Duties of Induction Motors
Duties of Induction Motors
Duties of Induction Motors
3 Duties of induction
motors
Contents
3.1 Duty cycles load during a given time just adequate to attain the
maximum permissible temperature rise, followed by a
rest and de-energized periods of long durations to re-
Unless otherwise specified, the rating of the motor will
establish equality of motor temperature with the cooling
be regarded as its continuous maximum rating (CMR),
medium (Figure 3.2). The motor should restart for the
defined by duty S1 as noted below. But a machine is not
next cycle only when it has attained its ambient condition.
always required to operate at a constant load. Sometimes
The recommended values for short-time duty are 10,
it must operate at varying loads, with a sequence of
30, 60 and 90 minutes. The type designation for a
identical operations, involving starts, stops braking, speed
particular rating, say for 30 minutes, will be specified
control and reversals, with intermittent idle running and
as S2 30 minutes. Likely applications are operation of
de-energized periods etc. (e.g. a hoist, a crane, a lift or
lock gates, sirens, windlasses (hoisting) and capstans.
other applications). Using a CMR motor for such
applications, with a rating corresponding to the maximum
short-time loading will mean an idle capacity during 3.3.2 Intermittent periodic duty (S3)
no-load running or de-energized periods and a constant This is a sequence of identical duty cycles, each consisting
drain on energy, in addition to a higher cost of installation. of a period of operation at constant load and a rest and
To economize on the size of machine for such de-energized periods. The period of energization may
applications, IEC 60034-1 has defined a few duty cycles, attain the maximum permissible temperature rise (qm).
as noted briefly below. These may be considered while The period of rest and de-energization is sufficient to
selecting an economical size of machine and yet meet attain thermal equilibrium during each duty cycle (Figure
the variable load demands safely. Such motors may be 3.3). In this duty the starting current I st does not
running over-loaded during actual loading but for shorter significantly affect the temperature rise. Unless otherwise
durations not sufficient to exceed the permissible specified, the duration of each duty cycle should be 10
temperature rise limits. They dissipate excessive heat minutes. The recommended values for the cyclic duration
during idle running or de-energized periods to reach a factor CDF are 15%, 25%, 40% and 60%. The type
thermal equilibrium at the end of the load cycle. These designation for a particular rating, say for 40%, will be
duties are described in the following sections. specified as S3 40%.
Load
Load
Load
No
load
Load
No load losses
losses ty qm
du
e
tim
qm
rt-
Temperature
Sho
R
R M
C
CM
rise
*
Temperature
rise
qt 0
Long rest
Amb. temp.
(q = 0) Time 0
Amb. temp. (q = 0)
Time 0 Note Short-time loading is higher than the CMR and it is true for all
*CMR: Continuous maximum rating duties S2S10
Figure 3.1 Continuous duty, S1 Figure 3.2 Short-time duty S2
3/66 Electrical Power Engineering Reference & Applications Handbook
One cycle
One cycle D N R
N R
Load
Load Starting
Load
losses
Load
No load No load
losses
losses
qm
qm
ty
du Short
e
time
im
Temperature
rt t
duty
Temperature
R
Sho
CM
R
rise
CM
rise
qt 0 qt 0
Time 0 0
Amb. temp. (q = 0) Time
Amb. temp. (q = 0)
Figure 3.3 Intermittent periodic duty, S3 Figure 3.4 Intermittent periodic duty with starting, S4
R
CM
time
This is a sequence of identical duty cycles, each consisting duty
of a period of start, a period of operation at constant qt 0
load, a period of braking and a rest and de-energized Amb.
periods. The starting, operating, braking, rest and de- temp.
energized periods are just adequate to attain thermal (q = 0)
0
equilibrium during one duty cycle (Figure 3.5). In this Time
duty braking is rapid and is carried out electrically:
CDF = D + N + F
Figure 3.5 Intermittent periodic duty with start and
D+N+F+R brake S5
Duties of induction motors 3/67
3.3.5 Continuous duty with intermittent (Figure 3.6). Unless otherwise specified, the duration of
periodic loading (S6) the duty cycle will be 10 minutes.
