulon pubiflorum Dinter, Feddes Repert.
bercles each tipped with a stiff spine 811mm Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 30: 192 (1932). Type: Namibia,
long. Corolla 2055mm diam., rotate, flat to Velloor, east of Warmbad, 29 Mar. 1924, Dinter (miss-
very shallowly saucer-shaped, slightly 5-lobed; ing).
inside pale yellow-brown to dark flesh-pink with
darker veins, smooth; tube 12.53.5mm, cu- Hoodia officinalis subsp. delaetiana (Dinter)
pular, formed by annular thickening near base Bruyns, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 115: 216 (1993).
in otherwise flat corolla; lobes 48mm long Trichocaulon delaetianum Dinter, Feddes
(excluding narrow tip), 1525mm broad at Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 19: 155 (1923).
base, broadly ovate obtuse, abruptly narrowing H. delaetiana (Dinter) Plowes, Asklepios 56:
to subulate point 25mm long, spreading. Co- 8 (1992) as delaetii. Type: Namibia, Kling-
rona 23.04.5mm, raised on short stipe, hardt Mountains, Dinter 4735 (missing).
30: 266 (1888). Type: Namibia, probably Hoodia ruschii Dinter, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov.
near Hope Mine, Stapf (K, holo.). Regni Veg. 30: 192 (1932). Type: Namibia, Ti-
ras Mountains, E.F.T. Rusch sub Dinter 7976
Sprawling succulent. Stems 10050025 (B, holo.; BOL, G, PRE, S, Z, iso.).
50mm, 11- to 20-angled, tubercles tipped by
dark spine 1.53.0mm long soon weathered off. Shrub to 0.50.5m. Stems 0.10.540
Corolla rotate, 814mm diam., lobed nearly to 60mm, 22- to 28-angled, erect, brownish to
centre; inside maroon or light to dark purple- grey-green, tubercles tipped by a stiff spine
brown, smooth; tube <1mm long, formed by 5 68mm long. Corolla 2040mm diam., broadly
thickened bulges in corolla just below lobes; lobes campanulate; inside red-brown, with conical
362.53.0mm, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, obtuse papillae each tipped with a slender bris-
ascending to spreading, convex inside from re- tle; tube 68810mm, broadly conical, with
corolla touching sides of gynostegium; lobes
curved margins. Corona 1.52.03.03.5mm,
814914mm, ovate-deltate, acuminate,
raised on short stipe, purple-brown or yellow;
spreading with slightly recurved tips, convex
outer lobes 0.71.5mm long, spreading, bifid
with margins folded back. Corona 12.0
nearly right to base into widely diverging lob- 2.2mm, raised on short stipe, dark purple-black;
ules; inner lobes 0.41.0mm long, adpressed outer lobes 0.5mm long, erect, bifid nearly to
to backs of anthers, sometimes exceeding them, base into erect obtuse lobules, laterally fused for
linear, obtuse, with narrow dorsal ridge near whole length to bases of inner lobes and not ex-
base joined to outer lobes. ceeding them; inner lobes half as long as an-
thers, deltoid, obtuse, with narrow dorsal ridge
Habitat: Low stony ridges often with much near base joined to outer lobes.
windblown sand, 100300m.
Habitat: Rocky slopes, 12001600m.
Flowering time: Nov.Apr.
Flowering time: Nov.Apr.
Distribution: Angola, Namibia. In Namibia in
coastal Namib from Swakopmund northwards to Distribution: Namibia. Eastern slopes of Tiras
Cunene River. Figure 167. Mountains. Figure 168.
Key to species
Huernia hallii E. & B.M.Lamb, Natl. Cact. & Distribution: Namibia. From near Aus to
Succ. J. 13: 57 (1958). Huernia namaquensis Great Karas Mountains. Figure 170.
subsp. hallii (E. & B.M.Lamb) Bruyns, Cact.
Voucher: Bruyns 3529 (BOL, WIND).
& Succ. J. Gr. Brit. 44: 86 (1982). Type: Na-
mibia, near Grnau, H. Hall sub NBG 511/55
(NBG, holo.). Huernia levyi Oberm., Fl. Pl. South Africa 16: t.
616 (1936). Type: from Zimbabwe.
Dwarf densely mat-forming succulent to
30300mm diam. Stems 1025610mm, 4- Dwarf loosely clump-forming succulent to
to 5-angled, decumbent, tubercles abruptly nar- 300mm diam. Stems 40100815mm, erect,
rowing to acute tooth. Corolla 2538mm diam., 4- to 5-angled, tubercles abruptly tapering into
rotate to campanulate; inside cream, spotted and short tooth. Corolla 25402025mm, tubu-
106 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
A
B C
FIGURE 173.Huernia oculata, A, B, Angola, Downs s.n.; CE, Kaokoveld, Namibia, Bruyns 8034. A, side view of dis-
sected flower; B, C, side view of gynostegium; D, papillae inside corolla in mouth of tube; E, pollinarium. Scale
bars: A, 5mm; B, C, 1mm (at B); D, 0.5mm (at B); E, 0.25mm (at B).
E D
G
FIGURE 180.Larryleachia marlothii, A, D, E, G, west of Torra Bay, Namibia, Russell 39; B, C, F, near Brandberg West,
Namibia, Van Rensburg s.n. A, B, face view of flower; C, side view of flower; D, side view of dissected flower; E, F,
face view of gynostegium; G, pollinarium. Scale bars: AC, 1mm (at A); D, 1mm; E, F, 1mm (at E); G, 0.25mm.
B
A
F
E
G H
FIGURE 186.Lavrania haagnerae, A, C, D, F, G, ?Khowarib Gorge, Namibia, Haagner sub Plowes 5046; B, E, H, near
Sesfontein, Namibia, Bruyns 4069. A, B, face view of flower; C, side view of dissected flower; D, E, face view of
gynostegium; F, papillae inside corolla beyond tube; G, H, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, B, 3mm (at A); C, 1mm; D,
E, 1mm (at E); F, 0.5mm (at E); G, H, 0.25mm (at E).
