XII Physics Chapter 5 - Magnetism Matter Saju Hsslive
XII Physics Chapter 5 - Magnetism Matter Saju Hsslive
XII Physics Chapter 5 - Magnetism Matter Saju Hsslive
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, PhD Research Scholar at NIT Calicut 1
Ans: Two equal and opposite
magnetic poles separated by a
distance is called a magnetic dipole
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, PhD Research Scholar at NIT Calicut 2
= mB- coso
17. What type of motion is executed
by a magnetic dipole placed in a = -mB[cos cos 0]
uniform magnetic field? Give an
= -mB[cos 1]
expression for the frequency of
= mB [1 cos ]
oscillations. Using this experiment
how can you calculate the magnetic W = mB [1 cos ]
field at a place?
Ans: Let a magnetic dipole (or 19. Derive an expression for the
compass needle) is placed parallel to a potential energy of a magnetic dipole
magnetic field. Let the magnetic in an external uniform magnetic
dipole be displaced from the field.
equilibrium position through an angle Ans: Magnetic potential energy
Um = workdone
Then the magnetic dipole executes = d
simple harmonic motion(SHM) mBsin d
The time period,
mB sin d
I
T = 2 = mBcos + C
mB Um = -mBcos + C (1)
Frequency, Where C is the constant of integration
1 mB Let us assume Um = 0 when = 900
Then, eqn (1)
2 I 0 = -mB cos 90 + C
To find the magnetic field at a place, 0=0+CC=0
B can be determined by oscillating (1) Um = -mB cos
a magnetic needle (compass needle) of =-m B
known magnetic moment (m) and
Special cases:-
moment of inertia I.
When = 00
I
T 2 4 2 Um = -mB cos 0
mB
= -mB (PE is minimum)
42 I And this is the most stable position
B=
mT2 when = 1800
Using the above equation, we can Um = -mB cos 1800
calculate the magnitude of the external = -mB -1
magnetic field B. = mB (maximum)
And this is the most unstable
18. Derive an expression for the position
work done in rotating a magnetic
dipole in a uniform m. f. 20. State Gausss Law in
Ans: The work done to rotate the magnetism.
dipole through an angle d is given by Ans: The law states that the net
dW = d magnetic flux through any closed
= mBsin d surface is zero
So the total work done to rotate the
dipole from 0 to is
B B.ds 0
s
Or
B B.S 0
W = 0 mBsin d , where all stands for
all
= mB 0 sin d all area elements S.
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, PhD Research Scholar at NIT Calicut 3
The RHS is zero because magnetic freely suspended magnet is called
monopoles do not exist. The simplest
element of a magnet is a magnetic the magnetic meridian.
dipole.
24. Define geographic meridian.
21. Magnetic monopoles do not exist. Ans: The vertical plane passing
Why?
through a place and the
Ans: By Gausss law in magnetism we
have B.dS 0 . The right hand side of geographic north and south poles
the equation is zero because there are is called the geographic meridian
no magnetic monopoles at that place.
Earths magnetism
25. What are the magnetic elements
of earth?
Ans: There are three elements of
earths magnetic field.
1) Angle of declination (D)
2) Angle of Dip or inclination (I)
3) Horizontal component of
earths magnetic field (BH)
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, PhD Research Scholar at NIT Calicut 4
0041 E at Delhi and 00 58 W at angle of dip, I = 900
Mumbai So BH = Bcos900
=B0=0
28. Define Angle of dip or At the equator,
Inclination. I = 00, So BH = Bcos 0 = B
Ans: Dip is the angle between
33. How can you calculate (i) angle
earths magnetic field (B) and its of dip and (ii) earths magnetic field
horizontal component (BH). at a place from BH and BV
The angle of dip is maximum (900) BV
Ans: tan I = BH
and
at the magnetic poles and minimum
(00) at the magnetic equator. At other B= BH 2 BV 2
places its value lies between 00 and
900. 34[P]. A magnetic needle free to
rotate in a vertical plane parallel to
29. The angle of dip at a place in the magnetic meridian has its north
Kerala is 180. Will its value be more tip pointing down at 220 with the
or less at a place in Kashmir? Give horizontal. The horizontal
reason component of earths magnetic field
Ans: Kashmir will have greater value at the place is known to be 0.35 G.
of dip because it is nearer to the North Determine the magnitude of earths
pole. magnetic field at that place.