The recommended values of CDF are 15%, 25%, 40%
This is a sequence of identical duty cycles, each consisting and 60%:
of a period of operation at constant load and a period of
operation at no-load. The repeat load and no-load periods CDF = N
are just adequate to attain thermal equilibrium during N+V
one duty cycle. There is no rest and de-energizing period, where
N = operation under rated conditions
V = operation on no-load and
One cycle qt = temperature rise attained during one duty cycle
N V = corresponding to the no-load heating
The designation in this case will be expressed as
Load
S6 40% CDF
Load
No load
losses Likely applications are conveyor belts and machine tools.
qt
qm
ty
du 3.3.6 Continuous duty with start and brake (S7)
CM ime
Temperature
rise
D N F
Load
Load
Braking
Braking
losses
losses
Starting
losses qm
No load
losses
qm
Short
time
rating
R
Temperature
CM
rise
Corresponding
to no-load
heating
qt
Amb. temp.
(q = 0)
0
Time
Figure 3.7 Continuous duty with starts and brakes, S 7
3/68 Electrical Power Engineering Reference & Applications Handbook
One cycle
D N1 F1 N2 F2 N3 D
P3
P2 P2
P1 P1
Loads
Load
Speed change-over
(braking or
acceleration) losses
No load
losses
N r3
N r2 N r2
Speed
N r1 N r1
qm
Temperature
R
CM
rise
Corresponding
qt
to load P1
Amb. temp.
(q = 0)
0
Time
P1 P2
Electrical
losses
D N1 F R N2 N4 N3
Speed
qm
Temperature
qt 0
Amb. temp.
(q = 0)
0
One duty cycle
Time
Example 3.1
If GD M2 = 0.16 kg m 2
P
then
0.16
P4
t1 t2 t3 t4
3.5 Heating and cooling
characteristic curves
The heating and cooling behaviour of an induction motor,
Electrical losses (F)
t t
0.632 qm
qc
Temperature rise
c
qm
b
0.632 qm
0.368 qm
Amb. temp.
(q = 0)
Heating Cooling
Time
a Heating curve
b Cooling curve
c Curve with short time rating, but output not exceeding C.M.R.
d Curve with short time rating, but output more than C.M.R.
3.5.2 Heating curves The temperature rise is a function of the operating current
and varies in a square proportion of the current. The
Exponential heating on a cold start above equation can therefore be more appropriately
The temperature rise corresponding to the rated current written in terms of the operating current as
of the machine can be expressed exponentially by
K I r2 = I12 (1 e t/t ) (3.3)
t/t
qc = qm(1 e ) (3.2)
where
where Ir = rated current of the motor in A and
qc = temperature rise of the machine on a cold start above K = a factor that would depend upon the type of relay
the ambient temperature, after t hours (C) and is provided by the relay manufacturer. Likely
If qe is the end temperature of the machine in C after values may be in the range of 1 to 1.2
time t and qa the ambient temperature in C then I1 = actual current the motor may be drawing
qc = qe qa
Test check
qm =steady-state temperature rise or the maximum (i) For rated current at t = 0
permissible temperature rise of the machine under
continuous operation at full load in C, e.g. for a q c = q e q a = I r2 (1 e 0 )
class B motor, operating continuously in a = 0, (e0 = 1)
surrounding medium with an ambient temperature
of 45C or qe = qa, which is true
qm = 120 45 = 75C (Table 9.1) (ii) At t=
Note qc = qm (1 e)
For intermittent temperature rises between qc and qm as applicable = qm, (e = 0)
to curves (c) and (d) of Figure 3.11, qm may be substituted by the
actual temperature on the heating or cooling curves. which is also true.
The relative temperature rise in a period t after the
t = time of heating or tripping of the relay (hours) operating current has changed from I0 to I1
t = heating or thermal time constant (hours). The larger
the machine, the higher this will be and vary from qc (relative) = ( I12 I 02 )(1 e t/t )
one design to another. It may fall to a low of 0.70.8
hour. If I1 is higher than I0, it will be positive and will suggest
3/72 Electrical Power Engineering Reference & Applications Handbook
1.0 0.2
0.8
0.7
0.18
0.53
0.5
0.16
0.3
0.14
0.2
0.12
qc
=2.0
qm
Time (t/t)
Time (t/t)
0.1 0.1
0.08 qc
=1.5
qm
0.08
0.05 qc
=1.2
qm
0.06
qc
=2.0
0.03 qm
qc
=1.5 0.04
qm
qc
qc =
q c = 0.1
qm
=1.2
qm
0.02 qm qc
q c = 0.1
qc
q c =0
qc =
0.2
qm
=1.0
qm
0.02 qm
qm
=1.0
qm qc
0.
qc =0.75
.2
=0.75 qm
qm qc
0.01 0 =0.5
qm
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
150% I I
Current l Current l
Ir Ir
Only these portions
of curves are relevant
Only these portions
of curves are relevant
Il
(a) For 200% Il
Ir (b) For > 200%
Ir
I I
Note For ease of illustration two graphs are drawn l 200% and l > 200% . For actual use, the relevant portions of the graphs (as marked)
Ir Ir
alone must be drawn on one common graph. More points can be plotted in the required region for a closer setting of the relay.