Haagner sub Plowes 5046 (PRE, holo.). Fig- 1b. Inflorescence with 13 flowers opening in grad-
ures 186 & 187. ual succession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.
2a. Inner corona lobes not produced beyond an-
Habitat: Ledges on dolomitic cliffs, 800850m. thers and not rising in centre (always dor-
siventrally flattened), without any dorsal out-
Flowering time: Nov.Mar. growths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. caudata
2b. Inner corona lobes produced much beyond
Distribution: Namibia. In Namibia only anthers to become erect and often recurved
known in the dolomitic mountains east of Ses- (if not exceeding them then not dorsiventrally
fontein. Figure 188. flattened), often with dorsal appendages . . . . . . . . 3.
3a. Corolla white to cream with maroon to brown
Voucher: Bruyns 4069 (BOL). spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. albocastanea
3b. Corolla yellow to red or blackish, or spotted
with yellow on maroon but not white to cream
Orbea Haw. with dark spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.
4a. Inner corona lobes at most equalling anthers,
Spineless often rhizomatous succulent form- with terete to strongly laterally flattened re-
ing compact to diffuse clumps to 3m diam. Stems curved horn just behind apex (apex often pre-
10300425mm, 4-angled, decumbent to sent only as slight swelling beneath this horn) .
prostrate, glabrous, mottled with purple-brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. lutea
on grey-green, tubercles each tipped with soft 4b. Inner corona lobes much exceeding anthers
acute leaf-rudiment. Inflorescences glabrous, 13 and dorsiventrally flattened to nearly terete
per stem between base and apex, 1- to 40-flow- beyond them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.
ered, peduncle rarely up to 15mm long, pedicel 5a. Corolla 3545mm diam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. valida
3501.54.0mm. Corolla 10110mm diam., ro- 5b. Corolla 55110mm diam. . . . . . . . . . . O. huillensis
tate to campanulate, mostly deeply lobed; outside 6a. Inflorescences usually several per stem ar-
glabrous; inside sometimes with annulus around ranged along sides of stem especially, towards
mouth of tube, often reticulately rugulose, smooth apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.
or papillae; tube to 10mm deep, mostly shallowly 6b. Inflorescence 1 per stem near base . . . . O. maculata
bowl-shaped or absent; lobes 335325mm, 7a. Corolla 620mm diam. . . . . . . . . O. schweinfurthii
deltate, acute, spreading, flat above, margins of- 7b. Corolla 2545mm diam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. lugardii
ten with vibratile clavate cilia; gynostegial corona
of 2 series of lobes partly intergrown, raised on
Orbea albocastanea (Marloth) Bruyns, Aloe 37:
stipe to 3mm long, 37412mm; outer lobes
73 (2001). Stapelia albocastanea Marloth,
often consisting of 5 discrete spreading to erect
Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 3: 124 (1913). Car-
subquadrate lobes beneath the guide-rails often
alluma albocastanea (Marloth) L.C.Leach,
spreading around gynostegium behind anthers;
J. S. African Bot. 36: 174 (1970). Orbeopsis
inner lobes adpressed to backs of anthers, often
albocastanea (Marloth) L.C.Leach, Excelsa
exceeding them and connivent in column in cen-
Taxon. Ser. 1: 65 (1978). Type: Namibia, Mal-
tre, dorsiventrally flattened towards base, often
with laterally flattened fin-like dorsal appendage; tahhe, Marloth 5110 (PRE, holo.).
anthers horizontal on top of style head, rectangu- Stapelia caroli-schmidtii Dinter & A.Berger, Bot.
lar to semicircular; pollinium D-shaped, with Jahrb. Syst. 50, Suppl.: 592 (1914). Type: Namibia,
insertion-crest along outer edge. Follicles paired, flats near Bllsport, Dinter 2105 (SAM, holo.).
50150mm long, erect, terete-fusiform, slender,
glabrous, smooth. Mat-forming, sometimes rhizomatous suc-
culent to 500mm diam. Stems 208010
56 species (Bruyns 2002), Africa and tropical 16mm, obtusely 4-angled, stout, decumbent,
Arabia. often uniformly pale green, tubercles each ta-
pering into conical tooth. Inflorescence 1 per
Key to species stem near base, 3- to 30-flowered opening in
succession, peduncle eventually 1034mm,
1a. Inflorescence with (3)440 flowers opening in pedicel 30601.52.0mm, usually spread-
quick succession to simultaneously . . . . . . . . . . 2. ing on ground. Corolla 1830mm diam., rotate,
116 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
Voucher: Bruyns 2338 (WIND). rugulose; tube 57mm deep, cupular; lobes 20
4559mm, ovate-lanceolate, narrowly attenu-
Note: Of the two subspecies recognised ate, spreading, convex above, sometimes with
(Bruyns 2002), only subsp. rhodesiaca occurs few maroon to white spathulate marginal cilia.
in Namibia, where it is only known in eastern Corona 3.54.55.58.0mm, raised on stipe
Caprivi around Lake Liambezi. Figure 190. 1.01.5mm long, deep purple-brown to orange;
outer lobes 1.53.01.52.5mm, spreading, ob-
Orbea huillensis (Hiern) Bruyns, Aloe 37: 74 long acute to truncate-dentate or deltoid, later-
(2001) Type: from Angola. ally fused towards base to sides of inner lobes;
inner lobes 1.53.5mm long, adpressed to backs
Orbea huillensis subsp. huillensis of anthers then ascending and recurved, linear,
dorsiventrally flattened, terete above, obtuse
Caralluma tsumebensis Oberm. in A.C. White
& B. Sloane, Stap., ed. 2, 3: 1163 (1937). Orbeopsis to slightly bifid apically, base swollen dorsally
tsumebensis (Oberm.) L.C.Leach, Excelsa Taxon. Ser. above outer lobes into rounded boss or series of
1: 68 (1978). Type: Namibia, cultivated specimen spreading teeth. Figure 191.
Tsumeb, Ngelsbach sub Tvl Mus. 32820 (PRE, holo.).
