Java Script Features

JavaScript is a scripting language designed and first implemented by Netscape (with help
from Sun Microsystems). Javascript was created by Brendan Eich at Netscape in 1995 for the
purpose of allowing code in webpages. Netscape first introduced a JavaScript interpreter in
Navigator 2. The interpreter was an extra software component in the browser that was
capable of interpreting JavaSript source code inside an HTML document. This meant that
Web page authors using no more than a simple text editor could place special instructions
or programs directly inside Web pages to make them more dynamic and interactive.
JavaScript can be used to:
validate user input in an HTML form before sending the data to a server
build forms that respond to user input without accessing a server
change the appearance of HTML documents and dynamically write HTML into
separate Windows
open and close new windows or frames
manipulate HTML "layers" including hiding, moving, and allowing the user to drag
them around a browser window
build small but complete client side programs
Java Script Features

Java Script is a scripting language and it is not java.
Java script is interpreter based scripting language.
Java script is case sensitive.
Java script is object based language as it provides predefined objects.
Every statement in java script must be terminated with ;
Most of the java script control statements syntax is same as syntax of control
statements in C language.
Data Types and Variable Declaration

Java script didnt provide any data types for declaring variables and a variable in java script
can store any type of value. Hence java script is loosely typed language. You can use a
variable directly without declaring it as follows.
X = 10;
You can also declare a variable and then use it and for this use the keyword var as follows
Var x = 10;
Or
Var x;
X=10;
Writing Java Script

Java script can be written either as inline java script or internal java script or external java
script.
Inline Java Script

When java script was written within the html element using attributes related to events of
the element then it is called as inline java script.
Java Script Dialog Boxes

Alert() : Alert function of java script is used to give an alert message to the user.
Prompt() : Prompt function of java script is used to prompt for a value from the user.
Confirm() : confirm function of java script is used to get confirmation from user before
executing some task.
Example : The following example gives an alert message to the user when user click on
the button using inline java script.
<!doctype html>
<html>
<form>
<input type=button value=Click onclick=alert(Button Clicked)/>
</form>
</html>
Internal Java Script

When java script was written within the <head> section using <script> element then it is
called as internal java script. The <script> element syntax is as follows.
<script type=text/javascript>
</script>
Within the <head> section java script will be written in the form of functions. To create a
function in java script use the keyword function and it has the following syntax.
Defining Functions Within Scripts

An important part of JavaScript is the ability to create new functions within scripts. These
functions are named segments of JavaScript statements. These statements usually have a
single purpose, such as performing a complex calculation or verifying the data entered into
an HTML form. Functions can be passed copies of variables or references to objects to work
with. Just as with built in functions, this is done in the parameter list. JavaScript functions
that you define can be placed inside script tags anywhere in the document. However, they
should be placed in the head of the document to guarantee they are loaded before being
called from script statements in the body of the document. Here is the format for defining a
JavaScript function:
function functionName(parameter_1, parameter_2, .. parameter_n)
statement1
statement2
statementn
The keyword function precedes the name of the function. A function name is like a variable
name in that it must start with a character and must not be the same as a JavaScript key
word. The parameter list is a comma separated list of variable names inside round brackets
immediately following the function name. The statements to be executed when the function
is called are contained inside the function body and are contained within curly braces.
Here is a function that finds the maximum value of two numbers. Note that the function
determines which number is largest and returns the largest value using the return
statement. The value returned will take the place of the function in the calling expression -
see the example below.
function getMax(n1, n2)
if (n1 < n2)

return n2
else
return n1
Example : The following example displays an alert message after prompting name of the
user when user click on the button using internal java script.
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<script>
Function getname()
Name=prompt(Enter Your Name);
Alert(Welcome Mr/Mrs + name);
</script>
</head>
<form>
<input type=button value=Click onclick=getname()/>
</form>
</html>
External Java Script

Writing java script in a separate file with extension .js is called as external java script. For
adding the reference of an external java script file to your html page, use <script> tag with
src attribute as follows
<script type=text/javascript src=filename.js/>

