PASSOR

MUSCULOSKELETAL PHYSICAL

EXAMINATION COMPETENCIES LISTS

Update prepared by the PASSOR Task Force on Musculoskeletal Education

Brian J Krabak, MD MBA. Chair Jimmy D. Bowen. MD; Jeffrey Brault. DO; Larry H. Chou, MD; John C. Cianca. MD:
Jonathan Finnoff. DO: Michael Fredericson. MD: Patrick Kortebein, MD: Edward R.

Laskowski. MD; and Jay Smith, MD

Original document accepted by the PASSOR Board of Governors and AAPM&R Board of Governors October 2001
Prepared by the PASSOR Task Force on Musculoskeletal Education

Jay Smith, MD. Chair Keith A. Bengston. MD: Jimmy D. Bowen. MD: Jeffrey Brault, DO; Larry H. Chou, MD: John C. Cianca,
MD: Jonathan Finnoff, DO: Michael Fredericson, MD; Ralph E. Gay. MD; Brian J. Krabak, MD; Edward R. Laskowski. MD:
Paul H Lento. MD; Gerard A. Malanga. MD, Edward McFariand. MD; Joel M. Press, MD; Christopher J. Rogers, MD:
Robert P. Wilder, MD; and Stuart Willck, MD

approved October 2001 (011006) amended and approved December 2006 (061204)

Table of Contents

Cervical Spine Region .................................................................................................. 2

Shoulder Region............................................................................................................ 5

Elbow Region

Wrist-Hand Region...................................................................................................... 11

Lumbar Spine Region ................................................................................................. 14

Pelvis-Hip Region........................................................................................................ 18

Knee Region ................................................................................................................21

Ankle-Foot Region.................................................................................................... 24

Functional Testing..................................................................................................... 27

Introduction

IV.

Background and Purpose

This document represents the combined efforts of individuals serving on the PASSOR Task

Force on Musculoskeletal Education. The PASSOR Board of Governors charged the Task Force with developing a list of
musculoskeletal physical examination competencies that would represent the "core" components of the
musculoskeletal examination for each body region. Every physiatrist, regardless of background or current practice,
should be able to demonstrate proficiency in these core competencies. It is anticipated that physiatrists at all levels of
training can utilize these lists to ensure that they have become proficient n the core components of the musculoskeletal
physical examination.

Scope

These physical examination lists were developed as a consensus opinion from the task force members. The items
included on each list represent core components of the physical examination for that body region. As "core
components," they are examination elements that are commonly used by medical practitioners and assist in the
diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disease when combined with the history, additional physical examination
findings, adjunctive diagnostic testing, and clinical experience.
Structure of this Document

Each body region represents a separate list in this document. There are a total of eight regions:

(1) Cervical Spine Region, (2) Shoulder Region, (3) Elbow Region, (4) Wrist-Hand Region, (5)

Lumbar Spine Region, (6) Pelvis-Hip Region, (7) Knee Region, and (8) Ankle-Foot Region.

Within each region, core competencies are listed in the traditional format of Inspection, Palpation, Range of Motion,
Neurovascular (Motor, Sensory, Reflex, Pulses), and Special Testing. The final section of the document pertains to
Functional Testing. This section outlines various functional tests that may be useful when evaluating regional pathology
n the context of integrated, multijoint motions that are typical of daily life, work, and sport. Clinicians are referred to
this section at the end of each body region specific examination section.

When preparing each list, the task force members have attempted to use common terminology when referring to body
regions and special tests. In cases in which a landmark or special test may have more than one "name," the authors have
typically provided commonly used alternative names. With respect to the neurological examination, a dominant spinal
segment has been boldfaced where appropriate. The term "sensory points" refers to the sensory points established by
ASIA for sensory examination in patients with spinal cord injury.

General Comment Regarding the Physical Examination

The physical examination is a dynamic, mechanical process with multiple nuances. The validity, reliability, sensitivity, and
specificity of many physical examination maneuvers are currently unknown and are likely dependent on the particular
clinical situation in which they are used.

Despite these "limitations" most physiatrists will agree on the essential components of a good physical examination.
These "core components" are completed to assist the clinical decisionmaking process and are presented in this
document. The task force members specifically did not address issues of reliability accuracy, and validity. In addition, this
document does not attempt to provide instructions on performing the physical examination, although some descriptive
information has been included in certain areas at the discretion of the task force members.

Physiatrists interested in how to perform the physical examination maneuvers listed herein can obtain this information
from colleagues, teachers, and physical examination textbooks or videos.

Cervical Spine Region

Inspection . ,

During the physical examination, the physiatrist should identify the items listed below and adequately describe wr he or
she sees for the purposes of communication and documentation. The physiatrist should also understand the potential
clinical relevance of any abnormal findings.

Recognize the importance of symmetry

Posture

Head position- forward, rotated, or laterally flexed

Cervical lordosis (increased or decreased)

Thoracic kyphosis

Thoracic scoliosis

Scapular winging

Protracted shoulder posture

Depressed dominant shoulder girdle

Muscle bulk for atrophy, fasiculations

Gait

Standing balance

Palpation

The physiatrist should be able to plpate the following structures or areas for asymmetry, tenderness, and/or deformity.
The physiatrist should adequately describe and document the findings, and also understand the potential clinical
relevance of any abnormal findings.

Bony landmarks

CO External occipital protuberance

C1 Atlas transverse process lies inferior to mastoid process

C2 First bony prominence below occiput

C3 Level of hyoid bone

C4-5 Level of thyroid cartilage

C6 Level of cricoid ring

C7 Spinous process does not move with extension

T2 Superior angle of scapula

T3 Scapular spine

T7 Inferior angle of scapula

T12 Inferior rib margin

Regional lymph nodes (occipital, mastoid, submandibular, submental, parotid, supraclavicular, anterior chain, posterior
chain)

Carotid pulse

Thyroid and parotid glands

Frontal and maxillary sinuses

Muscles tenderness or trigger points in the following muscles/muscle groups:

Sternocleidomastoid

Scalenes

Trapezius (upper and middle)

Levator scapulae

Splenius capitis
Splenius cervicis

Temporalis muscle

Masseter muscle

Supraspinatus muscle

Infraspinatus muscle

Location of greater occipital nerve in the posterior occiput-suboccipital region

Range of Motion (ROM)

Thephysiatrist should be able to assess the active and passive ranges of motion listed below. For active ROM, the
physiatrist should appropriately position the patient and provide the patient with adequate instruction to perform the
motion. When passive motion is appropriate, the physiatrist should appropriately position the patient area to complete
the testing. The physiatrist should adequately describe and document the findings, and understand the potential clinical
relevance of abnormal findings.

