Written 3 Summary Part 4 - Word Formation, Conditionals, and Yapa

Word Formation Processes and Adv.
Features of Conditionals and some verb lists
WORD FORMATION
PROCESSES (POCHOCLO BEGINS) WORD FORMATION
PROCESSES
Rules of Word Formation Processes 1. Coinage
1) you dont talk about word formation processes 2. Borrowing
3. Compounding
a. Native speakers dont have problems with new
words 4. Blending
b. The way in which we form words follow a
pattern 5. Clipping
c. Language is shaped by the needs of its users
6. Backformation
7. Conversion
8. Acronyms
9. Derivation
10. Inflection
COOL CHART WITH PROCESSES
PROCESS WHATS HAPPENING; WHO AM I!?

COINAGE A rare process in which a words is invented:
Mostly, a trade name of a companys product substitutes
de technical term of an object (e.g. aspirins, nylon )
BORROWING A common sources of new words by which we take words
from other languages such as French (croissant), Arabic
(alcohol), etc. A special type of borrowing is called loan-
translation in which there is a direct translation of the
elements of a word into the borrowing language
Word Formation Processes and Adv. Features of Conditionals and some verb lists
(hot dogs in English perros calientes in Spanish)

COMPOUNDING Process in which we join 2 different words (usually nouns),
and sometimes we hyphenate them. (book case)
BLENDING The process which involves the combinations of the parts
of separate words in order to reduce them and convey the
same meaning.
Breakfast and lunch Brunch
Smoke and fog Smog
Modulator/Demodulator Modem
CLIPPING A process used to reduce words which have more than
one syllable in order to convey the same meaning. It is
widely used in educational environments
Laboratory Lab
Examination Exam
Mathematics Maths
Typographical Typo
Facsimile Fax
BACKFORMATION A process in which a word (usually a noun) suffers a
reduction and a change in category (usually a verb).
Historically, the noun came first and from it the verb was
born:
Television Televise
A special kind of Backformation, which mostly occurs in
Australia and British English, produces hypocorisms: A
longer word is reduced to a single syllable then y or ie is
added to the end:
Moving pictures Movie
Television Telly
CONVERSION One of the most accepted processes in which there is a
change in the function of a word, for example when a
noun, without any reduction, comes to be used as a verb.
To Spy (v) - A Spy (n)
Print out (v) - Printout (n)
Butter (n) Buttered(v)
Vacation (n) Vacationing (v)
ACRONYMS These are new words formed from the initial letters of
another set of words. These can remain essentially as
alphabetisms (Compact Disk CD)
More typically, they are pronounced as single words
(North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO)
Unlike the previous example, many acronyms dont make

use of the capital letters as they become everyday terms
(light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation; or
laser for the pibes)
DERIVATION The most common way of creating new words is by
making use of morphemes (affixes:
prefixes/suffixes/infixes) to achieve a change in the
category of a word:
(Unfuckingbelievable!) infix
(Mislead) prefix
(Madness) suffix
(Foolishness) 2 suffixes
(Disrespectful) prefix + suffix
INFLECTION In this process we make use of inflectional morphemes

that dont change the category of the word but only its
grammatical behavior.
There are 8 inflections:
-S (plural) / s (genitive) For nouns
-ing /-ed (past)/-ed (participle)/ -s(3rd person) verbs
-er / -est For adjectives
ADVANCED FEATURES OF CONDITIONALS

(wew so useful)
TYPE 1 Present and future
Statements of universal truth (factual discussion/ explanatory

material)
Highest degree of likeliness
(IF) present tense, (main) Future -or modal verb- or imperative

Variations: If we should miss the 10 oclock train, we shant get there before
lunch
Lessens the probability, thus remote possibility.
If you will reserve seats, we shall be sure of a comfortable journey
Not an aux. for the future: Its a modal verb (agreeing, being willing)
If she will play with the dog, she deserves to get bitten
The stress in will indicates the persistence of the action.
TYPE 2
1. If we caught the 10 oclock train, we would get there by lunch time:

