Philippine Ecotourism
Philippine Ecotourism
Philippine Ecotourism
Preliminary Draft
December 2001
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 6
2
6.2 ACCREDITATION IN ECOTOURISM 91
6.3 BENEFITS OF A JOINT APPROACH 91
6.4 ACTION PLAN FOR ESTABLISHING A PROGRAM ON STANDARDS AND
ACCREDITATION 92
7 ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT FUND 93
APPENDICES 99
3
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE REPORT
4
NEDA National Economic and Development Authority
NEDC National Ecotourism Development Council
NES National Ecotourism Strategy
NESC National Ecotourism Steering Committee
NGA National Government Agency
NGO Non Governmental Organization
NIPA NGOs for Integrated Protected Areas
NIPAS National Integrated Protected Area System
NPFP National Physical Framework Plan
NTO National Tourism Organization
OBST Olango Birds and Seascape Tour
P Philippine Peso
PA Protected Area
PALF Philippine Airlines Foundation
PAMB Protected Area Management Board
PAWB Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau
PCVC Philippines Convention and Visitor Center
PD Presidential Decree
PHILTOA Philippine Tour Operators Association
PRRM Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement
PSWO Provincial Social Welfare Officer
PTA Philippine Tourism Authority
PTO Provincial Tourism Officer
RA Republic Act
REC Regional Ecotourism Committee
SNS Save Nature Society
TA Technical Assistance
TESDA Technical Education Skills Development Authority
TIBFI Tourism Industry Board Foundation, Inc.
TMP Tourism Master Plan
TOR Terms of Reference
UNDP United Nations Development Program
UNEP United Nations Environment Program
UN/FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
UP University of the Philippines
USAID United States Agency for International Development
VFR Visiting Friends and Relatives
WTTC World Travel and Tourism Council
WTO World Tourism Organization
WWF World Wide Fund for Nature (World Wildlife Fund)
5
1 INTRODUCTION
While the planning process is still in progress, this Preliminary Draft of the
NES has been prepared in order to elicit feed-back from a wide range of
stakeholder groups involved in ecotourism. This is an opportunity for NES
planners to set out their preliminary conclusions and to circulate these widely
so that all ecotourism stakeholders have an opportunity to critique them and
suggest new directions where necessary. The RECs will coordinate the
responses from stakeholders, region by region. The planning process is still at
a preliminary stage. There is ample scope for additions, even major revisions.
The Preliminary Draft is arranged in the format proposed for the final NES.
The following chapter presents a Situation Analysis, tracing recent events in
component parts of ecotourism. An Overall Strategic Framework is then
presented, which explains all the proposed major strategic directions in one
integrated chapter. Six further chapters take each of the major strategic
directions in turn and give details of what is proposed. At this early stage, the
last six chapters are only in outline form. Eventually they will include detailed
action plans for implementation.
The final NES will be the guiding document of the bodies formed under EO
111. It may also serve as a guide to other government agencies, to NGOs and
to organizations and individuals in the private sector. Hence, the language is
straightforward. Where jargon is used, it is the jargon of "ecotourism". The
goal is to transcend the boundaries between disciplines and to encourage
participation by a wide variety of stakeholders.
6
guiding principle of sustainable tourism development. In 1992, a National
Tourism Congress took up this theme and at that Congress the concept of
ecotourism was introduced into the Philippines. Then, between 1994 and
1998, a series of regional ecotourism seminars discussed the concept. This
work culminated in 1998 in a Technical Workshop on Sustainable Tourism,
during which the elements of a sustainable development framework were
identified and key issues defined.
On June 17, 1999, Executive Order 111 was issued. This established a formal
organizational structure for the development of ecotourism in the Philippines.
EO 111 created a National Ecotourism Development Council (NEDC),
composed of the Secretaries of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources,
Interior and Local Government, Trade and Industry, Finance, Education,
Culture and Sports, and the Secretary-General of the National Economic and
Development Authority and representatives from the private sector and non-
governmental groups. Underneath the NEDC, a National Ecotourism Steering
Committee (NESC) and 15 Regional Ecotourism Committees (RECs) were
established to implement the programs and activities approved by the Council.
EO 111 also called for an Ecotourism Technical Working Group (ETWG) to
provide technical and administrative support to the NEDC and the NESC. All
of these bodies now exist and are active. They are referred to collectively in
the Preliminary Draft NES as the EO 111 bodies.
The first function assigned to the NESC in EO 111, and the one that provides
the essential rationale for the NES planning work currently under way, is:
Formulate and develop a national ecotourism strategy and program for the
promotion and development of ecotourism in the country.
And further:
7
1.3 DEFINITION OF ECOTOURISM
The state shall develop and promote ecotourism as a tool for sustainable
development to support the development, management, protection and
conservation of the countrys environment, natural resources and cultural
heritage. The State shall establish an integrating system to focus greater
efforts to sustain the viability of ecotourism development in the country.
Ecotourism Definition
Ecotourism Vision
Ecotourism Mission
8
partnership, towards the upliftment of the quality of life of host communities
and the enrichment of visitor experience.
Ecotourism Goals
In the Philippines, the 1999 Bohol Congress has clearly defined the
concept of ecotourism in relation to the needs and aspirations of the
Philippines which is, thus, custom-designed to the Philippines context.
The Bohol Congress output has, therefore, laid the foundations for the
NES.
9
As a refinement to this rationale, the NESC is suggesting specific and urgent
national priorities that can be addressed by the NES, to wit:
In light of the foregoing, the following objectives are proposed for the NES:
After issuing Executive Order 111, the Government made its commitment to
ecotourism clear by taking positive steps to establishing the EO 111 bodies.
The NESC, ETWG and RECs now meet regularly and are active. A proposal
10
was submitted to the New Zealand Government for the technical
assistance in the formulation of the NES. The New Zealand Official
Development Assistance (NZODA) approved the Philippine Government
proposal, thus, a technical assistance is now provided to work alongside
with the NESC and ETWG preparing the NES.
The ETWG is now been housed in its own office within the DOT premises.
Comprising the Group are technical officials from DENR, DOT, DILG and
NEDA. The ETWG began its work with a series of team building workshops
with the NZODA to build a common understanding for the formulation of
the NES. With NZODA support, it conducted an extensive round of regional
ecotourism stakeholder consultation workshops as shown in Table 1 - 1.
These regional workshops were designed to allow key stakeholders the
opportunity to influence the NES from the outset. They were also
opportunities for information gathering and for the members of the ETWG to
become familiar with ecotourism in the regions. Based on the workshops and
site visits, members of the ETWG then drafted the Situation Analysis (as
discussed in Section 2 of this report) for the NES.
Reg I, 18 August, San Fernando City Reg VIII, 29 June, Tacloban City
Reg II, 20 June, Tuguegarao City Reg IX, 5 September, Zamboanga City
11
Held at Clark Airbase on 27 and 28 November 2001, and attended by 85
members of EO 111 bodies from throughout the Philippines, the objectives of
the National Ecotourism Planning Workshop were:
The RECs will lead the next stage of planning during which the focus will be
on assessing reactions to the Preliminary Draft on a regional basis. The RECs
in each region are composed of the Regional Director of DOT, Regional
Executive Director of DENR, Regional Technical Director for Environmental
Management and Protected Area Sector of DENR, NEDA- PCSD, a private
sector representative and a representative from the concerned local
government unit. The individual RECs will undertake whatever activities
they feel appropriate to elicit reactions and ideas for the NES from the widest
possible range of stakeholder groups.
In early February 2002, the NESC will call for the submissions of
feedback on the Preliminary Draft from the RECs. These will then be
compiled and the results incorporated in the Final Draft of the NES,
which is due in May 2002. The NESC is currently discussing the holding
of a Second National Ecotourism Congress to be held sometime in 2002 to
launch the NES.
12
2 SITUATION ANALYSIS
Tourism in the Philippines accounts for 8.7 percent of Gross Domestic Product
and generates approximately five million jobs. Recently, tourism has achieved
a higher level of priority within the Philippine economic policy. President
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo has elevated tourism to a senior cabinet post. The
Medium Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP) 2001 2004 now
features a separate chapter on tourism and its contribution to the economy. It is
seen as a means to achieve national objectives centered on poverty alleviation,
employment generation and infrastructure strengthening.
13
Recognizing the importance of the environment to the tourism industry, the
TMP also espoused a set of principles to aid tourism planning and
development at the national, regional and local levels. These principles
include:
Anchored on the TMP and Philippine Agenda (PA) 21, a sustainable tourism
development framework was prepared by the DOT in 1998, providing for
ecotourism as one of the tourism activities that can sustainably manage natural
and cultural resources while providing employment opportunities for local
communities. At that time, collaborations between the DOT and other agencies
such as the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB) of the DENR, the
National Commission for Culture and the Arts and the National Museum
were also beginning with the aim of fostering ecotourism.
Building on these initiatives, Executive Order No. 111 issued in 1998 provided
the basis for a formal partnership between DOT and DENR and other agencies
to fully develop and promote ecotourism. EO 111 also established an
institutional framework and mechanism for the integrated development of
ecotourism.
14
The objectives of EO 111 were furthered by the National Ecotourism Congress
in Bohol in 1999 that adopted a national policy and definition of ecotourism
(See Chapter 1).
In 1992, Republic Act No. 7586 was passed providing for the establishment
and management of a National Integrated Protected Area System (NIPAS).
The NIPAS law also provides for the establishment of buffer zones and other
multiple use zones including ecotourism. Consequently, the zoning of
protected areas has taken recognition of the role of tourism in its protection,
development and management. Tourism activities, particularly ecotourism are
permitted in recreational zones to provide benefits to local residents as well
as enable visitors to appreciate the beauty of nature. Along these lines, the
DOT and PAWB have teamed up to develop a meaningful policy.