Observe motion both quantitatively and qualitatively (substitution patterns, pain with motion, speed of motion)

Check active ROM in sitting or standing

Check passive ROM in supine

Check for symmetrical motions of flexin, extension, rotation and lateral flexin (lateral bending)

Thoracic(T1-12)

Flexion-extension (total) 45 degrees

Rotation (from neutral) 50 degrees

Temporomandibular joint (as clinically indicated)

Lateral deviation

Jaw opening

Protrusion and Retraction

Clicking or popping

Shoulder Region

See Shoulder Region list (page 5)

Neurovascular Testing

Neurological testing includes a motor, sensory, reflex and vascular examination relevant to the regions. Adequate
examination is predicated on an understanding of the regional peripheral and segmental anatomy. The physiatrist
should understand the inter-relationship of the regional neuroanatomy to adjacent and distant musculoskeletal
structures, adequately describe and document physical findings, and understand the potential clinical relevance of any
abnormal findings.

Motor (by spinal segment/myotomal)

C1.C2 Neck flexin or extension

C3 Neck lateral flexion/side bending

Neck rotation

C4 Scapular elevation (trapezius, levator scapulae)

C5 Shoulder abduction (deltoid, rotator cuff)

C6 Elbow flexin (biceps), wrist extension (extensor carp radialis longus and brevis)

C7 Elbow extension (triceps), finger extension (extensor digitorum communis)

C8 Thumb extension (extensor pollicis longus), ulnar deviation of wrist (flexor and extensor carp ulnaris)

T1 Hand intrinsics- adduction and abduction (interossei and lumbricals)

71-12 Thoracic extension, rotation, sidebending, rib elevation, depression

T6-12 Thoracic flexin

Sensory (by sensory segment/dermatomal)

C2 Posterior head

C3 Peri-auricular, pinna, jaw, upper neck

C4 Base of neck and shoulder

C5 Lateral arm, just proximal to antecubital crease

C6 Lateral forearm, thumb, index finger

C7 Dorsal forearm, dorsal and volar index / middle / ring finger

C8 Ring and little finger, medial forearm

T1 Medial arm

T2 Thorax (upper)

T4 Nipple level

T6 Thorax (lower)

-3

Reflexes

Biceps (C5-6)

Brachioradialis (C5-6)

Pronator teres (C6-7)

Triceps (C7-8)
Lower limb reflexes as clinically indicated

Patellar (L3-4)

Medial hamstring (L5-S1)

Achilles tendn (S1-2)

Hoffman reflex

Jaw jerk

Babinski response

Special Testing

Special tests are used when appropriate to challenge the musculoskeletal and neurological systems and assist in physical
diagnosis. These tests are used when clinical circumstances suggest the presence of a specific injury or condition such as
a ligamentous sprain, cartilage lesin, radiculopathy or neuropathy. As such, the physiatnst should recognize when
special tests are indicated and demonstrate competency in the performance and interpretation of special tests within
the clinical context. The physiatrist should adequately describe the results of the special test and appropriately
document his or her findings.

Spurling's test or variant (e.g., Jackson's test or maximal cervical compression test)

L'hermitte's sign

Axial manual traction (for pain relief)

Romberg's test

Shoulder abduction relief sign (Bakody's sign)

Thoracic outlet provocation tests

Roo's test

Adson's test

Adjacent Body Regions

The physiatrist should recognize the inter-relationships of myofascial and neurological structures throughout the
musculoskeletal system, as well as the potential for referred pain from adjacent body regions. As a rule, the physiatrist
should examine the body regions above and below this region. Please refer to the appropriate list.

Functional Testing

As appropriate, the physiatrist should evaluate body region specific complaints in the context of integrated kinetic chain
motion. Several Functional Tests have been described for this purpose. These are listed at the end of this document.

Shoulder Region

Inspection . . , .,__..;,

During the physical examination, the physiatrist should identify the items listed below and adequately describe wnai he
or she sees for the purposes of communication and documentation. The physiatrist should also understand the potential
clinical relevance of any abnormal findings.

Atrophy or fasiculations
Obvious deformity, edema, discoloration, laceration

Recognize importance of symmetry and arm dominance effect on posture

Posture abnormalities

Forward head posture

Protracted shoulder posture

Thoracic kyphosis

Scapular winging

Step-off deformity (acromioclavicular joint)

Rupture of long head of biceps muscle ("Popeye arm")

Loss of contour of the lateral pectoralis major muscle (i.e. rupture)

Palpation

The physiatrist should plpate the following structures or areas for asymmetry, tenderness, and/or deformity. The
physiatrist should adequately describe and document the findings, and should also understand the potential clinical
relevance of any abnormal findings.

Recognize importance of bilateral palpation to differentiate normal verses abnormal tenderness

Sternoclavicular joint

Clavicle

Acromioclavicular joint

Coracoid process

Intertubercular groove (bicipital groove) and long head of biceps tendn

Subacromial space

Posterolateral acromion

Greater tuberosity

Musculotendinous junction of infraspinatus muscle

Musculotendinous junction of supraspinatus muscle

Posterior glenohumeral joint

Scalene muscles

First rib

Upper, middle, and lower trapezius muscles

Levator scapulae muscle

Scapular spine, superior angle, inferior angle, and spinoglenoid notch area

Range of Motion (ROM)

The physiatrist should be able to assess the active and passive ranges of motion listed below. For active ROM. the
physiatrist should appropriately position the patient and provide the patient with adequate instruction to perform the
motion. When passive motion s appropriate, the physiatrist should appropriately position the patient in order to
complete the testing. The physiatrist should adequately describe and document the findings, and should also
understand the potential clinical relevance of any abnormal findings.

Quantitative

Recognize the importance of assessing for symmetry

Scapular plane elevation 150-170 degrees

Forward flexin 150-170 degrees

External rotation at 90 degrees abduction (compare side to side)

(or at end-range of tolerable abduction, e.g., anterior instability)

Internal rotation at 90 degrees abduction (compare side to side)

(or at end-range of tolerable abduction; should also be done passively and with the scapula immobilized to'screen for a
glenohumeral internal rotation deficit - GIRD; side-side difference should be < 20 degrees)

Qualitative

Should be able to reach up behind the back to the T5-T10 spinous process

Painful mid-range arc of abduction

Painful terminal range arc of forward flexin

Scapular winging

Scapulothoracic dyskinesis, including substitution patterns

After 120 degrees of elevation, thoracic spine should extend to contribute to shoulder motion

Neurovascular Testing

Neurological testing includes a motor, sensory, reflex and vascular examination relevant to the regions. Adequate
examination is predicated on an understanding of the regional peripheral and segmental anatomy. The physiatnst
should understand the inter-relationship of the regional neuroanatomy to adjacent and distant musculoskeletal
structures, adequately describe and document the findings, and understand the potential clinical relevance of any
abnormal findings.