2. If I came into a fortune, I would give up smoking
3. If I knew how it worked, I could tell you what to do
1. Suppositional possibility (mild degree of likelihood)

2. Hypothetical (low degree of likelihood)
3. Imaginary (Not likely to occur)
(IF) past tense, (Main) conditional
Variations:
If we were to miss the 10 oclock train, we wouldnt get there till after
lunch
Emphasize the suppositional nature of the condition

If you would reserve seats, we would be sure of a nice journey
A polite form to will (Would is widely used for politeness)
TYPE 3: Past
1) If we had caught the 10 oclock train, we would have got there by

lunchtime
2) If we had bought a map with us, we would know which road to take
1) Hypothetical past fact

2) Situation contrary to a past fact + situation contrary to the present fact
La INVERShION
The inversion of the subject and verb instead of if in the conditional clause
of some type of sentences
1) Should you need my help a gain, just give me a ring.

(If you should need my help)
2) Were the government rise taxes, there would be riots

(If the government were to rise taxes)
3) Had I known you were ill

(If I had known you were ill..)
at this point you should know how it goes
The 1st and 3rd types occur in both written and (less commonly) spoken
language. The 2nd type is generally confined to written language. All occur
most commonly when It is the subject and be is the verb in the
conditional clause
Why not, some verb lists, and then good-bye.
VERBS + ING/TO Infinitive
Either gerund or
There are 3 types of these: infinitive dont change
The first case: Like and dislike their meaning
The second case: Verbs that go with either infinitive or gerund

The third case: Verbs that may go with both varying meaning:
REMEMBER
-ing: sth happened long time ago (I remember laughing with you)
To inf: sth that didn't happened yet (Remember to be happy)
STOP
-ing: activity interrumpted ( He stopped dancing)

to inf: An activity stops, a new one begins ( He stopped to greet me)
TRY
-ing: Do sth for the 1st time to see what happens (I tried mixing it
together)
to inf: An unsuccessful attempt (I tried to jump the fence)
REGRET
-ing: sth you did or didn't do (I regret knowing you)

to inf: formulaic expressions about a incoming report (I regret to tell
you...)
MEAN
-ing: Sth involves sth else (passing means working hard)

to inf: express unintentional action (didn't mean to do that)
GO ON
-ing: an action not interrumpted for a period of time (go on being happy)
to inf: stop an action to start another (He went on to become a surgeon)
See you next term,

unless I die or quit.

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Word Formation Processes and Adv.

Features of Conditionals and some verb lists

Rules of Word Formation Processes 1. Coinage

1) you dont talk about word formation processes 2. Borrowing

COOL CHART WITH PROCESSES

PROCESS WHATS HAPPENING; WHO AM I!?

(hot dogs in English perros calientes in Spanish)

Unlike the previous example, many acronyms dont make

INFLECTION In this process we make use of inflectional morphemes

ADVANCED FEATURES OF CONDITIONALS

TYPE 1 Present and future

Statements of universal truth (factual discussion/ explanatory

Highest degree of likeliness

(IF) present tense, (main) Future -or modal verb- or imperative

Lessens the probability, thus remote possibility.

If you will reserve seats, we shall be sure of a comfortable journey

The stress in will indicates the persistence of the action.

1. If we caught the 10 oclock train, we would get there by lunch time:

1. Suppositional possibility (mild degree of likelihood)

(IF) past tense, (Main) conditional

Emphasize the suppositional nature of the condition

If you would reserve seats, we would be sure of a nice journey

A polite form to will (Would is widely used for politeness)

1) If we had caught the 10 oclock train, we would have got there by

1) Hypothetical past fact

1) Should you need my help a gain, just give me a ring.

2) Were the government rise taxes, there would be riots

3) Had I known you were ill

Why not, some verb lists, and then good-bye.

VERBS + ING/TO Infinitive

The second case: Verbs that go with either infinitive or gerund

-ing: activity interrumpted ( He stopped dancing)

-ing: sth you did or didn't do (I regret knowing you)

-ing: Sth involves sth else (passing means working hard)

See you next term,

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