Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 27 views

    Piv Ann2

    Uploaded by

    pipul36
    The document describes a bisection method for determining the parameters needed to render an image based on a given pixel position, screen height, and pivot transform. It involves setting m as the parameter to bisect and deriving equations to calculate x3, y3, and other values in terms of m. The method bisects m until the difference between the calculated and known x values is zero, yielding the solution. However, the method faces challenges with spikes or close roots that may be missed during the stepping search process.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Piv Ann2

    Uploaded by

    pipul36
    27 views4 pages
    The document describes a bisection method for determining the parameters needed to render an image based on a given pixel position, screen height, and pivot transform. It involves setting m as the parameter to bisect and deriving equations to calculate x3, y3, and other values in terms of m. The method bisects m until the difference between the calculated and known x values is zero, yielding the solution. However, the method faces challenges with spikes or close roots that may be missed during the stepping search process.

    Original Description:

    .

    Original Title

    piv_ann2

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document describes a bisection method for determining the parameters needed to render an image based on a given pixel position, screen height, and pivot transform. It involves setting m as the parameter to bisect and deriving equations to calculate x3, y3, and other values in terms of m. The method bisects m until the difference between the calculated and known x values is zero, yielding the solution. However, the method faces challenges with spikes or close roots that may be missed during the stepping search process.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    27 views4 pages

    Piv Ann2

    Uploaded by

    pipul36
    The document describes a bisection method for determining the parameters needed to render an image based on a given pixel position, screen height, and pivot transform. It involves setting m as the parameter to bisect and deriving equations to calculate x3, y3, and other values in terms of m. The method bisects m until the difference between the calculated and known x values is zero, yielding the solution. However, the method faces challenges with spikes or close roots that may be missed during the stepping search process.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    PIVOTTRANSFORMS

    ANNEX2

    BISECTIONMETHOD

    Indesigningabisectionprocedureweneedtochooseasuitableparameterandfunctionwhichistobe
    solved.ReferringtoFigure9inthemaintext,foragivenpixelonthescreenweknowtheheighthofthe
    imageplane,weknow1and2andhencek,k1andk2fromthebudtransformTselected;andweknow
    C(x1,y1),O(x2,y2)andWfromthevortexselected.Fromhwecalculateh'.Wethusalsoknowa,b,cande.
    ThisleavesuandF(x3,y3)tobefound,andthencem,suchthattheplanespassthroughQ.Therecanbe
    severalsolutionsfordifferentvaluesofu,twoforeachvalueofu.Thereasonthesolutionisnotstraight
    forwardisthattheequationofthevortexisinvolved,whichcontainsapowerofuandhencewehavea
    transcendentalsituation.

    NowasuvariesGmovesalongOC,andsinceQisfixedforagivenh,clearlyFmovesalongastraightline
    whichistheprojectionofOCfromQontheupperinvariantplane.Wefindtheequationofthislineand
    fromitfindafunctionf(m)=0whichweuseforthebisectioni.e.weusemasourparameter. Thiswas
    foundtobebetterthanusingu.

    Recallingthat
    a [ ex 2 u x 1 x 2 ]
    x 3=
    e [ aeu ]
    wehave
    e [ ae x 3 ax 2 ]
    u= (1)
    a x 1 x 2 ex 3
    Similarlyfromy3weget
    e [ ae y 3 ay 2 ]
    u=
    a y 1 y 2 ey 3

    Eliminatinguandrearranginggivestheequation

    x 3 [ ae y 1 y 2 ey 2 ]y 3 [ ae x 1 x 2 ex 2 ]a [ y 2 x 1 y 1 x 2 ]=0
    i .e .
    Ax 3 By3 C=0
    where
    A= ae y 1 y 2 ey 2
    B= ae x 1 x 2 ex 2
    C=a y 2 x 1 y 1 x 2

    whichgivesusthelinealongwhichFismovingasuvaries,sinceitisindependentofuandABCare
    constants.

    Nowfrom(13)inthemaintext
    y 1m 2
    y 3 mx 3 =
    kv
    y 1m 2 Ax 3 C
    so y 3 = mx 3=
    kv B
    2
    x 1m C

    mkv B
    giving x 3 = 2
    A
    m
    B

    Thuswecanfindx3andy3frommasxisdeterminedbytheselectedpixelonthescreen.

    InAnnex1weshowedthat

    2
    [ 2 2
    ] 2
    m R x 1 x 3 2m x 1 x 3 y 1 y3 R y 1 y 3 =0
    2

    where

    R=W
    eu u
    u e (3)

    Thismayberearrangedas

    2
    1m 2 R 2= [ m x 1 x 3 y 1 y3 ]
    giving
    y 3 = y1 m( x1 x 3 ) R 1 + m 2 (4)

    Thesignambiguitygivestwosolutionsfory3andhencetwotangentplanesforagivenm,sothebisection
    mustbedonetwice.

    Thustheprocedureis:

    1. Givenm,calculatex3fromtheEquation(2)

    2. ThencalculateufromEquation(1)

    3. CalculateRfrom(3)

    4. Findy3from(4)

    5. Calculatexfortheassumedvalueofm,fromx'=mkvy"(c.f.(13)inthemaintext)

    6. Returnasthevalueofthebisectionfunctionthedifferencebetweenx'andtheknownvalue
    ofx(fromthepixelposition).

    Thusvaryingmuntilthedifferenceis(inprinciple)zeroyieldsasolutionformandhencefortheother
    parameters. Inparticularitenablesthecoordinateyorthogonaltothescreentobecalculated. Thisis
    incorporated in a global search function which seeks all such solutions for the intersections with the
    horizontalprofile,andhencefindsthevalueofynearesttotheviewer.

    Itisherethatrealproblemsemergeasthereisnobasisforanormalbisectionsothesearchproceduremust
    startfromtheaxisandstepoutwards.Ifthestepsaretoosmallproductionofapictureisexcessivelyslow
    (allthisisdoneforeachpixel),butontheotherhandifthesteppingfactoristoolargerootsthatareclose
    togethermaybemissed.Plottingmagainstthebisectionerroraswemoveoutfromtheaxisgivesatypical
    plotshownbelow.

    Hereoneorbothofthetworootscouldbemissedbythesearch.Incorporationofananalysisofchangesin
    thegradientsolvedcasessuchasthis.Butthefollowinggraphshowsamuchmoreseverecase:
    Averysharpspikeoccurswhichwillalmostcertainlybemissedbyasearchalgorithm,andindeedhardly
    showsonthegraph!Sometimesthesespikescanbepredictedtheoreticallyandalogicaltestforsuchcases
    isincludedinthealgorithm.

    Thepointisthatsomeofthepictureshaveblemishes,andtheexplanationliesindifficultiessuchasthis.
    Ifthewrongrootisfound(i.e.notnearesttotheviewer)thentheangleofthetangentplanecalculated
    appliestoahiddenpartofthesurfaceandhencepresentsashadingdiscontinuity.Althoughtheycouldbe
    manuallyeditedoutquiteeasilyandthishasbeendoneforsomepurposestheyareleftinhereasthis
    ismoreamathematicalinvestigationthanalovelypictureexercise.Alsothelocationandtypeofblemish
    doesconveyinformation.

    You might also like