Motor

Deltoid (C5-6, axillary nerve)

Biceps (C5-6, musculocutaneous nerve)

Infraspinatus (C5-6, suprascapular nerve)

Supraspinatus (C5-6, suprascapular nerve)

Subscapularis (C5-6, upper and lower subscapular nerves)

Trapezius (spinal accessory nerve/cranial nerve Xl)

Sensory

Segmental

Dermatomes or sensory points for C4-5 (see Cervical Spine Region list- page 2)

Peripheral

Axillary nerve innervation

Brachial plexus to upper limb as clinically indicated

Reflexes

Biceps (C5-6)

Brachioradialis (C5-6)

Pronator teres (C6-7)

Triceps (C7-8)

Vascular

Axillary and brachial pulses as appropriate

Observe for venous congestion (effort thrombosis, DVT)

Lymphedema

Special Testing

Special tests are used when appropriate to challenge musculoskeletal structures and assist in physical diagnosis. These
tests are used when clinical circumstances suggest the presence of a specific injury or condition such as a ligamentous
sprain, cartilage lesin, radiculopathy or neuropathy. As such, the physiatrist should recognize when special tests are
indicated and demonstrate competency in the performance and interpretation of special tests within the clinical
context. The physlatrist should adequately describe the results of the special test'and appropriately document his or her
findings.

Scapulothoracic articulation

Lateral scapular slide test

Differentiation of trapezial verses serratus winging

Serratus weakness - winging manual muscle test, wall push-up, quadruped, or scapular pinch

Lower trapezius manual muscle test

Scapular pinch for scapular retractors

Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) special tests

Step off deformity

Scarf sign/Horizontal adduction test (also with resisted horizontal abduction)

O'Brien Test (with localization to the ACJ)

Tests for rotator cuff dysfunction tmpingement signs

Neer's impingement sign

Hawkin's impingement sign

Mid-range painful arc during abduction range of motion

Empty can test (for pain provocation and weakness; to reduce pain, perform Full can test)

Motor testing of cuff musculature (see Neurovascular Testing - page 6)

Laxity/lnstability/Labrum

Understand difference between laxity and instability

Anterior apprehension and relocation test

Posterior apprehension test

Sulcus sign (inferior)

Signs of hyperlaxity (generalized ligamentous laxity) syndrome

Labral provocative maneuvers

O'Brien test (aka active compression rotation test)

Anterior slide test

Labral shear maneuver

Biceps tendn complex

Speed's Test

Thoracic outlet syndrome provocation testing

Roo's test

Adson's test

Adjacent Body Regions

The physiatrist should recognize the inter-relationships of myofascial and neurological structures throughout the
musculoskeletal system, as well as the potential for referred pain from adjacent body regions. As a rule, the physiatrist
should exam the body regions above and below this region. Please refer to the appropriate list.

Functional Testing

As appropriate, the physiatrist should evaluate body region specific complaints in the context of integrated kinetic chain
motion. Several Functional Tests have been described for this purpose. These are listed at the end of this document.

Elbow Region Inspection

During the physical examination, the physiatrist should identify the items listed below. The physiatrist should adequately
describe what he or she sees for the purposes of communication and documentation ana also understand the potential
clinical relevance of any abnormal findings.

Carrying angle

Cubitus Valgus (greater than 15 degrees or asymmetry)

Cubitus Varus (less than 5 degrees or asymmetry)

Swelling and ecchymosis

Atrophy

Skin lesions

Patpation

The physiatrist should plpate the following structures or areas for asymmetry, tenderness, and/or deformity The
physiatrist should adequately describe and document the findings, and also understand the potential relevance of any
abnormal findings to the clinical case.

Biceps tendn

Brachial artery

Anterior joint and capsule

Medial

Medial epicondyle

Common flexor muscle-tendon group

Medial collateral ligament complex

Ulnar nerve

Cubital tunnel

Lateral

Lateral epicondyle

Common wrist extensor muscle-tendon group

Radiocapitellar joint

Radial head

Posterior

Olecranon process

Olecranon bursa

Thceps muscle and tendn

Range of Motion (ROM)

The physiatrist should assess the active and passive ranges of motion listed below. For active ROM, the physiatrist
should appropriately position the patient and provide the patient with adequate instruction to perform the motion.
When passive motion is appropriate, the physiatrist should appropriately position the patient to complete the testing.
The physiatrist should adequately describe and document the findings, and understand the potential clinical relevance
of any abnormal findings.

Flexin Extension Pronation Supination

140-150 degrees 0-10 degrees 80-90 degrees 80-90 degrees

Neurovascular Testing

Neurological testing includes a motor, sensory, reflex and vascular examination relevant to the regions. Adequate
examination is predicated on an understanding of the regional peripheral and segmenta! anatomy" The physiatrist
should understand the nter-relationship of the regional neuroanatomy to adjacent and distant musculoskeeta
structures, be able to adequately describe and document the findings, and should also understand the ootential
relevance of any abnormal findings to the clinical case.

Flexin

Biceps brachii (C5-6, musculocutaneous nerve)

Brachialis (C5-6, musculocutaneous nerve)

Brachioradialis (C5-6, radial nerve)

Extension

Triceps (C6,7,8, radial nerve)

Supination

Biceps (C5-6, musculocutaneous nerve)

Supinator (C5-6, radial nerve[posterior nterosseous nerve]) Pronation

Pronator teres (C6-7, median neroe)

Flexor carpi radialis (C6-7, median nerve)

Sensory

Segmenta!

