Pump Control (Main Hydraulic) - Main Pump Regulator...

320D and 323D Excavators Hydraulic System

Caterpillar
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Usage:
320D A6F 320D L A8F 320D L A9F 324D L BTK 323D L BYM 320D BZP 325D FM C7K 325D FM C8L 325D FM LL C9M 324D CJX 323D LN CWG 320D CXY 323D LN CYD 323D LN
DCJ 320D2 DFM 324D L DFP 320D L DHK 323D S DKW 320D2 DNP M325D MH EDF 324D LN EJC 320D2 L EKT 320D FAL 320D2 FKK 320D2 GBA 320D L GDP 324D L GPK 323D
L GTF 328D LCR GTN 320D2 L HDM 324D L JAT 323D2 L JEG 320D2 GC JFM 320D JFZ 324D FM JGK 320D JGZ 324D L JJG 324D FM JKR 323D L JLG 324D FM LL JLS 320D JPD
320D GC JZA 324D JZR M325D L MH KAY 323D2 L KCE 320D L KGF M325D L MH KGG 320D FM KHN 320D2 L KHR 324D LN KJR 320D KLM

Operation
The regulators for the drive pump and the idler pump are identical in construction and operation. The following description is given for the idler pump regulator.
The main pump regulators are controlled in the following manner.
Power Shift System - The pump regulators are controlled by the electronic control system. The machine ECM continually monitors the engine speed and the load on the engine. The machine ECM sends an electrical signal
to the proportional reducing valve for power shift pressure. The proportional reducing valve assists in controlling the output flow of the pumps by changing the hydraulic signal pressure (power shift pressure) that flows to the
pump regulators.
Cross sensing control - The pump regulators are controlled by cross sensing control. In order to maintain the engine horsepower to the pumps at a constant rate, the pump regulators receive average delivery pressure of the
drive pump and the idler pump through the cross sensing control. This is called constant horsepower control.
Negative Flow Control - When the joysticks and/or the travel levers/pedals are in the NEUTRAL position or when the joysticks and/or the travel levers/pedals are partially moved from the NEUTRAL position, the pump
regulators receive negative flow control pressure from the main control valve. The main pumps are controlled by negative flow control pressure at this time.
ReferenceFor more information concerning the power shift system, refer to Systems Operation, "Pilot Hydraulic System".
ReferenceFor more information concerning the negative flow control operation at the main control valve, refer to Systems Operation, "Negative Flow Control System".
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Illustration 1 g00687567
P-Q characteristic curve

(A) Pressure/flow point (destroke point)

(B) P-Q characteristic curve

The output characteristics of each pump depends on the following pressures.

Pump output circuit pressure
Power shift pressure
Negative flow control pressure
The flow rate of each pump is represented on P-Q characteristic curve (B) from pressure/flow point (A) . Each point on the P-Q characteristic curve represents the flow rate and pressure when pump output horsepower is
maintained at a constant rate.
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Illustration 2 g01182816
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Illustration 3 g01182817
Pump compartment

(1) Proportional reducing valve (power shift pressure)

(44) Line (negative flow control pressure to drive pump regulator)

(67) Line (pilot oil flow to proportional reducing valve)

(68) Line (negative flow control pressure to idler pump regulator)

(69) Line (power shift pressure from proportional reducing valve to idler pump regulator)

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Illustration 4 g01338515
Main pumps

(6) Port (negative flow control pressure to the drive pump)

(17) Port (negative flow control pressure to the idler pump)

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Illustration 5 g01338517
Idler pump regulator

(20) Swashplate

(26) Pin

(31) Passage

(32) Passage

(33) Passage (average delivery pressure of the drive pump and the idler pump)

(34) Guide

(35) Slide plate

(36) Control linkage

(38) Passage (power shift pressure)

(41) Spool

(42) Pilot piston

(43) Control piston

(46) Passage

(47) Piston

(48) Piston chamber

(49) Passage

(50) Passage

(51) Sleeve

(52) Shoulder

(54) Pin

(56) Left body

(65) Piston chamber

(66) Passage

(P2) Delivery pressure (idler pump)

