Using the Correct Coordinating Conjunctions

Directions: What coordinating conjunctions should connect these clauses? Write your answer on the space provided
for you.

___ 1. It was raining. We went out.

___ 2. It was a warm day. We took off our sweaters.
___ 3. He was an extravagant person. He did not spend all his money.
___ 4. He was an extravagant person. He spent his money foolishly.
___ 5. Tell the truth. I will punish you.
___ 6. Tell the truth. Ill not punish you.
___ 7. Anton lost his book. He didnt look for it.
___ 8. You will hand in your theme on time. Ill impose a penalty.
___ 9. Josie studied hard for the test. She got a good grade.
___ 10. You are not paying attention. The teacher will scold you.

Supplying the Appropriate Subordinating Conjunctions

Directions: What subordinating conjunctions should connect these clauses? Choose from the subordinating
conjunction inside the box. Write your answer on the space provided for you.

if that

when unless

although because

since wherever

___ 1. She could not go out. She felt ill.

___ 2. We went out. The rain stopped.
___ 3. She did not know. She lost her watch.
___ 4. The child is crying. He has been punished.
___ 5. She was not sure. She could go.
___ 6. She didnt wear her new shoes. Her mother told her to.
___ 7. It was growing dark. She reached home.
___ 8. Ill attend your party. You invite me.
___ 9. Ill buy that picture. It is very pretty.
___ 10. She has a lot of books. She doesnt read them.

Coordinating conjunctions tie together words and word-groups which have the same grammatical construction.

List of coordinating conjuntions:

F for
A and
N nor
B but
O or
Y yet
S -- so
Examples:
I study mathematics and history. (Noun)
We sang and danced heartily. (Verbs)
The book was old and soiled. (Adjectives)
They worked rapidly but carefully. (Adverbs)
He went into the water and down to the bottom. (Phrases)
They waited a long time, yet nobody came. (Principal Clauses)
We can go if our father permits us and if he gives us money. (Dependent Clauses
. The And type
And is used to add something to what has already been said. It should be used only when the second idea is
along the same line of thought as the first idea.
Examples:
 a. The man was ugly and mean.
(The words ugly and mean are both negative qualities.)
b. She is attractive and bad tempered.
(The sentence is faulty because attractive is a positive quality while bad tempered is a negative quality.)

2. The But type

But adds something contrary to or different from what has been said. When we use and, the second part of the
sentence expresses an idea similar to the first. When we use but, the second part of the sentence expresses an idea
that is the contrast to the first.
He is stupid but hardworking.
(Stupid expresses a negative quality while hardworking expresses positive quality. The second idea is
constructive.)

3. The Or type
Or implies a choice. It connects ideas of equal value, giving one a chance to choose either idea.
Examples:
a. You can come today or tomorrow.
b. I can go or stay as I please.

4. The So type
The conjunction so is used when the second part is a consequence or effect of the first part. The so type differs
from the and type, which implies the same line of thought and from the but type, which implies a contrast. So implies
that the second part follows as a result of the first part.
Example:
He shouted, so I had to listen to him.

Subordinators are function words that join dependent clauses to main clauses; they are of two types: those that
pattern like because and form that pattern like who, whom, whose, which and that.
These words not only introduce the subordinate clause but link it to the main clause. Their chief function is to
make clear exactly what the relation between the two clauses is. The chief relations they show are time, place,
cause, result, exception, condition, and alternative.

Subordinators express various logical relationships such as:

1. Purpose: so that, in order that, in case, lest
They read that they may learn.
They read, so that they may learn.
2. Cause and effect: because, since, whereas, inasmuch as
He failed because he did not study.
He could not stand the wind and rain since he fell ill.
3. Manner: as, as if, as though, in such a way that
Tess is acting as if she knows everything.
4. Condition: if, even if, unless, in case, in the event that
If you go with me, Ill treat you to a snack.
Ill not speak to you unless you go with me.
5. Place: where, wherever
I dont know where I lost it.
6. An adjectival subordinate clauses are usually introduced by the pronouns who, whom, whose, which and that.
These pronouns are called relative pronouns because they relate the adjective clause to the word the clause
modifies (the antecedent of the relative pronoun). In addition to referring to the word the clause modifies, the
relative pronoun has a job to do within the adjective clause.
a. The boy who won the prize is my cousin.
(The relative pronoun who relates the adjective clause to boy. It also functions as the subject of the adjective
clause.)
b. Javeline is one of the people whom I invited.
(Whom relates the adjective clause to people; it also ffunctions as the direct object of the clause. I invited
whom.)
c. The boys apologized to the man whose window they had broken.
(Whose relates the clause to man. Within the adjective clause it functions as a modifier of window.)

