4/14/2009

Instractor:
Eyassu Tesfamariam (PhD)

Assist.Instractor:
Sophonyas Asrat (BSc)

Coursecontents
y Highwayrouteselection
y factorsconsideredinhighwayrouteselection
f d d h h l
y Stepsinhighwayrouteselection
y Geometricdesignofhighways:
y Designcontrolsandcriteria
y Functionalclassificationsystemsofhighways
y Vehicleanddrivercharacteristics
y Highwaycrosssectionelements:
y Laneandshoulders,sidewalks,medians,andpedestriancrossings
p g
y Elementsofgeometricdesign:
y Horizontalalignment,Transitionandsuperelevation,Vertical
alignment,Sightdistance,IntersectionsandInterchanges
y Earthworkquantitiesandmasshauldiagram
y Drainageanddrainagestructures

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Earthwork

Earthwork
Activitiesinvolve:
1. Excavating
2. Loading
3. Hauling
4. Placing
5. Compacting
6. Grading
7. Finishing

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Earthwork
y Earthworksofhighways.
y Earthworkactivities.
y Earthworkquantitiesandcalculations.
y Areaofcrosssections.
y Determinationofvolumeofearthworksbyappropriate
methods.
y Themasshauldiagram.
Themass hauldiagram
y Determinationoftheplannedmovementofmaterials.
y Calculationofthemeanhauldistanceandthecorresponding
cost.

Earthwork
y Highwaysinvolveconsiderableamountofearthwork.
g y
y Earthworkissimplythequantityofmaterialtobemoved
orputinplacetoconvertthenaturalconditionand
configurationwithintheROWoftheroadtothesection
andgradesdescribedintheplans.

y Classificationofearthworkoperations
y Clearingandgrubbing
y Excavation
y Roadwayanddrainageexcavation
y Excavationforstructures
y Borrowexcavation

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Earthwork
y Clearingandgrubbing
y Thefirstoperationtobeundertakeninroadprojects.
y Definition:theremovaloftrees,stumps,roots,down
timber,rottenwood,rubbishandotherobjectionable
materialsformanareamarkedontheplans.
y Clearingreferstotheremovalofmaterialsaboveexisting
groundsurface and
groundsurface,and
y Grubbingmeanstheremovalofroots,stumpsandsimilar
objectstoanominaldepthbelowthesurface.
y Clearingandgrubbingconstituteasinglecontactitem
thatincludestheremovaloftopsoiltoashallowdepth.

Earthwork
y Excavation:theprocessoflooseningandremovingearthor
rockfromitsoriginalpositioninacutandtransportingit
kf i i i l i i i d i i
toafillsectionortoawastedeposit.
y RoadwayandDrainageExcavation.
y theexcavationandgradingoftheroadwayandditches,includingthe
removalanddisposalofallexcavatedmaterialandallworkneeded
fortheconstructionandcompletionofthecuts,embankments,
slopes,ditches,approaches,intersectionsandsimilarportionsofthe
work.
y Excavationforstructures.
y theexcavationofmaterialinordertopermittheconstructionofpipe
culverts,concreteboxculverts,foundationsforbridges,retaining
walls,andpracticallyallotherstructuresthatmayberequiredina
particularjob.

4
 4/14/2009

Earthwork
y Excavation:theprocessoflooseningandremovingearthor
p g g
rockfromitsoriginalpositioninacutandtransportingit
toafillortoawastedeposit.
y Borrowexcavation.
y whensufficientmaterialfortheformationofembankmentsand
otherelementsoftheroadwaystructureisnotavailablefrom
excavationperformedwithinthelimitsoftherightofway,
additionalsuitablematerialisgenerallytakenfromborrowpits.

y .

Earthwork
y ClassificationofExcavation
y Rockexcavation
y materialthatcannotbeexcavatedwithoutblastingortheuseof
rippersandallbouldersorotherdetachedstones.
y Commonexcavation
y excavationanddisposalofallmaterialsofwhatevercharacter
encounteredinthework,whicharenotclassifiedasrock,borrow.
y Borrowexcavation
y excavationofapprovedmaterialrequiredforconstructionof
pp q
embankments.
y Unsuitableexcavation
y theremovalanddisposalofdepositsofsaturatedorunsaturated
mixturesofsoilandorganicmatternotsuitableforembankment
material.

