BS EN IEC 62305 Standard Series PDF
BS EN IEC 62305 Standard Series PDF
BS EN IEC 62305 Standard Series PDF
BS EN/IEC 62305
Lightning protection General
Principles
standard
BS EN/IEC 62305-1
The BS EN/IEC 62305 Standard for lightning protection
was originally published in September 2006, to
supercede the previous standard, BS 6651:1999.
For a finite period, BS EN/IEC 62305 and BS 6651
ran in parallel, but as of August 2008, BS 6651 has
been withdrawn and now BS EN/IEC 63205 is the
recognised standard for lightning protection.
The BS EN/IEC 62305 standard reflects increased
scientific understanding of lightning and its effects
over the last twenty years, and takes stock of the
Risk
growing impact of technology and electronic systems
on our daily activities. More complex and exacting Management
than its predecessor, BS EN/IEC 62305 includes four
distinct parts - general principles, risk management, BS EN/IEC 62305-2
physical damage to structures and life hazard, and
electronic systems protection.
These parts to the standard are introduced here. In
2010 these parts underwent periodic technical review,
with updated parts 1, 3 and 4 released in 2011.
Updated part 2 is currently under discussion and is
expected to be published in late 2012.
Key to BS EN/IEC 62305 is that all considerations for
lightning protection are driven by a comprehensive Protection Electronic
and complex risk assessment and that this assessment of the Systems
not only takes into account the structure to be
protected, but also the services to which the structure Structure Protection
is connected. In essence, structural lightning protection BS EN/IEC BS EN/IEC
can no longer be considered in isolation, protection 62305-3 62305-4
against transient overvoltages or electrical surges is
integral to BS EN/IEC 62305.
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The following table gives a broad outline as to the key variances between the previous standard,
BS 6651, and the BS EN/IEC 62305.
118 page document, including 9 pages devoted to Over 470 pages in 4 parts, including over 150 pages
risk assessment devoted to risk assessment (BS EN/IEC 62305-2)
Focus on Protection of Structures against Lightning Broader focus on Protection against Lightning including
the structure and services connected to the structure
Specific tables relating to choice and dimension of Specific tables relating to sizes and types of conductor
LPS components and conductors and earth electrodes.
LPS components - specifically related to BS EN 50164/
IEC 62561 testing regimes
Annex B - guidance on application of BS 6651 BS EN/IEC 62305-3 Annex E - extensive guidance given
on application of installation techniques complete with
illustrations
Annex C - general advice (recommendation) for BS EN/IEC 62305-4 is devoted entirely to protection of
protection of electronic equipment with separate risk electrical and electronic systems within the structure
assessment (integral part of standard) and is implemented through
single separate risk assessment (BS EN/IEC 62305-2)
Definition of risk
Risk (of death/injury) level set at 1 in 100,000 3 primary risk levels defined (BS EN 62305):
(1 x 10-5) based on comparable exposures R1 loss of human life 1 in 100,000 (1 x 10-5)
(smoking, traffic accidents, drowning etc) R2 loss of service to the public 1 in 10,000 (1 x 10-4)
R3 loss of cultural heritage 1 in 10,000 (1 x 10-4)
Protection measures
Mesh arrangement is promoted as the commonly Mesh arrangement, protective angle method, catenary
used means of air termination network system, extensive use of air finials, all form part of or all
of air termination network
2 levels of Lightning Protection mesh design: 4 sizes of mesh defined according to structural class
(20 m x 10 m; 10 m x 5 m) of Lightning Protection System:
Class I 5mx5m Class II 10 m x 10 m
Class III 15 m x 15 m Class IV 20 m x 20 m
2 levels of down conductor spacing: 4 levels of down conductor spacing dependent on
20 m & 10 m structural class of Lightning Protection System:
Class I 10 m Class II 10 m
Class III 15 m Class IV 20 m
Use of bonds promoted to minimise side flashing Extensive sections/explanations provided on
equipotential bonding
10 ohm overall earthing requirement, achieved by 10 ohms overall earthing requirement achieved either
10 x number of down conductors by Type A arrangement (rods) or Type B arrangement
(ring conductor)