Example : the following example demonstrates how to create and use external java
script.
Create a file with name functions.js and write the following java script functions in it.
function sum(x,y)
return parseInt(x) + parseInt(y);
function sub(x,y)
return parseInt(x) - parseInt(y);
function mul(x,y)
return parseInt(x) * parseInt(y);
function div(x,y)
return parseInt(x) / parseInt(y);
Create a html page and use the file functions.js as follows
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<script src="d:\functions.js">
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<table>
<tr>
<td> First Number </td>
<td> <input type="text" name="t1"/> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Second Number </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Result </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<input type="button" value="sum"

onclick="t3.value=sum(t1.value,t2.value)"/>
<input type="button" value="sub"

onclick="t3.value=sub(t1.value,t2.value)"/>
<input type="button" value="mul"

onclick="t3.value=mul(t1.value,t2.value)"/>
<input type="button" value="div"

onclick="t3.value=div(t1.value,t2.value)"/>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Conditional Control Statements
If
If(<condition>) if(<condition>)
<stmts> <stmts>
Else else if(<condition>)
<stmts> <stmts>
Else if(<condition>)
<stmts>
Else
<stmts>
Switch
Switch(<expression>)
Case <result1> :
<stmts>
Break;
Case <result2>:
<stmts>
Break;
..
Default :
<stmts>
Ternary Operator (? :)
<var> = (<condition>)?<stmt1>:<stmt2>;
Looping Control Statements
While
<var initialization>
While(<condition>)
<stmts>
<Var increment / decrement>
For
For(initialization;condition;incr/decr)
<stmts>
Do while
<variable initialization>
Do
<stmts>
<var increment / decrement>

}while(<condition>);
Working With Arrays

An array is a very common data structure - a way of organizing and accessing data. It is
supported by almost every computer programming language. Data such as numbers are
stored and accessed as though they were in a list. Usually, arrays are created by some kind
of declaration that indicates the type of data being stored in each "slot" or "box" in the
array and how many "slots" the array should have. JavaScript 1.1, introduced with Navigator
3 included a new prebuilt array object. To create an array you use new Array(n) where n was
the number of slots in the array or new Array() omitting the size. For example, using the
new keyword Array:
mynumbers = new Array(5)
mynumbers[0] = 34
mynumbers[1] = 22
mynumbers[2] = 9
mynumbers[3] = 12
mynumbers[4] = 0
sum = 0;
for (i=0; i<mynumbers.length; i++)
sum = sum + mynumbers[i];
alert(sum)
The new array object had the advantage that you could create the array and add values at
the same time:
mynumbers = new Array(34, 22, 9, 12, 0)
This made it possible to do in one line what it took six lines to do in the previous example.
The one problem with this was that mnumbers = new Array(2, 1) creates an array with two
values in it but mynumbers = new Array(2) creates an array with two empty slots. Logically,
it should create one slot with the number 2 in it.
Example : The following example demonstrates how to work with one dimensional arrays
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
var A=new Array(5);
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
A[i]=eval(prompt("Enter An Integer"));
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
document.write("<h1>" + A[i] + "</h1>");
</script>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
Two Dimesional Arrays

