LAB MANUAL

Subject Code: 7EE8

POWER SYSTEM MODELING & SIMULATION LAB

(IV B. Tech VII Semester EE)

Established in year 2007

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

TECHNO NJR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Kaladwas, Udaipur 313001
Website: technonjr.org
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Simulate Swing Equation in Simulink (MATLAB)

2. Multimachine Stability Modeling using Synchronous Machine.
3. Modeling of Induction Machine.
4. PWM Control of Induction Machine.
5. Simulation of a Single Phase Non Linear Load Model
6. (A) Modeling of Synchronous Machine with FACTS device.
(B) Simulation of Synchronous Machine with FACTS devices.
7. FACTS Controller designs with FACT devices for SMIB system.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 1

Aim: - Simulate Swing Equation in Simulink (MATLAB).

Apparatus required:- MATLAB Software.

Theory:-

The equation governing rotor motion of a synchronous machine is based on the elementary principle in
dynamics which states that accelerating torque is the product of the moment of inertia of the rotor times its
angular acceleration. In the MKS (meter-kilogram-second) system of units this equation can be written for the
synchronous gene rotor in the form:

Where the symbols have the following meanings:

J = The total moment of inertia of the rotor m asses, in kg-m2

m = the angular displacement of the rotor with respect to a stationary axis, in mechanical radians (rad)

t = time, in seconds (s)

Tm = the mechanical or shaft torque supplied by the prime mover less retarding torque due to rotational losses,
i n N-m Te the net electrical or electromagnetic torque, in N-m

Ta = the net accelerating torque, in N-m.

Circuit Diagram:-
Observations

(b)

Swing curve for machine if fault cleared in 0.3 sec.

Swing curve for machine if fault cleared in 0.5 sec.

Result:- Simulation of Swing Equation in Simulink (MATLAB) has been done.

 EXPERIMENT NO. 2

Aim:- Modeling of a Multi Machine Stable System using Synchronous Machine block.

Apparatus Required:- MATLAB software.

Theory:-

The Synchronous Machine block operates in generator or motor modes. The operating mode is dictated by the
sign of the mechanical power (positive for generator mode, negative for motor mode). The electrical part of the
machine is represented by a sixth-order state-space model and the mechanical part is the same as in the
Simplified Synchronous Machine block.

The model takes into account the dynamics of the stator, field, and damper windings. The equivalent circuit of
the model is represented in the rotor reference frame (qd frame). All rotor parameters and electrical quantities
are viewed from the stator. They are identified by primed variables. The subscripts used are defined as follows:

d,q: d and q axis quantity

R,s: Rotor and stator quantity

l,m: Leakage and magnetizing inductance

f,k: Field and damper winding quantity

The electrical model of the machine is

with the following equations.

In an actual power system, there will be large number of both load and generator buses. There are two methods
of representing load buses
(1) Represent them as they are taken in load flow studies. Here the Y-bus matrix will be exactly identical to the
load flow case. (2) The loads are represented by constant admittance. Therefore, the presence of loads is taken
care of by the bus admittance matrix and this matrix is different from the one calculated for load flow studies.
Since we are interested in the synchronous stability of the system, we need not bother about the load bus current,
and our objective is to calculate generator currents only in order to find out the prefault or pretransient induced
e.m.f. behind the transient reactance of individual machines. These voltages are required to find out the power
transfer between the machines.
The assumptions used for two machine system are also assumed valid for a multi-machine system.
1. Mechanical power input to each generator is constant.
2. Saliency of generators is neglected and the transient generator model will be chosen.
3. The e.m.f. behind transient reactance will remain constant throughout the post fault period.
4. All resistances and damping torques are neglected.
5. Loads are represented by constant passive admittances.
6. The variation of frequency is considered to be negligible and hence, the change in load with frequency is
neglected.
The swing equation for the pth generator is given by

We are considering here a model of the system given in example 16.9 in Power System Analysis book, Stevenson.
Three-phase fault is applied at time 20 s and the fault is cleared at 20.3 s. 20 s was chosen to study the fault effect
after the system reaches steady state operating conditions. You can zoom in the time interval 20-20.3 in the scope
to observe the rotor swinging under fault. The critical clearing time is approximately 0.55 s; it differs from that
mentioned in the book since the system in this model employs PSS for each machine, which is more related to
real world systems.