C5 Lateral arm, just proximal to antecubital crease

C6 Lateral forearm, thumb, index finger

C7 Dorsal hand and forearm, index / middle / ring finger

C8 Ring and little finger, medial forearm

T1 Medial arm

Peripheral

Medial arm: medial brachial cutaneous nerve

Lateral forearm: lateral antebrachial cutaneous nen/e (musculocutaneous nerve)

Medial forearm: medial antebrachial cutaneous nen/e

Posterior forearm: posterior antebrachial cutaneous nen/e (radial nerve)

Biceps (C5-6)

Brachioradialis (C5-6)

Pronator teres (C6-7)

Triceps (C7-8)

Vascular

Brachial artery pulse

Radial and ulnar pulses

Varicosities about the shoulder girdle and upper limb

Special Testing

Special tests are used when appropriate to challenge the musculoskeletal system and assist in physical diagnosis. These
tests are used when clinical circumstances suggest the presence of a specific injury or condition such as a ligamentous
spraincartilage lesin radiculopathy or neuropathy. As such the physiatnst should be able recognize when special tests
are indicated and be able to demonstrate competency in the performance and interpretation of special tests within the
clinical context. The physiatrist should be able to adequately describe the results of the special test and appropriately
document his or her findings.

Ligamentous testing

Va rus stress test

Valgus stress test, including Moving Valgus Stress Test

Provocative tests for lateral epicondylitis

Active resisted wrist extension with elbow extended (Cozen's test)

Passive wrist flexin and forearm pronation with elbow extended (Mill's test

Active resisted third digit extension

Chair lift test (pinch lifting with extended elbow and pronated forearm)

Provocative tests for medial epicondylitis

Passive wrist extension and supination. with elbow extended

Special tests for neurological dysfunction

Tinel's sign at the ulnar groove/cubital tunnel

Elbow flexin test for ulnar neuritis

Elbow flexin for detection of ulnar nerve subluxation

Adjacent Body Regions

The physiatrist should recognize the inter-relationships of myofascial and neurotogical structures throughout the
musculoskeletal system, as well as the potential for referred pain from adjacent body regions As a rute. the physiatrist
should exam the body regions above and below this region. Ptease refer to the appropnate list

Functional Testing

As appropriate, the physiatrist should evaluate body region specific complaints in the context of integrated ^'"ew: chain
motion. Several Functional Tests have been described for this purpose. These are listed at the end of ths document.

Wfe

Wrist-Hand Region

Inspection

During the physical examination, the physiatrist should identify the items listed below. The physiatnst shouli adequately
describe what he or she sees for the purposes of communication and documentation. The physiatnst should also
understand the potential clinical relevance of any abnormal findings.

Ecchymosis and edema

Synovitis

Lace rations

Mallet deformity

Swan neck deformity

Boutonniere deformity

Heberden's and Bouchard's nodes

Ulnar drift of Rheumatoid arthritis

Extensor tendn subluxation

Dorsal subluxation of ulna

Importance of comparing symmetry during inspection

Palpation

The physiatrist should plpate the following structures or areas for asymmetry, tenderness, and/or deformity. The
physiatrist should adequately describe and document the findings, and should also understand the potential clinical
relevance of any abnormal findings.

Importance of comparing symmetry during palpation

Anatomic snuff box - borders and contents (e.g., scaphoid)

Ulnar snuffbox (area to plpate for triangular fibrocartilage complex - TFCC)

Lunate (and area of scapholunate joint)

Scaphoid tubercle
Hook of hamate

Pisiform (pisotriquetral joint)

Distal radioulnar joint

Metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints

Identification of effusions and synovitis

Lister's tubercle

Landmark for carpal tunnel injection

Tendons

Flexor carp ulnaris

Flexor carp radialis

Palmaris longus (if present)

Tendons of all six dorsal (extensor) compartments

Identification of triggering of flexor tendons in distal palm

Range of Motion (ROM)

The physiatrist should assess the active and passive ranges of motion listed below. For active ROM, the physiatrist
should appropriately position the patient and provide the patient with adequate instruction to perform the motion.
When passive motion is appropriate the physiatrist should appropriately position the patient in order to complete the
testing The physiatrist should adequately describe and document the findings, and also understand the' potential clinical
relevance of any abnormal findings.

Wrist flexin / extension 75-90 degrees

Radial deviation 15-25 degrees

Ulnar deviation 20-30 degrees

Finger flexor and extensor lags (in cm)

Opposition lag (in cm)

Normal finger alignment - with a closed hand all fingers point to pisiform

/^

should understand the inter-relationship of the regional neuroanatomy to adjacent and dist structures, be able to
adequately describe and document the findings, and should also unc clinical relevance of any abnormal findings.

Median Nen/e

Motor - Flexor digitorum profundus (C8-T1)

- Flexor pollicis longus (C8-T1)

- Abductor pollicis brevis (C8-T1)

Sensory - Palmar radial 3 Yi digits

Radial Nerve

Motor - Extensor indicis proprius (C8-T1)

Sensory - Dorsal radial 3 Vi fingers (proximal to distal nterphalangeal joints) (superficial radial nerve)

Ulnar Nerve

Location in Guyon's canal

Motor - First dorsal interosseus (C8-T1)

-Abductordigiti minimi (C8-T1)

Sensory - Palmar and dorsal ulnar 1 Vi fingers/hand

- Dorsal ulnar cutaneous nen/e innervation

Segmenta! Sensory Points (after ASIA; see also Cervical Spine Region list - page 2)

C6 Volar thumb

C7 Dorsal forearm, dorsal and volar index / middle / ring finger

C8 Pinky/small finger

Vascular

Radial and ulnar pulses

Digit capillary refill

Alien's test (for radial and ulnarflow)

Venous congestion

Special Testing

Special tests are used when appropriate to challenge the musculoskeletal system and assist in physical diagnosis. These
tests are used when clinical circumstances suggest the presence of a specific injury or condition such as a iigamentous
sprain, cartilage lesin, radiculopathy, neuropathy, or vascular disorder. As such, the physiatrist should recognize when
special tests are indicated and demonstrate competency in the performance and interpretation of special tests within
the clinical context. The physiatrist should adequately describe the results of the special test and appropriately
document his or her findings.

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Phalen's test

Carpal tunnel compression test

Tinel's sign over the median nerve

Miscellaneous

Finkelstein's test (DeQuervain's tenosynovitis)

Tinel's sign over superficial radial nerve

Froment's sign for ulnar neuropathy

Adjacent Body Regions

The physiatrist should recognize the inter-relationships of myofascial and neurological structures throughout the
musculoskeletal system, as well as the potential for referred pain from adjacent body regions. As a rule, the physiatrist
should exam the body regions above and below this region. Please refer to the appropriate list.

Functional Testing

As appropriate, the physiatrist should evaluate body region specific complaints in the context of integrated kinetic chain
motion. Several Functional Tests have been described for this purpose. These are listed at the end of this document.

%.

Lumbar Spine Region

Inspection

During the physical examination, the physiatrist should identify the items listed below. The physiatrist should adequately
describe what he or she sees for the purposes of communication and documentation, and should also understand the
potential clinical relevance of any abnormal findings.

