Politeness in Directive Utterance
Politeness in Directive Utterance
Politeness in Directive Utterance
INTRODUCTION
whom the utterance is addressed and the goal of the utterance. So, one should follow
the social norms existing in this society although he may express his feeling as he
conversation. In using directive, the speaker attempts to make the world fit the word
via the hearer. The reason why this research studies about directive speech act
because directive show a strong relationship between speaker and hearer. The next
reason is because directive speech acts are used to get greatest attention from
they say in different way. The speaker has to concern about situation and context
to make the hearer do as they want. Situation in conversation can be seen in some
aspects, such as who is the hearer, what things speaker wants to say, and time of
conversation.
The most prominent context in directive speech act is about the hearer, and
the relationship between speaker and hearer. This relationship can be an indicator
that makes speaker use different way to ask hearer do something for them. This is
the logically reason why directive speech act divided is into four specific aspects.
command properly use to friend or younger hearer, but request, order, and
various ways. However, sometimes the speaker may irritate the listener when he
These words are impolite and may irritate the hearer, better the speaker add
more word such as Would you, Could you, Please, May you and so on. For example
I hope my dear, that you have ordered a good dinner today because I have reason
to expect an addition to our family party. In this utterance, Mr. Bennet tries to
choose polite words to ask his wife to do the proposed action. The words I hope
Furthermore, to be more polite Mr. Bennet conveys his goal to ask the
by the utterance.
For that reason, speaker should choose the polite way of asking someone to
order to be polite. In line with this, Searle (1979:36) says that, in directives,
1. It is cold in here
The sense of politeness is felt more polite in utterance (1) than in utterances
(2a), (2b), (2c), and (2d) although pragmatically, they are similar. In consequence,
accordance with this, Gunarwan says in Purwo (1992:267) Sopan santun bahasa
mendapat tempat yang layak untuk dikaji, terutama jika kita sadari bahwa
komunikasi sehari hari selalu berkisar pada nosi kesopanan itu. (the politeness of
After discussing about directive utterances and theories, which are related
novel Pride and Prejudice. In analyzing the data, the writer will use the theory of
politeness as proposed by Leech (1983). He proposes six maxims which are called
illocutionary. Based on the problem above, the researcher will entitle this research
Jane Austen.
3. Students are still dont know the degree of politeness in directive utterance.
The scope of this research will be focused on pragmatics and the limitation
1. What are the politeness principle used in directive utterance that occur
Prejudice.
utterance and this research also can be reference for other researcher in
2. Practically, this research can give the additional information for the
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Theoretical Framework
Leech, unlike Lakoff, does not aim at accounting for pragmatic competence.
further pragmatic systems: (1) Pragmalinguistics, which accounts for the more
for conveying particular illocutions and (2) sociopragmatics which studies the
The approach that Leech takes to the study of general pragmatics is rhetorical
which means the effective use of language in its most general sense, applying it
public uses of language. Leech recognizes two systems of rhetoric: textual and
principle, the clarity principle, the economy principle, and the expressivity
sets of principle: the cooperative principle, the politeness principles, and the
irony principle. Thus he considers the Grices CP and the PP to constitute only
both the speaker and hearer. Politeness involves minimizing the cost and
which are related to the notion of cost and benefit: tact, generosity,
minimizing cost and maximizing benefit to the hearer. Generosity tells people to
minimize their own benefit, while maximizing that of the hearer. Approbation
minimize antipathy and maximize sympathy between self and other. Finally
(1) The Tact Maxim (in directives [or impositives] and commissives):
(2) The Generosity Maxim (in directives and commissives): minimize benefit
(4) The Modesty Maxim (in expressives and representatives): minimize praise
between self and other; [maximize agreement between self and other]
antipathy between self and other; [maximize sympathy between self and other]
Leech also goes further to suggest that there are three scales of delicacy
along which each of the maxims of the PP must operate: cost/benefit, optionality,
has to weight the amount of cost to her/him and the amount of the benefit his/her
utterance will bring the hearer. Optionality Scale assesses the degree to which the
2. Directive Utterance
semantic content of languagespeech acts are a way of labeling the social action
intended by a particular utterance. Searle (1975) defined directives, which have the
illocutionary intent to direct the recipient in some way, with the perlocutionary
persuasion, or influence, in everyday life. Many areas of research call this process
focus on understanding what strategies are most likely to result in compliance, and
any analysis of directives is, in part, and analysis of rhetorical purposes and
practices.