30. Angle of dip in south India is 180. 35. What are the uses of study of
Would you expect a greater or earths magnetic elements?
smaller dip angle in Britain? Ans: Knowledge of magnetic elements
Ans: Britain is closer to earths at a place is of great use in practical
magnetic north pole. Hence dip is life.
greater. The angle of declination helps us in
preparing and following a
31. Define Horizontal Component of geographical map with the help of a
earths magnetic field (BH). compass needle in air or sea
Ans: navigation.
The variation of angle of dip at a
place from the near about area
indicates the presence of iron ores etc.
The value of horizontal component
of earths field at a place is of great use
in the various calculations involving
magnetic and electrical phenomena.
The earths total field at a place can be 36. Define Magnetization &
resolved in to horizontal component Intensity of magnetization
BH = BcosI and vertical component BV Ans: The process of bringing up
= B sin I as shown in figure. magnetism in a material is called
magnetization.
32. What are the values of BH at Intensity of magnetization
magnetic poles and equator?
(M) of a sample is defined as the
Ans: At the magnetic poles,
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, PhD Research Scholar at NIT Calicut 5
net magnetic moment per unit Ans: Relative permeability of medium
is the ratio of permeability of a
volume of the sample. medium () to the permeability of air
M=
M net
, M is a vector quantity SI or vacuum (0)
V
unit is A/m. r
o
37. Define Magnetising field or
magnetic intensity (H). Give its SI 41. Derive the relation connecting r
unit. and .
Ans: When a magnetic material is Ans: Consider a solenoid carrying
placed in a magnetic field, magnetism current I having number of turns per
is induced in the material. It is known unit length n and area of cross section
A
as induced magnetism. The field If air is the medium inside the solenoid,
which induces magnetism in a the magnetic field inside the solenoid.
B0 = 0nI,
material is called magnetizing
If we place a ferromagnetic material
field and the strength of that core inside the solenoid which has
field is called magnetic intensity initial magnetisation zero, the net flux
density.
(H). B = B0 + Bm (1)
Its SI unit is ampere/ metre. Bm M Bm = 0 M
We have B0 = 0 H,
38. Define Permeability () where H = nI is the source field
Ans: Permeability of a medium is
the ratio of the magnetic induction (B) Therefore eqn. (1)
to the magnetic intensity (H) B =0H +0M
B B0 M
= H
0 = H = 0H[1+ ]
H
B = 0H[1 + ],
39. Define Susceptibility () M
where = is the
Ans: Magnetisation produced in a H
sample is directly proportional to the susceptibility
magnetic intensity (H) B
0[1 ]
M H M = H H
Where is a constant for a material 0[1 ]
which is called the succeptibility.
M 1
0
H
Susceptibility is the ratio of r = 1+
magnetization (M) to the
42[P]. What are the values of
magnetic intensity (H).
susceptibility and permeability for a
Susceptibility gives the ease with perfect diamagnet?
which a material is magnetized.
Susceptibility has no unit.
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, PhD Research Scholar at NIT Calicut 6
Magnetic Properties of 2) When freely suspended in a
Materials magnetic field it aligns perpendicular
to the magnetic field.
43. Explain the magnetic properties
of materials.
Ans: The magnetic substances are
divided with respect to their magnetic
properties into weakly magnetic and
strongly magnetic substances. The
weakly magnetic substances include
diamagnetic and paramagnetic. The
3) When placed in a uniform
strongly magnetic substances are
magnetic field a weak magnetisation is
ferromagnetic.
induced opposite to the external
a) Diamagnetic substances: magnetic field.
