Online Map Application Development Using Google Maps API, SQL Database, and

Volume 3 No.
3, March 2013 ISSN 2223-4985
International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Research
2013 ICT Journal. All rights reserved
http://www.esjournals.org
Online Map Application Development Using Google Maps API,

SQL Database, and ASP.NET
1
Shunfu Hu, 2 Ting Dai
1 Department of Geography, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL 62026, USA
2 Farm Service Agency, Unites States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250, USA
ABSTRACT
Recently, there has seen increasing interest in developing online map services using Google Maps Application Programming
Interface (API), Yahoo! Maps API, Microsoft Bing Maps API, Nokia Ovi Maps API, and ESRI ArcGIS API. Application developers
utilize Maps API as a platform and combine spatial data from multiple sources to create new customized services a buzzword
commonly called map mashups. The use of Maps API has revolutionized online mapping applications on the Internet. However,
there are two major drawbacks in the map mashups. First, the application developer utilizes open source methods such as XML,
Fusion Tables, CSV, or KML for the preparation of limited amount of usually non-secured spatial data, which are not suitable for
data sources in the format of a commercial database stored on a secure data server. Second, map mashups is focused on the use of
the Maps API platform for the fast delivery of the customized services or data, so they usually lack of sophisticated functionalities
and intuitive user interfaces that can offer the user the capability to manipulate the data. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate
an online mapping application that requires the access to data sources in the format of a commercial database stored on a secure data
server and that offers sophisticated functionalities for the user to manipulate the data. A case study of developing an online map
service to display tens of thousands gardens on the Internet for the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) People's
Garden Initiative is presented. Google Maps API, Google Geocoderer, Microsoft SQL database, Microsoft aspx.NET, and Spry
Framework for Ajax are employed to develop this online map application. It is also anticipated that the online map application can
be used in major web browsers such as Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE) 7.0+, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Apple Safari.
Keywords: Online Mapping, Google Maps API, SQL Database, ASP.NET, USDA
1. INTRODUCTION using Google Map API, Oracle RDMS (Relational Database

Management System), Microsoft SQL (Structured Query
The Google Maps launched in 2005 has revolutionized online Language), Perl, eXtensible Markup Language (XML),
mapping service applications on the World Wide Web. Based JavaScript, Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), eXtensible
on Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX), a new type of HTML (XHML), and Cascade Style Sheet (CSS). Similarly,
client/server interaction was introduced in Google Maps to Pejic et al. [10] developed an eTourism application using
maintain a continuous connection between the client and the Google Map API to present prominent points of tourist
server for immediate downloading of additional map destinations. Bildirici and Ulugtekin [11] demonstrates a web
information [1]. In addition, Google also provides programmers mapping service with Google Maps (API V2) mashups in
its extensive sources of code called the Application which points, polylines and polygons from the data stored in
Programming Interface (API). The API consists of a set of data Keyhole Markup Language (KML), XML and Geodatabase
structures, object classes or functions that can be used by a format are overlaid with Google Maps through JavaScript code.