particular state of affairs with which the recipient can assist; must formulate an
appeal for assistance from the recipient; and must expect that the recipient will
comply with assisting so as to bring off the desired state of affairs (Mauri & Sanso,
2011). Sanders and Fitch (2001) show how compliance-seeking and compliance-
gaining depend on the social meaning of the solicitation and compliance, and must
be situated in the interaction in which they occur. Messages do not exist in isolation,
underpinning the situation, and any compliance being sought will happen over the
first gave the novel its distinctly modern character through her treatment of
ordinary people in everyday life. She published four novels during her lifetime:
Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park
(1814), and Emma (1815). In these and in Persuasion and Northanger Abbey
class life during the early 19th century. Her novels defined the eras novel of
manners, but they also became timeless classics that remained critical and
She was the second daughter and seventh child in a family of eight
six boys and two girls. Her closest companion throughout her life was her elder
sister, Cassandra; neither Jane nor Cassandra married. Their father was a
scholar who encouraged the love of learning in his children. His wife,
Cassandra (ne Leigh), was a woman of ready wit, famed for her impromptu
a. Novels
4. Emma (1815)
c. Unfinished fiction
2. Sanditon (1817)
d. Other works
3. Poems (17961817)
4. Prayers (17961817)
5. Letters (17961817)
9. Amelia Webster
2. Lesley Castle
4. A Collection of Letters
9. A Tale
1. Evelyn
Pride and Prejudice is a novel by Jane Austen, first published in 1813. The
story follows the main character, Elizabeth Bennet, as she deals with issues
The novel is set in England in the early 19th century and tells the story of
Mr and Mrs Bennet's five unmarried daughters after two gentlemen have moved
into their neighbourhood: the rich and eligible Mr Bingley, and his status-conscious
friend, the even richer and more eligible Mr Darcy. While Bingley takes an
immediate liking to the eldest Bennet daughter, Jane, Darcy is disdainful of local
society and repeatedly clashes with the Bennets' lively second daughter, Elizabeth.
appearing near the top of lists of "most-loved books" among both literary
scholars and the general public. It has become one of the most popular novels
in English literature, with over 20 million copies sold, and paved the way for many
archetypes that abound in modern literature. Continuing interest in the book has
The narrative opens with news in the Bennet family that Mr Bingley, a
wealthy, charismatic and sociable young bachelor, is moving into Netherfield Park
Darcy makes a less favourable impression because he does not participate in the
Bingley pays particular attention to Jane, and it is soon apparent that they have
formed an attachment to each other. While Jane does not alter her conduct for him,
she confesses her great happiness only to Lizzy. By contrast, Darcy slights
Elizabeth, who overhears and jokes about it despite feeling a budding resentment.
downpour, catching a cold, and is forced to stay at Netherfield for several days.
Elizabeth arrives to nurse her sister and is thrown into frequent company with Mr
never reads novels. Mr Collins, a clergyman and heir to Longbourn, the Bennet
estate, pays a visit to the Bennets. Mr Bennet and Elizabeth are amused by his
to choose a wife from among the Bennet sisters (his cousins); Jane is initially
singled out, but because of Jane's budding romance with Mr Bingley, Mrs. Bennet
directs him toward Elizabeth. After refusing his advances to the consternation of
officer who tells Jane about his mistreatment by Mr Darcy despite having been a
godson and favourite of Darcy's father. The accusation and her attraction to Mr
general expectation that Mr Bingley and Jane will marry. The Bennet family, with
the exception of Jane and Elizabeth, make a public display of poor manners and
refuses him, much to her mother's distress. Mr Collins recovers and promptly
becomes engaged to Elizabeth's close friend Charlotte Lucas, a homely woman with
few prospects. Mr Bingley abruptly quits Netherfield and returns to London, which
devastates Jane, and Elizabeth becomes convinced that Mr Darcy and Caroline
love with her. She visits her Aunt and Uncle Gardiner in London in the hope of
maintaining her relationship with Caroline, if not with Mr Bingley. There, she visits
Caroline and, eventually, her visit is returned. She does not see Mr Bingley and is
and her hosts are frequently invited to Rosings Park, the home of Lady Catherine
de Bourgh, Darcy's aunt; coincidentally, Darcy also arrives to visit. Elizabeth meets
Darcy's cousin, Colonel Fitzwilliam, who vouches for Darcy's loyalty by using as
an example how Darcy had recently stepped in on behalf of a friend, who had
formed an attachment to a woman against whom "there were some very strong
objections". Elizabeth rightly assumes that the said friend is none other than Mr
Bingley, and her dislike of Darcy deepens. Thus, she is in no mood to accept when
Darcy arrives and, quite unexpectedly, confesses love for her and begs her hand in
delivered in a haughty manner. He talks of love but also of revulsion at her inferior
position and family. Despite her assertions to the contrary, he assumes she will
accept him.