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Earthwork
HaulandOverhaul
y FreeHaul:whenmaterialisexcavateditwillbemovedoveracertain
distancefreeofcharge.NB:Onlytheexcavationcostispaid,notthe
di t f f h NB O l th ti ti id tth
transportationcostofthematerial.
y FreeHaulDistance (FHD):Distanceoverwhichexcavatedmaterialis
movedfreeofcharge(usually300 500m,butranges150 900m).
y Overhaul:isdefinedasthedistanceoverwhichtheexcavatedmaterial
mustbehauledlessthefreehauldistance.NB:thereisextrapayment
fortransportingmaterialinadditiontoexcavationcost.
y Overhauldistance (OHD):Distanceoverwhichexcavatedmaterialis
transportedbeyondthefreehalldistance.
OHD=HD FHD
y EconomicOverhaul(EOH):Economicoverhaulisadistancebeyond
whichitisnoteconomictooverhaul.
y LimitofEconomicOverhaul (LEH) isthedistancebeyondwhichitis
uneconomictooverhaulplusthefreehauldistance.
LEH=EOH+FHD

Earthwork
y HaulandOverhaul
y Haul isequaltothesumoftheproductsofeachvolumeofmaterialandthe
distancethroughwhichitismoved.
y Waste isthevolumeofmaterial,whichmustbeexportedfromasectionofthe
roadduetoasurplusorunsuitability.
y Borrow isthatvolumeofmaterial,whichmustbeimportedintosectionof
theroadduetoadeficiencyof(suitable)material.

Cost of 1 m 3 of excavated material from cut & move to fill = Cexc + Coh Le
Cost of 1 m 3 of excavated material, waste, borrow & place to fill = Cexc + Cbor
Maximum economical length of over - hauling :
Cexc + Coh Le = Cexc + Cbor [ NB : Le = EOH ]
y .
Cbor
EOH Total economic haul distance, LEH = FHD + EOH
Coh

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Earthwork
Estimationof FILL(Embankment)

EarthworkQuantities

Theestimationofthequantity
ofmaterialwhichmustbe
excavated(cut),andthe
quantityofmaterialrequiredto CUT(Excavation)
raisetheelevationofthe
existingground(fill),isvery
usefulinthedevelopmentofa
costestimateforroadprojects.
CUTandFILL

Earthwork
Estimationof FILL(Embankment)

EarthworkQuantities

Theestimationofthequantity
ofmaterialwhichmustbe
excavated(cut),andthe
quantityofmaterialrequiredto CUT(Excavation)
raisetheelevationofthe
existingground(fill),isvery
usefulinthedevelopmentofa
costestimateforroadprojects.
CUTandFILL

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Earthwork
EstimationofEarthworkQuantities
y SoilVolumeChanges
y Excavatedinsitumaterialusedinembankmentsorfillsmayswell
orshrink.Itisimportanttodeterminethepropertiesofamaterial
inordertoevaluatehowthesepropertieswillaffecttheearthwork
volumeestimates.
Swell/bulking
Shrinkage

1.0 1.25 0.90

Bank Loose Compacted

Naturalor Compactedstate
Disturbedstate
Insitustate

Earthwork
EstimationofEarthworkQuantities
y SoilVolumeChanges
Materialvolumeincreasesduringexcavation
Decreasesduringcompaction
Varieswith
Soiltype Swell:
Excavatedrock 5 25%
Filldepth
highfill:10
hi hfill 15%
% A3
Shrinkage:
shallowfill:20 25%
LightsoilA2
A1 Ordinarysoil 10 20%
Swampysoil 20 40%
Heavysoil upto 10%

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Earthwork
SoilVolumeChanges
Bank density
S ll (%) =
Swell 1 100
Loose density

Bank density
Shrinkage (%) = 1 100
Compacted density

Loose density 1
Load Factor = =
Bank density 1 + swell
Bank density
Shrinkage (Compaction) Factor = = 1 Shrinkage
Compacted density
Bank Volume = Loose Volume Load Factor
Compacted Volume = Bank Volume Shrinkage Factor

Earthwork
EstimationofEarthworkQuantities
y Estimationoftheareaofcrosssectionasacutandfill.
y Thedistancebetweentheseareas,l(orL)
y Volumeofearthwork
y Cutvolumeand
y Fillvolume.

y Areaofcrosssection A3
y Coordinatemethod
A2
y Trapezoidalrule A1
y Simpsonsrule

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Earthwork
y Calculationofcross
Calculationofcrosssectionalareas
sectionalareas
y Coordinatemethod:
y Withthecoordinatesofallthecornersofacrosssection
known,theareamaybecomputedbymeansofthecoordinate
method.
y Thepointofintersectionofthecenterofformationwiththe
centerlineoftheroad(c)isusedastheorigin.
y Thecutabovetheformationarewrittenasplus(+)andthose
belowasminus().
y Thedistancestotherightarewrittenasplus(+)andthoseto
theleftasminus().