Habitat: Sandy to loamy ground often be-
Orbea huillensis subsp. flava Bruyns, Aloe 37: tween trees, 11001400m.
76 (2001). Orbeopsis flava (Bruyns) Plow-
es, Asklepios 118: 7 (2014). Type: Namib- Flowering time: Nov.Apr.
ia, northeast of Grootfontein, Bruyns 5522
(BOL, holo.).
Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Namibia,
Clump-forming succulent 0.153.00m diam. Zambia, Zimbabwe. In Namibia in northeast
Stems 404001530mm, prominently 4- from Grootfontein to Rundu.
angled, decumbent, grey-green, tubercles each
a prominent deltoid acute tooth with 2 denti- Vouchers: Bruyns 10342 (BOL, K, M, UPS,
cles near tip. Inflorescences 13 per stem mainly WIND), for subsp. flava; Strohbach 1453 (WIND)
near base, 5- to 40-flowered opening simul- for subsp. huillensis.
taneously, on peduncle 15510mm thick,
pedicels 104523mm. Corolla 55110mm Note: Of the two subspecies recognised
diam., rotate, deeply lobed; inside maroon, (Bruyns 2002), both occur in Namibia, with sub-
dark purple or yellow, without annulus, papillate- sp. flava endemic to Namibia. Figure 192.
Orbea lugardii (N.E.Br.) Bruyns, Aloe 37: 75 1- to 3-flowered developing in succession, sessile,
(2001). Type: from Botswana. pedicel 361.01.5mm. Corolla 3045mm
Caralluma longicuspis N.E.Br., Fl. Cap. 4 (1): 884 diam., campanulate to rotate, very deeply and
(1909). Type: Namibia, sub Pillans 14 (BOL, holo.). narrowly lobed; inside yellow-green, yellow, red,
brown with red or brown centre, without annulus,
Small clump-forming rhizomatous succulent not rugulose, finely papillate; tube 3658mm,
60500mm diam. Stems 40150612mm, ob- bowl-shaped; lobes 182534mm, deltate
tusely 4-angled, erect above ground, pale green towards base then slenderly acuminate, spread-
to silvery grey flecked with purple-brown, tuber- ing, convex with minute marginal cilia. Corona
cles tapering into conical spreading acuminate 64.56.0mm, raised on stipe <0.5mm long,
tooth. Inflorescences 26 per stem in upper half, red to purple-brown; outer lobes 12mm long,
D
I
C F G
FIGURE 193.Orbea lugardii, A, CG, I, Tsumeb, Namibia, Bruyns 2328; B, H, Prieska, South Africa, Bruyns 3282. A,
apex of stem; B, apex of tubercle; C, bud; D, face view of flower; E, side view of centre of dissected flower; F, side
view of gynostegium; G, H, face view of gynostegium; I, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, 2mm; B, F, G, H, 0.5mm (at
A); C, E, 3mm (at C); D, 5mm; I, 0.25mm (at A).
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 119
ascending, bifid into narrow acute diverging lob- Caralluma nebrownii A.Berger, Notizbl. Knigl.
ules; inner lobes 45mm long, adpressed to backs Bot. Gart. Berlin 4: 249 (1906). Type: Namibia, Bar-
of anthers then connivent-erect in column, dor- men, Dinter 1502 (K, iso.).
siventrally flattened, linear above narrowly ovate Caralluma brownii Dinter & A.Berger, Deut.
base, with square emarginate spreading gibbosity sdw. Afrik.: 113 (1909). Type: unknown.
laterally fused to and in series with outer lobes. Caralluma pseudonebrownii Dinter, Neue Pfl.
Figure 193. Sdw.-Afr.: 17 (1914). Caralluma nebrownii var. pseud-
onebrownii (Dinter) A.C.White & B.Sloane, Stap., ed.
Habitat: Stony to sandy flat areas among 2, 1: 377 (1937). Orbeopsis pseudonebrownii (Dinter)
bushes or trees, 10001500m. Plowes, Asklepios 118: 13 (2014). Type: Namibia, Keet-
manshoop, Dinter 2598 (SAM, lecto., Leach 1970).
Flowering time: Nov.Apr. Caralluma hahnii Nel in A.C.White & B.Sloane,
Stap., ed. 2, 3: 1164 (1937). Type: Namibia, Ovam-
Distribution: Botswana, Namibia, South Af- boland, Ondonga (Ondangua?), Nel sub STE 7364
rica. Very widespread in Namibia, except in win- (missing).
ter-rainfall region in southwest. Figure 194.
Caralluma nebrownii var. discolor Nel in
A.C.White & B.Sloane, Stap., ed. 2, 3: 1144 (1937).
Voucher: Giess 8630 (WIND).
Orbeopsis pseudonebrownii var. discolor (Nel) Plow-
es, Asklepios 118: 14 (2014). Type: Namibia, Tsamap,
Orbea lutea (N.E.Br.) Bruyns, Aloe 37: 75 Rusch sub STE 7366 (BOL, holo.).
(2001). Type: from South Africa (lecto.,
Leach 1970). Clump-forming succulent to 1m diam.
