Apa Format
Apa Format
Apa Format
Miller, F. H., Choi, M. J., Angeli, L. L., Harland, A. A., Stamos, J. A., Thomas, S. T., .
. . Rubin, L. H. (2009). Web site usability for the blind and low-vision
Organization as Author
American Psychological Association. (2003).
Unknown Author
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.).(1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-
Webster.
NOTE: When your essay includes parenthetical citations of sources with no author named, use a
shortened version of the source's title instead of an author's name. Use quotation marks and italics as
appropriate. For example, parenthetical citations of the source above would appear as follows:
(Merriam-Webster's, 1993).
Berndt, T. J. (1981).
Berndt, T. J. (1999).
When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation, as the first author of a group,
list the one-author entries first.
References that have the same first author and different second and/or third authors are arranged
alphabetically by the last name of the second author, or the last name of the third if the first and
second authors are the same.
Wegener, D. T., Kerr, N. L., Fleming, M. A., & Petty, R. E. (2000). Flexible corrections
of juror judgments: Implications for jury instructions. Psychology, Public Policy, and
Law, 6, 629-654.
Wegener, D. T., Petty, R. E., & Klein, D. J. (1994). Effects of mood on high elaboration
Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial intentions and
Example: Example:
Reference List Citation In-Text Citation
Example: Example:
Reference List Citation In-Text Citation
Example: Example:
Reference List Citation In-Text Citation
No authors listed
Example: Example:
Reference List Citation In-Text Citation
Your Reference list will contain the article you read, by Linhares and
Brum. Your Reference list will NOT contain a citation for Frederick's
article.
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Articles
Academic Journals (Publication Manual, pp. 198-199; Style
Guide, p. 12)
What is a DOI?
Some library databases, such as PsycARTICLES and PsycINFO, list a Digital Object
Identifier (DOI) for individual articles. A DOI is a unique identifying number for an
article. In the database record for an article, you will see an element that looks like this,
which you should include at the end of your APA reference, preceded by
"http://dx.doi.org/":
This link will allow a reader to link to doi.org for more information about the article.
However, the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2012, p. 5) notes that it is still
acceptable to use the older style of DOI format in a citation, for example:
expertise: Focal magnetic gamma bursts as a signature of memory chunks and the
doi:10.1027/0269-8803.20.4.253
http://www.baywood.com/journals/PreviewJournals.asp?Id=0091-4150
Free Web
Giancola, P. R. (2004). Executive functioning and alcohol-related aggression. American
In print
Hughes, J. C., Brestan, E. V., & Valle, L. A. (2004). Problem-solving interactions
between mothers and children. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 26(1), 1-16.
What is a DOI?
Some library databases, such as Academic Search Complete and PsycINFO, list a
Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for individual articles. A DOI is a unique identifying
number for an article. In the database record for an article, you will see an element that
looks like this, which you should include at the end of your APA reference, preceded
by "http://dx.doi.org/":
This link will allow a reader to link to doi.org for more information about the article.
However, the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2012, p. 5) notes that it is still
acceptable to use the older style of DOI format in a citation, for example:
Janney, K. (2006, May). Crow rookeries and urban toponyms in the United
Free Web
Springen, K. (2005, January 17). Artful aging. Newsweek, 145(3), 25-27. Retrieved
from http://www.newsweek.com/
In print
Borowitz, A. (2004, November 15). Pavlov's brother. New Yorker, 80(35), 63-66.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1045/march2012-niu1
What is a DOI?
Some library databases, such as Academic Search Complete and PsycINFO, list a
Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for individual articles. A DOI is a unique identifying
number for an article. In the database record for an article, you will see an element that
looks like this, which you should include at the end of your APA reference, preceded
by "http://dx.doi.org/":
This link will allow a reader to link to doi.org for more information about the article.
However, the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2012, p. 5) notes that it is still
acceptable to use the older style of DOI format in a citation, for example:
Rostok, M. (2011, August 1). Android malware on the rise. eWeek, 2(6), 11.
doi:11.3267/2553/8911.324.260
Free Web
Gelb, N. (2003, May). Winter of discontent. Smithsonian, 34(2), 50-55. Retrieved from
http://www.smithsonianmagazine.com/
In print
Ives, F., & Lydon, J. (2005, January). Freud's Vienna revisited.Discover, 26(2), 16-17.