Earthwork
y Calculationofcross
Calculationofcrosssectionalareas
sectionalareas
y Coordinatemethod:

Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y1
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X1

y Theproductsalongthemarkeddiagonalsareallpositiveand
theproductalongtheunmarkeddiagonalsareallnegative
theproductalongtheunmarkeddiagonalsareallnegative.
y Thedifferencegivesdoubleareaofthesection.

y Area,A

A = 1 2 [(Y1 X 2 + Y2 X 3 + Y3 X 4 + L + Yn 1 X n ) ( X 1Y2 + X 2Y3 + X 3Y4 + L + X n 1Yn )]

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Earthwork
y Calculationofcross
Calculationofcrosssectionalareas
sectionalareas
y Trapezoidalrule:
y assumesthatiftheuniforminterval(b)betweentheoffsetsis
small,theboundarycanbeapproximatedtoastraightline
betweentheoffsets.

A1 = 1 2 (h1 + h2 ) b
h1 h2 hn
A2 = 1 2 (h2 + h3 ) b

A = b 2 [h1 + hn + 2(h2 + h3 + L + hn 1 )] b

Earthwork
y Calculationofcross
Calculationofcrosssectionalareas
sectionalareas
y Simpsonsrule:
y assumesthatinsteadofbeingmadeupofaseriesofstraight
linestheboundaryconsistsofaseriesofparabolicarcs.

A1 + A2 = b 3 (h1 + 4h2 + h3 )
h1 h2 hn
A2 + A4 = b 3 (h3 + 4h4 + h5 )

b
A = b 3 [h1 + hn + 2(h3 + h5 + L + hn 2 ) + 4(h2 + h4 + L + hn 1 )]
andnisanoddnumber

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Earthwork
y ComputationofVolumes
y Averageendareamethod
y basedonthevolumeofarightprismwhosevolumeisequalto
theaverageendareamultipliedbythelength.

y Prismoidal method
y aprismoid isasolidwhoseendsareparallelandwhosesidesare
planesurfaces.

A2
A2
A1
.

ComputingVolumes
A2
A
Average d areas method
end th d
A1
V = (A1 + A2)L

L
V =L 2 [A1 + An + 2( A2 + A3 + L + An 1 )]
Where
A1, A2: end cross-section
cross section areas
L: distance between cross-sections
Example
A0 = 39.2 m2 A1 = 36.5 m2 L = 20 m
V = (39.2 m2 + 36.5 m2)(20 m) = 757 m3

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ComputingVolumes
Pi id l method
Prismoidal th d A2
M
V = L/6 (A1 + 4M + A2) A1

V = 2 L 6 [ A1 + An + 2( A3 + A5 + L + An 2 ) + ( A2 + A4 + L + An 1 )]
and n is an odd number Where
A1, A2: cross-section areas
M: area of middle section
L: distance between cross-
sections

Earthwork
y Tabulationofearthworkquantities

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Earthwork
y MassHaulDiagrams
y AMassHaulDiagramisacontinuouscurverepresentingthe
cumulativevolumeofearthworkalongthelinearprofileofa
roadwayorairfield
y Massdiagramsareextremelyusefulindeterminingthemost
economicaldistributionofmaterial
y Horizontalstationingisplottedalongthexaxis
y Netearthworkvaluesareplottedalongtheyaxis
p g y
y cumulativeearthworkfromtheorigintothatPoint
y upwardslopingcurves(risinglefttoright)indicateacut
y downwardslopingcurves(fallinglefttoright)occurinafillsection
y peaksindicateachangefromcuttofilland
y valleysoccurwhentheearthworkchangesfromfilltocut

Earthwork
y MassHaulDiagrams
g
y Anyhorizontallinewhichjoinspointsonthecurve
wherebalanceisachievediscalledabalanceline.The
FHDand/orthelimitofeconomicoverhaulare
establishedandplottedonthemasshauldiagram.
y Averticalbreakbetweenanytwobalancelinesindicates
anareawherebalancedoesnotoccur.Atthesebreaksa
shortfall(borrow)orexcess(waste)materialexists.
y Apositivevalueattheendofthecurveindicatesthata
wasteoperationwillbethenetresult
y Anegativevalueattheendofthecurveindicatesthat
borrowisrequiredtocompletethefill