Circuit Diagram:-

Generator 1 Model
Generator 2 Model
NOTES:

1. Three-phase fault is applied at time 20 s and the fault is cleared at 20.3 s.

2. 20 s was chosen to study the fault effect after the system reaches steady state operating conditions.

3. You can zoom in the time interval 20-20.3 in the scope to observe the rotor swingings under fault.

4. The critical clearing time is approximately 0.55 s.

Main Circuit Diagram

Observations :-
Results:- We have successfully Modelled Multi Machine Stability using Synchronous Machine blocks.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 3

Aim:- Modeling of Induction Machine.

Apparatus Required:- MATLAB Software

Theory:-

The Asynchronous Machine block operates in either generator or motor mode. The mode of operation is
dictated by the sign of the mechanical torque:

If Tm is positive, the machine acts as a motor.

If Tm is negative, the machine acts as a generator.

The electrical part of the machine is represented by a fourth-order state-space model and the mechanical part by
a second-order system. All electrical variables and parameters are referred to the stator. This is indicated by the
prime signs in the machine equations given below. All stator and rotor quantities are in the arbitrary two-axis
reference frame (dq frame).

Electrical System

Mechanical System
The Asynchronous Machine block parameters are defined as follows (all quantities are referred to the stator):

Parameter Definition

Rs, Lls Stator resistance and leakage inductance

R'r, L'lr Rotor resistance and leakage inductance

Lm Magnetizing inductance

Ls, L'r Total stator and rotor inductances

Vqs, iqs q axis stator voltage and current

V'qr, i'qr q axis rotor voltage and current

Vds, ids d axis stator voltage and current

V'dr, i'dr d axis rotor voltage and current

qs, ds Stator q and d axis fluxes

'qr, 'dr Rotor q and d axis fluxes

m Angular velocity of the rotor

m Rotor angular position

p Number of pole pairs

r Electrical angular velocity (m x p)

r Electrical rotor angular position (m x p)

Te Electromagnetic torque

Tm Shaft mechanical torque

 Parameter Definition

J Combined rotor and load inertia coefficient. Set to infinite to simulate locked rotor.

H Combined rotor and load inertia constant. Set to infinite to simulate locked rotor.

F Combined rotor and load viscous friction coefficient

Dialog Box and Parameters

You can choose between two Asynchronous Machine blocks to specify the electrical and mechanical
parameters of the model, by using the pu Units dialog box or the SI dialog box. Both blocks are modeling the
same asynchronous machine model. Depending on the dialog box you choose to use, SimPowerSystems
software automatically converts the parameters you enter into per unit parameters. The Simulink model of the
Asynchronous Machine block uses pu parameters.

Configuration Tab

Preset model:- Provides a set of predetermined electrical and mechanical parameters for various asynchronous
machine ratings of power (HP), phase-to-phase voltage (V), frequency (Hz), and rated speed (rpm).

Select one of the preset models to load the corresponding electrical and mechanical parameters in the entries of
the dialog box. Note that the preset models do not include predetermined saturation parameters. Select No if
you do not want to use a preset model, or if you want to modify some of the parameters of a preset model, as
described below.
When you select a preset model, the electrical and mechanical parameters in the Parameters tab of the dialog
box become unmodifiable (grayed out). To start from a given preset model and then modify machine
parameters, you have to do the following:

Select the desired preset model to initialize the parameters.

Change the Preset model parameter value to No. This will not change the machine parameters. By doing so,
you just break the connection with the particular preset model.

Modify the machine parameters as you wish, then click Apply.

Mechanical input:- Allows you to select either the torque applied to the shaft or the rotor speed as the Simulink
signal applied to the block's input.

Select Torque Tm to specify a torque input, in N.m or in pu, and change labeling of the block's input to Tm.
The machine speed is determined by the machine Inertia J (or inertia constant H for the pu machine) and by the
difference between the applied mechanical torque Tm and the internal electromagnetic torque Te. The sign
convention for the mechanical torque is the following: when the speed is positive, a positive torque signal
indicates motor mode and a negative signal indicates generator mode.