Tip:
When an issue of a magazine covers several months, the name of the first and last month in
the range should be given in the citation, separated by a dash, for example: "(1993, June-July)".
Do a Web search (using a search engine such as Google or Yahoo!) for the newspaper
homepage and use the homepage URL after the words "Retrieved from".
Free Web
Foreman, J. (2003, August 12). Allston gothic. The Boston Globe. Retrieved from
http://www.boston.com/
In print
Brown, P. L. (1999, September 5). Tiffany glass and other tales from the crypt. The
The page number of a newspaper article is preceded by "p." in a reference list citation.
When an article appears on multiple pages, the page range is preceded by "pp." (for
example, "pp. 4-6"). When an article appears on discontinuous pages, separate the page
numbers with a comma (ex. "pp. 4, 8"). When a newspaper uses section letters in its
page numbers, these should be included in your citation (ex. "p. A1", "pp. B1, B6").
More info In-text citation examples
General Rules has more information about citing multiple
authors, undated sources, etc.
behavior. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0315-8
What is a DOI?
Some library databases, such as Academic Search Complete and PsycINFO, list a
Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for individual e-books. A DOI is a unique identifying
number for an e-book. In the database record for an e-book, you will see an element
that looks like this, which you should include at the end of your APA reference,
preceded by "http://dx.doi.org/":
This link will allow a reader to link to doi.org for more information about the e-book.
However, the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2012, p. 5) notes that it is still
acceptable to use the older style of DOI format in a citation, for example:
security. doi:10.3218/7853/8922.666.261
xenophobia [Review of the book The river of lost footsteps: Histories of Burma, by
http://www.nytimes.com/
An untitled book, film, or product review (for example, a review covering multiple
works):
M. London and Dirty: A search for answers inside America's teenage drug
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713432595
Follow the correct formatting for the type of publication (e.g. a newspaper, a scholarly
journal) the review is taken from, including the DOI if one is available.
Free Web
Cohen, P. (2007, May 9). Love, honor, cherish, and buy [Review of the book One
perfect day: The selling of the American wedding, by R. Mead]. New York Times.
Top
Edited book
Miller, J., & Smith, T. (Eds.). (1996). Cape Cod stories: Tales from Cape Cod,
Revised edition
Culliney, J. L. (2006). Islands in a far sea: The fate of nature in Hawai'i (Rev. ed.).
Multi-volume set
Green, C. M. (1962-1963). Washington (Vols. 1-2). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press.
If volumes in a work or set are published in different years, give the range of years
separated by a dash as above.
Chapter or article in an
anthology Eliot, T. S. (2001). Tradition and the individual talent. In V. B. Leitch (Ed.), The
Norton anthology of theory and criticism (pp. 1092-1097). New York, NY: W. W.
Note that the page numbers of an article or chapter are preceded by "pp." when citing it
(for example, "pp. 25-50"). In cases where an article/chapter occupies a single page, the
page is preceded by "p." (ex. "p. 4").
If an article has been reprinted from a source published earlier, give the original date of
publication in the "original work" element of the citation as shown above (when using
this element, the final period in a citation is omitted).
Tips:
Cities, States and Countries: For U.S. cities, add the standard postal abbreviations for state
(for example, "Chatham, MA"). Foreign cities should be followed by the name of their country (ex.
"Brisbane, Australia").
Place of publication: Separate place of publication from publisher with a colon (for example
"New York, NY: Zone Books"). If more than one city is given, list only the first.
Publisher names: "Co.", "Inc." and related abbreviations should not be included in citations
(for example, "Ivan R. Dee, Inc." should be given as "Ivan R. Dee".)
Top
inference.http://dx.doi.org/10.4128/9781606492147
What is a DOI?
Some library databases, such as Academic Search Complete and PsycINFO, list a
Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for individual e-books. A DOI is a unique identifying
number for an e-book. In the database record for an e-book, you will see an element
that looks like this, which you should include at the end of your APA reference,
preceded by "http://dx.doi.org/":
This link will allow a reader to link to doi.org for more information about the e-book.
