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Skew Ness

This document discusses different types of skewness in a data distribution: - Positive skewness occurs when the tail on the right side of the distribution is longer, meaning the mean is greater than the median and mode. Negative skewness is the opposite, with the left tail longer and the mean less than the median and mode. - Skewness can be calculated using formulas that compare the mean, median, and mode, or using Pearson's and Bowley's coefficients of skewness which incorporate standard deviation and quartiles. - Pearson's coefficient ranges from -3 to 3, with 0 indicating a symmetrical distribution. Bowley's ranges from -1 to 1. Both indicate positive skewn

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137 views3 pages

Skew Ness

This document discusses different types of skewness in a data distribution: - Positive skewness occurs when the tail on the right side of the distribution is longer, meaning the mean is greater than the median and mode. Negative skewness is the opposite, with the left tail longer and the mean less than the median and mode. - Skewness can be calculated using formulas that compare the mean, median, and mode, or using Pearson's and Bowley's coefficients of skewness which incorporate standard deviation and quartiles. - Pearson's coefficient ranges from -3 to 3, with 0 indicating a symmetrical distribution. Bowley's ranges from -1 to 1. Both indicate positive skewn

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Skewness

Skewness shows two additional features of a data set apart from a central location (mean) and dispersion. To understand
the inherent nature of a given dataset we have to measure and know these four basic features the average, variance,
skewness.
Skewness means the symmetry or the lack of symmetry of a data. Skewness can be easily observed from the frequency
curve. In frequency curve of the data and draw a reference line at the value of mode then if we find the curve on either
side of the line have equal, that data is called symmetric.
Positive Skewness: Skewness is said to be positive when the tail of the curve of the frequency distribution elongates more
on the right. Also, skewness is positive if mean, median and mode of the frequency distribution satisfy the following
condition:
Mean>Median>mode
Negative Skewness: Skewness is said to be negative when the tail of the curve of the frequency distribution elongates
more on the left. Also, skewness is negative if mean, median and mode of the frequency distribution satisfy the condition
Mean<Median<Mode
If the curve of the frequency distribution is symmetrical, then skewness is zero. In this case, we have the relation
Mean=Median=Mode
The figure of the symmetrical, positively skewed and negatively skewed distribution are given below:

How to Calculate Skewness

1. Calculate the mean and standard deviation

2. Subtract the mean from each raw score

3. Raise each of these deviations from the mean to the third power and sum

4. Calculate skewness, which is the sum of the deviations from the mean, raise to the third power, divided by number of

cases minus 1, times the standard deviation raised to the third power
The object of studying skewness is to estimate the direction of which and the extent to which the curve of the frequency
distribution is away from the symmetrical distribution.

Measures of Skewness
Absolute measure
The absolute measure of skewness are given by the following formula:
The first measure of skewness
= Mean Mode or Mean - Median
The second measure of skewness
=(Q3Md)(MdQ1)
=Q3+Q12Md
The first measure of skewness is based on the assumption that in a skewed distribution, mean, median and mode do not

coincide. But the second measure of skewness is based on the assumption that in a skewed distribution, median does not

lie in a middle way between the lower and upper quartiles.

Relative measure of skewness

Based on Karl Pearsons coefficient of skewness,


The coefficient of skewness based on mean, mode and standard deviation, as Karl Pearsons Coefficient of Skewness

Sk=MeanMode

his formula can be used for a fairly symmetric (more symmetric) data. However, if the given data is moderately skewed

(more skewed) we use the empirical relation given by Pearsons defined as:

Sk(P)=3(MeanMode)

Sk(P)=3(MeanMode)

Karl Pearsons coefficient of skewness lies between -3 and +3.

Based on Bowleys coefficient of skewness:


The coefficient of skewness based on quartile is known as Bowleys coefficient of skewness is given by

Sk(B)=Q3+Q12Md
Q3 Q1

Bowleys coefficient of skewness is bitterly used when the given distribution has open end class. Bowleys coefficient of

skewness lies between -1 and +1.

For both coefficients of skewness, we have the following conclusions

If Sk=0, the distribution is symmetrical


If Sk>0, then the distribution is positively skewed.
If Sk<0, then the distribution is negatively skewed.
Example: Below is given the IQ scores of 120 students of a class:

IQ score 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-110 110-120 120-130 130-140

No. of std 5 8 10 18 25 21 19 10 4

Calculate the following type of skewness:

Based on median
Based on mode
Based on quartiles
Based on Karl Pearsons definition
Based on Bowleys definition
Solution:

To calculate the above type of skewness we will first calculate mean, median, mode, standard deviation and the quartiles

using the following table:

IQ score No of std C.f. Mid Value X fX fX2

50-60 5 5 55 275 15125

60-70 8 13 65 520 33800

70-80 10 23 75 750 56250

80-90 18 41 85 1530 130050

90-100 25 66 95 2375 225625

100-110 21 87 105 2205 231525

110-120 19 106 115 2185 251275

120-130 10 116 125 1250 156250

130-140 4 120 135 540 72900

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