Two dimensional arrays in java script are declared using the following syntax.
var x = new Array(10);
for (var i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
x[i] = new Array(20);
x[5][12] = 3.0;
Example : The following example demonstrates how to use two dimensional arrays.
<html>
<head>
var A = new Array(3);
for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++)
A[i] = new Array(3);
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
A[i][j]=eval(prompt("Enter An Integer"));
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
document.write("<font size=7>" + A[i][j] +
"  </font>");
}
document.write("<br/>");
</script>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
Example : The following example demonstrates how to use Array Concat() Method. This
method concats the elements of one array at the end of another array and returns an array.
<html>
<head>
var A=new Array(23,45,17,31,59);
var B=new Array("a","b","c");
var C=B.concat(A);
document.write("<h1>" + C.toString() + "</h1>");
</script>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
Example : The following example demonstrates how to use Array Sort() and Reverse()
Methods. Sort() methods sorts the elements in array and reverse() methods reverses the
elements.
<html>
<head>
function compare(a,b)
return a-b;
var A=new Array(23,45,17,31,59,130);
var B=A.sort(compare);
document.write("<h1>" + B.toString() + "</h1>");
document.write("<h1>" + B.reverse() + "</h1>");
</script>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
Example : The following example demonstrates how to use Array Slice() Method. Slice
method will extract specified number of elements starting from specified index without
deleting them from array.
<html>
<head>
var A=new Array(10,20,30,40,50,60,70);
var B=A.slice(1,4);
document.write("<h1>" + A.toString() + "</h1>");
</script>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
Example : The following example demonstrates how to use Array Splice() Method. Splice
method will extract specified number of elements starting from specified index and deletes
them from array.
<html>
<head>
var A=new Array(10,20,30,40,50,60,70);
var B=A.splice(1,4);
</script>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
Example : The following example demonstrates how to use Array Splice() Method. Splice
method can extract specified number of elements starting from specified index and replace
them with other elements.
<html>
<head>
var A=new Array(10,20,30,40,50,60,70);
var B=A.splice(1,4,1,2,3,4);

</script>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
Example : The following example demonstrates how to use Array Push() and Pop()
Methods. Push method pushes element at the top and pop elements pops the top element.
<html>
<head>
var A=new Array(10,20,30,40,50);
A.push(eval(prompt("Enter Value to push")));
A.push(eval(prompt("Enter Value to push")));
var p=A.pop();
document.write("<h1>Element Popped Is " + p + "</h1>");
var p=A.pop();
document.write("<h1>Element Popped Is " + p + "</h1>");
</script>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
Example : The following example demonstrates how to use Array Sort() method for
sorting strings.
<html>
<head>
function compare(a,b)
{return a.localeCompare(b);
var A=new Array('Microsoft','Adobe','Oracle','Sun','IBM');
document.write("<h1>" + A.sort(compare) + "</h1>");
</script>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
Validations
One main purpose of java script is performing validations. The following examples
demonstrates how to perform various validations in java script.
Example : The following example demonstrates how to restrict a text box to accept only
digits.
<html>
<head>
function fn_validateNumeric(thi,dec)
{
/* verifying the character pressed is a digit */
if (((event.keyCode < 48) || (event.keyCode > 57)) &&
(event.keyCode != 46))
event.returnValue = false;
/* determining whether or not allow decimal point(.) if second argument is "n"

then decimal point not allowed. else part will check whether the decimal point (.) is
pressed second time and if it is second time then not allowed*/
if(dec=="n" && event.keyCode == 46)
else
if(event.keyCode == 46 && thi.value.indexOf(".")>=0)
/* Ascii values of 0-9 are 48 to 57 and ascii value of "." is 46. "This" refers to the
control that causes the event. else condition is to restrict "." more than once */
</script>
</head>
<body>
<input type="text" onkeypress=

"fn_validateNumeric(this,'y')" name="t1"/>
</body>
</html>
Example : The following example demonstrates how to restrict a text box to accept only
alphabets.
<html>
<head>
function fn_validateAlpha(thi)
if (((event.keyCode < 65) || (event.keyCode > 90)) && ((event.keyCode <97) ||

(event.keyCode>122)))
</script>
</head>
<body>
<input type="text" onkeypress="fn_validateAlpha(this)" name="t1"/>
</body>
</html>
Example : The following example demonstrates how to automatically convert the letters
typed in a text box to uppercase.
<html>
<head>
function Convert_Capital(thi)
if ((event.keyCode >=97) && (event.keyCode<=122))
event.keyCode=event.keyCode-32;
</script>
</head>
<body>
<input type="text" onkeypress="Convert_Capital(this)" name="t1"/>
</body>
</html>
Example : The following example demonstrates how to perform various validations like
textbox is not blank , password is minimum 8 characters, password and confirm password
are same and email id is in correct format.
<html>
<head>
function emailcheck()
var str=f1.txtemail.value;
var at="@";
var dot=".";
var atpos=str.indexOf(at);
var len=str.length;
var dotpos=str.indexOf(dot);
if (atpos==-1 || atpos==0 || atpos==len)
alert("Invalid E-mail ID");
return false;
if (dotpos==-1 || dotpos==0 || dotpos==len)
return false;
if (str.indexOf(at,(atpos+1))!=-1)
return false;
/* checking immediate before character of @ or immediate next character of @ is .