Figure 3.13 Thermal curves to set the relay for over-current protection corresponding to different operating temperatures
3/74 Electrical Power Engineering Reference & Applications Handbook
q
Table 3.1 In terms of thermal settings C versus t
qm t
I
(a) For 200%
Ir
qC I
2
t/t 1 1 = l 1 t1/t
e t /t qm Ir e
Il Il Il Il Il Il
= 0.5 = 0.75 = 1.0 = 1.25 = 1.5 = 2.0
Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir
Refer to the curves in
Figure 3.13(a)
I
(b) For > 200%
Ir
2
qC I
= t /t
qm Ir
I Il Il Il Il
t /t Ir
= 2.5
Ir
= 3.0
Ir
= 4.0
Ir
= 5.0
Ir
= 6.0
For over-load settings plotting and to be on the safe side. The relay may then
be set accordingly. For brevity these curves have not
Il/Ir versus t/t different ratios of qc/qm as shown in Table been plotted here.
3.2(a), and Figure 3.14(a) for Il/Ir 200% and Table One may appreciate that by employing a motor
3.2(b) and Figure 3.14(b) for Il/Ir > 200%. Since Ir and protection relay it is possible to achieve a near thermal
t are known, t can be calculated for different over-load image protection for all ratings, types and makes of
conditions, corresponding to different temperature rises. motors through the same relay by setting its I2 t and
The relay can then be set for optimum utilization of the q t characteristics as close to the motors characteristics
machine. as possible. The O/C condition is normally detected
through the motors actual heating, rather than current,
Example 3.2 for optimum utilization. Moreover, the starting heats or
For an over-load of 25%, a class B motor, operating at an the heat of the previous running if it existed, when the
ambient temperature of 45C, the relay corresponding to motor was reswitched after a rest or a shutdown, are
10% over temperature rise can be set to trip as follows: also accounted for by measuring the thermal content.
qc
i.e. = 1.1 = (1.25) 2 (1 e t /t ) Example 3.3
qm The motor is operating hot, say at an end temperature of
130C. If the motor is of insulation class B and ambient
e t /t = 1 1.1 temperature at 50C then,
or (1.25) 2
qc = 130 50 = 80C
= 1 0.704 and qm = 120 50 = 70C
= 0.296 qc
\ = 80 = 114%
or e t /t
= 3.378
qm 70
Referring to the curves of Figure 3.13(a) the relay
\ t = t loge 3.378 corresponding to an over-load of 150% will trip in about
= 1.5 1.217 or 1.82 hours qc q
t /t = 0.53, for curve of 100% or 0.70 for c curve of
qm qm
Considering t = 1.5 hours
120%.
The relay may therefore be set to trip in less than 1.82 hours. If t is taken as 1.5 hours, the motor may be set to trip in
about 0.60 1.5 hours, i.e. about 54 minutes, considering
3.6.2 From hot conditions the average value of t /t as 0.60, for a qc /qm as 114% by
interpolation. It will be noted that a setting corresponding to
Similar curves can also be plotted for hot conditions a thermal curve of 100% will under-utilize while corresponding
using Equation (3.5) and assuming q0 = qm for ease of to 120% will overutilize the motor, while the optimum true
200 200
Ir = 6.0
I r 2.0
.0
.0
5
1.
4
Ir = 5
.0
Ir =
Ir =
=
Il
3
Il
Il
Il
Il =
Il
Il
=1.25 Ir
Ir
150 150
.0
I l =2
Il Ir
=1.0
110 Ir
100 100
q c / qm
qc / qm
Il
= 0.75
Ir
50 50
Il
= 0.5
Ir
0
0 1 1.217 2 3 4 5 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time (t / t ) Time (t / t )
Il Il
(a) For 200% (b) For > 200%
Ir Ir
Note
I I
For actual use combine curves l 200% and l > 200% on one graph.