Select Speed w to specify a speed input, in rad/s or in pu, and change labeling of the block's input to w. The
machine speed is imposed and the mechanical part of the model (Inertia J) is ignored. Using the speed as the
mechanical input allows modeling a mechanical coupling between two machines and interfacing with
SimMechanics and SimDriveline models.

The next figure indicates how to model a stiff shaft interconnection in a motor-generator set when friction
torque is ignored in machine 2. The speed output of machine 1 (motor) is connected to the speed input of
machine 2 (generator), while machine 2 electromagnetic torque output Te is applied to the mechanical torque
input Tm of machine 1. The Kw factor takes into account speed units of both machines (pu or rad/s) and gear
box ratio w2/w1. The KT factor takes into account torque units of both machines (pu or N.m) and machine
ratings. Also, as the inertia J2 is ignored in machine 2, J2 referred to machine 1 speed must be added to machine
1 inertia J1.

Rotor type:- Specifies the branching for the rotor windings.

Reference frame:- Specifies the reference frame that is used to convert input voltages (abc reference frame) to
the dq reference frame, and output currents (dq reference frame) to the abc reference frame. You can choose
among the following reference frame transformations:

Rotor (Park transformation)

Stationary (Clarke or transformation)

Synchronous

The following relationships describe the abc-to-dq reference frame transformations applied to the Asynchronous
Machine phase-to-phase voltages.

In the preceding equations, is the angular position of the reference frame, while is the difference between the
position of the reference frame and the position (electrical) of the rotor. Because the machine windings are
connected in a three-wire Y configuration, there is no homopolar (0) component. This also justifies the fact that
two line-to-line input voltages are used inside the model instead of three line-to-neutral voltages. The following
relationships describe the dq-to-abc reference frame transformations applied to the Asynchronous Machine
phase currents.

The following table shows the values taken by and in each reference frame (e is the position of the
synchronously rotating reference frame).

Parameters Tab
Inputs and Outputs

Tm:- The Simulink input of the block is the mechanical torque at the machine's shaft. When the input is a
positive Simulink signal, the asynchronous machine behaves as a motor. When the input is a negative signal, the
asynchronous machine behaves as a generator.

When you use the SI parameters mask, the input is a signal in N.m, otherwise it is in pu.

W:- The alternative block input (depending on the value of the Mechanical input parameter) is the machine
speed, in rad/s.

M:- The Simulink output of the block is a vector containing 21 signals. You can demultiplex these signals by
using the Bus Selector block provided in the Simulink library. Depending on the type of mask you use, the units
are in SI, or in pu.

The stator terminals of the Asynchronous Machine block are identified by the A, B, and C letters. The rotor
terminals are identified by the a, b, and c letters. Note that the neutral connections of the stator and rotor
windings are not available; three-wire Y connections are assumed.

Limitations

The Asynchronous Machine block does not include a representation of the saturation of leakage fluxes. You
must be careful when you connect ideal sources to the machine's stator. If you choose to supply the stator via a
three-phase Y-connected infinite voltage source, you must use three sources connected in Y. However, if you
choose to simulate a delta source connection, you must use only two sources connected in series.

When you use Asynchronous Machine blocks in discrete systems, you might have to use a small parasitic
resistive load, connected at the machine terminals, in order to avoid numerical oscillations. Large sample times
require larger loads. The minimum resistive load is proportional to the sample time. As a rule of thumb,
remember that with a 25 s time step on a 60 Hz system, the minimum load is approximately 2.5% of the
machine nominal power. For example, a 200 MVA asynchronous machine in a power system discretized with a
50 s sample time requires approximately 5% of resistive load or 10 MW. If the sample time is reduced to 20
s, a resistive load of 4 MW should be sufficient.