Lordosis

Scoliosis

Kyphosis

Atrophy

Lumbar shift (or list)

Pelvic obliquity

Anterior or posterior pelvic tilt

Leg length discrepancy (true versus apparent or functional)

Hair tuft on back

Step-off deformity

Vascular trophic changes in the lower limbs

Antalgic gait

Trendelenburg gait (compensated versus uncompensated)

Foot slap or foot drop gait

Spastic gait

Circumducted gait

Palpation
id/or deformity. The id the potential clinical

aiDaiion

The physiatrist should plpate the following structures or areas for asymmetry, tenderness, and/or physiatrist should
adequately describe and document the findings, and should also understand thi relevance of any abnormal findings.

Lumbar spine

Spinous processes .

Vertebral interspinous spaces

Lateral masses

Sacrum (including sacra! base)

Paraspinal muscles (bulk and tone)

Pelvis (note overlap with Pelvis-Hip Region) lliac crest

Ischial tuberosity

Sciatic notch (location of sciatic nerve in proximity to piriformis muscle)

Anterior superior iliac spines

Posterior superior iliac spines

Coccyx

Pubic symphysis

Sacral sulci

Greater trochanter

Range of Motion (ROM)

The physiatrist should assess the active and passive ranges of motion listed below. For active ROM, the physiatrist
should appropriately position the patient and provide the patient with adequate instruction to perform the motion.
When passive motion is appropriate, the physiatnst should appropriately position the patient in order to complete the
testing. The physiatnst should adequately describe and document the findings, and should also understand the potential
clinical relevance of any abnormal findings.

Lumbar Spine

Quantitative

Understand the importance of symmetry where appropriate

Understand the potential importance of painful motion arcs

Stork test (aka 2-joint or posterior element loading maneuvers)

-14
Assess flexin, extension, side bending (lateral flexin)

The Modified Schober test may be used to quantify flexin

Assess rotation (predominantly thoracolumbar)

Qualitative

Lumbopelvic rhythm

Extension with rotation (intended to load the posterior elements)

Hip

See Pelvis-Hip Region list (page 18)

Neurovascutar Testing

Neurological testing includes a motor, sensory, reflex and vascular examination relevant to the regions. Adequate
examination is predicated on an understanding of the regional peripheral and segmental anatomy. The physiatrist
should understand the nter-relationship of the regional neuroanatomy to adjacent and distant musculoskeletal
structures, adequately describe and document the findings, and should also understand the potential clinical relevance
of any abnormal findings.

Manual muscle testing

L1,2,3 Hip flexin (iliopsoas muscle)

L2,3,4 Hip adduction (adductor muscle group)

L2,3,4 Knee extension (quadriceps muscle group)

L4-5 Ankle dorsiflexion (anterior tibialis muscle)

L5 Great toe dorsiflexion (extensor hallucis longus muscle)

L5-S1 Ankle inversin (posterior tibialis msete)

L5-S1 Ankle eversion (peroneus longus muscle)

L5-S1 Hip abduction (gluteus medius muscle, gluteus minimus muscle, tensor fascia lata muscle)

L5-S1 Hip extension (gluteus maximus muscle, hamstring muscle grouphamstrings not S1 dominant as a group)

L5-S1 Knee flexin (hamstring muscle group)

S1-2 Ankle plantarflexion (gastrocnemius-soleus muscle group)

Functional muscle testing hleel raises (number of times can rise onto toes)

Heel walking

Squats (arising from a chair)

Single leg squats

Trendelenburg sign

Sensory
Segmental; L1-S1 dermatomes/sensory points (after ASIA)

L1 Grain, upper thigh

L2 Mid-thigh

L3 Lower thigh

L4 Medial malleolus

L5 Great toe, in-step of foot

S1 Lateral foot

S2 Posterior knee

S3-5 Peri-anal

Peripheral

Femoral nerve innervation

Obturator nerve innervation

Saphenous nerve nnervation

Sural nerve innervation

Peronea! nerve innervation

Tibial nerve innervation

Reflexes

Muscle stretch reflexes

Patellar (L3-L4)

Medial hamstring (L5-S1)

Achilles (S1-S2)

Cutaneous

Superficial abdominal (T7-L1 segmental)

Beevor's sign (T5-L1 segmental)

Cremasteric (L1-L2)

Anal wink (S3-S5)

Upper motor neuron signs

Babinski response

Ankle clonus
Spasticity

Vascular

Pulsatile abdominal masses (aneurysm)

Femoral pulse and bruits

Pedal pulses

Dorsalis peds

Tibiatis posterior

Capillary refill

Special Testing

Special tests are used when appropriate to challenge the musculoskeletal system and assist in physical diagnosis. These
tests are used when clinical circumstances suggest the presence of a specific injury or condition such as a ligamentous
sprain, cartilage lesin, radiculopathy, neuropathy, or vascular disorder. As such, the physiatnst should recognize when
special tests are indicated and demonstrate competency in the performance and interpretation of special tests within
the clinical context. The physiatrist should adequately describe the results of the special test and appropriately
document his or her findings.

Spine motion testing

Modified Schober test

Neurodynamic testing

Sitting slump test (with relief-type maneuvers, i.e., head/neck extension)

Straight leg raise test

Crossed straight leg raise

Bowstring test

Prone knee bending test (also called Nachla's test. reverse straight leg raise, or femoral nerve stretch test)

Tests fo^sacroiliac joint pathotojiy^mpre SI Joint tests in Pelvis-Hip section of this document)

Patrick's test (aka FABERE (flexion-abduction-external rotation-and extension) test or figure four test)

Gaenslen's test

Tests for leg length discrepancy

"True" leg length measurement

Standing (functional) leg length Non-physiologic testing

Hoover test

Waddell signs

Superficial or wide-spread pain

Simulation testing

Distraction test

Regional disturbancesgive way weakness, non-anatomic sensory changes

Overreaction

Adjacent Body Regions

The physiatrist should recognize the inter-relationships of myofascial and neurological structures throughout the
musculoskeletal system, as well as the potential for referred pain from adjacent body regions. As a rule, the physiatrist
should exam the body regions above and below this region. Please refer to the appropriate list.

Functional Testing

As appropriate, the physiatrist should evaluate body region specific complaints in the context of integrated kinetic chain
motion. Several Functional Tests have been described for this purpose. These are listed at the end of this document.

Pelvis-Hip Region

Inspection

During the physical examination, the physiatrist should identify the items listed below. The physiatrist should adequately
describe what he or she sees for the purposes of communication and documentation, and should also understand the
potential clinical relevance of any abnormal findings.