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 4/14/2009

Earthwork Fill areas Cut areas

Any horizontal line on mass diagram is a
MassHaulDiagram balance line within balance line cut = fill

Profile
Elevation

Mass
diagram
Volume

Earthwork Free haul Overhaul

MassHaulDiagram Waste Borrow

Profile
Grade line
Elevation

Mass Free Haul

diagram LEH
LEH
Free Haul
Volume

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 4/14/2009

Earthwork
y CalculationofMasshauldiagramsmanually
y Computethenetearthworkvaluesforeachstation,applyingthe
appropriateshrinkfactor
y Netcutshaveapositivevalue,netfillshaveanegativevalue
y Thevalue(earthworkquantity)atthefirststation(origin)=0
y Plotthevalueofeachsucceedingstationwhichequalsthe
cumulativevaluetothatpoint
y Identifytheresultingbalancedsections,whichareboundedby
pointsthatintersectthexaxis
y Thescalelengthofahorizontallineconnectingthecentreofgravity
h l l h f h ll h f
ofthecutandfillsectionsistheaveragelengthofhaulwithinthat
balancedsection
y Determineearthworkvolumeswithineachbalancedsection
y Determinewhetherthereisanoverallbalance,wasteorifborrowis
required

MassHaulDiagram
BetweenStations0+
00and0+132,cutand
fillequaleachother,
distanceislessthan
d l h
FHDof200m

Note:
FigureNOTtoscale!

Source:Wright,1996

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MassHaulDiagram
BetweenStations0+132
and0+907,cutandfill
equaleachother,but
distanceisgreaterthan
eitherFHDof200mor
LPHof725m

Distance=
[0+907] [0+132]=775
m

Source:Wright,1996

MassHaulDiagram
BetweenStations0+179
and0+379,cutandfill
equaleachother,
distance=FHDof200m
di t FHD f
Treatedasfreehaul

Source:Wright,1996

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MassHaulDiagram

BetweenStations
0+142and0+867,
cutandfillequal
eachother,
distance=
LPHof725m

Source:Wright,1996

MassHaulDiagram

MaterialbetweenStations0+132and0+142becomeswasteand
materialbetweenstations0+867and0+907becomesborrow
Source:Wright,1996

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MassHaulDiagram

BetweenStations0+970and1+170,cutandfillequaleach
other,distance=FHDof200m
Source:Wright,1996

MassHaulDiagram

BetweenStations0+960and1+250,cutandfillequal
eachother,distanceislessthanLPHof725m

Source:Wright,1996

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MassHaulDiagram

ProjectendsatStation1+250,anadditional1200m3 of
borrowisrequired

Source:Wright,1996

Earthwork
y UseofMassHaulDiagramg
y Ifmasshaulisdrawnforeachtrialgradelineitcanbeused
forselectingthemosteconomicalgradientwhichbalancethe
cutandfill.
y Oncetheformationlevelisdesigned,itcanbeusedto
indicatethemosteconomicalmethodofmovingtheearth
aroundtheprojectandagoodestimateoftheoverallcostof
theearthmovingcanbecalculated.
h h i b l l d
y Therequiredvolumesofmaterialareknownbefore
constructionbeginsenablingsuitableplantandmachineryto
bechosenandsitesforspoilheapsandborrowspitstobe
locatedanddirectionofhaultobeestablished.

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Earthwork
y Example:
y Thetabulateddatagivenbelowis
Th t b l t dd t i b l i
thevolumeofcutandfillfora
givenroadbedpreparation.
y Costs:
ExcavationCe =3.00Birr/m3
BorrowCb =4.00Birr/m3
Overhaul
Coh =1.35Birr/m3 station
[
[1station=100m] ]
y FHD=300m

y a)Drawthemasscurveand
theprofile
y b)Findoutthetotalestimateof
costoftheproject

Earthwork 4.0

3.0

2.0
me(x103)

1.0
y Profile
Volum

00
0.0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
1.0

2.0

3.0
Station

5.0
4.0
103)

y MassHaul 3.0
Cumm.Volume(x1

2.0

diagram 1.0
0.0
1.0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
2.0
3.0
4.0
Station

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4.0
3.0 280.2m 186.4m MassHaulDiagram
2.0
Volume(x103)
Borrow
1.0
0.0

10 0
1.0 200
00 400
00 600 800 1000
000 1200
00 1400
00 1600
600 1800
800
V

2.0

3.0

5.0
4.0
me (x103)