Use of the Asynchronous Machine Block in Motor Mode

This example illustrates the use of the Asynchronous Machine block in motor mode. It consists of an
asynchronous machine in an open-loop speed control system.
The machine rotor is short-circuited, and the stator is fed by a PWM inverter, built with Simulink blocks and
interfaced to the Asynchronous Machine block through the Controlled Voltage Source block. The inverter uses
sinusoidal pulse-width modulation. The base frequency of the sinusoidal reference wave is set at 60 Hz and the
triangular carrier wave frequency is set at 1980 Hz. This frequency corresponds to a frequency modulation
factor mf of 33 (60 Hz x 33 = 1980).
The 3 HP machine is connected to a constant load of nominal value (11.9 N.m). It is started and reaches the set
point speed of 1.0 pu at t = 0.9 second.
The parameters of the machine are those found in the preceding SI Units dialog box above, except for the stator
leakage inductance, which is set to twice its normal value to simulate a smoothing inductor placed between the
inverter and the machine. Also, the stationary reference frame was used to obtain the results shown.
. In the simulation parameters, a small relative tolerance is required because of the high switching rate of the
inverter.

Circuit Diagram:-
Observations

Run the simulation and observe the machine's speed and torque.
The first graph shows the machine's speed going from 0 to 1725 rpm (1.0 pu). The second graph shows the
electromagnetic torque developed by the machine. Because the stator is fed by a PWM inverter, a noisy torque
is observed.
However, this noise is not visible in the speed because it is filtered out by the machine's inertia, but it can be
seen in the stator and rotor currents.
Look at the output of the PWM inverter. Because nothing of interest can be seen at the simulation time scale,
the graph concentrates on the last moments of the simulation.
Results:- We have successfully Modelled the Induction Machine.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 4

Aim:- PWM control of an Induction Machine

Apparatus Required:- MATLAB Software

Theory:-

It is very important to control the speed of induction motors in industrial and engineering applications. Efficient
control strategies are used for reducing operation cost too. Speed control techniques of induction motors can be
broadly classified into two types scalar control and vector control. Scalar control involves controlling the
magnitude of voltage or frequency of the induction motor.

Having known the Torque-speed characteristic of the motor, its speed can be controlled in three ways:
i) Changing the number of poles
ii) Varying the input voltage at fixed frequency
iii) Varying both the input voltage and frequency accordingly

To maintain torque capability of the motor close to the rated torque at any frequency, the air gap flux, ag is
maintained constant. Any reduction in the supply frequency without changing the supple voltage will increase
the air gap flux and the motor may go to saturation. This will increase the magnetizing current, distort the line
current and voltage, increase the core loss and copper loss, and it makes the system noisy. The air gap voltage is
related to ag and the frequency f as,

We shall be concentrating on the third method throughout the project, beginning with analyzing the parameters
of the induction motor and the harmonic contents.

Operation of induction motors: When a balanced set of three-phase sinusoidal voltages is applied to the
stator of an induction motor, a constant amplitude flux is produced in the air-gap which rotates with a constant
speed called the
synchronous speed. For a p pole machine, the synchronous speed is given as

Pulse-Width-Modulated inverter: For obtaining variable speed/ voltage control of induction motors, various
DC-AC converters (inverters) are used to drive the motors. The function of the inverter is to change a DC input
voltage to a symmetric AC output of desired magnitude and frequency. A typical three-phase inverter is shown
in the figure below. A balanced set of sinusoidal voltages are fed as input to the inverter to obtain a constant
rectified DC voltage, which is again smoothed through the DC link capacitor(s). The semiconductor switches are
eventually driven by the smoothed DC voltage. The output voltage may be fixed or variable at a fixed or variable
frequency. Variable voltage can be obtained by varying the gain of the inverter, which is usually done by using
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) control within the inverter.
Circuit Diagram
Observations
Result:- We have successfully Simulated the given circuit and controlled the speed of an induction motor .
 EXPERIMENT NO. 5

Aim:- Simulation of a Single Phase Non Linear Load Model

Apparatus Required:- MATLAB Software.

Theory:-

Non-Linear Loads and Harmonics

In AC power distribution systems, harmonics occur when the normal electric current waveform is distorted by
non-linear loads. A linear load is one where voltage (a sine wave) is applied across a constant resistance
resulting in current (another sine wave), as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Linear load sine wave.

Non-linear loads occur when the resistance is not a constant and changes during each sine wave of the applied
voltage waveform, resulting in a series of positive and negative pulses, illustrated in Figure 2

Figure 2. Non-linear load current pulses.