Stems 301201025mm, obtusely 4-angled,
Orbea lutea subsp. vaga (N.E.Br.) Bruyns, Aloe decumbent, grey-green mottled with red-brown,
37: 75 (2001). Stapelia vaga N.E.Br., Bull. tubercles each tapering into conical tooth. In-
Misc. Inform. 1895: 265 (1895). Caralluma florescence 1 per stem in lower half, 3- to 30-
vaga (N.E.Br.) A.C.White & B.Sloane, Stap., flowered, opening simultaneously, sessile,
ed. 2, 1: 381 (1937). Caralluma lutea subsp. pedicel 123034mm. Corolla 3565mm
vaga (N.E.Br.) L.C.Leach, J. S. African Bot. diam., rotate; inside red-brown to nearly black or
36: 169 (1970). Orbeopsis lutea subsp. vaga rarely yellow, often mottled with yellow, without
(N.E.Br.) L.C.Leach, Excelsa Taxon. Ser. 1: annulus, rugulose-papillate; tube 2mm deep,
65 (1978). Orbeopsis vaga (N.E.Br.) Plowes, shallowly cupular; lobes 1835615mm, nar-
Asklepios 118: 11 (2014). Type: Namibia, rowly lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, spreading,
Ovamboland, Olukonda, Schinz 16 (K, holo.). with clavate marginal cilia. Corona 610mm,
raised slightly on stipe <1mm long, red- to pur-
ple-brown or blackish sometimes with yellow mar-
gins; outer lobes 23mm, subquadrate, nearly
contiguous, apex truncate-emarginate to toothed;
inner lobes 0.81.0mm long, adpressed to backs
of anthers for half anthers length, somewhat
dorsiventrally flattened towards base, with apex
pressed to anthers, with erect recurved dorsal
horn (2.53.0mm long) behind apex usually with
smaller slender horn behind it, without dorsal gib-
bosities near base.
Note: Of the two subspecies recognised FIGURE 196.Orbea maculata subsp. kaokoensis, near
(Bruyns 2002), only subsp. vaga is found in Na- Chitado, Angola, PVB 10354.
mibia.
The type has usually been cited as Schinz Orbea maculata subsp. rangeana (Dinter &
2047 (K, holo.; Z, iso.). Leach (1970) mentioned A.Berger) Bruyns, Aloe 37: 76 (2001). Caral-
that the specimen at Kew was unnumbered and luma rangeana Dinter & A.Berger, Bot. Jahrb.
that it was likely to be the same as Schinz 2047 (Z). Syst. 50, Suppl.: 591 (1914), as rangei, Neue
Brown (1895) cited no number for the new spe- Pfl. Sdw.-Afr.: t. 50 (1914). Orbea rangea-
cies Stapelia vaga. The sheet at Kew has the num- na (Dinter & A.Berger) L.C.Leach, Excelsa
ber 16 on it and was annotated by N.E. Brown Taxon. Ser. 1: 51 (1978). Stapelia rangeana
as Type. Therefore, this is the holotype. There (Dinter & A.Berger) P.V.Heath, Calyx 1: 16
is no evidence that he saw any of the specimens (1992). Type: Namibia, Kuibis, Dinter 1226
at Z, where I was only able to find the specimens (missing). Neotype (Bruyns 2005): Namibia,
Onkumbi, Ovamboland, Sept. 1885, Schinz Kanus, April 1913, Dinter 2597a (SAM).
2041 and Olukonda, 14 Oct. 1885, Schinz 2042.
Piaranthus streyianus Nel, Desert Pl. Life 21: 99
(1949). Type: Namibia, Bllsport, Strey (missing).
Orbea maculata (N.E.Br.) L.C.Leach, Excelsa Type: Desert Pl. Life 21: upper fig. on page 100 (lecto.,
Taxon. Ser. 1: 49 (1978). Type: from Botswa- Bruyns 2002).
na. Caralluma maculata var. brevidens H.Huber, Mitt.
Bot. Staatssamml. Mnchen 4: 33 (1961). Type: from
Orbea maculata subsp. kaokoensis Bruyns, Botswana.
Aloe 37: 75 (2001). Orbea kaokoensis (Bruyns)
Plowes, Bradleya 31: 162 (2013). Type: Na- Small rhizomatous succulent, forming
mibia, Kaokoveld, northwest of Opuwa, clumps to 100mm diam. connected by rhizomes.
Bruyns 4083 (BOL, holo.). Figure 196. Stems 20100615mm, prominently 4-angled,
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 121
Orbea valida (N.E.Br.) Bruyns, Aloe 37: 76 Habitat: Sandy ground among trees, 1100
(2001) Type: from Botswana. 1300m.
head extended into cylindrical sometimes apical- Orthanthera albida Schinz, Verh. Bot. Vereins
ly bifid beak 1mm long but hidden by anthers. Prov. Brandenburg 30: 265 (1888). Type:
Follicles solitary by abortion, pendulous, fusiform Namibia, Karakoes, Schinz (Z, lecto., desig-
and beaked, 501001025mm, smooth and nated here).
glabrous to pubescent.
Erect non-succulent nearly glabrous shrub
4 species, south tropical Africa, India, Nepal 0.51.0m tall. Leaves linear, 205012mm,
and Pakistan. sessile, caducous to persistent, nearly glabrous. In-
florescence a nearly sessile fascicle next to leaf axil,
Key to species finely pubescent. Corolla grey-white, campanulate
with slender tube, shortly pubescent outside, gla-
1a. Erect, nearly glabrous shrub with leaves 12mm brous within tube; tube 4.56.0mm long, cylindri-
broad; corolla with tube ca. 5mm long, inside cal and slightly swollen at base; lobes 2.53.0mm
glabrous, lobes erect, 2.53mm long . . . . O. albida long, ovate-lanceolate, erect; gynostegial corona
1b. Procumbent creeper with roughly hairy stems, in 1 series of 5 spreading lobes behind anthers;
leaves and inflorescences, leaves 325mm anthers with erect apical hairs. Follicles solitary
broad; corolla with tube 1018mm long, in- by abortion, pendulous, fusiform and beaked,
side hairy in upper part, lobes widely spread- 501001025mm, smooth and glabrous, cream
ing, 612mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. jasminiflora streaked with purple-brown. Figures 200 & 201.
A
C
I H
FIGURE 200.Orthanthera albida, near Seeheim, Namibia, Bruyns. AC, portion of plant (showing leaves, flowers and fruit
respectively); D, bud; E, side view of flower; F, side view of dissected flower; G, side view of gynostegium; H, half-
flower; I, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, B, 3mm (at A); C, 10mm; DF, 2mm (at A); G, H, 1mm (at G); I, 0.25mm (at A).
124 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
Voucher: De Winter & Leistner 5862 (K, Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Namibia,
WIND, Z). South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe. In Namibia
common on disturbed, white sands in Ovambo-
land and southwards to Windhoek and Aroab.