However, the APA Style Guide to Electronic References notes that it is still acceptable
to use the older style of DOI format in a citation (see page 5), for example:
Conoloff, A. (2012). Salvaging the suburbs.doi:11.8870/6001/2122.442.261
http://www.ebscohost.com
from http://www.amazon.com
After the book title, put in brackets the name of the e-book reader, with the word
version. Follow that with the DOI. If the book has no DOI, write Retrieved from
followed by the URL of the site from which you downloaded the e-book.
Free Web
Seton, E. T. (1911). The Arctic prairies: A canoe-journey of 2,000 miles in search of
http://www.ebscohost.com/academic/psycinfo
When using just a chapter from a book the same rules apply regarding DOI or no DOI
as listed above, depending on where the book was retrieved.
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Freitas, N. (2015, January 6). People around the world are voluntarily submitting to
http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2015/01/06/
tencent_s_wechat_worldwide_internet_users_
are_voluntarily_submitting_to.html
Multiple authors:
Nafees, Q., Yilong, Y., Andras, N., Zhiming, L., & Janos, S. (2014, November 19).
http://arxiv.org/abs/1501.05916
Corporate author:
Sea Turtle Restoration Project. (2006). Threats to sea turtles. Retrieved from
http://www.seaturtleinc.org/rehabilitation/threats-to-sea-turtles/
In-text citations:
(Freitas, 2015)
(Nafees, Yilong, Andras, Zhiming, & Janos, 2014)
Entire Web site If you refer to an entire Web site, you do not need to include an entry for it in your
reference list, but must identify the source clearly in the text of your paper. For
example:
The Sea Turtle Restoration Project homepage presents a wealth of compelling, well-
researched information on the struggle to save the world's sea turtles from extinction
(http://www.seaturtles.org).
More info If you think that the content of a Web site will change
over time, you can include the date that you viewed the
cited information in your "retrieved from" line.
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A document in a UMUC
online classroom Whitford, D. (2006). Cross-curricular initiatives in NSCI170. Document posted in
No official APA format for citing online classroom materials exists - this is merely a
recommended format to use in citing such documents.
Free Web
U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2010, March). Information security:
http://www.gao.gov/assets/310/301876.pdf
In print
U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2010, March). Information security:
When the author is also the publisher, the publisher's name should be listed as Author.
Tip:
The element of the citation giving the publication or report number can be omitted if this
information is not available for the source you're citing.
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Dissertations and Theses (Publication
Manual, pp. 207-208; Style Guide, pp. 22-23)
Dissertations
Note that a Retrieved from statement is used, giving the database name followed by
the word database. Also, APA calls for the citation to end with a unique identifying
number for the dissertation, labeling it UMI No. That number can be found in
Dissertations and Theses database, listed in the item record as Publication Number.
Free Web
Caprette, C. L. (2005). Conquering the cold shudder: The origin and evolution of snake
pdf.cgi?acc_num=osu1111184984
In print
Caprette, C. L. (2005). Conquering the cold shudder: The origin and evolution of snake
Master's Theses
Source Reference List Citation
Census data of 1850 (Master's thesis). Retrieved from Dissertations and Theses
Note that a Retrieved from statement is used, giving the database name followed by
the word database. Also, APA calls for the citation to end with a unique identifying
number for the dissertation, labeling it UMI No. That number can be found in
Dissertations and Theses database, listed in the item record as Publication Number.
Free Web
Angelova, A. N. (2004). Data pruning (Master's thesis). Retrieved from
http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-05282004-000943
In print
Angelova, A. N. (2004). Data pruning (Master's thesis). California Institute of
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Library database
Rousseau, H. (1896). The ship in the storm [Painting]. Retrieved from Oxford Art
Online database.
Free Web
Rousseau, H. (1896). The ship in the storm [Painting]. Retrieved from
http://www.uwm.edu/~wash/rousseau.jpg
Image reproduced in a
printed source Rousseau, H. (1896). The ship in the storm [Painting]. Henri Rousseau: Jungles in
Paris. By Claire Fresches et al. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art. 232.
The plate/image number (or, if this number is not available, the page number on which
the image is printed) should follow the name of the publisher as shown.
Untitled Image
Create a brief title for it and place it in brackets, unitalicized.
Library database
Muybridge, E. [Photograph of a horse running]. (1887). Retrieved from Academic
Image reproduced in a
printed source Muybridge, E. [Photograph of a horse running]. (1887). River of shadows: Eadweard
Muybridge and the technological wild West. By Rebecca Solnit. New York, NY:
Viking. 52.