Requirement to bond all metallic services, (gas, water, Requirement to bond all metallic services to main
electricity etc) to main earth terminal along with external equipotential bonding bar. Live electrical conductors
down conductor (e.g. power, data, telecoms) bonded via Surge
Protective Devices (SPDs)
Rolling sphere concept on structures over 20 m tall: 4 sizes of rolling sphere concept defined according to
20 m sphere used on highly flammable contents/ structural class of Lightning Protection System: 269
electronic equipment within building Class I 20 m Class II 30 m
60 m sphere all other buildings Class III 45 m Class IV 60 m
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Four protection levels have been determined Maximum 200 150 100 100
based on parameters obtained from previously current (kA)
S1 Flash to the structure Fire and/or explosion due to the hot S3 Flash to a
lightning arc itself, due to the resultant service connected
ohmic heating of conductors, or due to arc to the structure
erosion ie. melted metal (Source S1)
Fire and/or explosion triggered by sparks
caused by overvoltages resulting from resistive
and inductive coupling and to passage of part
of the lightning current (Source S1)
Fire and/or explosion triggered by sparks due to
overvoltages and lightning currents transmitted
through the connected service (Source S3)
LEMP
Lightning
current LEMP
Immediate mechanical
damage (Source S1)
Induced
overvoltage
S4 Flash near a
service connected
to the structure
LEMP
271
Figure 12: The types of damage and loss resulting from a lightning
strike on or near a structure
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Lightning Protection Zones (LPZ) In general the higher the number of the zone (LPZ 2;
LPZ 3 etc) the lower the electromagnetic effects
The concept of Lightning Protection Zones (LPZ) expected. Typically, any sensitive electronic equipment
was introduced within BS EN/IEC 62305 should be located in higher numbered LPZs and be
particularly to assist in determining the protection protected against LEMP by relevant Surge Protection
measures required to establish protection Measures (SPM as defined in BS EN 62305:2011).
measures to counter Lightning Electromagnetic SPM were previously referred to as a LEMP Protection
Impulse (LEMP) within a structure. Measures System (LPMS) in BS EN/IEC 62305:2006.
The general principle is that the equipment requiring Figure 13 highlights the LPZ concept as applied to
protection should be located in an LPZ whose the structure and to SPM. The concept is expanded
electromagnetic characteristics are compatible with the upon in BS EN/IEC 62305-3 and BS EN/IEC 62305-4.
equipment stress withstand or immunity capability.
Selection of the most suitable SPM is made using the
The concept caters for external zones, with risk of direct risk assessment in accordance with BS EN/IEC 62305-2.
lightning stroke (LPZ 0A), or risk of partial lightning
current occurring (LPZ 0B), and levels of protection
within internal zones (LPZ 1 & LPZ 2).
LPZ 0A
Direct flash, full lightning
current, full magnetic field
SPD 0B/1
LPZ 1
No direct flash, partial
LPZ 0B lightning or induced SPD 0B/1
No direct flash, current, damped
partial lightning magnetic field
or induced current, LPZ 2
full magnetic field No direct flash,
induced currents,
further damped
magnetic field SPD 0B/1
LPZ 3
Down conductor
network
LPZ 0B
SPD 0B/1
Equipotential bonding
by means of SPD
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h
Air termination
required Reference
plane
Rolling Radius of
protected area
sphere
radius
Figure 16: The protective angle method for a single air rod
50
Class of LPS Rolling sphere radius
40
(m)
30
I II III IV
I 20 20 I
Class of LPS
II III IV
1 10
II 30
0
0 2 10 20 30 40 50 60
III 45 h(m)
50 60
Table 8: Maximum values of rolling sphere radius corresponding Note 2 h is the height of air-termination above the reference plane of the area to be protected
Note 3 The angle will not change for values of h below 2m
to the Class of LPS
Figure 17: Determination of the protective angle
This method is suitable for defining zones of (BS EN/IEC 62305-3 Table 2)
protection for all types of structures, particularly
those of complex geometry. The protective angle method is suitable for simple
shaped buildings. However this method is only valid up
to a height equal to the rolling sphere radius of the
The protective angle method appropriate LPL.