Ir Ir
Figure 3.14 Thermal curves to set the relay for over-temperature protection corresponding to different overload conditions
3/76 Electrical Power Engineering Reference & Applications Handbook
I t
Table 3.2 In terms of current settings vs
Ir t
Il
(a) For 200%, using the same equation
Ir
Il qc 1
=
Ir qm 1
1 t /t
e
Il qc 1
t /t 1 t1/t =
e Ir q m (1 e t /t )
qc qc q q q q q q
= 0.1 = 0.2 c = 0.5 c = 0.75 c = 1.0 c = 1.2 c = 1.5 c = 2.0
qm qm qm qm qm qm qm qm
0.01 1 1 = 0.0099 3.178 4.495 7.107 8.704 10.05 11.01 12.31 14.21
1.01
0.05 1 1 = 0.0476 1.449 2.05 3.241 3.97 4.58 5.02 5.61 6.48
1.05
1 = 0.095
0.10 1
1.105
1.026 1.451 2.294 2.81 3.24 3.55 3.97 4.59 *
0.20 1 1 = 0.180
1.22
0.745 1.054 1.667 2.04 2.36 2.58 2.89 3.33
0.50 1 1 = 0.394 0.504 0.712 1.126 1.38 1.59 1.74 1.95 2.25
1.65
1.0 1 1 = 0.632 0.398 0.562 0.889 1.089 1.26 1.38 1.54 1.78
2.718
Notes
(1) For a closer overload protection, more curves should be drawn for t/t > 1.
(2) *These points are not relevant for I/Ir < 200%.
Il
(b) > 200%, using Equation (b)
Ir
Il qc t
i.e. =
Ir qm t
Il qc t
t /t =
Ir qm t
qc qc qc qc qc qc qc qc
= 0.1 = 0.2 = 0.5 = 0.75 = 1.0 = 1.2 = 1.5 = 2.0
qm qm qm qm qm qm qm qm
0.02 2.24 3.16 5.0 6.12 7.07 7.74 8.66 10.0
**
0.04 1.58 2.24 3.53 4.33 5.0 5.48 6.12 7.07
utilization will correspond to q c /qm as 114% only. It is therefore 3.8 Equivalent output of short-time
advisable to draw closer curves or use extrapolation whenever
necessary to obtain a closer setting and plot a more true
duties
replica of the motor thermal characteristics.
For varying loads (Figure 3.15) or for short-time duties
(Figure 3.16) it may not be necessary to select a motor
3.7 Rating of short-time motors corresponding to the maximum load during one cycle.
Consider a motor that is always energized under the
fluctuating loads of Figure 3.15. Then the equivalent
If a short-time duty is performed on a Continuous
requirement can be determined as below, ensuring that
Maximum Rating (CMR) motor with some no-load or
the output achieved and the motor chosen will be
idle running, the temperature rise q may not reach its
sufficient to develop a torque, during all conditions of
maximum value, qm, as shown in curve (c) of Figure
voltages, adequate to drive even the highest load and
3.11. A CMR motor therefore can be operated at higher
meet its torque requirement. Consider heating to be
outputs on short-time duties as shown in curve (d). The
proportional to the square of the loading, ignoring the
extent to which a CMR motor can be over-rated to
mechanical losses. Then
perform a particular short-time or intermittent duty is
considered in the following example. While evaluating
the rating for such duties, the heat during start-up and P12 t1 + P22 t 2 + P32 t 3
Peq (r.m.s.) = (3.11)
during braking and their frequency of occurrence should t1 + t 2 + t 3
be considered.
Instead, if the load values represent the torque
Example 3.4 requirement, then
(a) If a CMR 25 h.p. motor, with a thermal heating constant of 1.5
hours reaches a maximum temperature of 115C in continuous
T12 t1 + T22 t 2 + T32 t 3
operation with an ambient temperature of 40C, then the half- Teq (r.m.s.) = (3.12)
hour rating P of this motor can be determined as below. t1 + t 2 + t 3
Compare the temperature rises which are proportional to
the losses at the two outputs and the losses are proportional to and motor output
the square of the load. Ignoring the mechanical losses then
qm for load P P 2 (a)
and q ( 1 / 2 hr.) for 25 h.p. (25) when run just for half an hour
2
One cycle
(b) t1 t2 t3
Since a 25 h.p. motor now operates only for half an hour
P2 Peq
0.5
\ q = q m 1 e 1.5 (c) P1 P1
P2
Load
Peq
where qm = 115 40 P3
P1
P3
= 75C Load
losses
From (a) and (b) qm
2
qm = q P
25
Temperature
2 a
0.5
rise
or q m = q m 1 e 1.5 P
b
25
2 qt*
or 1 = (1 0.716) P
25 Amb.
temp.