Orthanthera jasminiflora (Decne.) Schinz, Figure 204.
Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 30: 265
(1888). Type: from Botswana. Voucher: Rodin 8910 (K, WIND).
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 125
Key to species
1a. Corolla flat and without distinct tube . . . P. cornutus
1b. Corolla with distinct tube including gynoste-
gium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. decipiens
D
A
B
E
FIGURE 205.Piaranthus cornutus var. ruschii, near Rosh Pinah, Namibia, Bruyns 3064. A, face view of flower; B, side
view of dissected flower; C, side view of gynostegium; D, face view of gynostegium; E, pollinarium. Scale bars: A,
B, 3mm (at A); C, 1mm; D, 1mm (at A); E, 0.25mm (at A).
Vouchers: Walter 235 (WIND) for var. cornu- mottled with yellow; tube 410710mm, cu-
tus; Hall sub NBG 784/62 (NBG) for var. ruschii. pular, pentagonal; lobes 712mm long, 68mm
broad at base, deltate-ovate, acute, ascending to
Note: Both varieties recognised (Bruyns 2005) recurved, with clavate purplish vibratile marginal
occur in Namibia. cilia 1.52.2mm long. Corona 71067mm,
nearly sessile, purple to pink or pale brown; outer
lobes <1mm long, spreading, forming shallow
Piaranthus decipiens (N.E.Br.) Bruyns, Syst. pouch joining bases of inner lobes; inner lobes
Bot. 24: 396 (1999). Type: from South Africa. 36mm long, initially incumbent on backs of an-
Small laxly mat-forming succulent. Stems thers then erect and connivent above them.
20150mm long, tubercles with narrowly del- Habitat: Sandy to loamy ground among
toid caducous leaf-rudiment 36mm long. Co- bushes and trees in flats, 10001600m.
rolla 2030mm diam., shallowly campanulate;
inside brown-red or brown sometimes finely
Key to species
Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na- forming pouch; inner lobes <0.5mm long, ad-
mibia from Aus to north of Rosh Pinah. Figure 209. pressed to and shorter than backs of anthers,
deltoid to rectangular, obtuse to acute, dor-
Voucher: Bruyns 3174 (NBG). siventrally flattened, without dorsal projection.
Figure 210.
Quaqua incarnata (L.f.) Bruyns, Bradleya 1: 39 Habitat: Stony often steep ground among
(1983). Type: from South Africa. scattered low shrubs, 6001600m.
Quaqua incarnata subsp. hottentotorum
Flowering time: Mar.May.
(N.E.Br.) Bruyns, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 121: 370
(1999). Type: from South Africa. Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na-
Caralluma ausana Dinter & A.Berger, Feddes mibia from Aus to south of Rosh Pinah. Figure 211.
Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 15: 354 (1918). Type:
Namibia, near Aus, Dinter 1145 (missing). Neotype Voucher: Bruyns 3210 (NBG).
(Bruyns 1999): Namibia, Aus, Dinter 6210 (K, neo.;
duplicates in BOL, SAM, Z).
Note: Of the three subspecies recognised black on lobes, purple-black mottled on cream
(Bruyns 1999), only subp. hottentotorum occurs in tube, with conical bristle-tipped papillae
in Namibia. around mouth of tube; tube 355mm, cu-
pular; lobes 10204.57.0mm, narrowly lan-
Quaqua mammillaris (L.) Bruyns, Bradleya 1: ceolate, acuminate, erect to spreading, strongly
63 (1983). Type: from South Africa (lecto., longitudinally folded back down middle. Corona
Bruyns 1983). 34.04.5mm, dark purple-brown, raised on
short stipe; outer lobes 1.52.0mm long, erect,
Sarcophagophilus winklerianus Dinter, Feddes
Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 19: 156 (1923), as Sar-
bifid into erect deltoid teeth, laterally fused with
cophagophilus winkleri. Caralluma winkleriana (Dinter) bases of inner lobes to form deep pouch; inner
A.C.White & B.Sloane, Stap., ed. 2, 1: 277 (1937), as lobes 1mm long, adpressed to backs of anthers
Caralluma winkleri. Type: Namibia, Klinghardt Moun- and exceeding them, connivent-erect into small
tains, 1922, Dinter 4722 (PRE, holo.; WIND, iso.). column in centre, linear, obtuse, dorsiventrally
Sarcophagophilus armatus Dinter, Feddes Rep- flattened, with erect dorsal projection slightly in
ert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 53: 107 (1928) non front of outer lobes. Figure 212.
(N.E.Br.) Dinter (1928). Type: Namibia, Vahldorn,
Dinter 5112 (PRE, lecto., Bruyns 1999; duplicates in Habitat: Stony ground among scattered low
BOL, SAM). shrubs, 3001000m.
Succulent shrub to 600mm diam., rooting Flowering time: Mar.May.
from central stem only. Stems 12050015
40mm, irregularly 4- to 5-angled, erect, green Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na-
to brown, tubercles each tipped with sharp mibia from Klinghardt Mountains to southeast of
tooth. Inflorescences of 315 simultaneously Ai-Ais and southeast of Warmbad. Figure 213.
opening flowers, pedicel 232mm. Corolla
2027mm diam., campanulate; inside purple- Voucher: Dinter 6537 (BOL, K).
E D
F
FIGURE 212.Quaqua mammillaris, Little Karoo, South Africa, Bruyns 2616. A, side view of flower; B, bud; C, side view
of centre of dissected flower; D, side view of gynostegium; E, papillae inside corolla in mouth of tube; F, polli-
narium. Scale bars: A, B, 3mm (at A); C, 2mm; D, 1mm; E, 0.5mm (at A); F, 0.25mm (at A).
130 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
Key to species
Note: of the five varieties recognised (Bruyns FIGURE 217.Stapelia kwebensis, north of Grootfontein,
2005), only var. gariepensis is found in Namibia. PVB 5506.
