Garden City Movement

GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT
The garden city movement is a method of urban planning that was initiated
in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom.
Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained communities
surrounded by "greenbelts", containing proportionate areas of residences,
industry and agriculture.
Edward Bellamy's novel Looking Backward and Henry George's
work Progress and Poverty inspired Ebenezer Howard to publish his
book To-morrow: a Peaceful Path to Real Reform in 1898 (reissued in
1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrow).
Ideally his garden city would accommodate 32,000 people on a site of
6,000 acres, planned on a concentric pattern with open spaces, public
parks and six radial boulevards, 120 ft (37 m) wide, extending from the
centre.
The garden city

would be self-sufficient and when it reached full population, another garden
city would be developed nearby.
Howard envisaged a cluster of several garden cities as satellites of a
central city of 50,000 people, linked by road and rail.
In order to build a garden city Howard needed to find finance to buy land.
To do this he founded the Garden Cities Association (later known as the
Town and Country Planning Association or TCPA), which created First
Garden City, Ltd. in 1899 to create the garden city of Letchworth.
Developments influenced by the Garden city movement:
Glenrothes, United Kingdom
Bedford Park, London, United Kingdom
Covaresa, Valladolid, Spain
Den-en-chfu, ta, Tokyo, Japan
Hellerau, Dresden, Germany
Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Marino, Dublin, Ireland
Milton Keynes, England, United Kingdom
Pinelands, Cape Town, South Africa
Garden City Value:

Access to safe, pleasant housing as well as the opportunity for social
interaction and the opportunity to
participate in the community.
Objective:
To enhance the street as a place that provides an opportunity for residents
to casually meet or to stroll
and is not just for vehicular access.
Design Principles:
Dwellings are designed to address the street with prominent
front entrances and places to sit and observe the street such as
porches and terraces.
Dwellings overlook the street to promote casual street
surveillance and safety, and opportunities for residents to engage
with the local community.
Direct and convenient access is provided from the street, via the
front garden to dwelling entries.
Parking on the verge is discouraged.
https://www.geni.com/projects/The-Garden-City-Movement/15255
CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT
Daniel Hudson Burnham was indisputably the Father of the City Beautiful.
As director of works of the World's Columbian Exposition (1893), he
effectively launched the movement that 15 years later would reach its
apogee in his epochal Plan of Chicago(1909).
Origins and effect
The movement began in the United States in response to crowding
in tenement districts, a consequence of high birth rates,
increased immigration and internal migration of rural populations into cities.
The movement flourished for several decades, and in addition to the
construction of monuments, it also achieved great influence in urban
planning that endured throughout the 20th century, in particular in regard to
the later creation of housing projects in the United States.
McMillan Plan
An early use of the City Beautiful ideal with the intent of creating social
order through beautification was the McMillan Plan, (1902) named for
Michigan Senator James McMillan.
The Washington planners, who included Burnham, Saint-Gaudens, Charles
McKim of McKim, Mead, and White, and Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr.,
visited many of the great cities of Europe.
They hoped to make Washington monumental and green like the European
capitals of the era; they believed that state-organized beautification could
lend legitimacy to government during a time of social disturbance in the
United States
At the heart of the design was the creation of the National Malland
eventually included Burnham's Union Station.
The implementation of the plan was interrupted by World War I but
resumed after the war, culminating in the construction of the Lincoln
Memorial in 1922.
Chicago
Daniel Burnham's 1909 Plan of Chicago is considered one of principal
documents of the City Beautiful movement.
The plan featured a dynamic new civic center, axial streets, and a lush strip
of parkland for recreation alongside the city's lakefront. Of these, only the
lakefront park was implemented to any significant degree.
In 1913, the City of Chicago appointed a Commission with a mandate to
make Chicago Beautiful. As part of the plan, the Pennsylvania Union
Railroad Depot was to be moved to the west side of the City and replaced
with a new modern depot.
The West Side Property Owners Association was among those who
objected. As reported by the Chicago Tribune, the Associations attorney,
Sidney Adler of Loeb & Adler, said, As I saw the beautiful picture of the
city beautiful we will have fountains in West Madison Street, with poets and
poetesses walking along Clinton, and the simple minded residents of the
west side, after work is done, will take their gondolas and row on the limpid
bosom of the Chicago River idlely strumming guitars.
http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/61.html
CITY EFFICIENY MOVEMENT
The Efficiency Movement was a major movement in the United States
Britain and other industrial nations in the early 20th century that sought to
identify and eliminate waste in all areas of the economy and society, and to
develop and implement best practices.
The concept covered mechanical, economic, social, and personal
improvement.The quest for efficiency promised effective, dynamic
management rewarded by growth.
United States
The Efficiency Movement played a central role in the Progressive Era in the
United States, where it flourished 18901932.Adherents argued that all
aspects of the economy, society and government were riddled with waste
and inefficiency.
National Efficiency was an attempt to discredit the old-fashioned habits,

customs and institutions that put the British at a handicap in competition
with the world, especially with Germany, which was seen as the
epitome of efficiency. In the early 20th century, "National Efficiency"
became a powerful demand a movement supported by prominent
figures across the political spectrum who disparaged sentimental
humanitarianism and identified waste and model as witnesses a mistake
that could no longer be tolerated. The movement took place in two waves;
the first wave from 1899 to 1905 was made urgent by the inefficiencies
and failures in the Second Boer War (18991902). Spectator magazine
reported in 1902 there was "a universal outcry for efficiency in all
departments of society, in all aspects of life".[31] The two most important
themes were technocratic efficiency and managerial efficiency.

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GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT

The garden city

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National Efficiency was an attempt to discredit the old-fashioned habits,

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