25 (q = 0)
or P= 0
0.284 Time
(b) Similarly, if the rating is 1 hour, then a Thermal curve of a motor with a rating of Peq.
b Heating curves for varying loads, the average heating not
P= 25 exceeding the permissible temperature rise qm
1 e .667
= 25
0.487 Figure 3.15 Equivalent output of short-time duties (varying
loads)
35.8 h.p.
3/78 Electrical Power Engineering Reference & Applications Handbook
t (One cycle)
t1 tr t2 t3 tr1
P3
Peq
P1 P1
P3
Load
Peq
P2
P1
P2 Load
losses
qm
a
ing
t
Temperature
ra
b
e
im
rise
rt t
Sho
qt 0
Amb. temp.
(q = 0)
0
Time
b Thermal curves for intermittent loads, the average heating not exceeding the permissible temperature rise qm
Figure 3.16 Equivalent output of short-time duties
Teq N r Solution
Peq = kW Assuming the no-load losses to be roughly 5% of the motor
974 rating of, say, 10 kW, then
If the cycle has a short-time rating, with a period of
energization and one of rest, the motor will obviously (10.5) 2 4 + (0.5) 2 2 + (7.5) 2 2 + (0.5) 2 2
Peq =
cool down during the de-energizing period, and depending 10
upon the peak load and the rest periods, a comparatively
lower output motor can perform duties at higher loads. = 441 + 0.50 + 112.50 + 0.50
10
The equivalent output for the load cycle of Figure 3.16 is
= 55.45
P12 t1 + P22 t 2 + p 32 t 3
Peq = 7.45 kW
t
Since total time t is more in this instance, the equivalent The nearest standard rating to this is 7.5 kW, and a motor
power required will be less. of this rating will suit the duty cycle. To ensure that it can
also meet the torque requirement of 10.5 kW, it should have
Example 3.5 a minimum pull-out torque of 10.5/7.5 or 140% with the slip
Determine the motor rating, for a 10-minute cycle operation at this point as low as possible so that when operating at
as shown in Figure 3.17. There is no rest period, but in one 140% on its speedtorque curve, the motor will not drop its
cycle, the motor runs idle twice at no-load for 2 minutes speed substantially to cause high slip losses.
each. The cycle starts with a load requirement of 10.5 kW
for 4 minutes followed by an idle running, a load of 7.5 kW Note
for 2 minutes, again with an idle running and then the cycle For such duties, the starting heat is kept as low as possible
repeats. by suitable rotor design to eliminate the effect of frequent
Duties of induction motors 3/79
(One cycle) starts and stops. The margin for starting heat and braking
10 minutes heat should be taken into account if these are considerable.
4 2 2 2
The manufacturer is a better guide for suggestions here.
10.5 kW
Peq
7.5 kW
P1 3.9 Shock loading and use of a
Load
Load P1
P2 Idle
losses running flywheel
No load
losses
qm The application of a sudden load on the motor for a
short duration, in the process of performing a certain
a load duty, is termed shock loading. This must be taken
into account when selecting the size of a motor. Electric
Temperature
b hammers, piston pumps, rolling mills, cane crushers and
rise
cane levellers, sheet punching, notching, bending and
cutting operations on a power press, a brake press or a
q t* shearing machine are a few examples of shock loading.
Amp. temp They all exert a sudden load, although for a very short
(q = 0) duration, during each load cycle, and may damage the
0
motor as well as the machine. Such machines, therefore,
Time experience a sharp rise and fall in load. Figure 3.18
*q t Corresponding to no-load losses depicts such a load cycle, having excessive load P2 for
a Actual heating curve a short duration t2, a very light load P1 for a duration t1
b Thermal curve for 7.5 kW motor and at no-load for rest of one cycle.
For such load requirements, one may either choose a
Figure 3.17 Determining the motor rating (CMR) for a short- comparatively larger motor to sustain the load and torque
time duty
requirements during shock loading or a smaller motor,
One cycle
t1 tr t2 tr t1 tr t2
Peq
Load
P2
Peq
P1
No load
losses
qm
Temperature
rise
q t = Corresponding
to no load
losses
Amb. temp.