To ensure that environmental management plans are carried out, the NIPAS
law mandates the establishment of a Protected Area Management Board
(PAMB) to plan and administer the protected area, approve any proposal or
work plan to be implemented, delineate and demarcate protected area
boundaries and promulgate rules and regulations for the conservation,
protection and management of the area.
National Government
The DOT, pursuant to Executive Order No. 120, is mandated to ensure that
tourisms economic benefits are dispersed to a wider segment of the
population. The DENR, on the other hand, is mandated by Executive Order
No. 192 to conserve, manage and develop the Philippines environment and
natural resources including its territorial waters and lands of public domain. A
15
key responsibility of the DENR is to manage protected and natural areas to
ensure that future generations can enjoy and reap benefits from the resources.
16
Non-Governmental Organizations
17
Government Corporations
Private Sector
Compared with other ASEAN countries, the Philippines is lagging behind its
neighbors in private sector ecotourism development and promotion. There are
relatively few specialized ecotourism operators in the Philippines such as the
El Nido Resorts (now owned by the Asian Conservation Corporation), dive
operators and a handful of adventure operators.
In accordance with the Local Government Code of 1991 (Republic Act No.
7160) a number of LGUs have tied up with DOT, DENR, NGOs, Foundations
and the private sector to undertake community-based sustainable tourism
projects. In addition, some LGUs have collaborated with media and outdoors
clubs to promote greater consciousness to protect the environment and cultural
heritage.
Several LGUs have won citations and awards from national and international
bodies for their efforts to promote environmental protection, conservation and
management. The Baguio Citys Eco-Walk program was undertaken by the
LGU in close cooperation with the media, DENR, NGO and local
organizations. The Eco-Walk includes educational tours, hiking, trekking and
tree planting to instill participants with a sense of commitment to protect the
environment. Palawan has been cited by various organizations as an ideal site
for ecotourism due to the LGUs active role protecting the environment through
advocacy and dialogues with communities and concerned stakeholders. LGU
initiatives in Bohol have helped make it an ideal site for ecotourism. The
successful dolphin and whale-watching tour in Bais, which has contributed
18
supplemental livelihood to fishermen and local communities, was spearheaded
by the LGU in tandem with NGOs.
Not only government and private sector are involved in ecotourism in the
Philippines. International agencies have launched various programs to promote
ecotourism as a means to save depleting and degrading natural resources.
Examples include Olango Island where USAID has extended financial and
technical support to DENRs Coastal Resources Management Program
(CRMP) to develop ecotourism. The World Banks Global Environment
Facility has allocated US$9 million to fund alternative livelihood in priority
ten protected areas under the Conservation of Priority Protected Area Project
(CPPAP) of the DENR. The NGOs for Integrated Protected Areas (NIPA)
which is managing CPPAP has signed a memorandum of agreement with DOT.
Other Governments
Outdoor Associations
19
2.2.3 Issues and Concerns
Despite some success, there are still quite a number of constraints that inhibit
organizations involved to further promote ecotourism. These include:
Planning
Implementation/ Operation
Marketing
Private sector and other relevant organizations are ignored instead of being
included for their professionalism and understanding of markets
Linkage with the tourism industry, particularly tour operators, wholesalers
and marketing agents needs strengthening.
20
2.2.4 Institutional Framework
To address the concerns of the different organizations, the DOT and DENR
have worked together to evolve the partnership needed to jump-start
ecotourism awareness and cooperation.
Recognizing that the policy environment has been established and a wide
range of individuals and organizations are now associated with ecotourism at
the national and local level, the EO 111 bodies should serve as the catalyst to
bring together agents of development to collaborate, cooperate and share
experiences towards sustaining the development and management of
ecotourism in the Philippines. The following are some interventions that could
further enhance these partnerships:
21
Establish regional Ecotourism Technical Working Groups to assist the
RECs carry out their mandate in EO 111
Provide policy support through national and local incentives, as well as
financing and matching grants for ecotourism projects
Integrate ecotourism in overall policies and programs at the local level,
particularly in disseminating information, enhancing awareness and
education.
With just over 7,000 islands, the Philippines or "Pearl of the Orient Seas" is
the worlds second largest archipelago after Indonesias 17,000 islands. Along
with Borneo and Papua New Guinea, the Philippines forms the Coral Triangle,
the most diverse marine habitat of the tropics. The beautiful reefs of the Sulu
and Sulawesi seas are home to about 580 of the worlds 793 species of reef-
building corals, compared to just 50 in the Caribbean and over 300 in the
Great Barrier Reef. It is also the habitat for 1,200 varieties of reef fish,
including the plankton-feeding whale shark, the worlds largest fish.
With its rich diversity of forest types and situated on the Pacific Rim of Fire,
the Philippines has some of the most intense forest, mountain and volcanic
attractions in the world.
22
Mt. Apo Natural Park
At 2,954m Mt. Apo Natural Park in eastern Mindanao is the highest mountain
in the Philippines with a total area of 72,113ha. It is recognized for its natural
diversity of flora and fauna, including the Philippine eagle, tarsier, and 272
species of birds of which 40 percent (111 species) are endemic to Mt. Apo. It
holds special significance to at least six different indigenous peoples, the
Manobo, Bagobo Ubo, Ata, Klagan and Tagacaolo peoples. Seven entry
points provide access to the mountain, and Mt Apo is a popular ecotourism
destination with hundreds of trekkers and mountaineers climbing Mt Apo each
year. Problems with rubbish management has resulted in restricting trekkers.
Chocolate Hills are an established stop on the main tourist trail. Legend has it
that these 1000 or so nearly identical hills are the solidified teardrops of a
lovelorn giant. Tarsier visits nearby offer a firsthand encounter with the
smallest primate species in the world. The Loboc river cruise features fiesta
style hospitality on rafts arranged by the local community with a serenaded
lunch.
Mt Guiting-Guiting
More than half of the Sibuyan Island, where Mt. Guiting-Guiting lies, is
covered with forest. The Island is accessible by boat from Manila North
Harbor, from the port of Batangas City, or by plane or boat from Manila via
Toblas Island.
Mt. Isarog
23
Mt. Kanlaon
Mt. Kitanglad is the catchment area for Cagayan, Tagoloan and Pulanguri
Rivers of Northern Mindanao and has a vital role in regulating the supply of
drinking water and crop irrigation to the whole of Bukidnon Province. The
mountain range is also the ancestral territory of indigenous peoples such as
Talaandig, Higanon and Bukidnon tribes, which share common traditions and
ties. Noted for its forest types and biodiversity, Mt. Kitanglad is a nesting site
for the Philippine eagle.
Mt. Makiling
Mt. Mayon
Mt. Mayons near perfect 2,300m. cone is a defining feature of the Philippines.
Erupting most recently in June 2001, Mt. Mayon is one of the most active
volcanoes in the world. When conditions are stable, Mayon is a popular
destination for day trips and overnight climbing expeditions.
Situated on the northeast coast of Luzon, Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park
(319,513ha) is the largest protected area in the Philippines, although difficult
to access. It is considered important as the largest tract of forest remaining in
the Philippines and because of the size and richness of its genetic, species and
habitat diversity. It has ecotourism potential due to its high conservation value.
The trek into Palanan could be combined with wilderness coastal activities.
Current security constraints need to be overcome and private sector operators
engaged in the enterprise in order to make any significant conservation inroads
by providing benefits to local communities in the Park.
24
Mt. Pinatubo
Mt. Pulag
Mt. Pulag (2,460 mts) is the second highest mountain in the Philippines. The
Mt. Pulag National Park covers 11,500 hectares and attracts thousands of
visitors due to its location only 50 kms from Baguio City. Mt. Pulag is valued
highly for its legacy of ethnic values. The people around Mt. Pulag believe the
mountain is sacred and the abode of spirits of the departed. The area has been
inhabited for many centuries by various tribal peoples, the Kalanguyan being
the most dominant tribe. Other tribes include the Ibaloi and the Kankan-ey.
Significant natural features include the dwarf bamboo and the rarely seen and
nearly extinct cloud rat, which feeds on the bamboo shoots and pandan. Other
flora in the park include tree ferns, Rhododendron and oak, and have a close
resemblance to Taiwans forest and plant species.
Taal Volcano
The active Taal Volcano is only 60kms from Manila and has become one of the
citys major day trip attractions.
Many coastal and marine attractions in the Philippines are world class and
have the potential to provide crucial ecotourism positioning for the country.
Some destinations are already well developed, whilst in others promotion,
protection and access remain constraints.
Apo Island
Apo Island and Negros Oriental Marine Conservation Park were one of the
early community-based coastal resource management models. Apo Island lies
off the coast of southeast Negros Oriental with beautiful coral gardens, a rock
climbing wall and a fishing village.
25
Apo Reef Natural Park
Apo Reef Natural Park is the largest atoll-type reef in the Philippines.
Sprawling across 34 sq. km., Apo Reef is a natural haven for over 375 species
of fish, bird life including the endangered Nicobar pigeon, and a range of
endangered plant species. Apo Reef is a highly valued but little used dive
destination.
Bohol
Coron Island
Donsol
Whale shark viewing from Donsol on the southern tip of southeast Luzon has
the potential to be a world class attraction for the Philippines. Organization,
competition between operators, seasonality, and lack of guaranteed sightings
are a constraint.
Many people claim that El Nido is the most beautiful place in Palawan, with
its tall limestone cliffs rising from the ocean, hidden lagoons and many islets.
Well-known for its diving, sea kayaking and rock climbing possibilities, the
protected area is managed by El Nido Resorts, a successful example of a
partnership with the private sector for ecotourism development.
Siargao Island
26
Dugong (sea cow), flying foxes, tarsier and flying lemurs are some of the
natural highlights of Siargao. For tourism, Siargao is famous for the best
surfing in the Philippines and surf resorts are well established. Opportunities to
link the niche surf markets with other land-based attractions have yet to be
explored.