Wake!
For the Sun, who scattered into flight
The Stars before him from the Field of Night,
Drives Night along with them from Heav'n and strikes
The Sultn's Turret with a Shaft of Light.
And, as the Cock crew, those who stood before
Come, fill the Cup, and in the Fire of Spring
The Winter Garment of Repentance fling:
The Bird of Time has but a little way
To fly -- and Lo! the Bird is on the Wing.
The Worldly Hope men set their Hearts upon
Turns Ashes -- or it prospers; and anon,
Like Snow upon the Desert's dusty Face
Lighting a little Hour or two -- is gone.
Think, in this batter'd Caravanserai
Whose Doorways are alternate Night and Day,
How Sultan after Sultan with his Pomp
Abode his Hour or two and went his way.
Ah, my Beloved, fill the Cup that clears
TO-DAY of past Regrets and future Fears:
To-morrow! Why, To-morrow I may be
Myself with Yesterday's Sev'n thousand Years.
For some we loved, the loveliest and the best
That from his Vintage rolling Time has prest,
Have drunk their Cup a Round or two before,
And one by one crept silently to rest
Ah, make the most of what we yet may spend,
Before we too into the Dust descend;
Dust into Dust, and under Dust, to lie,
Sans Wine, sans Song, sans Singer, and--sans End!
Oh threats of Hell and Hopes of Paradise!
One thing at least is certain--This Life flies:
One thing is certain and the rest is lies;
The Flower that once is blown for ever dies

Directions: Choose a passage from the poem, The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayam, and write your reflections on it.
Example:
The Bird of Time has but a little way, To fly -- and Lo! the Bird is on the Wing.
Pointers for writing a reflection
1. Interpret the meaning of the lines by paraphrasing or re-stating them.
2. Relate an experience in your life or observation around you that will help explain or illustrate the meaning of the lines.
3. Conclude with your own view of the passage. Do you agree or believe in it? Is it an Afro-Asian or universal concept?
How does it influence ones attitude in life
 Shakuntala by Kalidasa (Act IV)
(excerpts)

Sharngarava (listening to the song of kol-birds).

Father,
The trees are answering your prayer
In cooing cuckoo-song,
Bidding Shakuntala farewell,
Their sister for so long.
Invisible beings.
May lily-dotted lakes delight your eye;
May shade-trees bid the heat of noonday cease;
May soft winds blow the lotus-pollen nigh;
May all your path be pleasantness and peace.
(All listen in astonishment.)
Gautami.
My child, the fairies of the pious grove bid you farewell. For they love the household. Pay reverence to the holy
ones.
Shakuntala (does so. Aside to PRIYAMVADA).
Priyamvada, I long to see my husband, and yet my feet will hardly move. It is hard, hard to leave the hermitage.
Priyamvada.
You are not the only one to feel sad at this farewell. See how the whole grove feels at parting from you.
The grass drops from the feeding doe;
The peahen stops her dance;
Pale, trembling leaves are falling slow,
The tears of clinging plants.
Shakuntala(recalling something).
Father, I must say good-bye to the spring-creeper, my sister among the vines.
Kanva.
I know your love for her. See! Here she is at your right hand.
Shakuntala (approaches the vine and embraces it).
Vine sister, embrace me too with your arms, these branches. I shall be far away from you after to-day. Father, you
must care for her as you did for me.
Kanva.
My child, you found the lover who
Had long been sought by me;
No longer need I watch for you;
Ill give the vine a lover true,
This handsome mango-tree.
And now start on your journey.
Shakuntala (going to the two friends).
Dear girls, I leave her in your care too.
The two friends.
But who will care for poor us? (They shed tears.)
Kanva.
Anusuya! Priyamvada! Do not weep. It is you who should cheer Shakuntala. (
Shakuntala.
Father, there is the pregnant doe, wandering about near the cottage. When she becomes a happy mother, you
must send some one to bring me the good news. Do not forget.
Kanva.
I shall not forget, my child.
Shakuntala (stumbling).
Oh, oh! Who is it that keeps pulling at my dress, as if to hinder me? (She turns round to see.)
Kanva.
It is the fawn whose lip, when torn
By kusha-grass, you soothed with oil;
The fawn who gladly nibbled corn
Held in your hand; with loving toil
You have adopted him, and he
Would never leave you willingly.
Shakuntala.
My dear, why should you follow me when I am going away from home? Your mother died when you were born and
I brought you up. Now I am leaving you, and Father Kanva will take care of you. Go back, dear! Go back! (She
 walks away, weeping.)
Kanva.
Do not weep, my child. Be brave. Look at the path before you.
Be brave, and check the rising tears
That dim your lovely eyes;
Your feet are stumbling on the path
That so uneven lies.
Sharngarava.
Holy Father, the Scripture declares that one should accompany a departing loved one only to the first water. Pray
give us your commands on the bank of this pond, and then return.
Kanva.
Then let us rest in the shade of this fig-tree. (All do so.) What commands would it be fitting for me to lay on King
Dushyanta? (He reflects.)
Anusuya.
My dear, there is not a living thing in the whole hermitage that is not grieving to-day at saying good-bye to you.
Look!
The sheldrake does not heed his mate
Who calls behind the lotus-leaf;
He drops the lily from his bill
And turns on you a glance of grief.
Kanva.
Son Sharngarava, when you present Shakuntala to the king, give him this message from me.
Remembering my religious worth,
Your own high race, the love poured forth
By her, forgetful of her friends,
Pay her what honour custom lends
To all your wives. And what fate gives
Beyond, will please her relatives.
Sharngarava.
I will not forget your message, Father.