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 133
A
C
G
E
FIGURE 218.Stapelia kwebensis, A, B, C, E, Goaseb Schlucht, Brandberg, Namibia, Bruyns 2355; D, F, near Aroab, Na-
mibia, Bruyns 3574. A, side view of flower; B, face view of flower; C, D, side view of gynostegium; E, F, face view
of gynostegium; G, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, B, 3mm (at B); CF, 1mm (at E); G, 0.25mm (at B).
terete above, lanceolate, acute, with broad later- Stapelia noachabibensis C.A.Lckh., S.A.G. 28:
ally flattened ascending to erect ovate-acute to 228 (1938). Type: Namibia, Noachebib, E. Rusch sub
Lckhoff 257 (missing). Type: S.A.G. 28: fig. (lecto.,
oblong and truncate or dorsal horn fused to and
Bruyns 2005).
slightly shorter than lobe. Figure 221.
Small clump-forming succulent mostly
Habitat: Stony ground among scattered low <150mm diam. Stems 20120(150) 512mm,
shrubs, 8001700m. erect, shortly pubescent, pale green with purple
between angles, leaf-rudiments 1.01.5mm long.
Flowering time: Mar.May. Inflorescences pubescent, usually 1 per stem near
base, 1- to 6-flowered, peduncle to 20mm long,
Distribution: Angola, Namibia. Widespread in
pedicel 30801.52.5mm, spreading with up-
Namibia except in southwest, south of Witptz and
turned apex. Corolla 1528mm diam., rotate to
in sandy eastern flank of the country. Figure 222.
shallowly campanulate; inside yellow-brown to
Vouchers: Bruyns 7999 (WIND) for var. an- dark brown or almost black, coarsely transversely
golensis; Bruyns 1998 (NBG) for var. bergeriana; rugulose, glabrous; tube 1.54.06mm, cu-
Leach & Bayliss 13018 (K, NBG, PRE) for var. pular; lobes 61056mm, ovate-deltate, acute
schinzii. to shortly acuminate, spreading, convex above,
margins eciliate. Corona 335mm, red-
Note: All three varieties recognised (Leach brown to black, raised on stipe <1mm long; out-
1985) occur in Namibia. er lobes 12mm, spreading below middle of
tube, rectangular, truncate to rounded, some-
what channelled on upper surface towards base;
Stapelia similis N.E.Br., Bull. Misc. Inform. inner lobes 1.01.5mm long, adpressed to backs
1911: 358 (1911). Type: from South Africa. of anthers and equalling them, dorsiventrally
Stapelia juttae Dinter, Neue Pfl. Sdw.-Afr.: 53, flattened, deltoid, acute, sometimes with slight
t. 60 (1914). Gonostemon similis var. juttae (Dinter) dorsal swelling near base.
P.V.Heath, Calyx 3: 9 (1993). Type: Namibia, Kanus,
Engler sub Dinter 3252 (SAM, lecto., Bruyns 2005). Habitat: Stony ground among scattered low
shrubs, 8001700m.
Stapelia portae-taurinae Dinter & A.Berger, Bot.
Jahrb. Syst. 50, Suppl.: 592 (1914). Gonostemon simi- Flowering time: Mar.May.
lis var. portae-taurinae (Dinter & A.Berger) P.V.Heath,
Calyx 3: 9 (1993). Type: Namibia, Bllsport, Dinter Distribution: Angola, Namibia, South Africa.
2596 (SAM, holo.). In Namibia from Naukluft southwards. Figure 223.
136 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
Voucher: Bruyns 5674 (WIND). 1b. Outside of corolla glabrous and shiny; outer
corona tube enclosing lower half of column,
Note: Stapelia olivacea N.E.Br. is represented lobes bifid into small outward-pointing teeth .
for Namibia by a single specimen (Leach 1985) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. urniflora
of rather doubtful provenance and has been ex-
cluded from this account.
Stapeliopsis neronis Pillans, S. Afr. Garden. &
Stapelia remota R.A.Dyer was claimed to Country Life 18: 32 (1928). Type: from South
have been found in the valley west of the Baynes Africa.
Mountains in northern Namibia. However, as
discussed in Bruyns (2005), this species has not Small non-rhizomatous clump-forming suc-
been relocated and may have been a hybrid of culent 100300mm diam. Stems 4015020
cultivation. 35mm, decumbent, blue-green mottled with pur-
ple, minutely pubescent, tubercles each tapering
abruptly to minute conical tooth. Inflorescence
Stapeliopsis Pillans minutely pubescent, pedicel 5102mm.
Corolla 17281116mm diam., ellipsoidal;
Spineless clump-forming sometimes rhi- outside finely pubescent, deep purple; inside
zomatous succulent to 300mm diam. Stems 20 white on lobes and mouth of tube, deep purple
100435mm, 4-angled, decumbent or erect, below, papillate in tube only, each papilla with
finely papillate-pubescent, blue-green mottled apical bristle to 1.25mm long near base of tube;
with purple; tubercles tapering to small tooth. tube 12241315mm to 1.01.5mm broad
Inflorescence glabrous to minutely pubescent, 1 at mouth, ellipsoidal; lobes 453mm, nar-
per stem near base, 1- to 6-flowered develop- rowly deltate, acute, erect, convex above. Coro-
ing in gradual succession, peduncle knobbly to na 7115mm, dark purple, raised on stipe
25mm long, pedicel 210mm long, elongat- 256mm; outer lobes 711mm tall, fused
ing (with follicles) to 25mm long, spreading into erect cylinder 5mm broad hiding rest of
then erect with flower facing upwards. Corolla gynostegium, with 5 incurved obtuse flaps at
928525mm, ellipsoidal, shallowly lobed; mouth, outside finely setose towards base; inner
outside glabrous and shiny to finely papillate; in- lobes 4.56.0mm long, linear, tapering to slender
side not rugulose, papillate, papillae with apical terete apex. Figure 224.
bristle to 2mm long near base of corolla; tube
224315mm, with narrow mouth; lobes Habitat: Stony slopes among scattered low
21627mm, margins eciliate; gynostegial shrubs, 400700m.
corona of 2 series of lobes wholly intergrown,
raised on short stipe, 2.511.0l.25.0mm; Flowering time: Dec.May.
outer lobes 111mm long, fused into cup or
cylinder; inner lobes 26mm long, adpressed to
backs of anthers near base, erect then connivent
towards apices, laterally flattened, usually with
conspicuous rounded-deltoid dorsal process
around middle, anthers horizontal on top of style
head, rectangular; pollinium ellipsoidal, with
insertion-crest along outer edge. Follicles paired,
erect, terete-fusiform, slender, glabrous, smooth.