programmer using JavaScript, PHP or other scripting language Liu and Palen [12] examine the use of Google Maps mashups
[2]. With the current version 3, it is not required to register the in the crisis management for nine natural disasters such as
API key to use the Google Maps. The new version supports earthquakes, fires, sea level rise, and so on using near real-time
both traditional web browsers such as Internet Explorer 7.0+, and publicly available data feeds. Hu [13] discusses a new
Firefox 3.0+, Safari 4+, Chrome, Android, BlackBerry, and approach of mashups in multimedia mapping that utilizes
Dolfin as well as web browsers such as the Apple iPad and Google Maps API, Yahoo! Flickr API, and YouTube API to
iPhone on mobile devices. all of which having a full JavaScript combine spatial data, multimedia information and functionality
implementation. These features make Google Maps JavaScript from multiple sources to create the online visitor guide for the
API the most commonly used Maps API for online mapping Southern Illinois University Edwardsville campus. Hu [14] also
[3]. Other Maps APIs are also available for online mapping, uses Google Maps JavaScript API, and other JavaScript
including Yahoo! Maps API, Microsoft Bing Maps API, Nokia libraries such as jQuery, XML, and MarkerClusterer to develop
Ovi Maps API, and ESRI ArcGIS API. an online map service to display and search over 600 locations
of the gardens from the United States Department of
Recently there has seen increasing interest in utilizing Google Agriculture (USDA) Peoples Garden Initiative. However,
Maps API to implement web-based mapping services, ranging there are two major drawbacks in the map mashups. First, the
from simple applications to display just a few points of interest application developer utilizes open source methods in the
with information window to sophisticated map mashups [4] [5] preparation of spatial data, including XML files, Google Fusion
[6] [7] [8]. Scholefield [9] developed a web-based map service Tables, comma-separated values (CSV) files, or Keyhole
for tourism of eighteenth and nineteenth century Edinburgh Markup Language (KML) files. The drawback of such
102
Volume 3 No. 3, March 2013 ISSN 2223-4985
methods is that it took efforts to reformat the original data and C++ Express, Visual C# Express and SQL Server Express. The
the data is not in its original database that can be updated in VWDE allows application developers to create ASP websites
real time. Second, map mashups is focused on the use of the with the programming language either Visual C# or Visual
Maps API platform for the fast delivery of the customized Basic. It has a very user friendly interface for web design. The
services or data, so they usually lack of sophisticated SQL Server Management Studio Express provides the
functionalities and intuitive user interfaces that can offer the capability to edit, update, and manage SQL Server Express
user the capability to manipulate the data. The objective of this database. For instance, the developer can create a new SQL
paper is to demonstrate an online mapping application that database for a web site but import the data from Oracle,
requires the access to live data sources in the format of a Microsoft ACCESS, Excel or ODBC sources. For this project,
commercial database stored on a secure data server and that Visual Web Developer 2010 Express was chosen to develop the
offers sophisticated functionalities that allow the user to USDA online map application, and SQL Server Management
manipulate the data. A case study of developing an online map Studio 2008 Express was selected to import the USDA garden
service to display tens of thousands gardens on the Internet for database and to create a new SQL database called
the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) People's PeoplesGarden for the application development environment.
Garden Initiative is presented. Google Maps API, Google In PeoplesGarden database, two views (virtual tables) were
Geocoderer, Microsoft SQL database, Microsoft aspx.NET, and created to dynamically summarize the total garden counts based
Spry Framework for Ajax are employed to develop this online on the state names. Using the standard Structured Query
map application. It is also anticipated that the online map Language (SQL), the first view called Gardens was created to
application can be used in major brands of web browsers such tally the number of gardens for each US state, and the second
as Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE) 7.0+, Google Chrome, view called State_Centerpoints that contains the center latitude
Mozilla Firefox, and Apple Safari. and longitude of each state was appended to the first view so
that the summary data can be displayed in the map window.
2. METHODOLOGY
Microsoft aspx.NET technology was employed to connect to
2.1. Data Set and retrieve data from the database. An aspx page contains
scripts written in Microsoft .NET languages such as Visual
The USDA People's Garden Initiative is an effort to challenge Basic.NET and C#.NET. In this application, Visual Basic.NET
its employees to establish People's Gardens at USDA facilities was used to perform all the database tasks.
worldwide or help communities create gardens [15]. The
garden information is collected initially through the USDA As shown in Figure 1, when the garden.htm is accessed by a
Peoples Garden online registration process and is in a web user, it first determines the users web browser type (see
Microsoft SQL Server 2005 database stored on a USDAs section 2.4) and a browser-specific html file calls an initialize
secure server. The data set for this project contains thousands function from the Main.js JavaScript file. When the Main.js
of gardens, including the name of each garden, the street initializes the online map page, it sends a request to an aspx
address, city, state, and zip code of the garden, the type of the named NewGetData.aspx (see below). The aspx script retrieves
garden (1 - At USDA Facilities; 2 - At Schools; 3 - At Other garden data either at the national level or at the state level from
Places Within the Community; 4 - At Faith-based Centers; and PeoplesGarden database depending on users requests.