*/
if (str.substring(atpos-1,atpos)==dot || str.substring(atpos+1,atpos+2)==dot)
return false;
/* Checking . exists next to @ symbol or not */
if (str.indexOf(dot,(atpos+2))==-1)
{
return false;
if (str.indexOf(" ")!=-1)
return false;
return true;
function isvalid()
if(f1.txtuname.value=="")
alert("You Must Enter User Name");
f1.txtuname.focus();
return false;
if(f1.txtpwd1.value=="" || f1.txtpwd2.value=="")
alert("You Must Enter Password And Re Enter Password");
f1.txtpwd1.focus();
return false;
if(f1.txtpwd1.value.length<8)
{
alert("Password Must Be Minimum 8 characters");
f1.txtpwd1.value="";
f1.txtpwd1.focus();
return false;
if(f1.txtpwd1.value!=f1.txtpwd2.value)
alert("Passsword and Re-Enter Password Must Be Same");
f1.txtpwd1.focus();
return false;
if(f1.txtemail.value=="")
alert("You Must Enter Email Id");
f1.txtemail.focus();
return false;
if(emailcheck()==false)
f1.txtemail.value="";
f1.txtemail.focus();
return false;
}
return true;
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form id="f1">
<table>
<tr>
<td> Enter User Name </td>
<td><input type="text" name="txtuname" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Enter Password </td>
<td><input type="password" name="txtpwd1"/></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Re-Enter Password </td>
<td><input type="password" name="txtpwd2"/></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Enter Email id </td>
<td><input type="text" name="txtemail"/></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" align="right"><input type="button" name="btnregister"

value="Register" onclick="isvalid()"/></td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Cookies
Web Browser and Server use HTTP protocol to communicate and HTTP is a stateless
protocol. But for a commercial website it is required to maintain session information among
different pages. For example one user registration ends after completing many pages. But
how to maintain user's session information across all the web pages. In many situations,
using cookies is the most efficient method of remembering and tracking preferences,
purchases, commissions, and other information required for better visitor experience or site
statistics.
Your server sends some data to the visitor's browser in the form of a cookie. The browser
may accept the cookie. If it does, it is stored as a plain text record on the visitor's hard drive.
Now, when the visitor arrives at another page on your site, the browser sends the same
cookie to the server for retrieval. Once retrieved, your server knows/remembers what was
stored earlier.
Cookies are a plain text data record of 5 variable-length fields:
Expires : The date the cookie will expire. If this is blank, the cookie will expire when the
visitor quits the browser.
Domain : The domain name of your site.
Path : The path to the directory or web page that set the cookie. This may be blank if you
want to retrieve the cookie from any directory or page.
Secure : If this field contains the word "secure" then the cookie may only be retrieved with a
secure server. If this field is blank, no such restriction exists.
Name=Value : Cookies are set and retrieved in the form of key and value pairs.
Cookies were originally designed for CGI programming and cookies' data is automatically
transmitted between the web browser and web server, so CGI scripts on the server can read
and write cookie values that are stored on the client. JavaScript can also manipulate cookies
using the cookie property of the Document object. JavaScript can read, create, modify, and
delete the cookie or cookies that apply to the current web page.
Storing Cookies
The simplest way to create a cookie is to assign a string value to the document.cookie
object, which looks like this:
Syntax:
document.cookie = "key1=value1;key2=value2;expires=date";
Here expires attribute is option. If you provide this attribute with a valid date or time then
cookie will expire at the given date or time and after that cookies' value will not be
accessible.
Note: Cookie values may not include semicolons, commas, or whitespace. For this reason,
you may want to use the JavaScript escape() function to encode the value before storing it
in the cookie. If you do this, you will also have to use the corresponding unescape() function
when you read the cookie value.
Example : The following example demonstrates how to work with cookies for storing user
id and password in cookies in a login form.
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<script>
function loginclick()
var c=document.getElementsByName("chkremember")[0];
if(c.checked)
setCookie("uid1",f1.txtuid.value,7);
function getCookie(c_name)
{
var i,x,y,ARRcookies=document.cookie.split(";");
for (i=0;i<ARRcookies.length;i++)
x=ARRcookies[i].substr(0,ARRcookies[i].indexOf("="));
y=ARRcookies[i].substr(ARRcookies[i].indexOf("=")+1);
if (x==c_name)
return unescape(y);
function setCookie(c_name,value,exdays)
var exdate=new Date();
exdate.setDate(exdate.getDate() + exdays);
var c_value= escape(value) + ((exdays==null) ? "" : ";