Delivery pressure for the idler pump (P2) flows through passage (66) and passage (32) into the left chamber around spool (41) . Spool (41) meters the oil flow through passage (49) to passage (46) , passage (31) and piston
chamber (48) in order to control the movement of piston (47) .
The cross sensing control delivers the average delivery pressure of the drive pump and the idler pump (PM) through passage (33) . Under total horsepower control, the average delivery pressure of the drive pump and the
idler pump (PM) from passage (33) acts on shoulder (52) of pilot piston (42) .
Power shift pressure (PS) that flows through passage (38) acts on the right end of pilot piston (42) . The average delivery pressure of the drive pump and the idler pump (PM) combines with the power shift pressure (PS) in
order to control the movement of pilot piston (42) and spool (41) .
During negative flow control, negative flow control pressure (PN) from line (44) enters piston chamber (65) . The right end of control piston (43) is pressurized. Control piston (43) acts on spool (41) in order to control the
output flow of the pump.
The position and the movement of piston (47) determines the position and the movement of swashplate (20) and sleeve (51) . Pin (26) connects one end of control linkage (36) to piston (47) . The other end of control linkage
(36) is connected to left body (56) by pin (54) . When piston (47) shifts, control linkage (36) rotates on the axis of pin (54) . The movement of the control linkage causes slide plate (35) to move sleeve (51) . The movement of
sleeve (51) and spool (41) cause passages (49) and (50) to open, and/or the movement of sleeve (51) and spool (41) cause passages (49) and (50) to close. As piston (47) shifts to the right, swashplate (20) moves toward the
minimum angle position.

STANDBY Position
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Illustration 6 g01338518
Main pump regulator in the STANDBY position

(20) Swashplate

(31) Passage

(32) Passage

(33) Passage (average delivery pressure of the drive pump and the idler pump)

(36) Control linkage

(38) Passage (power shift pressure)

(39) Spring

(40) Spring

(41) Spool

(42) Pilot piston

(43) Control piston

(44) Passage (NFC)

(46) Passage

(47) Piston

(48) Piston chamber

(49) Passage

(50) Passage

(52) Shoulder

(53) Piston chamber

(55) Passage

(57) Stopper

(65) Piston chamber

(P2) Delivery pressure (idler pump)

Illustration 6 shows the idler pump regulator in the STANDBY position. All of the joysticks and the travel levers/pedals are in the NEUTRAL position. The main pump regulators are controlled by the negative flow control
pressure (PN) in piston chamber (65) .
The machine ECM controls the power shift pressure (PS) to a level that is dependent on engine speed. When the main pump regulator is in the STANDBY position, decreased power shift pressure flows through passage (38) .
The decreased power shift pressure acts on the end of pilot piston (42) .
The cross sensing control delivers the average delivery pressure of the drive pump and the idler pump (PM) through passage (33) . The average delivery pressure of the drive pump and the idler pump (PM) acts on shoulder
(52) in the center of pilot piston (42) . Since the main pump regulators are in the STANDBY position, pressure (PM) in passage (33) is low pressure standby pressure.
When all of the joysticks and the travel levers/pedals are in the NEUTRAL position, all of the control valves for the implements, swing and travel are in the NEUTRAL position. The oil flow rate through the center bypass
passage in the main control valve is maximum. The oil flow through the center bypass passage is restricted at the negative flow control orifice. High negative flow control pressure (PN) flows from the main control valve
through line (44) and port (17) to piston chamber (65) of the idler pump regulator. When the negative flow control pressure is maximum, the output flow of the pump is maintained at a minimum (STANDBY).
Negative flow control pressure (PN) enters the idler pump regulator at port (17) . The negative flow control pressure (PN) flows to piston chamber (65) . When the negative flow control pressure (PN) increases, control piston
(43) is pushed to the left against the force of spring (64) . As the negative flow control pressure increases further, control piston (43) pushes pilot piston (42) and spool (41) to the left. The movement of the control piston, the
pilot piston and the spool will stop when the force of the negative flow control pressure becomes equal to the force of springs (39) , (40) and (64) . Delivery pressure of the idler pump (P2) is now blocked at passage (49) .
The negative flow control pressure in piston chamber (48) flows through passage (31) , passage (50) , past spool (41) and through passage (55) to the case drain of the pump.
The delivery pressure of the idler pump (P2) in piston chamber (53) pushes piston (47) to the right. Piston (47) moves to the right until the piston contacts stopper (57) . Control linkage (36) causes swashplate (20) to rotate
toward the minimum angle position. As a result, the output flow of the pump decreases.