5 - At Other Federal Agencies), the geographic location (i.e.,
latitude and longitude in decimal degrees) of each garden, and function initialize()
more importantly what are planted in each garden. {
geocoder = new google.maps.Geocoder();
2.2. Mashup of Google Maps API and SQL
Database through JavaScript and XHTML //For centering map on contiguous USA
var myLatlng = new google.maps.LatLng(38, -95);
Since the online map application is a web application, every var myOptions = {
Maps API implementation is based on a web page. JavaScript zoom: 4,
is the native language of Google Maps. In addition, Google center: myLatlng,
Maps is built of XHTML (Extensible HTML), formatted with scaleControl: true,
CSS (Cascading Style Sheet) [16]. Therefore, both JavaScript mapTypeId:
and XHTML are used for developing the USDA online garden google.maps.MapTypeId.ROADMAP }
map application. Figure 1 illustrates a conceptual framework
for the integration of the major components. The map = new google.maps.Map(document.getElementById
implementation is done using the Microsoft Visual Studio ("map_canvas"), myOptions);
Express, which is a light-weight version of the Microsofts
Visual Studio (VS) and provides a set of free software //Calls an aspx script to retrieve data from SQL Server database
programs in the form of Microsofts integrated development $.get("newGetData.aspx?level=national", displaynational);
environment (IDE). The VS Express includes Visual Web }
Developer Express (VWDE), Visual Basic Express, Visual
103
Peoples Garden Web Map Application Flow Chart
Garden.htm Garden Property Web.config

and Location Data
Web Map Application Database Connection Strings

Web Server IIS
Connection to
Database
No, Other Type Browser Type

Peoples Garden
Database
Tables and Views
Yes, Internet Explorer
PGChrome.html PGMSIE.htm GetNationalData GetStateData
National Data
Get Type of State Data
Initialize Data
Google Map
API
Main.js NewGetData.aspx
Figure 1. A conceptual framework of developing the Peoples Garden online map application.
The aspx script then connects to the database using a

connection string defined in the website configuration file Public Class NewDataLogic
web.config. Dim separator As String = ";;"
Dim ConnectionString As String =ConfigurationManager.
<connectionStrings> ConnectionStrings("MyDatabaseConnectionString").
<add name="MyDatabaseConnectionString" ConnectionString
connectionString="Data Source=SERVERNAME;
Initial Catalog=PeoplesGarden; Integrated Public Function getStateData(state As String) As String
Security=True" /> Dim myConnection As New SqlConnection
</connectionStrings> Dim myCommand As New SqlCommand
Dim myDataReader As SqlDataReader
Once the database is connected, the aspx uses two Dim result As String = ""
member functions to retrieve the garden data. The first function
getNationalData() retrieves summary data for each US state If (state = "") Then state = "DC"
including state name, total garden count by state, and state Try
centric latitude and longitude (Figure 2). The second function myConnection = New
getStateData() retrieves individual garden information in each SqlConnection(ConnectionString)
selected state from the PeoplesGarden database, including myConnection.Open()
Garden Name, Garden City, Garden State, Garden Zip Code,
Garden Street Address, Garden Type, Latitude, Longitude,
Photo Name, and Photo Location (Figure 3). Below is the Dim mysql As String = "select Garden_Name as name,
Visual Basic.NET code that works with the web.config to get Garden_city as city, Garden_State as state,
the individual garden information from the database. Garden_Zip_code as zipcode, Garden_Street_Address_1
as address, Garden_Type as gtype, Type_of_Garden as
Imports Microsoft.VisualBasic CIndex, Lat as y, Lon as x, Photo_Name as Photo_Name,
Imports System.Data.SqlClient Location as Location, Garden_Street_Address_2 as
Imports System.Configuration address2 from Gardens where Garden_State = '" & state
104
& "'" myConnection)
myCommand = New SqlCommand(mysql,

myDataReader = myCommand.ExecuteReader() End If
Dim x As String If (IsDBNull(myDataReader("gtype"))) Then
Dim y As String gtype = ""
Dim name As String Else
Dim st As String gtype = CStr(myDataReader("gtype"))
Dim city As String End If
Dim zip As String If (IsDBNull(myDataReader("Photo_Name")))