expires="+exdate.toUTCString());
document.cookie=c_name + "=" + c_value;
function checkCookie()
var username=getCookie("uid1");
alert(username);
if (username!=null && username!="")
return username;
}
</script>
</head>
<body onload="f1.txtuid.value=checkCookie()">
<form id="f1">
<table>
<tr>
<td> User Name </td>
<td> <input type="text" name="txtuid"/> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Password </td>
<td> <input type="password" name="txtpwd"/> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"> <input type="checkbox" name="chkremember"/> Remember Me

</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td Colspan="2" align="right"> <input type="button" name="btnlogin"

value="login" onclick="loginclick()"/> </td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
</body>
</html>
DOM (Document Object Model) Window Object
The window object represents an open window in a browser. If a document contain frames
(<frame> or <iframe> tags), the browser creates one window object for the HTML
document, and one additional window object for each frame.
DOM (Document Object Model) Window Object Properties
Property Description
closed Returns a Boolean value indicating whether a window has been closed or not
defaultStatus Sets or returns the default text in the statusbar of a window
document Returns the Document object for the window (See Document object)
frames Returns an array of all the frames (including iframes) in the current window
history Returns the History object for the window (See History object)
innerHeight Sets or returns the inner height of a window's content area
innerWidth Sets or returns the inner width of a window's content area
length Returns the number of frames (including iframes) in a window
location Returns the Location object for the window (See Location object)
name Sets or returns the name of a window
navigator Returns the Navigator object for the window (See Navigator object)
opener Returns a reference to the window that created the window

outerHeight Sets or returns the outer height of a window, including toolbars/scrollbars
outerWidth Sets or returns the outer width of a window, including toolbars/scrollbars
pageXOffset Returns the pixels the current document has been scrolled (horizontally) from
the upper left corner of the window
pageYOffset Returns the pixels the current document has been scrolled (vertically) from the
upper left corner of the window
parent Returns the parent window of the current window
screen Returns the Screen object for the window (See Screen object)
screenLeft Returns the x coordinate of the window relative to the screen
screenTop Returns the y coordinate of the window relative to the screen
screenX Returns the x coordinate of the window relative to the screen
screenY Returns the y coordinate of the window relative to the screen
self Returns the current window
status Sets the text in the statusbar of a window
top Returns the topmost browser window

DOM (Document Object Model) Window Object Methods
Method Description
alert() Displays an alert box with a message and an OK button
blur() Removes focus from the current window
clearInterval() Clears a timer set with setInterval()
clearTimeout() Clears a timer set with setTimeout()
close() Closes the current window
confirm() Displays a dialog box with a message and an OK and a Cancel button
createPopup() Creates a pop-up window
focus() Sets focus to the current window
moveBy() Moves a window relative to its current position
moveTo() Moves a window to the specified position
open() Opens a new browser window
print() Prints the content of the current window
prompt() Displays a dialog box that prompts the visitor for input
resizeBy() Resizes the window by the specified pixels
resizeTo() Resizes the window to the specified width and height

scroll()
scrollBy() Scrolls the content by the specified number of pixels
scrollTo() Scrolls the content to the specified coordinates
setInterval() Calls a function or evaluates an expression at specified intervals (in

milliseconds)
setTimeout() Calls a function or evaluates an expression after a specified number of

