The Cost and Benefit of Higher Government Debt
The Cost and Benefit of Higher Government Debt
The Cost and Benefit of Higher Government Debt
debt
Winarno Zain
It started with a bang, but it would end up with a whimper. That is the fate of the
governments tax amnesty. Touted as one of the most significant moves by President Joko
Jokowi Widodo after the slashing of fuel subsidies last year, the program is expected to
bring windfall gains for government revenues.
Diawali dengan kehebohan, akan tetapi diakhiri dengan rintihan. Beginilah nasib dari amnesti
pajak pemerintahan. Disebut-sebut sebagai salah satu langkah paling signifikan oleh Presiden
Joko Jokowi Widodo setelah pemotongan subsidi pada tahun lalu, diperkirakan program ini
akan membawa keuntungan besar untuk pendapatan pemerintah.
But the gains came in a trickle in September, the last month of the first stage, where the
redemption rate is the lowest. The target of Rp 165 trillion (US$12.54 billion) in redemption
from the tax amnesty is nowhere in sight.
Tetapi sedikit pendapatan yang masuk pada September ini, yang mana merupakan bulan akhir
dari tahap awal, di mana Tetapi keuntungan datang tetesan pada bulan September, bulan lalu
dari tahap pertama, di mana tingkat penebusan adalah yang terendah. Target Rp 165 triliun
(US $ 12540000000) dalam penebusan dari amnesti pajak adalah tidak tampak.
As the significant shortfall in tax revenue jeopardizes the sustainability of the 2016 state
budget, the government is faced with two unpleasant options: to further cut public spending
or seek more debt. Austere budgeting is logical in the face of revenue shortages, but austerity
policies in most cases hurt rather than help the economy.
As spending is cut, demand falls, consumption shrinks and the economy slows down.
Austerity policies would not hurt much if there were compensating factors elsewhere.
But unfortunately, Indonesian exports continue to weaken and private investors are not
rushing to invest in Indonesia, despite 13 economic packages issued by the government to
stimulate investment.
Against this backdrop, too severe a budget cut could push the economy into a deeper slump.
And what is important is that too austere a budget could have a disproportional impact on the
poor, as public services suffer both in quantity and quality.
That austerity measures can undermine economic activity has become evident in recent years.
Budget austerity policies prescribed by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for countries
in economic trouble have been controversial and prompted lots of criticism.
There is a limit to austerity policies, as empirical evidence shows. The measures advocated
by the IMF to Indonesia during the Asian financial crisis of 1998 and to Greece and Spain
following the 2009 crisis, have been counterproductive.
Instead of putting the economy back on its feet, the austerity policies have deepened crises in
those countries, inflicted more suffering on the people and triggered political instability.
The rationale behind IMF austerity policies is the necessity to restore business confidence.
IMF officials argue that if a country is willing to suffer pain from exercising budget
discipline, business confidence will return and investors will start investing. But these results,
as we all know, have proven elusive.
Because cutting government spending bears the risk of producing too tight a budget, which
could hurt the economy, it is important to balance this policy with a more flexible stance on
borrowing.
Increasing the budget deficit to the legal maximum of 3 percent of the gross domestic product
(GDP) would provide more fiscal space and could help maintain the current pace of
economic growth, although this means the government has to raise additional debts to the
tune of Rp 82 trillion.
This amount is far short of the tax amnesty redemption target, but it would ease the pain
caused by spending cuts.
The government is always concerned about a negative reaction from the market if the deficit
and debt rise. Market participants could lose confidence in the Indonesian economy,
triggering capital outflows and rupiah depreciation.
Volatilities in the financial market would hinder investment in the real sectors. Another
impact of higher government debt and budget deficit would be higher bond yields demanded
by investors, as holding the bonds is deemed riskier. This would increase government
spending on interest cost.
The interest cost of government debt has risen from 1.2 percent of GDP in 2012 to 1.52
percent of GDP in 2015.
Even though inflation and the general interest rate trend are pointing down, it is likely that the
market would ask for higher government bond yields due to the weakening budget, so interest
payments by the government would exceed the 1.6 percent of GDP assumed in the 2017
budget.
But this additional cost would be covered by higher revenues from maintaining the pace of
economic growth.
The governments debt profile is still within the bound of prudent macroeconomic
management.
In terms of its percentage of GDP, Indonesian government debt is still 28 percent, lower than
that of India ( 41 ), China ( 66 ), Malaysia ( 55 ), or Thailand ( 36 ).
Most of the government debt is denominated in rupiah, limiting its exposure to exchange rate
fluctuation.
They were raised in the capital market, held by private investors, 38 percent of whom are
foreigners.
The issuance of government bonds has contributed significantly to the development of the
capital market in Indonesia.
To mitigate the negative impact of seeking additional debt, it is imperative that the additional
debt should be used to build projects that can produce high economic returns by fostering
economic activity and growth.