These pulses can create harmonic currents in addition to the original current. For example, the third harmonic of
60 Hz is 180 Hz. In three-phase power systems, even harmonics cancel out, so only the odd harmonics are of
concern. On three-phase systems each phase voltage is 120 degrees out of phase, causing the phase current to be
120 degrees out of phase as well, shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Third harmonic.

In a balanced distribution, where each phase carries an equal amount of current, the currents cancel each other
out when they combine at the common neutral conductor to return to the source, causing the neutral current to
be zero. This is why one neutral can handle three phases and why most wiring codes permit the neutral to be
downsized to a smaller gauge wire. Although a perfectly balanced distribution is next to impossible to
implement, circuits carrying linear loads generally do not create much neutral current. With non-linear loads,
the third harmonic on all three phases is exactly in phase and adds, rather than cancels, thus creating current and
heat on the neutral conductor. Left un-treated, harmonic loads can reduce the distribution capacity and degrade
the quality of the power of public utility power systems, increase power and AC costs, and result in equipment
malfunctions such as communication errors and data loss. The effect on the public power system has led
regulatory agencies to set lower harmonic levels and power utilities to charge more for wasted energy.

Sources of non-linear loads are computer equipment with switched-mode power supplies, variable speed motors
and drives, photocopiers, laser printers, fax machines, battery chargers, UPSs, fluorescent light ballasts, and
medical diagnostic equipment. Historically, single-phase non-linear loads were common in office buildings and
three-phase non-linear loads were generally found in factories and industrial plants. However, data centers are
increasingly moving to three-phase power distribution.

Options to Mitigate Harmonics

Realistically, completely eliminating harmonics in the data center would be too difficult and expensive. When
building a new data center or re-modeling an existing data center, electrical engineers or facilities managers
might specify options to mitigate harmonics in the power distribution center. It is important to understand these
options and their costs in order to balance the real harmonic load against the cost of the solution. A number of
options that work to minimize actual harmonic loads are currently available, but should be carefully considered
because of the added expense and because they utilize more copper, which is becoming increasingly scarce.

200% neutral conductors: One option is to specify an 200% neutral conductor or to use separate neutral
conductors. Triplen harmonics (3, 9, 15, etc.) can produce neutral currents that can be up to the theoretical
maximum of 173% of the phase current, which is why a 200% neutral conductor is usually specified.

K-factor transformers: Standard transformers can overheat and fail prematurely due to the high currents
produced by non-linear loads. K-rated transformers are designed to handle the heat generated by harmonic
currents. Standard transformers have a K-factor rating of one. The higher the K-rating, the more harmonic-
generated heat the transformer can accommodate and minimize. K-factor transformers must be properly
selected in order to balance cost, efficiency, and safety.

Phase shifting transformers: These transformers can help cancel harmonics when several non-linear loads of
equal ratings share a power system. Loads are phased-shifted opposite of each other (e.g., -20 phase shift and
+20 phase shift) so that when combined, the harmonics from both phases create a clean sine wave. This option
adds another expense to the data center and is not always completely effective as the loads need to be exactly
the same on each transformer.

Harmonics filters: Harmonic filters remove harmonics and correct the phase of the fundamental current, thus
converting non-linear loads into linear loads.

Circuit Diagram:-

Circuit Parameters

(a). 11kV 30 MVA Source Feeder

(b). 1 MVA Transformer

(c ). 3 Phase Load
(d). Load A,B,C are of 10 ohms and 2000 micro farads capacity.

Observations

Result:- We have successfully Simulated the given circuit.

 EXPERIMENT NO. 6

Aim:- (A) Modelling of Synchronous Machine with FACTS & PSS device

(B) Simulation of Synchronous Machine with FACTS devices.

Apparatus Required:- MATLAB Software.

Theory:-

UPFC (Detailed Model)

Model Description

A Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is used to control the power flow in a 500 kV transmission system.
The UPFC located at the left end of the 75-km line L2, between the 500 kV buses B1 and B2, is used to control
the active and reactive powers flowing through bus B2 while controlling voltage at bus B1. It consists of two
100-MVA, three-level, 48-pulse GTO-based converters, one connected in shunt at bus B1 and one connected in
series between buses B1 and B2. The shunt and series converters can exchange power through a DC bus. The
series converter can inject a maximum of 10% of nominal line-to-ground voltage (28.87 kV) in series with line
L2.