The Tanon Straight between Cebu and Negros is protected and patrolled with
strong commitment from LGUs and local communities, ensuring an abundance
of marine life. Due to pioneering community-based protection work by the
Sulliman University in Dumaguete, Apo Island offers diving and beach
recreation in a pristine environment with a strong domestic market base.
Dolphin watching tours from Bais in Negros Oriental are arranged by the city
of Bais, Office of the Mayor Tourism Operations Division, guaranteeing
dolphins throughout the year (long-snouted spinner, bottle-nosed and spotted
dolphins) and with several species of resident whales often sighted (short-
finned pilot, dwarf sperm and melon-headed whales).
Transboundary Park
The Turtle Islands Wildlife Sanctuary in Tawi-tawi is the only remaining major
nesting ground of turtle rookery in all of South East Asia. The Governments of
Malaysia and the Republic of the Philippines have executed an award winning
Bilateral Agreement to protect and conserve what was called the Turtle Island
Heritage Protected Area (TIHPA). On the Malaysian side, ecotourists can see
the wonder and ordeals of the turtles laying their eggs. From the Philippines
access is generally considered unsafe, due to the political upheavals in western
Mindanao and Sulu Sea.
Tubbataha is also a remote atoll reef system, but in contrast to Apo Reef,
Tubbataha attracts a significant number of divers during the short May to July
season. Located 200 kms from Puerto Princesa in Palawan, Tubbataha is a
successful example of ecotourism, with tourism closely linked to conservation.
Divers visit on live-aboard charters paying significant user fees that generated
P1.6m in 2000. Protection is assisted by the full-time presence of the
Philippines National Coast Guard.
Lakes and wetlands in the Philippines are important as feeding and wintering
grounds for migratory birds from Siberia, Japan, Australia and Southeast Asia.
27
Wetlands provide bird watching, scientific study and culture orientated
opportunities.
Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary offers one of the very few opportunities to
see the Philippine freshwater crocodile. Pythons and the Philippine cobra are
also present.
Lake Danao
Olango Island
Olango Island is a low-lying island off the east coast of Mactan Island, Cebu
where the donor-established Olango Birds and Seascape Tour (OBST)
provides day visitors with a highly interpreted experience of the islands,
migratory bird habitat, village life and marine protected areas.
The only Philippines cave attraction with likely international appeal, the boat
trip through Puerto Princesa Underground River approached through coastal
forest is established as the countrys most successful cave experience.
28
Sohoton Cave
Sohoton Natural Bridge National Park in Samar was one of the first national
parks in Asia. The park is famous for its natural stone bridge feature and caves
system and attracts the domestic market.
Batanes Islands
The Ifugao Rice Terraces are an icon cultural product of the Philippines. Often
marketed as the Eighth Wonder of the World, the Ifugao rice terraces are a
well established attracting supporting one major hotel, several inns and a
selection of village accommodation, such as Batad. Most visitors arrive on a
north Luzon package that includes Sagada and Baguio. Potential exists for
ecotourism development with village visits, handicrafts and trekking to extend
visitor stay and bring benefits to the local communities.
Lake Sebu
The scenic beauty and cultural attractions of Lake Sebu Protected Landscape
in South Cotabato was an established tourism product before security
constrained international visitors. Ecotourism potential with community
participation could feature the gentle charm of the Tboli and their skill in
weaving and making brassware.
29
Table 2-2: Summary of Selected Ecotourism Products in the Philippines
Protected Mt. Mt. Apo Mt. Malam Mt. Mt. El Mt. Coron Agusan Bat- Subic Sierra Tur Siargao Mt.
Areas/ Apo Kanla Reef Isarog -paya Malin- Pulag Nido Guiting- Island Marsh anes Bataan Madre -tle Island Kitang-
Activities on Sound dang Guiting Is. lad
Mountai-
neering/
Trekking X X X X X X X X X X X X
Cultural
Contact X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Bird
Watching X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Hiking X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Spelun-
King X X X X X X X X X X
Sightsee-
Ing/Tour X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
River
Trailing
Scuba
Diving X X X X X X X X
Wildlife
Watching X X X X X
Snorke-
X X X X X X
31
2.3.7 Natural Resource Management
Almost all the natural attractions for ecotourism in the Philippines are
managed under the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act.
NIPAS legislation provides the institutional framework by which many
stakeholder groups play an role in nature conservation and ecotourism. The
institutionalization of the Protected Area Management Board (PAMB) has
endeavored to realize two important objectives for the Government:
strengthening local governance and fostering effective partnerships between
the Government and civil society in resource and protected area management.
The PAMB, which is the policy-making body at the site level, exercises
management supervision over each protected area.
At the site level and along with the PAMB, protected areas are administered by
the Protected Area Superintendents specifically for the purpose of
implementing the areas Management Plan. Some are supported by the
National Integrated Protected Area Program (NIPAP), a special project of the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) assisted by a
grant from the European Union (EU). Others are assisted by the Conservation
of Priority Protected Areas and Conservation Project (CPPAP), a joint project
of the DENR and NGOs for Integrated Protected Areas (NIPA), with funding
assistance from Global Environment Facility (GEF)-World Bank.
Environmental Threats
Habitat destruction
Illegal encroachment and occupancy
Logging
Fire
Kaingin or shifting cultivation
Illegal fishing
Poaching
33
Socio-Economic Issues
Poverty
Poor access to basic services
Lack of livelihood alternatives
Legal and Institutional Issues
Land tenure of indigenous peoples (IPs)
Private and titled properties within protected areas
Overlapping roles of different managing authorities.
Management Issues
Access is sometimes logistically difficult
Limited provision of infrastructure and varying degrees of quality
Use of carrying capacity limits and lack of visitor management systems
(i.e. rubbish) resulting in closure of public access may restrain the
creation of alternative livelihoods through ecotourism
Emergency response is in embryonic stage
Limited skilled labor available to manage protected areas.
34
Trained staff are essential for wise management of protected areas.
Opportunities exist for a network of volunteers to assist in the management
of protected areas.
Table 2-3: Matrix of Opportunities and Problems Facing the Use of Protected Areas for Ecotourism
Development in the Philippines
C. Social Recreational and Possible exploitation of local people; Conduct of Social Preparedness
educational opportunities Negative reaction or aversion of local Program for local communities;
to improve the quality of people to development because of lack of Intensify IEC on ecotourism;
life; information; Institution of clear policies and
Enriched knowledge Conflicting interest in resource utilization. guidelines in PA management;
through interaction and Adopt appropriate tenurial
information exchange instruments for resource
between local utilization & management;
communities and Explore development of
tourists. volunteer service.
D. Economic Increased Possibility of inequity in the distribution of Training/Employment Program
employment benefits; for local communities & IPs;
opportunities; Lack of resource valuation to determine Incentives/Support for
Increased revenues the appropriate schedule of user fees; community-initiated livelihood
from ecotourism Possibility of displacement of local projects;
activities; communities/indigenous peoples. Conduct natural resource
Livelihood valuation to determine user
opportunities for local fees/charges.
communities;
Foreign investment
opportunities;
Improvement on
standard of living.
35
E. Cultural Enrichment of Threat to culture; Implement Cultural
cultural practices, values Possibility of exploitation of IPs. Management Program for the
and indigenous enrichment of indigenous
knowledge; culture and knowledge
Possible or
enhanced partnership
between the indigenous
peoples (IP) and other
stakeholders;
Improvement in IPs
living condition.
F. Promote multi- Conflicting mandates over potential Harmonize policies to
Institutional sectoral ecotourism sites (turf issues); complement projects/activities.
partnership/collaboration Uncoordinated development plans
in conservation. resulting in conflict in resource management.
G. Political Opportunities for Abuse in resource utilization for economic Ordinances & policies
local development; gains; promoting sustainable mgt of
Empowerment of Ecotourism being used as political resources; Training of elected
local communities in propaganda; officials to make them
park management. Lack of political will to support advocates for SD
ecotourism development.
Beyond the warmth and friendliness and hospitality and kindness, the
unique features of Filipino culture have not been fully emphasized as a
tourism resource to motivate and attract overseas travelers to visit the
Philippines. Business, visiting friends and relatives, general beach holidays
and sightseeing remain the dominant travel motivations for the majority of
visitors.
36
With this as a backdrop, it is important to consider the special characteristics
of Filipino culture that can be integrated into ecotourism products.
Key cultural resources with current or potential adaptation for ecotourism are:
Legend: N/A not available at the time of the compilation of the Strategy
37
2.4.3 Festivals and Events
In his book "Fiesta," anthropologist Alejandro Roces points out that "the
lifeblood of the fiesta is the support of the traditional inhabitants of the
locality. Like all living traditions, the fiesta has to gain the acceptance of every
new generation. The Philippines pre-war "procession of processions"La
Naval de Manilais now a non-event. On the other hand, two small town
fiestas that the general public had never heard of till the 50s have grown to
spectacular proportionsthe Moriones of Marinduque and the Ati-atihan of
Aklan. They have now become top tourist attractions."
Such cultural villages were popularized in the 1970s and 1980s and to this day
still serve a purpose. However, a significant number of cultural workers,
historians and tourists have found such cultural villages too contrived to be
truly reflective of Philippine culture. Since the early 1990s, a trend towards
more authentic representations of cultural life has occurred. Villages such as
Tam Awan, Baguio and the Talaanding School of Living Traditions, Bukidnon
in Mindanao, have been developed as show cases for visitors and as centers for
artists and crafts people. They also have rehabilitation programs which teach
youths and young adults local art and craft skills and cultural traditions. Vigan
in North Luzon, Silay in Negros and Intramurous in Manila are real life
examples of Filipino cultural heritage which are becoming increasingly
popular with both domestic and international visitors. Table 2 5
38
enumerates the cultural villages which have been developed following the
trend to showcase local cultures, lifestyle, traditions and artifacts.