milliseconds
DOM (Document Object Model) Document Object
Each HTML document loaded into a browser window becomes a Document object. The
Document object provides access to all HTML elements in a page, from within a script. The
Document object is also part of the Window object, and can be accessed through the
window.document property.
DOM (Document Object Model) Document Object Properties
anchors Returns a collection of all the anchors in the document
applets Returns a collection of all the applets in the document
body Returns the body element of the document
cookie Returns all name/value pairs of cookies in the document
documentMode Returns the mode used by the browser to render the document
domain Returns the domain name of the server that loaded the document
forms Returns a collection of all the forms in the document

images Returns a collection of all the images in the document
lastModified Returns the date and time the document was last modified
links Returns a collection of all the links in the document
readyState Returns the (loading) status of the document
referrer Returns the URL of the document that loaded the current
document
title Sets or returns the title of the document
URL Returns the full URL of the document
DOM (Document Object Model) Document Object Methods
Method Description
close() Closes the output stream previously opened with
document.open()
getElementsByName() Accesses all elements with a specified name
open() Opens an output stream to collect the output from

document.write() or document.writeln()
write() Writes HTML expressions or JavaScript code to a document
writeln() Same as write(), but adds a newline character after each

statement
DOM (Document Object Model) Navigator Object
The navigator object contains information about the browser from where user is accessing
your page.
DOM (Document Object Model) Navigator Object Properties
appCodeName Returns the code name of the browser
appName Returns the name of the browser
appVersion Returns the version information of the browser
cookieEnabled Determines whether cookies are enabled in the browser
onLine Boolean, returns true if the browser is on line, otherwise false.
platform Returns for which platform the browser is compiled
userAgent Returns the user-agent header sent by the browser to the server
DOM (Document Object Model) History Object
The history object contains the URLs visited by the user (within a browser window). The
history object is part of the window object and is accessed through the window.history
property.
DOM (Document Object Model) History Object Properties
length Returns the number of URLs in the history list
DOM (Document Object Model) History Object Methods
Method Description
back() Loads the previous URL in the history list

forward() Loads the next URL in the history list
go() Loads a specific URL from the history list
Example : The following example demonstrates how to use open() method of window
object and opener property of window object and document objects bgcolor property. First
open parent.html in browser that will automatically open child.html in a new window or tab
and then click on buttons in child.html to change background color of parent.html.
Parent.Html
<html>
<head>
var ch=window.open("child.html","win1","width=300,height=300");
ch.document.bgColor="purple";
</script>
</head>
</html>
Child.Html
<html>
<head>
<title>Secondary window</title>
</head>
<body >
<center>
<form>
<input type="button" onClick=
"window.opener.document.bgColor='yellow'" value="yellow">
"window.opener.document.bgColor='lightgreen'" value="lightgreen">
"window.opener.document.bgColor='white'" value="white">
</form>
</center>
</body>
</html>
Example : The following example demonstrates various properties of window object that
can be specified using third argument of open method of window object.
<html>
<head>
function newwindow()
var win=window.open("password.html","Win1", "width=300,height=300,resizable,

toolbar,left=100,top=100");
</script>
</head>
<body onload="newwindow()">
</body>
</html>
Example : The following example demonstrates the properties of navigator object

<html>
<body>
document.write("<h3> Your Browser is : " + navigator.appName + "</h3>");
document.write("<h3> Your Browser Version is : " + navigator.appVersion +

"</h3>");
document.write("<h3> Your Platform is : " + navigator.platform + "</h3>");
</script>
</body>
</html>
Example : The following example demonstrates the use setinterval()I and clearinterval()
methods of window object.
<html>
<head>
var id,i=0;
var colors=new Array("red","green","blue","yellow","white");
function FStart()
id=setInterval("ChangeColor()",1000);
function FStop()
clearInterval(id);
function ChangeColor()
document.bgColor=colors[i];
i++;
if(i==5)
i=0;
</script>
</head>
<body>
<input type="button" value="Start" onclick="FStart()"/>
<input type="button" value="Stop" onclick="FStop()"/>
</body>
</html>
Example : The following example demonstrates the use of history object.
First.Html
<!doctype html>
<html>
<body>
<a href="history.html">
<img src="e:\images\bird.jpg" width="200" height="200"/></a>
</body>
</html>
History.Html
<!doctype html>
<html>
<body>
<a href="Next.html"><img src="e:\images\forest flowers.jpg" width="200"