This pair of converters can be operated in three modes:

Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) mode, when the shunt and series converters are interconnected
through the DC bus. When the disconnect switches between the DC buses of the shunt and series converter are
opened, two additional modes are available:

Shunt converter operating as a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) controlling voltage at bus B1

Series converter operating as a Static Synchronous Series Capacitor (SSSC) controlling injected voltage,
while keeping injected voltage in quadrature with current.

The mode of operation as well as the reference voltage and reference power values can be changed by means of
the UPFC GUI block.

The principle of operation of the harmonic neutralized converters is explained in another demo entitled Three-
phase 48-pulse GTO converter. This demo (power_48pulsegtoconverter.mdl) is accessible in the Power
Electronics Models library of demos. When the two converters are operated in UPFC mode, the shunt converter
operates as a STATCOM. It controls the bus B1 voltage by controlling the absorbed or generated reactive
power while also allowing active power transfer to the series converter through the DC bus. The reactive power
variation is obtained by varying the DC bus voltage. The four three-level shunt converters operate at a constant
conduction angle (Sigma= 180-7.5 = 172.5 degrees), thus generating a quasi-sinusoidal 48-step voltage
waveform. The first significant harmonics are the 47th and the 49th.

When operating in UPFC mode, the magnitude of the series injected voltage is varied by varying the Sigma
conduction angle, therefore generating higher harmonic contents than the shunt converter. As illustrated in this
demo, when the series converter operates in SSSC mode it generates a true 48-pulse waveform.

The natural power flow through bus B2 when zero voltage is generated by the series converter (zero voltage on
converter side of the four converter transformers) is P=+870 MW and Q=-70 Mvar. In UPFC mode, both the
magnitude and phase angle and the series injected voltage can be varied, thus allowing control of P and Q. The
UPFC controllable region is obtained by keeping the injected voltage to its maximum value (0.1 pu) and
varying its phase angle from zero to 360 degrees. To see the resulting P-Q trajectory, double click the Show
UPFC Controllable Region. Any point located inside the PQ elliptic region can be obtained in UPFC mode.

Demonstration

1. Power control in UPFC mode

Open the UPFC GUI block menu. The GUI allows you to choose the operation mode (UPFC, STATCOM or
SSSC) as well as the Pref/Qref reference powers and/or Vref reference voltage settings. Also, in order to
observe the dynamic response of the control system, the GUI allows you to specify a step change of any
reference value at a specific time.

Make sure that the operation mode is set to UPFC (Power Flow Control). The reference active and reactive
powers are specified in the last two lines of the GUI menu. Initially, Pref= +8.7 pu/100MVA (+870 MW) and
Qref=-0.6 pu/100MVA (-60 Mvar). At t=0.25 sec Pref is changed to +10 pu (+1000MW). Then, at t=0.5 sec,
Qref is changed to +0.7 pu (+70 Mvar). The reference voltage of the shunt converter (specified in the 2nd line
of the GUI) will be kept constant at Vref=1 pu during the whole simulation (Step Time=0.3*100> Simulation
stop time (0.8 sec). When the UPFC is in power control mode, the changes in STATCOM reference reactive
power and in SSSC injected voltage (specified respectively in 1st and 3rd line of the GUI) as are not used.

Run the simulation for 0.8 sec. Open the Show Scopes subsystem. Observe on traces 1 and 2 of the UPFC
scope the variations of P and Q. After a transient period lasting approximately 0.15 sec, the steady state is
reached (P=+8.7 pu; Q=-0.6 pu). Then P and Q are ramped to the new settings (P=+10 pu Q=+0.7 pu). Observe
on traces 3 and 4 the resulting changes in P Q on the three transmission lines. The performance of the shunt and
series converters can be observed respectively on the STATCOM and SSSC scopes. If you zoom on the first
trace of the STATCOM scope, you can observe the 48-step voltage waveform Vs generated on the secondary
side of the shunt converter transformers (yellow trace) superimposed with the primary voltage Vp (magenta)
and the primary current Ip (cyan). The dc bus voltage (trace 2) varies in the 19kV-21kV range. If you zoom on
the first trace of the SSSC scope, you can observe the injected voltage waveforms Vinj measured between buses
B1 and B2.