The National Museum and National Historical Institute look after many
museums and cultural repositories. Others are managed by foundations,
churches and families. Although a regional breakdown of museums and
cultural repositories (prepared for the NES) is too lengthy to be presented here,
39
in summary there are around 180 such attractions in the country. Most are
based in cities and towns away from ecotourism areas.
Luzon is famous for the vast array of its handicrafts. These include sculpted
pieces from Paete, wood filigree from Pakil, finely embroidered jusi and pina
cloth from Lumban and Batangas, Ilocano blankets and traditional woven
cloth, burnay pottery from Vigan, baskets from the mountain provinces, silver
filigree from Baguio, abaca products like place mats, coasters and slippers
from Bicolandia.
The Visayas region boasts export quality products. Cebu is known for its
fashion accessories and rattan, bamboo and coral stone furniture; Bohol for its
hand-woven mats, baskets, hats and bags; Bacolod for its children's clothes,
Negros Occidental for its pottery items like vases and ash trays.
Mindanao is known for its wide assortment of exotic goods including Maranao
brass and bronze products, Yakan tapestries, Tiruray and Bagobo baskets,
colorful woven cloth from the various indigenous cultural communities in the
area.
Food is one of the major preoccupations of the Filipino. Baguio serves the
freshest fruits and vegetable grown in nearby Trinidad Valley. Pampanga is
known for its sweet meat the "tocino", while Batangas is famous for its
succulent beef "bulalo" and potent coffee. Bicol is a coconut-growing region
and most of its popular cuisine use coconut milk and a potpourri of spices.
Cebu and Palawan serve fresh seafood, seaweed salad and the sweetest
mangoes. Iloilo is popular for its "pansit molo" and "la paz batchoy." Davao is
famous for its "inihaw na panga" and exotic fruits like durian, pomelo,
mangosteen and rambutan, while Zamboanga serves some of the most
succulent prawns, crabs, lobsters and "curacha."
2.4.8 Implications
Filipino culture has many distinguishing features yet these do not appear to
be sought to any great extent by current international markets to the
Philippines.
Developing more living and real cultural products rather than purpose
built cultural villages and museums would respond to global trends for
authenticity in some ecotourism markets.
40
Festivals, fiestas, regional cuisine and to a lesser extent, museums,
churches and some cultural ecotourism products are important motivators
for the domestic market.
Can ecotourism products be developed and positioned in such as way as to
help maintain and enhance Filipino culture?
The World Tourism Organization reports that the total number of international
arrivals reached a record 699 million in 2000, almost 50 million more than in
1999. This represents an increase in international tourism of 7.4 per cent, its
highest growth rate in nearly a decade and almost double the increase of 1999
(3.8 per cent). All regions of the world hosted more tourists in 2000, although
the fastest developing region continued to be East Asia and the Pacific with a
growth rate of 14.7 per cent and some 14 million more tourists than in 1999.
East Asia and the Pacific saw growth in tourist arrivals in 2000 driven by big
increases in China and its special administrative regions of Hong Kong and
Macao. Southeast Asia, especially Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia and
Vietnam, is becoming one of the worlds favorite tourism destinations with
demand outstripping tourist facilities. Australia enjoyed its own tourism boom
due to the Sydney Olympics and accompanying publicity. Table 2 6
outlines the detailed volume of visitors generated, growth rates and
markets shares of the countries in the Asia Pacific region.
41
Table 2-6: Arrivals to East Asia and the Pacific Region 2000
The general trend of arrivals to the Philippines over the past three years shows
a decline in tourist arrivals into the country and no significant change in the
source markets. In 1997, a regional economic crisis hit Asia and negatively
affected arrivals from the main source markets Hardest hit was Korea, which
was one of our fastest growing markets for the Philippines. Coupled with the
lingering effects of the crisis was the temporary shut down and subsequent
reduction of services of Philippine Airlines. Recovery in 1999 was marked by
a slump in arrivals due to the Sipadan and Palawan kidnappings incidents in
2000 and 2001, and cessation of air agreements between the Philippines and
Taiwan. North American markets, which are very sensitive to the peace and
order of the country, have registered a decline in arrivals (see Table 2-7).
42
Countries ranked based on 2000 arrival figures Source: DOT
As shown in Table 2 8, for the first nine months of 2001, the number of
visitor arrivals has declined by a rate of 7.6 percent over the same period in
2000. China, Korea and Taiwan are the only major source markets showing
positive growth in early 2001.
The United States with 348,639 arrivals still ranks as the largest international
market accounting for 22 percent of all arrivals to the Philippines in 2000.
This represents about 14 percent of American arrivals to Asia. Visiting friends
and relatives (VFR) (51 percent) and holiday (23 percent) are the main reasons
for travel. As many of this market are balikbayans, travel arrangements are
made independently and tend not to be packaged.
Japan holds second place in terms of arrivals to the Philippines with 390,517
arrivals in 2000, and represents five percent of Japanese arrivals to Asia. As in
the previous years, Japanese travelers are mostly male (__%) and visit the
Philippines for holiday. They arrange their trips independently and many are
repeat visitors.
Hong Kong, Taiwan and Korea rank 3rd, 4th and 5th, respectively. Travelers
from these markets are mostly male, about half are packaged, and they visit
the Philippines for business, golf, beach holidays, gambling and diving. About
half arrive packaged. More than half Singaporeans are travelling on business.
43
United Kingdom registered 87,089 in 1999, representing only four percent of
UK arrivals to Asia. The typical UK holiday traveler is male, already familiar
with the Philippines, between the ages of 35-54 and travels independently.
The Australian market is more evenly distributed among the holiday, VFR and
business categories. The Philippines accounts for four percent of all Australian
arrivals to Asia.
The Canadian market tends to be older with most in the 35-54 year-old
bracket. Along with German and UK markets, Canadians are generally seeking
quality nature, adventure and cultural products.
The latest visitor sample survey conducted by the DOT shows that the
majority of visitors from top source markets have come for beach holidays,
sightseeing and shopping combined. Business is the second reason for travel,
and visiting friends and relatives rank third. Scuba diving showed relatively
insignificant figures.
Destinations most visited out of Metro Manila are Cebu and the Cavite
Laguna Tagaytay Batangas area. This can be attributed to the tourism-
readiness of the areas and their proximity and easy access from Manila.
Likewise, these are also the more developed beach areas, which have several
sightseeing and shopping points en route. Arrivals from the US were more or
less evenly spread out over several provinces, which can be attributed to their
VHR majority purpose of visit. Interestingly their arrivals to Olongapo and
Subic did not compare competitively with Cebu, Baguio and even Bohol. For
the German market, the non-traditional and more rustic destinations of Puerto
Galera, Mindoro, Boracay and Palawan remain the favorites. For the northeast
Asian markets, particularly Taiwan and Korea, Ilocos Norte registered as the
most frequented destination which can be attributed to the presence of casinos.
Other areas frequented offer the same activity i.e. Cebu, Olongapo, and
Tagaytay.
Ecotourism Tours
A 2001 inventory of tours being sold based on nature, culture and adventure
products in natural settings revealed a product mix of:
44
The distinction between what can be considered mainstream nature tourism
and ecotourism products is blurred and hence the inventory takes an inclusive
approach.
The inventory indicates that only 25 percent of all the tours are packaged by
private tour companies whilst 70 percent are offered by either DOT or a
provincial or municipal tourism office. The remaining five (5) percent are sold
by a community cooperative or club. As the data are aggregated, some clubs or
community tours may also be included within the tours offered by DOT or
Provincial government offices. It is possible the collection of the data was
weighted towards DOT.
These results, however, strongly suggest that both the private sector and
community-based businesses have a major opportunity to increase their role in
the provision of ecotourism products. By implication this will lead to further
employment and income generation at the local level.
The following market segments have been identified as having current interest
and future potential for ecotourism products in the Philippines. The list was
derived from tourism statistics, site data analysis, site observations, and
discussions with travel industry operators. They were then further developed
from the ETWG survey "Profile of Ecotourism Products in the Philippines"
submitted by DOT Regional offices.
Domestic
Families. Filipino families are usually day visitors who use private
resorts, public beaches and theme parks during the weekends and
holidays. Considering the short length of time involved for travel, their
trips are usually to destinations an hour or an hour-and-a-half away
from their residences. Common as well are families traveling together,
and most often times include family "extensions" such as grandparents,
aunts/uncles and caregivers / house help.
On the other hand, higher-end Filipinos arrange their trips for long
weekends to more popular destinations such as Baguio, Batangas and
even those with an air travel component Cebu, Bohol or Palawan.
These trips are usually individually arranged (transport and
accommodations), length of trip is about two or three nights, and travel
party is composed of three to five family members.
45
in a park. Students in the collegiate level. However, travel in peer
groups of five to 12. The trips they take involve cramming the group in
1 or two cars, going to the beach or mountainside and staying for a
night or two. Most of these are planned for long weekends and
semester breaks.
Club members. Domestic special interest tourists are, at present,
broken down into two dominant activities: mountain climbing and
scuba diving. They commonly organize their trips with the associations
or clubs to which they are affiliated, as clubs have better
connections/linkages with the required service providers (dive masters
and guides, trail guides and porters). Likewise, they also connect with
buddies and know about planned trips through gear/dive shops and
other outdoor equipment or similar specialty stores. Another up-coming
group are the mountain bikers, who are now into day trips to Tagaytay,
Cavite and sometimes, Batangas. Some trips to offshore destinations
such as Guimaras have already been arranged as special sport events.
International
Balikbayans. These groups, mostly from North America, arrive as a
family of four or five and sometimes, with a couple of Caucasian
friends. Though they used to stay in their relatives homes while in the
46
country, the trend lately points to staying at inexpensive
accommodation establishments (pensions, inns), where they can cook
their own meals, entertain guests, etc. Further, they now travel out of
their hometowns and visit other tourist destinations. In recent years,
Boracay, Cebu and Davao have been favorites.