Elizabeth charges him with destroying the happiness of both her sister and
responds with a letter giving a good account of his actions: Wickham had
exchanged his legacies for a cash payment, only to return after frittering away the
money to reclaim the forfeited inheritance; Wickham then attempted to elope with
Darcy's young sister, Georgiana, which would have secured her fortune for himself.
interest in Jane for Bingley and had assumed that she was not in love with him. In
addition to this, he cites the "want of propriety" in the behaviour of Mr and Mrs
Bennet and their three younger daughters. Elizabeth, who had previously despaired
over this very behaviour, is forced to admit the truth of Mr Darcy's observations,
and begins to see that she has misjudged him. She, quite rightly, attributes her
Elizabeth tells her father that Darcy was responsible for uniting Lydia and
Wickham, one of the two earliest illustrations of Pride and Prejudice.The clothing
styles reflect the time the illustration was engraved (the 1830s), not the time in
Some months later, Elizabeth and her aunt and uncle Gardiner visit
is surprised but gracious and welcoming, quite unlike his usual self. He treats the
immediately" on learning who they are. Darcy introduces Elizabeth to his sister,
which Elizabeth knows is the highest compliment he can bestow. Elizabeth begins
Lydia and Wickham are soon found and are persuaded to marry, which
enables the Bennet family to preserve some appearance of decorum. Jane, Elizabeth
and Mr Bennet conclude that Uncle Gardiner must have bribed Wickham to marry
Lydia, and they are ashamed of their indebtedness and inability to repay him. Mrs
Bennet, typically, has no such scruples; ecstatic to have a daughter married, she
never stops to consider the want of propriety throughout the affair. Mr and Mrs
Wickham visit Longbourn, where Lydia lets slip that Mr Darcy attended their
wedding but that it was to have been a secret. From a letter, Elizabeth discovers
from Aunt Gardiner that in fact, Mr Darcy was responsible for finding the couple
and negotiating their marriage at great personal and monetary expense for him.
Elizabeth is shocked and flattered as "her heart did whisper that he had done it for
heard a rumour that Elizabeth will marry Mr Darcy and attempts to extract
Elizabeth's promise not to marry him. Lady Catherine wants him to marry her
daughter (his cousin) Anne de Burgh and thinks that Elizabeth is beneath him.
Elizabeth refuses her demands. Lady Catherine vows that the marriage can never
take place. Elizabeth is worried that she may persuade Mr Darcy of this.
moment alone. She immediately thanks him for intervening in the case of Lydia and
Wickham. He renews his proposal of marriage and is promptly accepted. Elizabeth
soon learns that his hopes were revived by his aunt's report of Elizabeth's refusal to
promise not to marry him. They marry. Kitty has grown slightly more sensible from
association with Jane and Elizabeth and distance from Lydia, and Lady Catherine
METHOD OF RESEARCH
A. Research Design
In conducting this research, the researcher will use qualitative design. The
data will be collected to describe, investigate and explain how politness occur in
B. Source of Data
The source of data of this study will be obtained by downloading the novel
that will be downloaded from the website www.planetebook.com that has been
In collecting the data, the researcher will be used documentary research. The
There are some steps in collecting data, and the steps are follows:
In analyzing the data, the researcher will be used theory proposed by Miles and
Huberman (2014), he said that the qualitative data analysis consist of three
procedures. There are data reduction, data display, drawing and verifying
conclusion.
1. Data Reduction
simplifying, abstracting, and transforming of the data that are considered important.
In the conducting research, the researcher will select data and give valuable
information in research; the data is chosen by identifying and classifying the kinds
of figures of speech.
2. Data Display
Data display means the process to simplify the data in the form of sentences,
The last step after doing the data display is drawing the conclusion and
verification. It is used to describe all of the data, so that it will become clearly. The
conclusion can be able to answer the formulation of the problem that formulated