2. Var control in STATCOM mode

In the GUI block menu, change the operation mode to STATCOM (Var Control). Make sure that the
STATCOM references values (1st line of parameters, [T1 T2 Q1 Q2]) are set to [0.3 0.5 +0.8 -0.8 ]. In this
mode, the STATCOM is operated as a variable source of reactive power. Initially, Q is set to zero, then at
T1=0.3 sec Q is increased to +0.8 pu (STATCOM absorbing reactive power) and at T2=0.5 sec, Q is reversed to
-0.8 pu (STATCOM generating reactive power).

Run the simulation and observe on the STATCOM scope the dynamic response of the STATCOM. Zoom on
the first trace around t=0.5 sec when Q is changed from +0.8 pu to -0.8 pu. When Q=+0.8 pu, the current
flowing into the STATCOM (cyan trace) is lagging voltage (magenta trace), indicating that STATCOM is
absorbing reactive power. When Qref is changed from +0.8 to -0.8, the current phase shift with respect to
voltage changes from 90 degrees lagging to 90 degrees leading within one cycle. This control of reactive power
is obtained by varying the magnitude of the secondary voltage Vs generated by the shunt converter while
keeping it in phase with the bus B1 voltage Vp. This change of Vs magnitude is performed by controlling the dc
bus voltage. When Q is changing from +0.8 pu to -0.8 pu, Vdc (trace 3) increases from 17.5 kV to 21 kV.

3. Series voltage injection in SSSC mode

In the GUI block menu change the operation mode to SSSC (Voltage injection). Make sure that the SSSC
references values (3rd line of parameters) [Vinj_Initial Vinj_Final StepTime] ) are set to [0.0 0.08 0.3 ]. The
initial voltage is set to 0 pu, then at t=0.3 sec it will be ramped to 0.8 pu.

Run the simulation and observe on the SSSC scope the impact of injected voltage on P and Q flowing in the 3
transmission lines. Contrary to the UPFC mode, in SSCC mode the series inverter operates with a constant
conduction angle (Sigma= 172.5 degrees). The magnitude of the injected voltage is controlled by varying the dc
voltage which is proportional to Vinj (3rd trace). Also, observe the waveforms of injected voltages (1st trace)
and currents flowing through the SSSC (2nd trace). Voltages and currents stay in quadrature so that the SSSC
operates as a variable inductance or capacitance.

Circuit Diagram:-
Fig:- Detailed Model of a 48-Pulse,GTO-Based Unified Power Flow Controller (500 kV, 100 MVA)

Output Wave Forms

Results:- We have successfully Modelied of Synchronous Machine with FACTS & PSS device and Simulate
of Synchronous Machine with FACTS & PSS devices.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 7

Aim: - FACTS Controller designs with FACT devices for SMIB system.

Apparatus required:- MATLAB software.

Theory:-

A 100-Mvar STATCOM regulates voltage on a three-bus 500-kV system. The 48-pulse STATCOM uses a
Voltage-Sourced Converter (VSC) built of four 12-pulse three-level GTO inverters. Look inside the STATCOM
block to see how the VSC inverter is built. The four sets of three-phase voltages obtained at the output of the
four three-level inverters are applied to the secondary windings of four phase-shifting transformers (-15 deg., -
7.5 deg., 7.5 deg., +7.5 deg. phase shifts). The fundamental components of voltages obtained on the 500 kV side
of the transformers are added in phase by the serial connection of primary windings. Please refer to the
"power_48pulsegtoconverter" demo to get details on the operation of the VSC.

During steady-state operation the STATCOM control system keeps the fundamental component of the VSC
voltage in phase with the system voltage. If the voltage generated by the VSC is higher (or lower) than the
system voltage, the STATCOM generates (or absorbs) reactive power. The amount of reactive power depends
on the VSC voltage magnitude and on the transformer leakage reactances. The fundamental component of VSC
voltage is controlled by varying the DC bus voltage. In order to vary the DC voltage, and therefore the reactive
power, the VSC voltage angle (alpha) which is normally kept close to zero is temporarily phase shifted. This
VSC voltage lag or lead produces a temporary flow of active power which results in an increase or decrease of
capacitor voltages.