Key to species
C D
B
G
A
G H
FIGURE 226.Stapeliopsis urniflora, E, southwest of Helmeringhausen, Namibia, Bruyns 5733; rest, south of Helmering-
hausen, Namibia, Bruyns 1477. A, apex of stem; B, side view of flower; C, side view of dissected flower; D, E, side
view of gynostegium; F, side view of gynostegium with one inner and two outer corona lobes removed; G, papillae
inside corolla: those with long apical seta from base of tube, those with very short apical seta from just above mid-
dle of tube; H, pollinarium. Scale bars: AC, 3mm (at A); DF, 1mm (at A); G, 0.5mm (at A); H, 0.25mm (at A).
138 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
Key to species
1a. Corolla tubular; tube circular in cross-section,
with lobes much less than a quarter of the
length of the tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. barklyi
1b. Corolla campanulate; tube pentagonal in cross-
section, with lobes more or less equalling the
tube in length . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. thompsoniorum
FIGURE 227.Distribution of Stapeliopsis urniflora.
C
D G
FIGURE 228.Tavaresia barklyi, Victoria West, South Africa, Mullins 94. A, bud; B, side view of flower; C, side view of
centre of dissected flower; D, side view of base of gynostegium; E, side view of dissected gynostegium; F, papillae
inside corolla from base of tube; G, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, B, 5mm (at A); C, 3mm (at A); D, 1mm; E, 1mm;
F, 0.5mm (at A); G, 0.25mm (at A).
Staparesia thompsoniorum (Van Jaarsveld & rona 101256mm; segments of outer lobes
Nagel) G.D.Rowley). 8mm long; inner lobes maroon.
Stems (8-)10- to 12-angled, each tubercle Habitat: Stony slopes or flats among scat-
tipped with 3 bristles, central bristle horizontal, tered mopane (Colophospermum mopane) trees,
laterals about half the length and ascending. Co- 1000m.
rolla 20304060mm, campanulate, lobed to
at least half of length; inside maroon or often lon- Flowering time: Nov.Mar.
gitudinally flecked with cream; tube 2030mm
long, widening to 15mm at mouth, pentago- Distribution: Angola, Namibia. In Namibia
nal in cross-section; lobes 1220815mm, only known along Cunene River east of Epupa
ovate-deltate, acuminate, convex above. Co- Falls. Figure 231.
140 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
Tridentea Haw.
Key to species
Spineless clump-forming succulent 30 1a. Outer corona lobes trifid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
500mm diam. Stems 30150820mm, ob- 1b. Outer corona lobes bifid or simple . . . . . . T. jucunda
tusely 4-angled, decumbent, glabrous, greyish 2a. Corolla inside bright yellow to greenish yellow,
green flecked with brown, tubercles each with 2030mm diam.; lobes usually without mar-
spreading subulate caducous leaf-rudiment 1.5 ginal cilia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. virescens
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 141
C
D*
E
D
A
B
FIGURE 233.Tridentea marientalensis, AE, Tiras, Namibia, Bruyns 4220; D*, southwest of Maltahhe, Namibia, Bruyns
4169. A, apex of stem; B, side view of centre of dissected flower, gynostegium with one outer corona lobe re-
moved; C, face view of outer corona lobe; D, papillae inside corolla; E, pollinarium (one pollinium broken off).
Scale bars: A, 3mm; B, C, 1mm (at B); D, 0.5mm; E, 0.25mm.
each with white apical bristle up to 2mm long; Mountains and Mariental to Great Karas Moun-
tube shallowly conical; lobes 182512.5mm, tains and southeast of Warmbad. Both subspe-
ovate, acute, spreading to strongly reflexed, cies recognised occur in Namibia, with subsp.
margins with vibratile cilia to 5mm long. Co- albipilosa endemic to Namibia. Figure 235.
rona 71012mm, pale yellow spotted
with brown, raised on short stipe; outer lobes Vouchers: Bruyns 5685 (PRE, WIND) for sub-
61.52.0mm, ascending, deeply trifid; sp. albipilosa; Calitz & Sheuyange 83 (WIND) for
central lobule 5mm long, narrowly deltoid, subsp. marientalensis.
acute to truncate or bifid, slightly channelled
above; lateral lobules 3.03.5mm long, slender,
often diverging; inner lobes 3.55.0mm long,
connivent becoming recurved above, terete
above, obtuse, near base with ascending later-
ally flattened narrowly deltoid dorsal horn
1.02.50.50.6mm. Figures 233 & 234.
Habitat: Gravelly or sandy flats among scat-
tered shrubs, often Rhigozum trichotomum, 1000
1700m.
Flowering time: Dec.Mar.
Distribution: Botswana, Namibia, South Af- FIGURE 234.Tridentea marientalensis subsp. albipilosa,
rica. In Namibia from near Maltahhe to Tiras near Maltahhe, PVB 5685.
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 143
Flowering time: Dec.Jun. purplish black, raised on short stipe; outer lobes
231.5mm, ascending, rectangular, crenulate
Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na- towards obtuse to acute apex, channelled above;
mibia known from Witptz to near mouth of Fish inner lobes 5mm long, adpressed to backs of an-
River. Figure 240. thers then erect and slightly connivent, diverging
towards apices, dorsiventrally flattened then swell-
Voucher: Hardy & De Winter 1356 (PRE).
ing to clavate obscurely tuberculate apex, with
Note: Of the two subspecies recognised nearly identical ascending then recurving clavate
(Bruyns 2005), only subsp. longipes occurs in Na- dorsal horn arising near base.
mibia.