Atrophy or fasiculations in muscle structures

Trendelenberg gait (compensated and uncompensated)

Antalgic gait

Level of itiac crests (pelvic obliquity)

Level of anterior superior iliac spines (ASS)

Level of posterior superior iliac spines (PSIS)

Anterior and posterior pelvic tilt

Level of gluteal folds

Level of ischial tuberosities

Level of popliteal creases

Foot pronated or supinated statically and dynamically (see also Ankle-Foot Region list - page 24)

In-toeing or out-toeing and possible causes

Femoral version

Muscle imbalance

Tibial torsin

Palpation
The physiatrist should plpate the following structures or areas for asymmetry, tenderness, and/or deformity. The
physiatrist should adequately describe and document the findings, and should also understand the potential clinical
relevance of any abnormal findings, lliac crests

Anterior superior iliac spines (ASS)

Symphysis pubis

Adductor muscle group, particularly adductor longus muscle tendn

Greater trochanter

Hip joint location

Tendn of iliopsoas muscle in vicinity of hip joint

Inguinal ligament

Femoral triangle, including femoral artery and proximity to femoral nerve

Inguinal lymph nodes

Hernia

Tensor fascia lata muscle

Sartorius muscle

Gluteus medius muscle

Gluteus maximus muscle

Piriformis muscle

Area of sciatic nerve in vicinity of piriformis muscle

Posterior superior liac spines (PSIS)

Ischial tuberosities

Hamstring tendons

Sacrum, sacra! sulcus, and posterior sacroiliac ligaments (over sacroiliac joint)

Sacral foramen

Coccyx

Range of Motion (ROM)

The physiatrist should assess the active and passive ranges of motion listed below. For active R0^4, the physiatrist
should appropriately position the patient and provide the patient with adequate instruction to perform the motion.

When passive motion is appropriate. the physiatrist should appropriately position the patient in order to complete the
testing. The physiatnst should be able to adequately describe and document the findings, and also understand the
potential clinical relevance of any abnormal findings.

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Lumbar spine motions

See Lumbar Spine Region list (page 14)

Hip joint

Understand the importance of symmetry

Understand the potential importance of painful motion arcs

Assess flexin, extension, abduction, adduction, lateral (external) rotation, and medial (internal) rotation

Neurovascular Testing

Neurological testing includes a motor, sensory, reflex and vascular examination relevant to the regions. Adequate
examination is predicated on an understanding of the regional peripheral and segmental anatomy. The physiatnst
should understand the nter-relationship of the regional neuroanatomy to adjacent and distant musculoskeletal
structures, adequately describe and document the findings, and also understand the potential clinical relevance of any
abnormal findings.

Motor

L1,2,3 Hip flexin (iliopsoas muscle)

L2,3,4 Hip adduction (adductor muscle group)

L2,3,4 Knee extension (quadriceps muscle group)

L5-S1 Hip abduction (gluteus medius muscle, tensor fascia lata muscle)

L5-S1 Hip extension (gluteus maximus muscle, hamstring muscle group- hamstrings not

S1 dominant as a group)

L5-S1 Knee flexin (hamstring muscle group)

Sensory

Dermatomal or sensory point testing for T11-L3, S2-S4 Segmental

Anterior femoral cutaneous nerve innervation

Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve nnervation llioinguinal nerve innewation

Genitofemoral nerve nnervation

Obturator nerve nnenation

Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve innervation

Not applicable

Femoral pulse, including palpation for aneurysm and bruits

Distal vascular exam as indicated (edema, venous stasis)

Special Testing
Special tests are used when appropriate to challenge the musculoskeletal system and assist in physical diagnosis. These
tests are used when clinical circumstances suggest the presence of a specific injury or condition such as aligamentous
sprain cartilage lesin, radiculopathy. neuropathy or vascular condition. As such, the physiatrist should recognize when
special tests are indicated and demonstrate competency in the performance and interpretation of special tests within
the clinical context The physiatnst should adequately describe the results of the special test and appropriately document
his or her findings. The physiatrist should keep in mind that the SDecial tests may lack evidence based reliability and
validity testing

Tests for muscle lightness or pathology in lumbopelvic region

Modified Thomas test (Rectus Femoris contracture test) lliopsoas muscle

Rectus femoris muscle

Ely's test

Ober's test

Piriformis test

Popliteal angle measurement

-19

Tests for regional neurological involvement

Prone knee bending test (also called Nachlas test, reverse straight leg raise, or femoral nerve stretch test)

Tests for intra-or peri-articular hip joint pathology . . .. _,.,.,... ,

FABERE test (aka flexion-abduction-external rotation and extension test, Patrick's test, or ngure four test) ., , . ., _ _...;.

Stinchfleld test (examiner resists hip flexin at 20-30 degrees flexin with patient in a supine position)

Quadrant (hip scouring) test

Axial hip distraction

Tests for sacroiliac joint involvement

SI Compression

SI gapping or distraction

Gaenslen's test

FABERE test (aka flexion-abduction-external rotation-and extension test, Patrick's test, or figure four test)

Gillet

Sitting flexin test

Standing flexin test

Shear test

Palpation

Tests for leg length discrepancy

"True" leg length measurement (direct tape measurement method)

ASS to MM or LM of the tibia

Umbilicus or xiphisternum to MM of the tibia

Standing (functional) leg length (indirect method) lliac crest palpitation with use of lift blocks or book correction

Miscellaneous tests

Fulcrum test (for femoral stress fracture)

Hop test (single leg or double leg, e.g., for stress fracture)

Adjacent Body Regions

The physiatrist should recognize the inter-relationships of myofascial and neurological structures throughout the
musculoskeletal system, as well as the potential for referred pain from adjacent body regions. As a rule, the physiatrist
should exam the body regions above and below this region. Please refer to the appropriate list.

Functional Testing

As appropriate, the physiatrist should evaluate body region specific complaints in the context of integrated kinetic chain
motion. Several Functional Tests have been described for this purpose. These are listed at the end of this document.

Knee Region

Inspection . _ . ,.,

During the physical examination, the physiatrist should identify the items listed below. The physiat^ist snouia ^^
adequately describe what he or she sees for the purposes of communication and documentation. The physiatrist should
understand the potential clinical relevance of any abnormal findings.