The protective angle method is a mathematical
simplification of the rolling sphere method. The
protective angle (a) is the angle created between the 1
tip (A) of the vertical rod and a line projected down to h1 2
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Thickness(1) Thickness(2)
Class of LPS Material
t (mm) t (mm)
Lead - 2.0
Steel (stainless,
4 0.5
galvanized)
Titanium 4 0.5
I to IV
Copper 5 0.5
Down conductor
Aluminium 7 0.65
Figure 19: Concealed air termination network
Zinc - 0.7
As in BS 6651, the current standard permits the use of
(1) Thickness t prevents puncture, hot spot or ignition.
conductors (whether they be fortuitous metalwork or (2) Thickness t only for metal sheets if it is not important to prevent
dedicated LP conductors) under the roof. Vertical air puncture, hot spot or ignition problems.
rods (finials) or strike plates should be mounted above Table 10: Minimum thickness of metal sheets or metal pipes in air
the roof and connected to the conductor system termination systems (BS EN/IEC 62305-3 Table 3)
beneath. The air rods should be spaced not more than
10 m apart and if strike plates are used as an
alternative, these should be strategically placed over
the roof area not more than 5 m apart.
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Down conductors
Down conductors should within the bounds of
practical constraints take the most direct route from
the air termination system to the earth termination
system. The greater the number of down conductors
the better the lightning current is shared between
them. This is enhanced further by equipotential
bonding to the conductive parts of the structure.
Lateral connections sometimes referred to as coronal
bands or ring conductors provided either by fortuitous
metalwork or external conductors at regular intervals
are also encouraged. The down conductor spacing
should correspond with the relevant class of LPS (see
Table 11).
I 10
II 10
III 15
IV 20
Steel reinforcement within
Table 11: Typical values of the distance between down conductors concrete (rebar)
according to the Class of LPS (BS EN/IEC 62305-3 Table 4)
Natural components
BS EN/IEC 62305, like BS 6651, encourages the use of Cast in
fortuitous metal parts on or within the structure to be non-ferrous
incorporated into the LPS. bonding
point
Where BS 6651 encouraged an electrical continuity when
using reinforcing bars located in concrete structures, so
too does BS EN/IEC 62305-3. Additionally, it states that
reinforcing bars are welded, clamped with suitable
connection components or overlapped a minimum of 20 Bonding conductor
times the rebar diameter. This is to ensure that those
reinforcing bars likely to carry lightning currents have Figure 20: Typical methods of bonding to steel reinforcement
secure connections from one length to the next. within concrete
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Type B arrangement
This arrangement is essentially a fully connected ring
earth electrode that is sited around the periphery of
the structure and is in contact with the surrounding
soil for a minimum 80% of its total length (i.e. 20%
of its overall length may be housed in say the
basement of the structure and not in direct contact
with the earth).
Electricity
SPD Structural lightning Central heating system
meter N
protection system
Consumer unit/
fuseboard
Neutral bar
ON Equipotential
bonding bar
OFF
Live bar
Electronic appliances
Meter
Screen of antenna cable
Water
279
Figure 21: Example of main equipotential bonding
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Lightning is not the only threat The more stored energy, the larger the resulting
transient. Higher currents and longer lengths of
Transient overvoltages caused by electrical switching conductor both contribute to more energy stored
events are very common and can be a source of and also released!
considerable interference. Current flowing through a
This is why inductive loads such as motors,
transformers and electrical drives are all common
causes of switching transients.
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Indeed, as per BS EN/IEC 62305-3, an LPS system can no Within a structure a series of LPZs are created to have,
longer be fitted without lightning current or or identified as already having, successively less
equipotential bonding SPDs to incoming metallic exposure to the effects of lightning.
services that have live cores - such as power and Successive zones use a combination of bonding,
telecoms cables - which cannot be directly bonded shielding and coordinated SPDs to achieve a significant
to earth. Such SPDs are required to protect against reduction in LEMP severity, from conducted surge
the risk of loss of human life by preventing currents and transient overvoltages, as well as radiated
dangerous sparking that could present fire or electric magnetic field effects. Designers coordinate these
shock hazards. levels so that the more sensitive equipment is sited in
Lightning current or equipotential bonding SPDs are the more protected zones.
also used on overhead service lines feeding the The LPZs can be split into two categories - 2 external
structure that are at risk from a direct strike. However, zones (LPZ 0A, LPZ 0B) and usually 2 internal zones
the use of these SPDs alone provides no effective (LPZ 1, 2) although further zones can be introduced for
protection against failure of sensitive electrical or a further reduction of the electromagnetic field and
electronic systems, to quote BS EN/IEC 62305 part 4, lightning current if required.
which is specifically dedicated to the protection of
electrical and electronic systems within structures.