If the use of additional debt can produce more economic growth, it would also create a
potential for higher tax revenues. And these additional revenues could be partly used to
service debt.
So, provided the debt is used properly and wisely, it could pay for itself. Although seeking
more debt may run up against political resistance and criticism from various quarters, at a
time when the budget is facing difficulties, some relaxation of the government stance on debt
is required.
The important thing for the government, before seeking more borrowing, is to consider the
cost and benefit of taking up more debt, and generating public support for this decision.
______________________________
The writer is a commissioner in a publicly listed oil and gas service company. The views
expressed are his own.
government-debt.html
Ini dimulai dengan bang, tapi itu akan berakhir dengan rengekan. Itulah nasib amnesti pajak
pemerintah. Disebut-sebut sebagai salah satu langkah paling signifikan oleh Presiden Joko
"Jokowi" Widodo setelah pemotongan subsidi BBM tahun lalu, program ini diharapkan
membawa keuntungan windfall pendapatan pemerintah.
Tetapi keuntungan datang tetesan pada bulan September, bulan lalu dari tahap pertama, di
mana tingkat penebusan adalah yang terendah. Target Rp 165 triliun (US $ 12540000000)
dalam penebusan dari amnesti pajak adalah tidak tampak.
Seperti belanja dipotong, permintaan jatuh, konsumsi menyusut dan ekonomi melambat.
kebijakan penghematan tidak akan menyakiti banyak jika ada yang kompensasi faktor lain.
Namun sayangnya, ekspor Indonesia terus melemah dan investor swasta tidak terburu-buru
untuk berinvestasi di Indonesia, meskipun 13 paket ekonomi yang dikeluarkan oleh
pemerintah untuk merangsang investasi.
Dengan latar belakang ini, terlalu parah pemotongan anggaran bisa mendorong ekonomi ke
kemerosotan lebih dalam. Dan apa yang penting adalah bahwa terlalu keras anggaran bisa
memiliki dampak yang tidak proporsional pada masyarakat miskin, sebagai pelayanan publik
menderita baik secara kuantitas dan kualitas.
kebijakan penghematan anggaran yang ditetapkan oleh Dana Moneter Internasional (IMF)
untuk negara-negara dalam kesulitan ekonomi telah kontroversial dan memicu banyak kritik.
Ada batas untuk kebijakan penghematan, sebagai bukti empiris menunjukkan. Langkah-
langkah yang dianjurkan oleh IMF untuk Indonesia selama krisis keuangan Asia tahun 1998
dan ke Yunani dan Spanyol setelah krisis 2009, telah kontraproduktif.
Jumlah ini jauh dari target penebusan amnesti pajak, tetapi akan meringankan rasa sakit yang
disebabkan oleh pemotongan belanja.
Dapat dimengerti bahwa pemerintah enggan untuk mengejar kursus ini, karena akan dianggap
melanggar warisan manajemen fiskal yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah selama bertahun-tahun.
Pemerintah selalu khawatir tentang reaksi negatif dari pasar jika defisit dan utang meningkat.
Pelaku pasar bisa kehilangan kepercayaan dalam perekonomian Indonesia, memicu arus
keluar modal dan depresiasi rupiah.
Volatilitas di pasar keuangan akan menghambat investasi di sektor riil. Dampak lain dari
utang pemerintah yang lebih tinggi dan defisit anggaran akan imbal hasil obligasi yang lebih
tinggi yang diminta oleh investor, karena memegang obligasi dianggap berisiko. Hal ini akan
meningkatkan pengeluaran pemerintah biaya bunga.
Biaya bunga utang pemerintah telah meningkat dari 1,2 persen dari PDB pada 2012 1,52
persen dari PDB pada tahun 2015.
Meskipun inflasi dan tren suku bunga umum menunjuk ke bawah, ada kemungkinan bahwa
pasar akan meminta imbal hasil obligasi pemerintah yang lebih tinggi karena anggaran
melemah, sehingga pembayaran bunga oleh pemerintah akan melebihi 1,6 persen dari PDB
diasumsikan dalam anggaran 2017 .
Tetapi biaya tambahan ini akan ditutupi oleh pendapatan yang lebih tinggi dari menjaga laju
pertumbuhan ekonomi.
profil utang pemerintah masih dalam batas pengelolaan ekonomi makro yang hati-hati.
Dalam hal persentase dari PDB, utang pemerintah Indonesia masih 28 persen, lebih rendah
dari India (41), China (66), Malaysia (55), atau Thailand (36).
Sebagian besar utang pemerintah dalam mata uang rupiah, membatasi risiko fluktuasi nilai
tukar.
Mereka dibesarkan di pasar modal, yang diselenggarakan oleh investor swasta, 38 persen di
antaranya adalah orang asing.
Hal ini telah menjadi instrumen tambahan investasi untuk investor institusi seperti