International Travelers on Packaged Tours. Visitors from major
source markets who avail of packaged tours have matured from the
usual city-to-city or inter-city tours to more nature-oriented or
adventure-based experiences. In most instances, these destinations
cannot accommodate high tourist volumes and therefore need ground
handling prior to their arrival (pre-booking). For more high-capacity
destinations (Cebu, Davao and Baguio, for example); however, tourists
usually pre-arrange their accommodations, intra-country flights and
airport transfers. The actual arrangements for tours, activities and
transport are often completed upon arrival, although some popular
scenic tours are included within a package booked in the source
market. This type of travel used to be very typical of Westerners alone,
specifically Europeans, but now the Japanese, Koreans and Hong Kong
Chinese have adopted the same type of travel arrangements. The
Taiwanese have kept to packages as these usually involve gaming. The
Mainland Chinese, on the other hand, are still in the less mature stage
of city touring and, therefore, stick to packaged tours as well.
Free and Independent Travelers. FITs are most often seen carrying
travel guide books (Lonely Planet, Survival Kit to the Philippines,
Action Asia) and at the tourism offices and establishments requesting
information on destinations to visit, transportation to take and places to
stay. They are mostly European who travel in small groups of three or
four. Even in destinations where sites are almost unknown, they prefer
to travel without guides from the area.
Expatriates living in the Philippines. Expatriates, mostly Westerners,
have somehow adopted the seasonality travel patterns of the Filipinos
as they follow the same work week schedule. Three-day weekends are
usually spent for golf, jet skiing, scuba diving or simple rest and
relaxation in exclusive resorts, of which their corporations are
members. They travel by land, bring their own vehicle (jet-skis in tow)
accompanied by co-expatriates and/or one or two family members.
Longer holidays are usually spent in their own countries and timed
with their periodic company vacations.
Scuba Diving. Recreational diving has been one of the more stable
niche markets of the country. A decade ago, most of the divers were
westerners making special arrangements through friends, the NTO and
even directly with the LGUs for special dive arrangements and
requirements. Currently, with the development of this sectors
organization and improvement of facilities and services, it now
captures more North Asians, who avail of packages to Cebu, Bohol and
47
Palawan. Sea flora and fauna are still the major draw, although some
request for wreck dive sites.
Other Special Interest Travelers. These groups have been gaining
ground collectively, although will not register significant volumes per
niche.
Ecotourism Trends
As interest in personal fitness and sport has grown, and patterns of travel have
changed from people who want to just come and look, to people who prefer to
participate and understand. The world has become smaller, and improved
accessibility, higher disposable incomes and increasing leisure time mean that
more people expect to travel regularly. There is a trend for a number of "short
break" trips during the year.
Many discerning travelers have "been everywhere" and the trend is for the
mass markets to be fragmenting into niche and special interest markets seeking
48
quality experiences with specific themes such as nature, wildlife or adventure.
Wildlife viewing in Borneo, trekking in the Himalaya, and whale watching in
New Zealand are the kind of holidays nature travelers take in the early 2000s.
An important aspect to ecotourism trips is a concern for heritage and how local
peoples live and interact with their cultural and natural environment.
Many visitors will pay well for a unique experience. Factors important to these
fast growing market segments are that the products must be authentic and
"real", there must be things to do and learn, and facilities must be relatively
comfortable. Time is often a constraint so accessibility is important.
Environmental and conservation concerns are paramount to these markets.
Nature seeking tourists are often in their 40s and upwards and traditionally
come from Western Europe and North America with more recently from Japan.
Other Asian nationalities are likely to follow the trend in the medium to long
term. As a broad generalization, Europeans are observed to be seeking culture
and lifestyle experiences, North Americans like wilderness and nature
products, and Asian markets prefer to undertake specific activities in the
outdoors. Specialized tour wholesalers and operators have emerged in source
markets to cater to these travelers, offering a depth of knowledge of a
destination and experienced guiding. NTOs in Asia and the Pacific region have
dedicated many millions of dollars in promotion to attract these strong and
lucrative market segments. Prominent examples include recent successful
campaigns in Thailand, Malaysia, the Mekong Region and Australia.
Quality Tourism
Many of the world's growing FIT segments, some of whom are maturing away
from the younger budget travelers, will also seek out nature tourism
destinations, preferring a more flexible and individual style of travel but still
demanding an authentic experience. Although some FIT segments may not
wish to spend money on accommodation, research shows they will pay well
for a unique ecotourism product or activity. With a significant ratio of inbound
leisure visitors traveling independently without prior bookings, the Philippines
is already experiencing and responding to this FIT demand.
49
Regionalization
Domestic Tourism
For the past two or three years, ecotourism in the Philippines has slowly been
gaining attention as a form or purpose of travel. The private sector noted that
tourists from our major source markets have matured from the usual city-to-
city tours to the more nature- or adventure-based type of experience.
Several products have recently been highlighted, but more for their better
environmental or cultural-oriented practices, and less on the aspects of
tourism. Nevertheless, these have been given some focus by private tourism
product developers in coordination with their respective local government
units.
Northern Palawan, for example, has always been tagged as the countrys last
frontier due to its preserved marine life and unique limestone landscapes.
Learning from the unfortunate experiences of other destinations that have been
poorly developed, Palawan has focused its efforts to the conservation of these
resources and has capitalized on them as their tourist attractions.
Several provinces throughout the country are now undertaking the same type
of careful and well-planned development. The hindering factor, however, for
their actual development is the lack of knowledge on product development
(physical) and interpretation (experiential), collaboration amongst several
stakeholders within the area and linkages with the other sectors of the industry,
particularly with regard to promotions.
50
Protected Area Visitors
Table 2-9: Total Visitors to Protected Areas of the Philippines 1995 to 2000
Case Studies
Northern Palawan has been one of the favorite places for ecotourism,
successfully beating market trends. Almost 10,000 tourists visited El Nido
resorts in 2000, an increase of more than 100 percent over 1999 figures of
4,419. The top source markets are Japan, Korea and the domestic market. Next
is North America, followed by Europe both of which have suffered recent
downturns. Most travelers are within the ages of 20-39, equally distributed
between genders and mostly stay for two nights. Even higher than the
percentage of special interest travelers (divers, cavers, etc.) are honeymooners,
who accounted for about 31 percent of arrivals in 2000, many of them from
Korea. General leisure registered almost 43 percent.
51
Foreign visitors accounted for less than five percent of arrivals, mostly from
North Asia and some from Europe. Caving activities are combined with river
trip activities and a visit to the bat cave.
Olango Island sanctuary in Cebu is acclaimed for its migratory birds and "best
practices" cooperation amongst all of the areas stakeholders. Since it officially
began its operations in January 1999, an estimated 800 to 900 tourists have
experienced Olango, from a number of source markets led by Japan and North
America.
The studies of general travel patterns and ecotourism trends in the global,
regional and local scenarios, reveal that implications to ecotourism in the
Philippines would be that:
The domestic market is the countrys main market for ecotourism. Though
a lower yield market composed of student groups and young professionals,
it can be banked on for a stable volume and less sensitive type of tourists.
A campaign is needed to raise awareness of environmental issues and
Philippines ecotourism attractions to combat domestic travels strongest
competitor, "malling" to attain long term management objectives.
Due to their strength, Asian visitors have the strongest market potential for
ecotourism in the short to medium term, specifically Japan, Korea and
Taiwan.
The traditional Western markets for ecotourism are likely to be more long-
term in the Philippines due to the security situation.
Ecotourism products in the country are, contrary to common belief,
available. Existing ones, however, need to be strengthened and enhanced,
while new products have to be created, with sites better interpreted.
Destination circuit development has to be undertaken to be able to offer a
more appealing package for tourists and to involve the private sector.
52
2.6 TOURISM MARKETING
In 1991, after the completion of the Tourism Master Plan, the Office of
Product Research and Development (OPRD) was internally realigned to
handle specific regions in the country, i.e., Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.
However product research and design appears to have been given a lesser
priority, second to product planning and destination development arising
from the realignment of the OPRDs functions.
Nevertheless, existing data are processed and combined into a marketing plan,
wherein tourist-ready products are matched with potential markets. The plan
also lays out the marketing policies, thrusts and directions to be taken per
major market. No particular emphasis has been given to ecotourism.
Packaging
53
destinations tourism sectors (transport, accommodations, guides, etc.) and to
come up with a package and price/rate ranges.
Promotions
DOT and PCVC coordinate promotional events such as sales missions and
trade fairs for destination selling. Private sector participants regularly form a
consortium in order to evenly distribute the business generated.
The PCVC conducts its Invitational Travel Program, in which members of the
travel trade and media are invited on familiarization trips to visit sites in the
Philippines, with the purpose of orienting front-liners and decision makers on
the Philippines tourism products.
Aside from their own efforts with business partners abroad, the private sector
generate business leads through participation in DOT PCVC-initiated
endeavors.
54
2.6.4 Market Images
With the country undergoing political and economic changes over the past 10
years, the volatile tourism industry and the destination image has kept its focus
on general leisure and promoteable business travel such as conventions and
incentives. Frequent changes in promotional campaigns have hindered the
establishment of a strong tourism image for the Philippines. The main image
being projected to the markets continues to be that of islands and beaches,
supplemented by rich culture and history. Overcoming negative images
associated with girls, golf and gambling remains a priority for DOT.
Many promotional campaigns did not have their full impact due to lack of
funds and changes in the administration.
Where Asia Wears a Smile was the original DOT promotion that ran
from 1973 to 1987.
"Theres a Fiesta for Everyone" projects the country as a year-round
destination for festivals.
"Yes. The Philippines. Now." was used to anchor tourism promotions on
the "new" Philippines after the 1986 People Power Revolution
"Fiesta Islands Philippines" projected the country as a cultural destination
borne by its various festivals.