UPSTROKE Position
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Illustration 7 g01338522
Main pump regulator in the UPSTROKE position

(20) Swashplate

(31) Passage

(32) Passage

(33) Passage (average delivery pressure of the drive pump and the idler pump)

(34) Guide

(36) Control linkage

(38) Passage (power shift pressure)

(39) Spring

(40) Spring

(41) Spool

(42) Pilot piston

(43) Control piston

(44) Passage (NFC)

(46) Passage

(47) Piston

(48) Piston chamber

(49) Passage

(50) Passage

(51) Sleeve

(52) Shoulder

(64) Spring

(65) Piston chamber

(P2) Delivery pressure (idler pump)

Three conditions that can cause an increase in flow from the main pumps are listed below.
A decrease in the system pressure
A decrease in the cross sensing control
A decrease in power shift pressure
A decrease in negative flow control pressure
Illustration 7 shows the main pump regulator in the UPSTROKE position due to an decrease in negative flow control pressure.
When the joysticks and/or travel levers/pedals are slowly moved from the NEUTRAL position, the oil flow rate through the center bypass passage in the main control valve decreases proportionally by the amount of
movement of the individual spools in the main control valve. The negative flow control pressure decreases proportionally to the length of spool movement. Therefore, the negative flow control pressure (PN) that flows to
piston chamber (65) decreases proportionally with the amount of movement of the joysticks and/or travel levers/pedals. Control piston (43) moves to the right against the force of springs (39) , (40) and (64) . The angle of
swashplate (20) gradually increases and the output flow of the pump gradually increases. Since pump delivery flow is proportional to the amount of movement of the joysticks and/or travel levers/pedals, fine operation of the
implements can be performed. During fine operation of the implements, the output flow rate of the pump is controlled by the negative flow control pressure.
The average delivery pressure of the drive pump and the idler pump (PM) from passage (33) acts on shoulder (52) of pilot piston (42) . Power shift pressure (PS) from passage (38) acts on the right end of pilot piston (42) .
The combined force of pressure (PM) and pressure (PS) attempt to force pilot piston (42) and spool (41) to the left against the force of springs (39) and (40) . The combined force of pressure (PM) and pressure (PS) is less
than the force of springs (39) and (40) . Springs (39) and (40) push guide (34) to the right. The position of spool (41) in sleeve (51) closes passage (50) so that the flow of the delivery pressure of the idler pump (P2) to case
drain is blocked. Delivery pressure of the idler pump (P2) now flows through passages (32) , (49) , (46) and (31) to piston chamber (48) . Delivery pressure of the idler pump (P2) acts on both ends of piston (47) . Since the
surface area on the right end of the piston is greater than the surface area on the left end of the piston, piston (47) is positioned fully to the left. As a result, control linkage (36) positions swashplate (20) at the maximum angle
position. At the UPSTROKE position, the pump delivers the maximum output flow.

DESTROKE Position
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Illustration 8 g01338524
Main pump regulator in the DESTROKE position

(20) Swashplate

(31) Passage

(32) Passage

(33) Passage (average delivery pressure of the drive pump and the idler pump)

(35) Slide plate

(36) Control linkage

(38) Passage (power shift pressure)

(39) Spring

(40) Spring

(41) Spool

(42) Pilot piston

(43) Control piston

(44) Passage (NFC)

(46) Passage

(47) Piston

(48) Piston chamber

(49) Passage

(50) Passage

(51) Sleeve

(52) Shoulder

(53) Piston chamber

(55) Passage

(65) Piston chamber

(P2) Delivery pressure (idler pump)

Conditions that can cause a decrease in flow from the main pumps are listed below.
An increase in system pressure
An increase in the cross sensing control
An increase in power shift pressure
 An increase in negative flow control pressure
Illustration 8 shows the main pump regulator in the DESTROKE position due to an increase in system pressure.
The negative flow control pressure in piston chamber (65) is low. Control piston (43) is shifted to the right.
The average delivery pressure of the drive pump and the idler pump (PM) in passage (33) increases. The increased pressure (PM) acts on shoulder (52) of pilot piston (42) . Pilot piston (42) forces spool (41) to the left. Spool
(41) compresses springs (39) and (40) . Passages (50) and (49) close and the flow of the delivery pressure of the idler pump (P2) from passage (32) to piston chamber (48) is blocked.
As the average delivery pressure of the drive pump and the idler pump (PM) in passage (33) increases further, pilot piston (42) and spool (41) shift farther to the left. Passage (50) opens. The oil from piston chamber (48) now
flows through passages (31) , (46) , (50) and (55) to the case drain of the pump. Since the pressure in piston chamber (48) is now lower than the pressure in piston chamber (53) , piston (47) shifts to the right. As a result,
control linkage (36) moves swashplate (20) toward the minimum angle position.
Piston (47) is connected to sleeve (51) by control linkage (36) . As piston (47) shifts, the movement of the control linkage causes slide plate (35) to move sleeve (51) to the left. Sleeve (51) closes passages (49) and (50) . The
spool, the sleeve and the swashplate stop in a position that maintains the engine horsepower to the pumps at a constant rate.