The plate/image number (or, if this number is not available, the page number on which
the image is printed) should follow the name of the publisher as shown.
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Personal communication APA does not require that you cite personal communications (interviews you've
conducted, e-mail messages, etc.) in your reference list. Instead, give an in-text
citation only using the following model:bn
Joe Smith (personal communication, November 18, 2006) informed me that the server
had crashed several hours ago.
Format Examples
Books
Format:
Author's last name, first initial. (Publication date). Book title. Additional information. City of publication:
Publishing company.
Examples:
Allen, T. (1974). Vanishing wildlife of North America. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society.
Boorstin, D. (1992). The creators: A history of the heroes of the imagination. New York: Random House.
Nicol, A. M., & Pexman, P. M. (1999). Presenting your findings: A practical guide for creating tables.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Searles, B., & Last, M. (1979). A reader's guide to science fiction. New York: Facts on File, Inc.
Examples:
Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago:
Encyclopedia Britannica.
Pettingill, O. S., Jr. (1980). Falcon and Falconry. World book encyclopedia. (pp. 150-155). Chicago: World
Book.
Tobias, R. (1991). Thurber, James. Encyclopedia americana. (p. 600). New York: Scholastic Library
Publishing.
Note: Do not enclose the title in quotation marks. Put a period after the title. If a periodical includes a
volume number, italicize it and then give the page range (in regular type) without "pp." If the periodical
does not use volume numbers, as in newspapers, use p. or pp. for page numbers.
Note: Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes page numbers for a newspaper reference in APA style.
Examples:
Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and
Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.
Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.
Kalette, D. (1986, July 21). California town counts town to big quake. USA Today, 9, p. A1.
Kanfer, S. (1986, July 21). Heard any good books lately? Time, 113, 71-72.
Trillin, C. (1993, February 15). Culture shopping. New Yorker, pp. 48-51.
Website or Webpage
Format:
Online periodical:
Author's name. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number, Retrieved month
day, year, from full URL
Online document:
Author's name. (Date of publication). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from full URL
Note: When citing Internet sources, refer to the specific website document. If a document is undated, use
"n.d." (for no date) immediately after the document title. Break a lengthy URL that goes to another line
after a slash or before a period. Continually check your references to online documents. There is no
period following a URL.
Note: If you cannot find some of this information, cite what is available.
Examples:
Devitt, T. (2001, August 2). Lightning injures four at music festival. The Why? Files. Retrieved January 23,
2002, from http://whyfiles.org/137lightning/index.html
Dove, R. (1998). Lady freedom among us. The Electronic Text Center. Retrieved June 19, 1998, from
Alderman Library, University of Virginia website: http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/subjects/afam.html
Note: If a document is contained within a large and complex website (such as that for a university or a
government agency), identify the host organization and the relevant program or department before giving
the URL for the document itself. Precede the URL with a colon.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-
being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from
http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html
GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-10/
Health Canada. (2002, February). The safety of genetically modified food crops. Retrieved March 22,
2005, from http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/protection/biologics_genetics/gen_mod_foods/genmodebk.html
Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. New York Times.
Retrieved November 21, 2000, from http://www.nytimes.co
APA: Journal
Click here to automatically cite a Journal.
Structure:
Last, F. M., & Last, F. M. (Year Published). Article title. Journal Name,Volume(Issue), pp. Pages.
Examples:
Jacoby, W. G. (1994). Public attitudes toward government spending. American Journal of Political Science, 38(2),
336-361.
Fearon, J. D., & Laitin, D. D. (2003). Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War.American Political Science
Format:
Last, F. M. (Year Published). Article title. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), pp. Page(s). doi:# or Retrieved from URL
Example:
Poiger, U. G. (1996). Rock 'n' roll, female sexuality, and the Cold War Battle over German Identities. The Journal
Format:
Last, F. M. (Year Published). Article title. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), pp. Page(s). Retrieved from URL
Examples:
Jacoby, W. G. (1994). Public attitudes toward government spending. American Journal of Political Science, 38(2),
Davis, E. (1932). New chapters in American history. The Science News-Letter,22(605), 306-307. doi:
10.2307/3907973