Habitat: Among stones around bases of hills
with windbown sand, 200500m.
Tromotriche ruschiana (Dinter) Bruyns, S. Af-
Flowering time: Dec.Jun.
rican J. Bot. 61: 208 (1995). Stapelia ruschi-
ana Dinter, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Distribution: Namibia. Known around the
Veg. 19: 177 (1923). Tridentea ruschiana Klinghardt Mountains only. Figure 241.
(Dinter) L.C.Leach, Trans. Rhod. Scient. As-
soc. 59: 4 (1978). Type: Namibia, Klinghardt Voucher: Bruyns 7900 (K).
Mountains, Dinter 3963 (missing). Neotype
(Leach 1980): Klinghardt Mountains, Plowes Tromotriche umdausensis (Nel) Bruyns, S. Af-
4988 (PRE). rican J. Bot. 61: 207 (1995). Type: from South
Africa.
Usually compact clump-forming succulent
to 300mm diam. Stems 40200620mm, Compact clump-forming succulent to 200mm
erect to spreading. Inflorescences 12 per stem diam. Stems 30100615mm, erect. Inflores-
towards base, peduncle 5406mm, pedicels cences 13 arising randomly on stem, peduncle
406024mm, spreading with upturned apex. to 5mm long, pedicel 20402mm, ascend-
Corolla 3050mm diam., shallowly campanulate; ing then horizontal at apex. Corolla 1530mm
inside red-brown to dark maroon on lobes to white diam., campanulate; inside in tube usually red to
on rugosities with dark red between them in lower brown reticulately to radially marked with white
third of lobes and tube, rugulose; tube 81010 to yellow, lobes uniformly yellow to red-brown or
12mm, cupular; lobes 1425610mm, spread- brown to faintly reticulately mottled, rugulose; tube
ing, convex above, with dark purple marginal cilia 581012mm, cupular; lobes 912510mm,
1.53.0mm long. Corona 688mm, shiny ovate, acute, ascending to spreading, convex
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 147
F C B
E
G D
FIGURE 242.Tromotriche umdausensis, C, northeast of Kamieskroon, South Africa, Bruyns 6346; A, B, DG, north of
Steinkopf, South Africa, Bruyns 1337. A, apex of stem; B, side view of flower; C, side view of centre of dissected
flower; D, side view of gynostegium; E, face view of gynostegium; F, papillae inside corolla around annulus; G, pol-
linarium. Scale bars: A, 3mm; B, 5mm; C, 3mm; D, E, 1mm (at E); F, 0.5mm; G, 0.25mm (at F).
Acknowledgements
Gillian Maggs-Klling first suggested this pro- curators of the herbaria BOL, M, NBG, PRE and
ject and I am grateful for her input. Two visits to WIND are thanked for placing their collections
WIND for gathering data and determining speci- at my disposal. S.P. Bester is thanked for his com-
mens were funded by a grant from the GEF, Small ments on an earlier version of this manuscript.
Grants Programme, Namibia, facilitated by E.G.
Kwembeya and G. Maggs-Klling. E.S. Klaassen I am very grateful to Silke Bartsch, Barbara
produced the first draft of some of the distribution- Curtis, Chris Hines, Coleen Mannheimer, Andy
maps. I wish to thank Christiane Anderson for as- Moore and the late Willy Giess for the use of their
sistance with some nomenclatural questions. The photographs.
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 149
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S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 151
Index
Chlorocyathus Oliv.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
C. monteiroae Oliv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Colophospermum mopane (J.Kirk ex Benth.) J.Kirk ex J.Lonard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 102, 139
Cordylogyne argillicola Dinter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
C. globosa E.Mey.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Crassula L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3
Craterostemma schinzii K.Schum.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Crotalaria L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Cryptolepis R.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
C. arenicola Schltr. ex Dinter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
C. decidua (Planch. ex Benth.) N.E.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
C. oblongifolia (Meisn.) Schltr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22
Cryptostegia grandiflora R.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 20
Curroria Planch. ex Benth.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
C. decidua Planch. ex Benth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Cynanchum L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 42
C. gerrardii (Harv.) Liede. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 43
C. meyeri (Decne.) Schltr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4244
C. orangeanum (Schltr.) N.E.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 44, 45
C. pearsonianum Liede & Meve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 44, 46, 47
C. pearsonii N.E.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
C. schistoglossum Schltr.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 45, 47
C. viminale (L.) Bassi ex L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 11, 42, 45, 47, 48
Cyperus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Decabelone grandiflora Dinter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Diplorhynchus Welw. ex Ficalho & Hiern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 12
D. condylocarpon (Mll.Arg.) Pichon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 13
Duvalia Haw.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 70, 94
D. caespitosa (Masson) Haw.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 95
D. caespitosa subsp. pubescens (N.E.Br.) Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
D. maculata N.E.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9496
D. minuta Nel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
D. polita N.E.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9496
Ectadium E.Mey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 22
E. latifolium (Schinz) N.E.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
E. rotundifolium (H.Huber) Venter & Kotze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
E. virgatum E.Mey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 23
E. virgatum var. latifolium Schinz.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
E. virgatum var. rotundifolium H.Huber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Eragrostis Wolf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Euphorbia L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3
E. eduardoi L.C.Leach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
E. viminalis L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Fockea Endl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
F. angustifolia K.Schum.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3032
F. comaru (E.Mey.) N.E.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3032
F. dammarana Schltr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
F. multiflora K.Schum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 32, 33
F. sinuata (E.Mey.) Druce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 33, 34
Fockeeae H.Kunze, Meve & Liede. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 30
Gomphocarpus R.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 48
G. cancellatus (Burm.f.) Bruyns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 49
G. filiformis (E.Mey.) D.Dietr.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 49
G. fruticosus (L.) W.T.Aiton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4850
G. semiamplectens K.Schum.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 50
G. tomentosus Burch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 51
Gonostemon flavopurpureus var. fleckii (A.Berger & Schltr.) P.V.Heath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
G. longipedicellatus (A.Berger) P.V.Heath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
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