3.0 FHD
Waste
2.0
LEH
Cumm.Volum

10
1.0
FHD
0.0
1.0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
2.0 Borrow
Waste
3.0
4.0
Station

Alternative1
Cbor 4.0 birr/m 3
Le = EOH = = = 3 stations = 300 m
Coh 1.35 birr/m 3 - sta
LEH = EOH + FHD = 300 m + 300 m = 600 m
1st loop :
Free haul distance, FHD = 300 m [line AB]
Limit of ecoomic haul, LEH = 600 m [line CD]
Average economic hauling distance, AEHD = 4.7 stations = 470 m
Average over - haul distance, AOHD = 470 - 300 = 170 m (1.7 stations)
2 nd loop :
Free haul distance, FHD = 300 m [line EF]
Limit of ecoomic haul, LEH = 380 m [line GH]
Average economic hauling distance, AEHD = 3.4 stations = 340 m
Average over - haul distance, AOHD = 340 - 300 = 40 m (0.4 station)
3rd loop : - No over hauling because the whole loop is with in free haul (< 3 station)
- The balance line is less than the free haul distance.

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4.5

400,4.2
MassHaulDiagram
4.0 300,4.0

Qty Dist QxD

3.5 FHD=300m 500,3.5
A 01
0.1 B 1.0 550 550
Cumm.Volume(x103)

200,3.2 310m 1.2 410 492

3.0
0.1 310 31
1.2 410m
2.3 1073
2.5
c.g.= 466.5 m
4.7 stations
2.0 100,2.0 600,2.0

550m
1.5
1.0

10
1.0 C D
LEH=600m
0.5
Waste Borrow
0.0 0,0.0 700,0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Station

3.0
MassHaulDiagram
2.0 600,2.0 1200,2.0

500 m
G' H'
1.0
D
Cumm.Volume(x103)

Borrow Alternative2 1100,0.4

380m
0.0 700,0.0
G H
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0.9 1200 1400
E F
1.0 FHD=300m

AEHD=340m 1000,1.4
800,1.8
2.0

3.0
900,3.4

4.0
Station

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Earthwork
Costsummary
y Excavationcost
= (4.15 + 3.4 + 2.0 + 4.0) 103 m 3 3.00 Birr/m3
= 40,650 Birr
y Borrowcost TotalCost
= 1.0 103 m 3 4.00 Birr/m3 =40,650+4,000+5,765
=50,415Birr
= 4,000 Birr
y Overhaulcost
= [1.7(3.3 1.0) + 0.5(0.9 0 )] 103 m 3 Sta 1.35 Birr/m3 Sta
= 5,765 Birr

Alternative2
1st loop :
Free haul distance, FHD = 300 m [line AB]
Limit of ecoomic haul, LEH = 600 m [line CD]
Average economic hauling distance, AEHD = 4.7 stations = 470 m
Average over - haul distance, AOHD = 470 - 300 = 170 m (1.7 stations)
2 nd loop :
Free haul distance, FHD = 300 m [line EF]
Limit of ecoomic haul, LEH = 500 m [line G' H' ]
A
Average economic i hauling
h li distance,
di t AEHD = 4.04 0 stations
t ti = 400 m
Average over - haul distance, AOHD = 400 - 300 = 100 m (1.0 station)
3rd loop : - No over hauling because the whole loop is with in free haul (< 3 station)
- The balance line is less than the free haul distance.

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4.0
3.0 280.2m 186.4m MassHaulDiagram
2.0
Volume(x103)
NoBorrow
1.0
0.0

10 0
1.0 200
00 400
00 600 800 1000
000 1200
00 1400
00 1600
600 1800
800
V

2.0

3.0

5.0
4.0
me (x103)

3.0 FHD

Waste
2.0
LEH LEH

W
Cumm.Volum

10
1.0
FHD
0.0
1.0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
2.0 Borrow
Waste
3.0
4.0
Station

Earthwork
Costsummary(Alternative2)
y Excavationcost
= (4.15 + 3.4 + 2.0 + 4.0) 103 m 3 3.00 Birr/m3
= 40,650 Birr
y Borrowcost TotalCost
=40,650+0+7,844
=0 (No Borrow ) =48,494Birr

y Overhaulcost
= [1.7(3.3 1.0) + 1.0(1.0 (0.9) )]103 m 3 Sta 1.35 Birr/m3 Sta
= 7,844 Birr

25