"Islands Philippines, Our Islands Have It All", launched in 1991 was
probably DOTs best and longest-running promotional campaign with sub-
campaigns such as Dive Philippines, Golf Philippines, etc.
"Philippines: The Best of the Islands" was launched in 1996, for the APEC
Summit.
"Rediscovery Philippines" was launched in 1998 focusing on the countrys
culture and history as tourisms best selling feature.
Despite that lack of resources, the "7000 Times More" campaign was
launched, and carried a more contemporary "digitized" look.
Currently, WOW Philippines is the promotional campaign on the
Department. WOW, for Wealth of Wonders, uses four images: the tarsier,
Puerto Princesa Underground River National Park, wreck dive site, and
Boracay beach. In addition, the current Volunteer 12 is aimed at
tapping the seven million Filipinos working and living abroad as
tourism promoters. This program is envisioned to further stimulate
and boost visitor arrivals to the Philippines.
55
France, United Kingdom, Australia and Japan were analyzed and similar
products and prices compared.
Australia, Malaysia and Indonesia are flooding tour operators with packages of
different types of ecotourism and nature-based experiences: rainforests, jungle
treks, safaris, tribal village tours, etc. Thailand offers nature appreciation,
tribal village and elephant safaris; Vietnam offers culture whilst the Philippines
trips consist only of the Sagada-Bontoc-Banaue circuit and the Chocolate
Hills.
Feedback from the DOT office in the United Kingdom states that: "In the
internal organizations of most tour operators in the UK, the Philippines is
handled by personnel in charge of Vietnam, Cambodia/Laos PDR (which are
regularly packaged with Thailand) and Africa. In short, the Philippines is
looked at as "emerging and sometimes even unusual destination". Despite
Vietnams lack of infrastructure, it is outpacing the Philippines in terms of
attractiveness and "mystique". Even cruises to the Far East include more
Vietnam than Philippines (Manila)".
56
2.6.6 Ecotourism Marketing
There may be upcoming projects such as white-water rafting and other nature-
based activities. However, inasmuch as the areas wherein these sites are
located have relatively young tourism industries, local tour operators find
some difficulty in coordinating tours and coming up with effective or
profitable packages. The RECs through the DOT regional offices have to
address the need to create awareness among local communities and forge
collaboration with the private sector and other institutions to develop the
areas for ecotourism.
2.6.7 Implications
Much has yet to be done in marketing terms to fully harness the as yet
unrecognized potential of ecotourism. Programs should be designed in order to
achieve the following:
57
A data base and monitoring system is needed by which ecotourism
marketing objectives can be compared to actual results to enable the
modification of marketing directions and strategies, if required.
The Tourism Master Plan spelled out the policy of developing three
development clusters (Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao) whereby each cluster
should be served by one or two major international gateways and linked to a
variety of satellite destinations. This required an adjustment of policy in the air
transport sector where it hss necessitated the:
Major policy shifts in air, water and land transportation were initiated to
address critical bottlenecks in trade, industry, tourism and investments.
Development thrusts during the past five years have leaned towards
liberalization and deregulation, resulting in the expansion of transport systems
supporting regional growth areas, zones and corridors. The three original
tourism development clusters have since been expanded to include:
Laoag/Baguio, Clark/Subic, Manila, Cebu and Davao.
Air
The Philippines main international air access is through the Ninoy Aquino
International Airport (NAIA) in Manila. NAIA is currently being serviced by
approximately 34 airlines (see Annex __). Travelers can also enter the
58
Philippines via Cebu City. The Mactan-Cebu International Airport handles
both regular and chartered flights from Singapore, Hong Kong, Japan, Taiwan
and South Korea while the Davao International Airport handles flights from
Singapore and Manado, Indonesia. Laoag International Airport in North Luzon
services flights from Taiwan, Hong Kong and Guangzhou.
Philippine Airlines (PAL) the national flag carrier, services a route network of
18 on line points in 12 countries, and seven points in four countries on joint
service basis with other airlines. This includes daily services from Manila to
San Francisco, Los Angeles, Hong Kong, Tokyo and Singapore.
In terms of weekly air seats, the Philippines lags behind ASEAN neighbors. In
1999, the Philippines had 106,657 weekly air seats, lower than Malaysia
(299,409), Thailand (310,491) and Singapore (359,314).
In general, direct air access to some of the more remote but popular
ecotourism areas (such as El Nido, Palawan, Siargao Island and Batanes
Islands) has improved along with improved linkages between air and sea
transport schedules.
Water
59
Land
Road access to ecotourism sites has improved in the last decade. Donor
agencies have been largely responsible for funding improvements to the
Philippines highway network. Access to and within the five major hubs has
led to a noticeable increase in use in some areas, for instance, Subic Bay and
Batangas.
The Medium Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP) for 2001 2004
outlines the future prospects in the transport system.
Air
Water
Land
60
Proximity of regional airports to ecotourism destinations/national parks
Availability of fast ferry services
Frequency of scheduled flights, shipping and bus trips
Upgrading of transport services.
2000
1500
1994
1000 1998
500
0
Hotels Resorts T. Inns Apartels
Source: DOT
61
In terms of regional distribution, data from the tourism situation reports of the
DOT regional offices (reference Table 2 11) show that the National Capital
Region (NCR), Central Luzon (Region III) Southern Tagalog (Region IV),
Western Visayas (Region VI), and Central Visayas (Region VII) account for
the greatest number of accommodation establishments. The hotel sector is
largely concentrated in the Metro Manila area, reflecting its role as the national
capital and main international gateway. The resort sector is generally dispersed
outside Metro Manila with Regions IV, VI, VII and XI accounting for the most
number of resorts.
Region No. of
Establishments
NCR 208
CAR 187
I 95
II 142
III 371
IV 213
V 116
VI 401
VII 203
VIII 73
IX 38
X 89
XI 193
XII 58
XIII 69
TOTAL 2,445
Source: DOT
62
number of camps and cabins (for instance, Eden Resort near Davao City) in
semi-natural settings have been developed over the last five years.
2.8.2 Implications
With the growing interest in ecotourism in the Philippines, the following needs
consideration:
2.9.1 Utilities
Water supply service in far-flung areas such as national parks and other
ecotourism sites is limited to levels 1 and 2 such as spring boxes and small
water impoundment. Most of the existing ecotourism sites do not have
established sewage systems.
63
2.9.2 General Tourist Information
Health care systems in the Philippines are generally good and with reasonable
fees. Metro Manila offers world-standard medical facilities (Makati Medical
Center in Makati and St. Lukes Hospital in Quezon City are generally
acknowledged as the best in the country). Major cities outside Metro Manila
have well-equipped hospitals and can diagnose and treat most injuries and
illnesses. Provincial capitals have hospitals with basic equipment and supplies
that are adequate for minor cases. Most municipalities have Rural Health Units
that are usually staffed by a doctor and a nurse, though several towns may
share one doctor in remote areas.
2.9.4 Security
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2.9.5 Implications
2.10 IMPACTS
2.10.1 Introduction
This section briefly reviews the current state of knowledge and practice
associated with socio-cultural and economic impacts of ecotourism in the
Philippines. A case study approach has been adopted to illustrate the salient
positive and negative features of ecotourism impacts as they occur in the
Philippines. Implications for this strategy have been drawn from the case
studies.
The 1991 Tourism Master Plan reported that the Philippines natural and
cultural environment have been substantially altered by human activity. Much
of the forests cover in the mountains and foothills has disappeared, a
considerable proportion of the coastal mangroves has been removed to make
way for fish farming, while over-fishing is threatening to reduce the diversity
and stability of the areas coastal marine resources. These issues are
inextricably linked to poverty, over population and competing land uses.
To illustrate the practical and positive impacts that can arise from ecotourism,
the following case study examples are presented. There are also a number of
practical examples that illustrate the importance of managing potential adverse
impacts and learning lessons from these experiences.
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Olango Birds and Seascape Tour (OBST)
Olango Island, situated 5.5 kilometers east of Mactan Island in the province of
Cebu is a protected wetland with international importance due to the high
number of migratory bird species. With assistance from USAID, the Coastal
Resource Management Project (CRMP) of DENR, Olango Island Bird and
Seascape Tour was developed since 1997 as a community-based tourism
development that provides alternative livelihood for island residents.
Over 1,000 tourists have taken the Birds and Seascape Tour since operations
started in 1999. The tour is managed and operated by the community who
formed themselves into a cooperative. The project facilitated the organization
and empowerment of two villages to participate in identifying management
goals, priorities and policies on their natural environment, make
representations to LGUs and visiting organizations.
Tubbataha Reef
One of the best destinations for scuba diving in the country, the famous
Tubbataha Reef also inscribed in the World Heritage List can generate
around P1.6 Million in fees and permits for its three-month dive season. Good
management has engaged the active participation of various stakeholders in
protection and tourism, supported by WWF KKP, LGUs and other concerned
agencies, to ensure the sustainable use of the marine resources. A participatory
management style has established local enterprises for the community through
the development of micro-credit systems.
Whale sharks are the largest fish in the world and grow up to 60ft. in length.
Congregating in the coastal waters of Donsol in Sorsogon, whale sharks are
threatened because of the strong demand for their meat and fins. In 1998,
WWF Kaban Kalikasan ng Pilipinas (KKP) introduced the concept of
ecotourism to the community to promote the protection of whale sharks as
well as derive local benefits therefrom.
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overseas threatens the future of the resource, yet based on global trends in
marine mammal watching, Donsol has substantial potential to be a must-do
for nature and adventure travellers.
The Bais Dolphin Watching tours from Bais organized by Bais City LGU in
the Taon Strait has successfully brought revenue to local communities.