height="200"/></a><br/><br/>
<input type="button" value="Go Back"
onclick="window.history.back()"/>
<input type="button" value="Go Next"

onclick="window.history.forward()"/>
</body>
</html>
Next.html
<!doctype html>
<html>
<body>
<img src="e:\images\Creek.jpg"
width="200" height="200"/>
</body>
</html>
In the above example first run first.html from browser and click on the image that displays
history.html, click on the image in history.html to display next.html and then click on
browser back button to move back to the history.html. now within the history.html click on
go back button to go to the page first.html and click on go next button to go to the page
next.html.

Java Script Features

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Java Script Features

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JavaScript is a scripting language designed and first implemented by Netscape (with help

Java Script Features

Data Types and Variable Declaration

Writing Java Script

Inline Java Script

Java Script Dialog Boxes

<input type=button value=Click onclick=alert(Button Clicked)/>

Internal Java Script

Defining Functions Within Scripts

function functionName(parameter_1, parameter_2, .. parameter_n)

function getMax(n1, n2)

if (n1 < n2)

Name=prompt(Enter Your Name);

Alert(Welcome Mr/Mrs + name);

<input type=button value=Click onclick=getname()/>

External Java Script

<script type=text/javascript src=filename.js/>

return parseInt(x) + parseInt(y);

return parseInt(x) - parseInt(y);

return parseInt(x) * parseInt(y);

return parseInt(x) / parseInt(y);

Create a html page and use the file functions.js as follows

<td> First Number </td>

<td> <input type="text" name="t1"/> </td>

<td> Second Number </td>

<td> <input type="text" name="t2"/> </td>

<td> Result </td>

<td> <input type="text" name="t3"/> </td>

<input type="button" value="sum"

<input type="button" value="sub"

<input type="button" value="mul"

<input type="button" value="div"

Conditional Control Statements

Else else if(<condition>)

Looping Control Statements

<Var increment / decrement>

<var increment / decrement>

Working With Arrays

mynumbers = new Array(5)

for (i=0; i<mynumbers.length; i++)

sum = sum + mynumbers[i];

mynumbers = new Array(34, 22, 9, 12, 0)

var A=new Array(5);

document.write("<h1>" + A[i] + "</h1>");

Two Dimesional Arrays

var x = new Array(10);

for (var i = 0; i < 10; i++)

var A = new Array(3);

for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++)

A[i] = new Array(3);

document.write("<font size=7>" + A[i][j] +

var A=new Array(23,45,17,31,59);

var B=new Array("a","b","c");

document.write("<h1>" + C.toString() + "</h1>");

var A=new Array(23,45,17,31,59,130);

document.write("<h1>" + B.toString() + "</h1>");

document.write("<h1>" + B.reverse() + "</h1>");

var A=new Array(10,20,30,40,50,60,70);

document.write("<h1>" + A.toString() + "</h1>");

document.write("<h1>" + B.toString() + "</h1>");

var A=new Array(10,20,30,40,50,60,70);

document.write("<h1>" + A.toString() + "</h1>");

document.write("<h1>" + B.toString() + "</h1>");

var A=new Array(10,20,30,40,50,60,70);

document.write("<h1>" + A.toString() + "</h1>");

document.write("<h1>" + B.toString() + "</h1>");

var A=new Array(10,20,30,40,50);

A.push(eval(prompt("Enter Value to push")));

document.write("<h1>" + A.toString() + "</h1>");

A.push(eval(prompt("Enter Value to push")));

document.write("<h1>" + A.toString() + "</h1>");

document.write("<h1>Element Popped Is " + p + "</h1>");

document.write("<h1>Element Popped Is " + p + "</h1>");

document.write("<h1>" + A.toString() + "</h1>");

var A=new Array('Microsoft','Adobe','Oracle','Sun','IBM');

document.write("<h1>" + A.sort(compare) + "</h1>");