Dim addr As String Then
Dim cindex As String Photo_Name = ""
Dim gtype As String Else
Dim Photo_Name As String Photo_Name =
Dim Location As String CStr(myDataReader("Photo_Name"))
Dim address2 As String End If
If (IsDBNull(myDataReader("Location"))) Then
While myDataReader.Read() Location = ""
If (IsDBNull(myDataReader("x"))) Then Else
x = "" Location = CStr(myDataReader("Location"))
Else End If
x = CStr(myDataReader("x")) If (IsDBNull(myDataReader("address2"))) Then
End If address2 = ""
If (IsDBNull(myDataReader("y"))) Then Else
y = "" address2 = CStr(myDataReader("address2"))
Else End If
y = CStr(myDataReader("y")) If (x <> "") And (y <> "") Then
End If result = result + y + separator + x
If (IsDBNull(myDataReader("name"))) Then result = result + separator + name + separator + st
name = "" result = result + separator + city + separator + zip
Else result = result + separator + addr + separator +
name = CStr(myDataReader("name")) cindex
End If result = result + separator + gtype + separator +
If (IsDBNull(myDataReader("State"))) Then Photo_Name
st = "" result = result + separator + Location + separator +
Else address2
st = CStr(myDataReader("State")) result = result + "|"
End If End If
If (IsDBNull(myDataReader("city"))) Then End While
city = "" myDataReader.Close()
Else myDataReader = Nothing
city = CStr(myDataReader("city"))
End If Catch ex As Exception
If (IsDBNull(myDataReader("zipcode"))) Then Finally
zip = "" myConnection.Close()
Else myConnection = Nothing
zip = CStr(myDataReader("zipcode")) End Try
End If
If (IsDBNull(myDataReader("address"))) Then Return result
addr = "" End Function
Else
addr = CStr(myDataReader("address")) The result string generated from the above code that
End If contains individual garden information is passed back to
If (IsDBNull(myDataReader("CIndex"))) Then Main.js and then processed to a point on the online map.
cindex = ""
Else 2.3. Development of Searching and Filtering
cindex = CStr(myDataReader("CIndex")) Functions
105
case ("Netscape"):
It is required for this project to provide the user with a web document.write('<META HTTP-EQUIV="REFRESH"
interface for search functions such as Find Gardens by Location CONTENT="1;URL=PGchrome.html">');
(e.g., address or zip code) and Find Gardens by State (Figure 2) break;
so the user can have the option to see only selected gardens default: alert("You browser might not be supported");
around that address or zipcode, or within that state. }
Furthermore, search functions need to be accompanied by }
another function called Filter by Type. The first two functions, </script>
Find Gardens by Location and Find Gardens by State, were </head>
accomplished by using Google Maps APIs Geocoding process, <body>
which converts addresses (e.g., "8008 Davis Dr., St. Louis, <p> People's Garden</p>
MO") into geographic coordinates (e.g., latitude 38.64005705 <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript">
and longitude -90.3373296). With this pair of latitude and detectbrowser();
longitude, the programmer can place a marker onto the map. </script>
This can be done using the geocoder function (i.e., class) from </body>
the Google Maps API. However, the programmer has to create </html>
a new geocoder object within the Main.js function initialize() as
follows: 2.5. Use of JavaScript and CSS to Design the Layout
of the Online Map Application
var geocoder = new google.maps.Geocoder();
In the design of the online map application, a HTML table with
and then create a new codeaddress () function (refer to three-row layout design was adopted, including first row for a
https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/javascript/g tabbed interface, second row for the map container, and third
eocoding). row for the garden type legend. In the tabbed interface, two
tabs are provided, including one for Find Gardens by Location,
2.4. Web Browsers Compatibility and the other for Find Gardens by State (Figure 2). The tabbed
interface was developed using the Adobes Spry 1.6 framework
It is anticipated that the USDA online map service needs to be for Ajax, which is a JavaScript library for the development of
used in most of the web browsers such as Microsoft Internet interactive web pages ([17]. To do so, the programmer has to