One of the three voltage sources used in the 500 kV system equivalents can be be varied in order to observe the
STATCOM dynamic response to changes in system voltage. Open the "Programmable Voltage Source" menu
and look at the sequence of voltage steps which are programmed.

Demonstration

Dynamic response of the STATCOM

Run the simulation and observe waveforms on the STATCOM scope block. The STATCOM is in voltage
control mode and its reference voltage is set to Vref=1.0 pu. The voltage droop of the regulator is 0.03 pu/100
VA.Therefore when the STATCOM operating point changes from fully capacitive (+100 Mvar) to fully
inductive (-100 Mvar) the STATCOM voltage varies between 1-0.03=0.97 pu and 1+0.03=1.03 pu.

Initially the programmable voltage source is set at 1.0491 pu, resulting in a 1.0 pu voltage at SVC terminals
when the STATCOM is out of service. As the reference voltage Vref is set to 1.0 pu, the STATCOM is initially
floating (zero current). The DC voltage is 19.3 kV. At t=0.1s, voltage is suddenly decreased by 4.5 % (0.955 pu
of nominal voltage). The SVC reacts by generating reactive power (Q=+70 Mvar) in order to keep voltage at
0.979 pu. The 95% settling time is approximately 47 ms. At this point the DC voltage has increasded to 20.4
kV. Then, at t=0.2 s the source voltage is increased to1.045 pu of its nominal value. The SVC reacts by
changing its operating point from capacitive to inductive in order to keep voltage at 1.021 pu. At this point the
STATCOM absorbs 72 Mvar and the DC voltage has been lowered to 18.2 kV. Observe on the first trace
showing the STATCOM primary voltage and current that the current is changing from capacitive to inductive in
approximately one cycle. Finally, at t=0.3 s the source voltage in set back to its nominal value and the
STATCOM operating point comes back to zero Mvar.

If you look inside the "Signals and Scopes" subsystem you will have access to other control signals. Notice the
transient changes on alpha angle when the DC voltage is increased or decreased in order to vary reactive power.
The steady state value of alpha (0.5 degrees) is the phase shift required to maintain a small active power flow
compensating transformer and converter losses.

How To Regenerate Initial Conditions

The initial states required to start this demo in steady state have been saved in the "power_statcom_gto48p.mat"
file. When you open this demo, the InitFcn callback (in the Model Properties/Callbacks) automatically loads
into your workspace the contents of this .mat file ("xInitial" variable).

If you modify this model, or change parameter values of power components, the initial conditions stored in the
"xInitial" variable will no longer be valid and Simulink will issue an error message. To regenerate the initial
conditions for your modified model, follow the steps listed below:

In the Simulation/Configuration/Data Import/Export Parameters menu, uncheck the "Initial state" parameter and
check the "Final states" parameter.

In the Programmable Voltage Source menu, disable the source voltage steps by setting the "Time variation of "
parameter to "none".

Make sure that the Simulation Stop Time is 0.4 second. Note that in order to generate initial conditions coherent
with the 60 Hz voltage source phase angles, the Stop Time must an integer number of 60 Hz cycles.

Start simulation. When simulation is completed, verify that steady state has been reached by looking at
waveforms displayed on the scope. The final states which have been saved in the "xFinal" structure with time
can be used as initial states for future simulations. Executing the next two commands copies these final
conditions in "xInitial" and saves this variable in a new file (myModel_init.mat).

>> xInitial=xFinal;

>> save myModel_init xInitial

In the File/Model Properties/Callbacks/InitFcn window, change the name of the initialization file from
"power_statcom_gto48p.mat" to "myModel_init.mat". Next time you open this model, the variable xInitial
saved in the myModel_init.mat file will be loaded in your workspace.

In the Simulation/Configuration Parameters menu, check "Initial state".

Start simulation and verify that your model starts in steady-state.

In the Programmable Voltage Source menu, set the "Time variation of" parameter back to "Amplitude".

Save your Model.

Circuit Diagram:-

Fig:- demonstration of a +100 Mvar/-100 Mvar 48-pulse GTO STATCOM

Observation Table:-

Output:-
Result:-We have successfully demonstrate FACT devices for SMIB system.