(q = 0)
depending upon the average equivalent loading Peq as may be as low as 12% in steam engines and as high as
discussed earlier. When choosing a smaller motor it would 1520% for punches and shears, etc.
be advisable to absorb and smooth the shocks first to
contain the additional shock burden on the motor, as 3.9.2 Energy stored by the flywheel
well as on the main machine. This is made possible by
adding more moments of inertia to the drive by
introducing a flywheel in the system, as shown in Figure W V12
F= Joules (3.13)
3.19. The flywheel will now share a substantial jerk of 2g
the peak load, because it possesses a high inertia, on where
the one hand, and is already in motion, on the other, F = energy stored by the flywheel in Joules
when the load jerk is applied. The motor now has to W = weight of the flywheel in kg
share only a moderate jerk and a smaller motor can V1 = velocity of the flywheel in m/s
safely perform the required shock duty. During peak g = 9.81 m/s2
load, the stored kinetic energy of the flywheel is utilized
to perform the load requirement. This energy is regained After performing the duty, if the velocity of the flywheel
when the motor picks up after performing the task. Motors drops to V2 then the energy shared by the flywheel while
for such applications can be built with larger air gaps absorbing the shock load
which may mean a low power factor and a higher slip,
but a higher capacity to sustain shocks. W ( V12 V22 )
= Joules
2g
3.9.1 Size of flywheel
From the peak load P2 and from the available h.p. of the
This is a mechanical subject, but is discussed briefly for motor Peq, we can determine the energy to be shared by
more clarity. The size of the flywheel, as well as the the flywheel, i.e.
size of the motor, will depend upon the speed variation
that will be permissible for the type of duty being W ( V12 V22 )
T2 Teq = (3.14)
performed. It should be such that by the time the machine 2g
is required to perform the next operation it has gained
enough momentum and regained its consumed energy (T2 and Teq are in Joules)
capable of performing the next operation without undue From this one will be able to ascertain the weight of the
stress on the motor. This permissible speed variation flywheel in kg. The velocity V of the flywheel is a design
parameter of the basic machine and is derived from
there. Based on the speed of the flywheel and weight W,
the diameter and width and other parameters, as required
Flywheel to design a flywheel, Figure 3.20 can be easily determined
with the help of any mechanical engineering handbook.
C
E G
H
F
A D J
Relevant Standards
IEC Title IS BS
Notes
1 In the table of relevant Standards while the latest editions of the Standards are provided, it is possible that revised editions have become
available or some of them are even withdrawn. With the advances in technology and/or its application, the upgrading of Standards is a
continuous process by different Standards organizations. It is therefore advisable that for more authentic references, one may consult the
relevant organizations for the latest version of a Standard.
2 Some of the BS or IS Standards mentioned against IEC may not be identical.
3 The year noted against each Standard may also refer to the year it was last reaffirmed and not necessarily the year of publication.
List of formulae used K = a factor that depends upon the type of relay (generally
1 to 1.2)
I1 = actual current
Factor of inertia
Exponential heating on a hot start
GDM2 + GDL2
FI =
GDM2
(3.1) q h = I 02 + ( I12 I 02 )(1 e t /t ) (3.4)
qh = temperature rise on a hot start above qa after t hour
GDM2 = M.I. of motor in C.
GDL2 = M.I. of load at motor speed = qe qa
M.I. = moment of interia I0 = initial current at which the machine was operating
I1 = actual current of the machine
Heating curves I l2 I 02
t = t log e (3.5)
I l2 k I r2
Exponential heating on a cold start
Adiabatic heating on a cold start
qc = qm(1 et /t ) (3.2)
q c = q e q a = I12 t (3.6)
qc = temperature rise on a cold start above qa after t t
hours in C.
= qe qa Adiabatic heating on a hot start
qe = end temperature of the machine in C after time t
qa = ambient temperature in C q h = q e q a = I 02 + ( I12 I 02 )t/t (3.7)
qm = steady-state temperature rise at full load in C
t = tripping time of the relay in hours Cooling curves
t = heating or thermal time constant in hours
Exponential temperature fall when I = 0
K I r2 = I12 (1 e t /t ) (3.3) q = qm et/t (3.8)
Ir = rated current of the motor in A t = cooling time constant in hours
3/82 Electrical Power Engineering Reference & Applications Handbook