Explorer (IE) 7.0+, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and download SpryTabbedPanels.css and SpryTabbedPanels.js (all
Apple Safari. The initial testing of the USDA online map open sources) from the Adobe Labs. The former links the CSS
application indicated that there were compatibility issues. For for the tabbed panel; the latter links the Spry TabbedPanels
instance, Microsoft IE (7, 8 and 9) and Mozilla Firefox did not JavaScript library with the search functions. Both of them need
support rounded corners for tabbed panels. Apple Safari for to be placed in the head section of the web page (i.e.,
iPad and iPhone did not support flash movies. Only Google PGMSIE.htm or PGChrome.html) as follows:
Chrome did not have any problem. Those issues were resolved
by offering a main page Garden.htm to detect whether the <link href="SpryTabbedPanels.css" rel="stylesheet"
browser is IE or Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Apple type="text/css" />
Safari. If it is IE, the web page is automatically redirected to
PGMSIE.htm; otherwise, it is redirected to PGchrome.html. <script src="SpryTabbedPanels.js" type="text/javascript">
Below is the code for Garden.htm. </script>
<html> Working in conjunction with the tab Find Gardens by Location

<head> is the HTML <input> tag and input field that allow the user to
<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1.0, user- type in address or zip code from the keyboard. The HTML code
scalable=no" /> looks as below:
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;
charset=UTF-8" />
<title>USDA People's Garden Initiative</title> <input id="address" size="40" type="textbox"
<script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript"> value="Please type your address or zipcode here">
function detectbrowser() { Then, the <select> tag is used to create a drop-down list for the
var browserName = navigator.appName; user to select an item from a list and the <option> tags inside
switch (browserName) { the select element specify the available items (i.e., options) in
case ("Microsoft Internet Explorer"): the list. For instance, Filter by Type allows the user to choose
document.write('<META HTTP-EQUIV="REFRESH" one of the five garden types with 0 as a default value for no
CONTENT="1;URL=PGMSIE.htm">'); break; filtering. It was implemented with the following HTML code:
case ("Chrome"):
case ("Firefox"): <select id = "select_type" name="Garden_Type">
case ("Safari"): <option value="0" selected>Filter by Type</option>
case ("Mozilla"): <option value="1">At USDA Facilities</option>
106
<option value="2">At Schools</option> around it. The user can then filer the gardens by a type (e.g., At
<option value="3">At Other Places within the Community USDA Facilities). The user can click on an icon at any time to
</option> get specific information about that garden in the standard
<option value="4">At Faith-based Centers</option> Google Infowindow.
<option value="5">At Other Federal Agencies</option>
</select>
Similarly, the tab Find Gardens by State allows the user to 4. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
choose one state from the list with All States as the default
value to show all the gardens in the entire United States and its This paper has demonstrated an online mapping application that
territories. It is worthy of note that each tab is linked to the was successfully developed using Google Maps API v3,
search function and filter function described in the Section 2.3. Google Geocoding, Microsoft SQL Server Express database,
and Spry Framework for Ajax. The case study presented in this
In the map container, the Google map or satellite imagery is article provides the advanced functionality to display the
displayed, and points of interest (e.g., gardens) are marked with locations and state-based summary counts of USDAs
the customized marker icons the green shovel for gardens at thousands of peoples gardens on the Internet with customized
USDA facilities, the yellow shovel for gardens at schools, and icons and map legend. It also provides the sophisticated
so on. The garden type legend is placed at the bottom of the functionalities for searching, filtering, and tabbed interface that
map contains that match the marker icons displayed in the map offer the user the capability to manipulate the data.
container.