Genu varum

Genu valgum

Genu recun/atum

Evidence of trauma

Scars

Abrasions and laceration

Ecchymosis

Edema or effusion

Deformity of patella, fmur or tibia

Gait for symmetry or antalgia

Posterolateral thrust

Ankle-Foot pronation

Ankle-Foot supination
Pcs planus and pes cavus

Calcaneovalgus

Squat and rise

Squinting patella and grasshopper patella (sign)

Palpation

The physiatnst should plpate the following structures or areas for asymmetry, tenderness, and/or deformity. The
physiatrist should adequately describe and document the findings, and should also understand the potential clinical
relevance of any abnormal findings. The physiatrist should note that some of these structures are not directly palpable,
but one can plpate in the region of these structures.

Quadriceps tendn

Vastus medialis

Adductor tuberde

Medial patellofemoral retinaculum

Medial patellar facet

Medial plica

Medial femoral condyle

Lateral patellofemoral articulation

Lateral patellar facet

Lateral femoral condyle

Infrapatellar fat pad

Prepatellar bursa

Patellar tendn

Tibial tubercle

Tibial plateaus

Medial collateral ligament

Tibiofemoral joint line

Fibular head lliotibial band

Gerdy's tubercle

Hamstring tendons

Gastrocnemius-soleus muscle

Popliteal fossa
Popliteal (or Baker's) Cyst

Popliteal tendn insertion region

Important bursa. suprapatellar, prepatellar, infrapatellar, pes anserine

Important neural structures: common peroneal nerve at fibular head, tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa, saphenous
nerve at medial knee

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Range of Motion (ROM)

The physiatrist should assess the active and passive ranges of motion listed below. For active ROM, the physiatrist
should appropriately position the patient and provide the patient with adequate instruction to perform the motion.
When passive motion is appropriate, the physiatrist should appropriately position the patient in order to complete the
testing. The physiatrist should adequately describe and document the findings, and should also understand the potential
clinical relevance of any abnormal findings.

Knee Flexin Knee Extension

135 degrees 0-15 degrees

Neurovascular Testing

Neurological testing includes a motor, sensory, reflex and vascular examination relevant to the regions. Adequate
examination is predicated on an understanding of the regional peripheral and segmenta! anatomy. The physiatrist
should understand the nter-relationship of the regional neuroariatomy to adjacent and distant musculoskeletat
structures, adequately describe and document the findings, and should also understand the potential clinical relevance
of any abnormal findings.

Motor

L1,2,3 Hip flexin (iliopsoas muscle)

L2,3,4 Hip adduction (adductor muscle group)

L2,3,4 Knee extension (quadriceps muscle group)

L4-5 Ankle dorsiflexion (anterior tibialis muscle)

L5 Great toe dorsiflexion (extensor hallucis longus muscle) L5-S1 Ankle inversin (posterior tibialis muscle)

L5-S1 Ankle aversion (peroneus longus muscle)

L5-S1 Knee flexin (hamstring muscle group)

S1-2 Ankle plantarflexion (gastrocnemius-soleus muscle)

Sensory

Segmental

Dermatomes or sensory points for L1-S2

Peripheral

Obturator nerve nnervation

Saphenous nerve innervation

Superficial and deep peroneal nerve innervation

Anterior femoral cutaneous nerve innervation

Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve innervation

Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve nnervatlon

Adductor (L2,3,4)

Patellar (L3-4)

Medial hamstring, tibialis posterior (L5-S1)

Achilles (S1-2)

Vascular

Popliteal artery palpation, including assessment for aneurysm

Regional vasomotor or sudomotor changes

Distal exam as indicated (edema, venous stasis)

Special Testing

Special tests are used when appropriate to challenge the musculoskeletal system and assist in physical diagnosis. These
tests are used when clinical circumstances suggest the presence of a specific injury or condition such as a ligamentous
sprain, cartilage lesin, radiculopathy or neuropathy. As such, the physiatrist should recognize when special tests are
indicated and demonstrate competency in the performance and interpretation of special tests within the clinical
context. The physiatrist should adequately describe the results of the special test and appropriately document his or her
findings.

Muscle length-tension testing

Modified Thomas test

Popliteal angle

Ely's test

Ober's test

Gastrocnemius and Soleus

Effusion

Patellar ballottement

Bulge sign

Patellofemoral Joint

Vastus medialis activation

Medial and lateral patellar glides

Passive patellar tilt test (PPTT)

Patellar grind (dark sign)

Patellar apprehension (Fairbank's sign)

Medial and lateral collateral ligaments (at 0 and 30 degrees of knee flexin)

Valgus stress test

Va rus stress test

Anterior cruciate ligament

Anterior drawer

Lachman test

Pivot shift

Posterior cruciate ligament

Sag sign

Posterior drawer

Meniscal provocation tests

Hyperflexion tessquat test (Childress' test)

Bounce test

McMurray's test

Distal iliotibial band syndrome

Noble's compression test

Special neurological tests

Babinski response

Femoral nerve stretch test (also known as prone knee bend, reverse straight leg raise, or Nachlas' test)

Straight leg raise

Slump test

See Lumbar Spine Region list (page 14) for more

Miscellaneous

Hop Test (single leg or double leg, e.g., for stress fracture)

Adjacent Body Regions

The physiatrist should recognize the inter-relationships of myofascial and neurological structures throughout the
musculoskeletal system as well as the potential for referred pain from adjacent body regions. As a rule, the physiatrist
should exam the body regions above and below this region. Please refer'to the appropriate tist

Functional Testing

As-apprpriate.the Physlatrist should evaluate body region specific complaints in the context of integrated kinetic chain
motion. Several Functional Tests have been described for this purpose. These are'iistedatt'h^end'of'this" document.

Ankle-Foot Region

Inspection

During the physical examination, the physiatrist should identify the items listed below. The physiatnst should adequately
describe what he or she sees for the purposes of communication and documentation. The physiatrist should also
understand the potential clinical relevance of any abnormal findings.

Antalgic gait

Swelling (focal or diffuse)

Foot type

Neutral

Pescavus

Pes planus

Deformity

Hallux valgus

Tailor's bunion

Hammer toe

Claw toe

Mallet toe

"Too many toes sign" (excessive pronation: viewed from behind)

Callus pattern

Skin lesions (blisters, ulcers, warts, fungus)

Subungual hematoma

Palpation

The physiatrist should plpate the following structures or areas for asymmetry. tenderness, and/or deformity. The
physiatrist should adequately describe and document the findings, and should also understand the potential clinical
relevance of any abnormal findings. The physiatrist should understand that some of these structures are not directly
palpable, but one may plpate in the region of these structures for the purpose of diagnosis.