Kanva (turning to SHAKUNTALA).

My child, I must now give you my counsel. Though I live in the forest, I have some knowledge of the world.
Sharngarava.
True wisdom, Father, gives insight into everything.
Kanva.
My child, when you have entered your husbands home,
Obey your elders; and be very kind
To rivals; never be perversely blind
And angry with your husband, even though he
Should prove less faithful than a man might be;
Be as courteous to servants as you may,
Not puffed with pride in this your happy day:
Thus does a maiden grow into a wife;
But self-willed women are the curse of life.
But what does Gautami say?
Gautami.
This is advice sufficient for a bride. (To SHAKUNTALA.) You will not forget, my child.
Kanva.
Come, my daughter, embrace me and your friends.
Shakuntala.
Oh, Father! Must my friends turn back too?
Kanva.
My daughter, they too must someday be given in marriage. Therefore they may not go to court. Gautami will go
with you.
Shakuntala (throwing her arms about her father).
I am torn from my fathers breast like a vine stripped from a sandal-tree on the Malabar hills. How can I live in
another soil? (She weeps.)
Kanva.
My daughter, why distress yourself so?
A noble husbands honourable wife,
You are to spend a busy, useful life
In the worlds eye; and soon, as eastern skies
Bring forth the sun, from you there shall arise
A child, a blessing and a comfort strong
 You will not miss me, dearest daughter, long.
Shakuntala (falling at his feet).
Farewell, Father.
Kanva.
My daughter, may all that come to you which I desire for you.
Shakuntala (going to her two friends).
Come, girls! Embrace me, both of you together.
The two friends (do so).
Dear, if the good king should perhaps be slow to recognise you, show him the ring with his own name engraved
on it.
Shakuntala.
Your doubts make my heart beat faster.
The two friends.
Do not be afraid, dear. Love is timid.
Sharngarava (looking about).
Father, the sun is in midheaven. She must hasten.
Shakuntala (embracing KANVA once more).

Father, when shall I see the pious grove again?

Kanva.
My daughter, When you have shared for many years
The kings thoughts with the earth,
When to a son who knows no fears
You shall have given birth,
When, trusted to the son you love,
Your royal labours cease,
Come with your husband to the grove
And end your days in peace.
Gautami.
My child, the hour of your departure is slipping by. Bid your father turn back. No, she would never do that. Pray
turn back, sir.
Kanva.
Child, you interrupt my duties in the pious grove.
Shakuntala.
Yes, Father. You will be busy in the grove. You will not miss me. But oh! I miss you.
Kanva.
How can you think me so indifferent? (He sighs.)
My lonely sorrow will not go,
For seeds you scattered here
Before the cottage door, will grow;
And I shall see them, dear.
Go. And peace go with you. (Exit SHAKUNTALA, with GAUTAMI, SHARNGARAVA, and SHARADVATA.)
The two friends(gazing long after her. Mournfully).
Oh, oh! Shakuntala is lost among the trees.
Kanva.
Anusuya! Priyamvada! Your companion is gone. Choke down your grief and follow me. (They start to go back.)
The two friends.
Father, the grove seems empty without Shakuntala.
Kanva.
So love interprets. (He walks about, sunk in thought.) Ah! I have sent Shakuntala away, and now I am myself
again. For
A girl is held in trust, anothers treasure;
To arms of love my child to-day is given;
And now I feel a calm and sacred pleasure;
I have restored the pledge that came from heaven.

(all exit)
Directions: Do the following tasks below.
1. Describe Shakuntala as a daughter, as a sister and as a friend.
2. Describe Kanva as a father.
3. Cite proof/evidence to your answer.