These are substances which
experiences weak force of
repulsion in a magnetic field.
The atoms or molecules of a
diamagnetic material have no magnetic
moments in the absence of external
magnetic field.
Ex: Inert gases (He, Ar, etc), many
metals (Au, Zn, Cu, Hg, Bi, Sb, Pb, b) Paramagnetic substances:
Ag, P, etc), water, glass, marbles, These are the substances
alkali halides and many organic
which experiences a weak force of
compounds.
Properties:- attraction in a magnetic field.
1) Diamagnetic substance when The atoms or molecules of a
placed in a non-uniform magnetic field paramagnetic substance have a certain
tends to move from the stronger to the magnetic moment in the absence of
weaker part of the field. external magnetic field.
Ex: Al, Na, K, Ba Ca, Sr, Cr, Mn, Pt,
solutions of salts of Fe and Ni,
Oxygen, Nitrogen oxide, liquid
oxygen, alkali and alkaline earth
metals, rare earth elements etc..
Properties:-
1) In a non-uniform magnetic field,
they tend to move from weaker to
stronger part of the field.
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, PhD Research Scholar at NIT Calicut 7
material aligns parallel to the magnetic
field.
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, PhD Research Scholar at NIT Calicut 8
1. Diamagnetism is independent
of temperature
2. Paramagnetism
The susceptibility of paramagnetic
materials is inversely proportional to
absolute temperature T.
1
T
C
= T 0 . This is known as Curies
law. C is called Curies constant. The magnetic induction (B) at every
stage lags behind the magnetic
3. Ferromagnetism intensity (H).
Ferromagnetic materials lose their The lagging of magnetic
magnetism with rise of temperature. At
a certain temperature they get induction (B) behind the
converted into paramagnetic magnetic intensity (H) is called
substances. The temperature at which a
magnetic hysteresis.
ferromagnetic substance gets
converted into a paramagnetic
substance is called Curie temperature 48. What is the importance of
or transition temperature. hysteresis loop?
The susceptibility above the curie Ans: Area of the hysteresis loop gives
temperature ie, in the paramagnetic an idea about the energy loss. The
phase is given by, larger the area of the hysteresis
C
loop, the greater is the energy
T Tc (For T > Tc)
loss.
46. (a) Write down the frequency of A work has to be done to
oscillation of the magnetic needle in a magnetize a material. This is the work
done to arrange the molecular dipoles.
uniform external magnetic field.
When the magnetizing field (H) is
(b) If the magnetic needle is heated removed, all the molecular magnets do
beyond Curie temperature while it is not return to the original position.
Hence the work done during
oscillating, then what happens to its
magnetisation in not fully recovered
time period? during demagnetization. Hence when a
material is subjected to a complete
magnetic hysterisis cycle of magnetisation, some energy is
lost. This energy will be converted into
47. Explain magnetic hysteresis. heat.
Ans: Consider a magnetic material
subjected to a cycle of magnetisation. 49. Define retentivity.
The graph between H and B gives a Ans: The magnetic induction (Br) left
closed loop called hysteresis loop in the material, when the magnetic
intensity (H) is reduced to zero is
called retentivity or residual
magnetism.
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, PhD Research Scholar at NIT Calicut 9
54. What are the properties of a
50. Define Coercivity. permanent magnet? Give examples.
Ans: The magnetic intensity (H) that Ans:
must be applied in the opposite Properties of permanent magnet: -
direction so as to cancel the residual 1. High retentivity
magnetism is called coercivity.
2. High coercivity
51. Draw the Hysteresis loops of soft 3. Large area for hysteresis
iron and steel.
loop
Ans:
4. High permeability
Ex: steel, Alnico, cobalt steel etc. are
used as permanent magnets.
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, PhD Research Scholar at NIT Calicut 10