Started as an environmental education exercise by marine biologists, the
dolphin tours office now takes reservations, charters boats, arranges guides,
and monitors the marine mammal activity. Five specially converted pump
boats (two LGU-operated and three privately owned) are available daily
throughout the year. The average percentage of dolphin sightings by visitors is
very high (over 90 percent) and whales can also be sighted several times per
month. In 2000 the operation handled a total of nearly 7,000 tourists of whom
251 were foreigners (USA, Korean and Japanese providing the highest
numbers). Revenue from the tour operation has shown consistent growth since
inception in 1996, with a gross of over P1.8 million received in 2000.
El Nido Resorts
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The El Nido Foundation was established in 1994 to provide financing
assistance for small cooperatives and micro-enterprises and has since granted
loan assistance of P2 million to 500 beneficiaries either individual, working
groups or associations. Typical projects of the Foundation for the community
include small retail stores and stalls, and high intensive farming techniques to
increase productivity to supply the demand for fresh food required by the
resorts.
In 1996, total visitors to the Park were 25,064 with 76 percent domestic and 24
percent foreign nationals. By 1997 the park have increased its annual numbers
of tourists visitors by 59 percent to 39,979 visitors. Visitors contributed
P3,722,400 in tourism revenue from cave entry, park entrance and cottages.
Other benefits generated by tourism go directly to business operators in the
area.
2.10.4 Implications
2.11.1 Overview
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services sector accounted for 4 percent, and travel agents, tour operators and
tour guides with 10 percent.
1994 1998
Tourism Sector Total Male Female Total Male Female
Hotels &
Lodging Services 102,755 67,221 35,531 116,835 76,433 40,222
Restaurants and
other
establishments 385,623 223,777 161,846 528,582 306,736 221,846
Transport 2,062,647 1,821,431 241,216 2,720,008 2,401,916 318,092
Travel Agents,
Tour Operators &
Tour Guides 2,759 1,658 1,102 3,639 2,186 1,453
TOTAL 2,553,784 2,114,087 439,695 3,369,064 2,787,271 581,613
Source: _______________
Aware of the need to set minimum standards for training programs and
trainers, the TIBFI has formulated standards that are currently being used for
accreditation by the DOT. The establishment of the Hotel Tourism Institute of
the Philippines (HTIP) as the regional training center for the National Capital
Region was also accomplished. The arrangement developed by the DOT
whereby it provided the school building and the Hotel and Restaurant
Association of the Philippines (HRAP) as HTIPs manager and operator will
be adopted in the establishment of regional training centers in tourism centers
in Baguio, Cebu and Davao.
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The achievement of the recommended training programs and institutions to
address the human resource requirements of the industry can be attributed to
the active participation of relevant government agencies, non-government
institutions and the private sector.
Some of these training needs were identified during the Tourism Related
Industry Conference held last August 2001 while some were summed up
during the regional ecotourism stakeholders workshops. Priorities included:
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2.11.4 Associations and Clubs
The DOT has developed training modules for mountain guiding and cave
guiding. To date, a total of 257 mountain guides and cave guides have
participated in seminars conducted in Kalinga, Banaue, Tuguegarao,
Kidapawan and Bacolod.
The DOT conducts relevant training programs all over the Philippines (e.g.
home stay programs, ecotourism awareness programs, seminars for boatmen,
etc.)
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3 STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK
The Government has clearly demonstrated its willingness to take radical steps
to foster ecotourism through its actions to date towards implementing EO 111.
Establishing the NEDC, NESC, ETWG and RECs has involved commitments
from many government agencies. The concept of a formal partnership between
governments resource managers and governments tourism planners, as
mandated in EO 111, is unparalleled in other countries. It is an excellent base
on which to build a strategy.
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At the government agency level, the realities of limited funding must be
accommodated. However, much can be done without large budgets by merely
focussing and coordinating effort of many agencies. In this regard, the NES
will not only serve as a guidebook for the future work of the EO 111 bodies,
but it should also focus the efforts of many other potential contributors to the
ecotourism cause. The final NES will contain lists of priority supporting
actions by other individual stakeholder groups, including government agencies
as well as non-government organizations and potential donors. These lists will
have been negotiated with each stakeholder group.
The Bohol Congress Ecotourism Definition (see Section 1.3) established that,
in the Philippines context, ecotourism will take place in both natural and
cultural heritage areas. As settings for ecotourism, these areas will require
careful management. The activities associated with ecotourism will contribute
to environmental education, including fostering awareness of environmental
problems. Developing ecotourism will involve the empowerment of local
communities to participate in and benefit from tourism. Ecotourism will also
be a product that satisfies visitors.
The ecotourism agenda for the Philippines is to make the ideals embodied in
the Bohol Congress Ecotourism Definition come true.
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Focussing Stakeholder Efforts
From within the Key Sites, some have been selected as Banner Key Sites.
These will be the flagships of Philippines ecotourism, providing the leading
images for promotions to both international and domestic tourist markets. In
addition, a further group of other sites have been identified as Emerging and
Potential Key Sites. These will qualify for regional priority for development
assistance and will be recognized as candidates in the medium and long term
for elevation to Key Site status.
The EO 111 bodies will administer this Key Site system, re-evaluating the list
of Key Sites from time to time.
The EO 111 bodies will intensively promote the Key Ecotourism Sites concept
and act as advocates for ecotourism in the Key Sites. This will involve
identifying cost-effective measures to stimulate and manage ecotourism
development in Key Sites and drawing the attention of government agencies at
all levels to ways the agencies can assist. This advocacy role will become a
primary activity of the EO 111 bodies, particularly the RECs. RECs will seek
sponsorship and contributions in kind from ecotourism supporters to fund their
advocacy activities.
DOT will plan, fund and implement the ecotourism marketing component of
the Program, with the aim of dramatically raising the profile of Philippines
ecotourism in both international and domestic markets. DENR will plan, fund
and implement the ecotourism development component of the Program,
focussing exclusively on the careful development of appropriate types and
styles of ecotourism in areas protected for natural and cultural values.
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The two departments will closely coordinate their activities at meetings of the
EO 111 bodies.
The two departments will also coordinate closely, through the EO 111 bodies,
in the task of assisting the evolution of industry standards for ecotourism and
systems of accreditation of ecotourism operations.
The process of setting of standards will begin with safety regulations and
general operating guidelines for specific activities eg caving, diving, river
rafting, whale shark viewing etc. This work, some of which is already
underway, will involve extensive consultation and partnership with appropriate
industry associations where they exist. DOT/DENR cooperation in this area
will combine DOTs legislative mandate to oversee tourism standards with
DENRs ability to insist on compliance as a prerequisite for ecotourism
operations in protected areas.
The vision is that the Fund will be a source of contestable matching funding
for ecotourism projects within Key Sites. A NEDC appointed Committee of
Trustees could oversee the Fund. The EO 111 bodies, specifically including the
RECs, will make funding allocation decisions.
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appropriate REC. Eligible projects may apply to the Fund for up to 50% of
funds required for specified activities. The Project must have already raised
the other 50%. Eligible activities will range from product development,
training and marketing. Donors may be identified with the matching funds
provided to specific projects.
Building Professionalism
Engaging the private sector and grass roots projects will be a key focus
initially. Networking within sub-groups will be encouraged. Once an effective
two-way communication is established, the network can become a means to
spread information and to identify worthy models. A long-term goal will be to
establish the network as a means to deliver technical assistance to projects at
grass-roots level.
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4 KEY ECOTOURISM SITES
The idea of the Key Ecotourism Sites is to select a number of locations and
products that will be the focus of government attention in the development of
ecotourism in the Philippines. Key Sites need to be exceptional in some way,
in keeping with the definition of ecotourism, and be prepared for visitation.
They will be the focus of both marketing and product development.
In some cases it may be possible to link the Key Sites to form a travel
itinerary, especially where the attractions and activities go together well and
can be packaged. An example of such packaging may be a diving trip or short
excursion to view wildlife included as part of a general sightseeing tour.
Amongst the Key Ecotourism Sites a small number of Banner Sites have been
selected. These are destinations of exceptional image-setting potential. Banner
Sites will be used in positioning the Philippines as a credible ecotourism
destination in domestic and international markets.
A number of Emerging and Potential Key Sites have also been selected as a
second tier of sites. These have the opportunity to be Key Ecotourism Sites in
the future, but are not yet ready or positioned for development and/or
marketing.
A set of criteria and process for selection evolved during the regional
consultation workshops and deskwork undertaken by the NESC and ETWG. .
The methodology involved a two-tiered process using specific indicators to
determine the appropriateness and viability for developing ecotourism.
The First Level evaluation, which uses a scoring system based on relative
weights in percentages, assessed sites and product/s according to their:
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Natural and cultural features refer to the uniqueness of a site as well as the
richness and significance of its resources. Eocotourism products are
resources and activities that can be developed and promoted that will
generate employment and livelihood opportunities for local people. Social
and political support pertains to the participation of the community and
cooperation of government, private sector and non-governmental organizations
to forge linkages and networks towards the implementation of plans in close
consultation with community.
Northern Luzon Cluster - Regions I, II, III, CAR (Laoag and Subic/Clark
gateways)
Southern Luzon Cluster - Regions IV, V, NCR (Manila gateway)
Visayas Cluster Regions VI, VII, VIII (Cebu gateway)
Mindanao Cluster Regions IX, X, XI, XII, CARAGA, ARMM (Davao
gateway)
The list of Key Sites underwent further analysis by the ETWG in order to
rationalize the regional distribution of sites and to ensure that quality sites
were put forward. These adjustments were presented for final approval to the
NESC.
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The Key Ecotourism Sites identified in the NES will serve as the basis for
ecotourism development in the Philippines. Detailed interventions at each site
will be included in the Action Plan.
Twenty-seven (27) Key Ecotourism Sites and therein fourteen (14) Banner
Sites for the Philippines were selected as shown in figure
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4.4 EMERGING AND POTENTIAL KEY ECOTOURISM SITES
Sixty-four (64) emerging and potential Key Sites were selected as shown in
figure 4 2.