Bony structures

Lateral malleolus
Media] malleolus

Calcaneus

Medial calcaneal tubercle

Insertion of Achilles tendn on posterosuperior calcaneus

Talar dome

Navicular bone and tuberosity

Cuboid bone region

Medial cuneiform

Metatarsal shafts, heads, and bases

Base of the fifth metatarsal and tuberosity

Proximal fbula and fibular head

Ligamentous and articular structures

Anterior talofibular Sigament

Posterior talofibular ligament

Calcaneofibular ligament

Deltoid ligament complex

Anterior talocrural joint / anterior distal tibiofibular ligament

Talonavicular joint

Calcaneocuboid joint

1" metatarsophalangeal joint capsule

Muscle-tendon units and insertions

Peroneus brevis and longus

Anterior tibialis

Posterior tibialis

Flexor haliucis longus

Flexor digitorum longus

Gastrocnemius-soleus muscle and Achilles tendn

Extensor digitorum brevis

Extensor digitorum longus

Miscellaneous structures

Plantar fascia

Calcaneal fat pad

Retrocalcaneal bursa

Superficial peroneal nerve

Tibial nerve (tarsal tunnel)

Dorsalis peds and posterior tibialis pulses

Sinus tarsi

Range of IVIotion (ROM)

The physiatrist should assess the active and passive ranges of motion listed below. For active ROM, the physiatrist
should appropriately position the patient and provide the patient with adequate instruction to perform the motion.
When passive motion is appropriate, the physiatrist should appropriately position the patient in order to complete the
testing. The physiatrist should adequately describe and document the findings, and should also understand the potential
clinical relevance of any abnormal findings.

Ankle dorsiflexion

Knee straight

Knee flexed

Ankle plantarflexion

1" metatarsophalangeal joint

Dorsiflexion

Plantarflexion

Foot inversin and eversion

20 degrees 20 degrees

50 degrees

60-90 degrees 45 degrees

(qualitative)

Neurovascular Testing

Neurological testing includes a motor, sensory, reflex, and vascular examination relevant to the regions. Adequate
examination is predicated on an understanding of the regional peripheral and segmenta! anatomy. The physiatrist
should understand the nter-relationship of the regional neuroanatomy to adjacent and distant musculoskeletal
structures, adequately describe and document the findings, and should also understand the potential clinical relevance
of any abnormal findings.

Motor
L4-5 Ankle dorsiflexion (anterior tibialis muscle)

L5 Great toe dorsiflexion (extensor hallucis longus muscle)

L5-S1 Ankle inversin (posterior tibialis muscle)

L5-S1 Ankle eversion (peroneus longus muscle)

S1-2 Ankle plantarflexion (gastrocnemius-soleus muscle) Sensory

Segmental

Dermatomes or sensory points for L4-S2

Peripheral

Saphenous nerve nnervation

Sural nen/e innervation

Superficial peronea! nerve innervation

Deep peroneal nerve innervation

Tibial ne^/e nnervation

Medial calcaneal nen/e innervation

Medial and lateral plantar nerve innervation

Reflexes

Posterior tbialis(L5-S1)

Achilles (S1-2)

Babinski response

Vascular

Dorsalis peds (anterior tibial) pulse

Posterior tibial pulse

Capillary refill

Venous varicosities

Lymphedema

Special Testing

Special tests are used when appropriate to challenge the musculoskeletal system and assist in physical diagnosis. These
tests are used when clinical circumstances suggest the presence of a specific injury or condition such as a ligamentous
sprain, cartilage lesin, radiculopathy. neuropathy, or vascular disorder. As such, the physiatrist should recognize when
special tests are indicated and demonstrate competency in the performance and interpretation of special tests within
the clinical context. The physiatrist should adequately describe the results of the special test and appropriately
document his or her findings.
Leg/Foot alignment (with subtalar joint in neutral position)

Lower leg/rearfoot

Forefoot/rearfoot

First ray position

Ligamentous stability

Anterior drawer

Inversin stress tests (aka talar tilt)

Squeeze test for syndesmosis

External rotation stress test for syndesmosis

Miscellaneous tests

Thompson's test (for Achilles tendn)

Metatarsal head medial-lateral compression (Morton's neuroma)

Tinel's sign over peripheral nerves

Peroneal tendn subluxatlon provocation

Shoe inspection

Wear pattern (outsole)

Midsole deformity

Breakdown in the upper

Adjacent Body Regions

The physiatrist should recognize the inter-relationships of myofascial and neurological structures throughout the
musculoskeletal system, as well as the potential for referred pain from adjacent body regions. As a rule, the physiatrist
should exam the body regions above and below this region. Please refer to the appropriate list.

Functional Testing

As appropriate, the physiatrist should evaluate body region specific complaints in the context of integrated kinetic chain
motion. Several Functional Tests have been described for this purpose These are listed at the end of this document.

Functional Tests

purposes, by nature these functional motions involve virtually all aspects of the kinetic chain

Upper Body Region

Donning / Doffing a shirt

Reaching forward, overhead and behind one's back

Bring hand to mouth

Sitting push-up/press up

Wall push up

Opening / Closing a door handle

Grips (power grip, precision grip [chuck pinch, lateral key pinch, tip pinch)

Throwing or catching a baseball / football or medicine ball

Swinging a tennis racket / golf club

Striking a volleyball

Lower Extremity Region

Donning / Doffing pants

Biomechanical correct squat

Perform a plank or bridge exercise

Lifting objects off of floor/ table / shelf

Descending and Ascending stairs

Gait Analysis including speed

Chair Stand (single or multiple)

Timed Up and Go (Rise from chair, walk and return)*

Short Physical Performance Battery (Gait speed, chair rise, and standing balance)*

Proprioception / Neuromuscular control

Single leg stance eyes open

Single leg stance eyes closed

Single leg squat, including stepdown

Single leg toe raise

Hop test (single leg or double leg) for distance

Single leg hop in multiple directions

Backwards walking/running

Carioca

Running in a straight line

Running and cutting maneuvers, including figure 8s

Vertical jump
Kicking a soccer ball / football

"Validated for the geriatric population

1. Guralnik JM, et al. A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: Association with self-
reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home placement J Gerontol 1994;

49.M85-M94.

2. Complete information about the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), including the testing protocol and scoring
sheet, is included in a CD that may be obtained from the National Institute on Aging by contacting Joyce Simms at
[email protected].

3. Podsiadlo D, et al. The "Timed Up & Go": a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am

Geriatr Soc 1991; 39:142-48.

4. Tinetti ME. Preventing (alls in elderly persons. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:42-9.

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