In order to provide the user with interaction with the map, a Online mapping from a database being updated in real time can
few standard Google Maps controls are added, such as Pan and be very useful for many purposes. First, the database can be
Zoom controls; Map Scale control; and Map Type control collected from an online registration process that, along with
Roadmap and Satellite. In addition, tooltips (e.g., garden name) other information contains locational information such as
to the markers are provided, along with clickable marker icons latitude and longitude or street addresses. This is the way how
with Google Maps APIs standard Infowindow, which displays the USDA peoples garden information has been gathered.
the information about each garden (i.e., garden name, address, Such database can be stored on a secure server inside a firewall.
city, state, zip code, a link to garden pictures, etc.). Second, once the data has been collected and stored, it can be
easily and directly retrieved in full or partially for online
3. RESULTS mapping application without going through a data format
transformation as it has been done in the past (e.g., XML).
The use of Google Maps API V3 provides a very efficient Third, the backend database can be updated through the
mechanism to deliver digital cartographic information to the database interface and the resulting data changes will be
Internet users with fast response time and user friendly reflected immediately on the web interface. Fourth, complex
interaction. Using Google Maps standard Map Type control, data manipulation can be carried out using the powerful SQL
the user is able to choose one of the two map types: roadmap or scripts in the backend databases.
satellite imagery. Figure 2 shows the startup view of the
Peoples Garden online mapping application in Google Chrome. Publishing and sharing geo-spatial data are becoming important
At the initial launch of the web page is the display of Google and popular tasks in various applications. One particular sector
Maps with the number of gardens in each state. This gives the is in the public health. Doctors at different offices across a
user a clear idea where most of the gardens are concentrated. region or a country can report certain type of disease (e.g.,
Notice that in Figure 2 there are two tabs, Find Gardens by West Nile Virus, SARS) in real time to a centralize database,
Location and Find Gardens by State. The user can click one of and such information can be delivered to an online map
them to perform the search functions. immediately so the health officials and the general public can
quickly take preventive actions. The project described in this
Figure 3 shows the result of a search function, Find Gardens by paper can be easily modified to meet the requirements of such
State. In this case, the user selects the state of Illinois. All of the important tasks.
individual gardens in the state are displayed on the map with
the customized marker icons. The map legend at the bottom of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
the screen provides the five types of gardens shown on the map.
This feature provides the user with a clear understanding about We thank USDA Peoples Garden Initiative director Livia
the gardens he/she is looking at. Marques for her leadership in this project, USDA Annie
Ceccarini for her initial web interface design, USDA NRCS
Figure 4 shows the result a Filter by Type function. In this case, Tianpu Liang for his ASP.NET coding and database connection
the user first select all the gardens in the state of Illinois and support, USDA OCIO John Roccaforte for providing database
then filer the gardens by a type (e.g., At USDA Faculties). access, and Acacia Dai of the Thomas Jefferson High School
Figure 5 shows the result of another search function, Find for Science and Technology for graphics design for the web
Gardens by Location, using addresses or zip codes. The user page.
can first type in the street
address, city, and state, or a zip code, and the map window will
zoom into that address or zip code and display all the gardens
107
Figure 2. The initial view of the USDA Peoples Garden online map application
with the number of gardens for each state.
Figure 3. Find Gardens by State displays only the gardens in a selected state.
The map legend at the bottom indicates the type of the gardens.
108
Figure 4. Filter by Type (in this case, At USDA Facilities) displays only the gardens in that category.
Figure 5. Find Gardens by Location (address or zipcode ) will zoom to that location. If the user
clicks a garden icon on the map, the information about that garden is displayed in the Infowindow.
109
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