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4.5 LINKING KEY ECOTOURISM SITES
The idea of linking the Key Sites through tour itineraries and packages was
explored in detail at the National Planning Workshop. The aim of this exercise
was to look for ways in which regions could enter into joint marketing or
product development initiatives. This could overcome the fact that visitors do
not make travel decisions based on regions but more on what products are on
offer, the cost and the time involved in moving from one place to the next.
These Key Site itineraries are listed below. Feedback will now be sought by
the RECs, especially from the private sector operators and travel agents, as to
the feasibility and likely success of these itineraries.
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5 ECOTOURISM MARKETING AND DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMS
In addition to this advocacy program, DOT and DENR will lead a program of
technical assistance to Key Ecotourism Sites, under the guidance of the
NEDC and NESC. The program will be funded by dedicated allocations within
DENRs and DOTs budgets.
DOTs work under the program will focus on marketing and product
development the ecotourism sites. Emphasis would be on promoting the
images of the Banner Sites and packaging ecotourism circuits (where
possible), taking care to match markets and products. The use of brand themes
for packages which focus on adventure (for instance, trekking in the Ifugao),
nature (for example, the whale sharks of Donsol) and culture (the Ifugao Rice
Terraces) will be an effective way to market and position ecotourism amongst
other mainstream tourism products. Continuous research and enhancement of
products will also be pursued by the DOT in collaboration with the private
sector, local communities, DENR and other stakeholders.
DENRs work under the program will focus on the careful development of
appropriate styles of ecotourism in protected areas. This may include the
phased introduction of a People and Parks program to raise awareness of
protected areas and their values. Coordination with education authorities and
the nations school program could result in increased levels of participation in
outdoor education and outdoor pursuits training. The overall aim to expose the
next generation to the values associated with natural and cultural resources.
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5.2 ACTION PLAN TO ESTABLISH AN ECOTOURISM MARKETING
PROGRAM
DOT and PCVC are the focal points of international destination marketing in
the Philippines. It is envisaged that these agencies will jointly lead the
implementation of the Ecotourism Marketing Program. The Banner Sites
have been selected as ecotourism image setters for international source
markets.
LGUs, regional tourism offices, NGOs and tour operators at Key Ecotourism
Sites will be crucial to supplying the travel industry and domestic market with
flows of information about ecotourism developments. The Philippines
Ecotourism Network also has an important role to play in this regard.
Marketing Goals
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To broaden the tourism product in the Philippines into styles of tourism
that supports the market image, bringing rural benefits and enhancing
conservation efforts.
Marketing Objectives
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5.2.3 Ecotourism Market Segments
Improve the collection and analysis of accurate and timely arrival information
in ecotourism and protected areas.
DOT, DENR and the Philippines Ecotourism Network advocate for tourism
with other national, regional and local government departments, particularly
for support for Key Sites. This will help create strong networks between and
among tourism players in the Philippines, particularly between the LGUs,
NGOs and the private sector.
Market Image
The market image of a destination needs to reflect reality and accurately match
visitor expectations. Market images must be supported by deliverable tour
programs and itineraries. The Philippines needs to be branded and positioned
in source markets with a strong and distinct market image that features
ecotourism products, along with current beach and nightlife images. Unique
selling points might include: whale sharks, whales and dolphins, tarsier,
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Philippines eagle, bat flight, coral reefs (blue coral), wreck diving, river
running, local boats, volcanoes (Mt. Mayon), tropical forest trekking, etc.
Build on current target market priorities in the Philippines and expand the base
to attract visitors with proven interest in ecotourism products.
Primary Targets
Secondary Targets
Market Representation
Seek and support international specialist travel wholesalers and tour operators.
This will be the most cost effective and efficient means of marketing and
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selling ecotourism, particularly in medium and long haul target markets. Niche
wholesalers such as special interest (nature, culture, wildlife, ecotourism,
adventure, etc.) and dive operators are of particular interest.
Feature ecotourism at relevant travel shows for both the trade and consumers
as a cost-effective means of creating destination awareness, especially when
supported by the private sector.
Combine sales missions with trade fairs in target markets for maximum cost
effectiveness. Travel agent seminars are useful when closely co-ordinated with
selected international wholesalers and Philippines operators, and arranged well
in advance.
There can be no better promotion than to get key international ecotourism and
adventure sales personnel to experience a destination first hand. DOT and the
ETWG can actively foster targeting agents' familiarization trips to ecotourism
sites as a cost effective and useful strategy to promote destination awareness in
partnership with airlines, international wholesalers and Philippines travel
operators.
Advertising
Be cautious with advertising in all source markets as it can be very costly and
ineffective unless carefully planned, targeted and monitored. Consider
ecotourism advertising in the travel trade press in medium and long haul
targets. Rates in trade publications are considerably lower that general interest
media, and trade advertising supports the trade strategies in these markets.
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Documentary and Feature Films
Special Events
Annual and one-off sporting events and cultural festivals have been well
developed for tourism in the Philippines. Multi-sports events, volcano races,
river running and surfing competitions all reinforce the image. Facilitate
partnerships with the private sector so special events can, where appropriate,
be managed, operated and marketed as commercially viable businesses.
Extend the range of destination printed material to include a new series of high
quality posters and stickers of extraordinary and collectible images that both
establish the ecotourism market image, serve as give-away items and provide a
source of revenue.
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Electronic Promotional Tools
Ensure the new destination brochures are on relevant web sites and strongly
reflect the ecotourism market image. Websites need to be regularly updated.
Link the Philippines web sites with international and local agents for
additional exposure.
Videos are valuable promotional tools not only for operators but also for
motivators and media and need to reflect ecotourism activities. They can be
widely used for trade fairs, sales missions and seminars.
Photographic Resources
* In the Final Strategy , an action plan will be inserted here specific, DENR- led
product development activities associated with fostering appropriate style and levels
of ecotourism in protected areas. The Acton Plan will include a timetable for short,
medium, long term priorities
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6 STANDARDS AND ACCREDITATION
Ecotourism standards take a variety of forms around the world. They include
programs that are specifically defined as an ecotourism standard (e.g the
Nature and Ecotourism Accreditation Program in Australia) to standards for
nature and adventure activities that are conducted in natural areas and
associated with ecotourism (e.g. the PADI system for diving).
Nature and adventure tourism operators, outdoor clubs and individuals have in
general realized the benefits of having industry standards. Safety standards
have become a focus for travel wholesalers who will not purchase tours
without evidence or reputation of safe operating standards. Many tourism
operators have successfully integrated safety measures into the marketing of
their products to convince both wholesalers, inbound tour operators and
customers of a well managed activity.
With the increasing refinement of ecotourism products and services, the notion
of best practice has been gradually introduced in the Asia Pacific region over
the last five years. Best practice generally takes the form of guidelines, often
prepared by advocacy groups in partnership with a government or donor
agency and tourism industry bodies (e.g. a nature tour guide association or a
network of villages involved with homestays).
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6.2 ACCREDITATION IN ECOTOURISM
91
preparation of a national policy on accreditation for ecotourism. The RECs, in
association with LGUs, could then assist operators to meet standards (possibly
via small grants, the Ecotourism Development Fund, or by obtaining technical
expertise) and monitor the application of these.
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7 ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT FUND
In essence, the Fund would provide contestable matching grants for private
sector and/or community-based projects meeting the definition of
"ecotourism". The objectives of the Fund might be to:
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application, the Fund would match the remaining 50 percent funding as a
grant, based on receipts.
Regular there could be up to three funding rounds per year
Empowering RECs meaning while the Fund would be overseen by the
NESC or some other nominated national body, applications would first be
vetted and recommended by the RECs.
Targeted the Fund is intended for use in ecotourism project with the
potential to be models that can be emulated.
NESC and RECs prepare the procedures, criteria and timing of the Fund
Philippine Government endorsement and indications of support from
relevant donor agencies
NESC and RECs (or other bodies as deemed appropriate) pilot use of the
Fund in priority sites (probably Key Sites).
Medium-term (2002 2007)
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8 PHILIPPINES ECOTOURISM NETWORK
Department of Tourism
Department of Environment and Natural Resource/Protected Areas and
Wildlife Bureau
Department of Interior and Local Government
National Economic Development Authority
One of the primary roles of the ETWG is to provide technical and
administrative support to the NESC and NEDC. As prescribed in EO111, the
ETWG is based for the first three years at DOT, after which it will transfer to
DENR for a further three-year period. At present, the ETWG operates largely
as a committee of officials.
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Ecotourism Sites, and assist with establishing the systems and pilot projects by
which the National Ecotourism Strategy can be implemented. The ETWGs
ability to perform these functions has been strengthened by the appointment of
a full-time Project Coordinator with one full-time and one part-time assistant.
These positions and the ETWG office are funded jointly by DOT, DENR and
the NZODA project.
If the ETWGs role becomes the center of a web, communicating easily and
regularly with grass-roots operations, it could become a useful channel for
delivering technical assistance to ecotourism projects. Ideally, a cadre of
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experienced national consultants will be accumulated around the ETWG,
capable of delivering technical assistance where it is required on behalf of the
ETWG. This type of external technical assistance will help get new ecotourism
businesses up and running and it will ultimately increase the capability of the
Philippines ecotourism industry to assist itself. Donor funding will be required
for this activity.
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9 STAKEHOLDER COMMITMENTS
In the Final Strategy, this chapter will look through the eyes of each of the
individual stakeholder groups in turn and present a checklist of commitments
of all the various stakeholders to operationalize the NES. These action plans
will be negotiated with the stakeholder groups during the remainder of the
NES planning process. The Stakeholder groupings will be:
EO 111 Agencies
DOT
DENR
LGUs
NGOs
Donor Agencies
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APPENDICES
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