Lightning current SPDs form one part of a coordinated
External zones
set of SPDs that include overvoltage SPDs - which are LPZ 0A is the area subject to direct lightning strokes
needed in total to effectively protect sensitive and therefore may have to carry up to the full
electrical and electronic systems from both lightning lightning current.
and switching transients. This is typically the roof area of a structure. The full
electromagnetic field occurs here.
Lightning Protection Zones (LPZs) LPZ 0B is the area not subject to direct lightning strokes
Whilst BS 6651 recognised a concept of zoning and is typically the sidewalls of a structure.
in Annex C (Location Categories A, B and C), However the full electromagnetic field still occurs here
BS EN/IEC 62305-4 defines the concept of Lightning and conducted partial lightning currents and switching
Protection Zones (LPZs). Figure 22 illustrates the basic surges can occur here.
LPZ concept defined by protection measures against
LEMP as detailed within part 4.
Internal zones
LPZ 1 is the internal area that is subject to partial
Boundary Antenna lightning currents. The conducted lightning currents
of LPZ 1 LPZ 0
and/or switching surges are reduced compared with
Electrical (LPS)
Mast or the external zones LPZ 0A, LPZ 0B.
power line railing
Boundary This is typically the area where services enter the
of LPZ 2 structure or where the main power switchboard is
(shielded room) B
located.
LPZ 2 is an internal area that is further located inside
LPZ 2 the structure where the remnants of lightning impulse
currents and/or switching surges are reduced compared
with LPZ 1.
Equipment
Critical This is typically a screened room or, for mains power, at
equipment the sub-distribution board area.
Protection levels within a zone must be coordinated
Equipment
B with the immunity characteristics of the equipment to
be protected, i.e., the more sensitive the equipment,
LPZ 1 Telecoms the more protected the zone required.
Water pipe
B line
The existing fabric and layout of a building may make
Gas pipe
readily apparent zones, or LPZ techniques may have to
be applied to create the required zones.
SPD 0/1 - Lightning current protection
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Enhanced SPDs
Whilst outright damage to equipment is not desirable,
the need to minimize downtime as a result of loss of
operation or malfunction of equipment can also be
critical. This is particularly important for industries that
serve the public, be they hospitals, financial institutions,
manufacturing plants or commercial businesses, where
the inability to provide their service due to the loss of
operation of equipment would result in significant
Coordinated SPDs health and safety and/or financial consequences.
BS EN/IEC 62305-4 emphasises the use of coordinated
Standard SPDs may only protect against common mode
SPDs for the protection of equipment within their
surges (between live conductors and earth), providing
environment. This simply means a series of SPDs whose
effective protection against outright damage but not
locations and LEMP handling attributes are
against downtime due to system disruption.
coordinated in such a way as to protect the equipment
in their environment by reducing the LEMP effects to a BS EN 62305 therefore considers the use of enhanced
safe level. So there may be a heavy duty lightning SPDs (SPD*) that further reduce the risk of damage and
current SPD at the service entrance to handle the malfunction to critical equipment where continuous
majority of the surge energy (partial lightning current operation is required. Installers will therefore need to
from an LPS and/or overhead lines) with the respective be much more aware of the application and
transient overvoltage controlled to safe levels by installation requirements of SPDs than perhaps they
coordinated plus downstream overvoltage SPDs to may have been previously.
protect terminal equipment including potential Superior or enhanced SPDs provide lower (better)
damage by switching sources, e.g. large inductive let-through voltage protection against surges in both
motors. Appropriate SPDs should be fitted wherever common mode and differential mode (between live
services cross from one LPZ to another. conductors) and therefore also provide additional
Coordinated SPDs have to effectively operate together protection over bonding and shielding measures.
as a cascaded system to protect equipment in their Such enhanced SPDs can even offer up to mains Type
environment. For example the lightning current SPD at 1+2+3 or data/telecom Test Cat D+C+B protection
the service entrance should handle the majority of within one unit. As terminal equipment, e.g.
surge energy, sufficiently relieving the downstream computers, tends to be more vulnerable to differential
overvoltage SPDs to control the overvoltage. mode surges, this additional protection can be a vital
consideration.
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283
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