SHCT 148 Dahl - Book Collections of Clerics in Norway, 1650-1750 PDF

Book Collections of Clerics
in Norway,
Studies in the History of
Christian Traditions
General Editor
Robert J. Bast
Knoxville, Tennessee
In cooperation with
Henry Chadwick, Cambridge
Scott H. Hendrix, Princeton, New Jersey
Paul C.H. Lim, Nashville, Tennessee
Eric Saak, Indianapolis, Indiana
Brian Tierney, Ithaca, New York
Arjo Vanderjagt, Groningen
John Van Engen, Notre Dame, Indiana
Founding Editor
Heiko A. Oberman
VOLUME 148
Book Collections of Clerics
in Norway,
By
Gina Dahl
LEIDEN BOSTON
2010
Cover illustration: Frontespiece of Die Propheten all Teutsch, part II of Martin Luthers Biblia:
das ist: die gantze heylige Schrift Deudsch, printed in Frankfurt am Main, 1565. The illustration
is provided by The Bergen University Library, The Department of Special Collections, The Rare
Book Collection. Photo: Pedro Vsquez.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Dahl, Gina.
Book collections of clerics in Norway, 1650-1750 / by Gina Dahl.
p. cm. (Studies in the history of Christian traditions, ISSN 1573-5664 ; v. 148)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-90-04-18899-0 (acid-free paper)
1. Private librariesNorwayHistory17th century. 2. Private
librariesNorwayHistory18th century. 3. ClergyBooks and readingNorwayHistory17th
century. 4. ClergyBooks and readingNorwayHistory18th century. 5. Books and
readingNorwayHistory17th century. 6. Books and readingNorwayHistory18th century.
7. Books and readingReligious aspectsChristianity. 8. NorwayIntellectual life17th century.
9. NorwayIntellectual life18th century. I. Title.
Z997.2.N8D34 2010
027.6'70948109032dc22
2010030661
ISSN 1573-5664
ISBN 978 90 04 18899 0
Copyright 2010 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing,
IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV
provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center,
222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.
Fees are subject to change.
To my father
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Chapter One. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

.. Book collections: Evidence of culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
.. The clergy and their world of knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
.. Book distribution and restraints on the market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
.. Empirical material and methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
part i
books in clerical inventories
in the bergen bishopric
Chapter Two. Book collections belonging to parsons in the Bergen
bishopric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
.. Lucoppidans book collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
.. Edvardsens book collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
.. Bergendahls book collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
.. The book collections of Grytten and Madtzn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
.. Minichens book collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
.. Summary of book occurrences in collections belonging to
parsons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Chapter Three. Books belonging to other sections of the Bergen

bishopric clergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
.. Book collections belonging to three curates and to a parish
clerk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
.. Book collections belonging to Latin school teachers and
clerical widows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
.. Various clerical inventories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
.. Summary of book occurrences in the collections of clerics
other than parsons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
viii contents
part ii
books in clerical inventories in trondheim
Chapter Four. Clerical inventories in Trondheim . . . . . . . . 105
.. Theological literature in Trondheim book collections
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
.. Non-theological literature in Trondheim book collections
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
.. Summary of book occurrences among Trondheim clerics
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Chapter Five. Clerical inventories in Trondheim . . . . . . . . 165

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
contents ix
part iii
books in clerical inventories in
jarlsberg, nedenes, hedmark & sterdalen,
troms & senja and salten
Chapter Six. Clerical inventories in Jarlsberg and
Nedenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
.. Theological literature in Jarlsberg book collections
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
.. Non-theological literature in Jarlsberg book collections
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
.. Non-theological literature in Jarlsberg book collections
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
.. Summary of book occurrences among Jarlsberg clerics
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
.. Books recorded in the Nedenes clerical probate records
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Chapter Seven. Clerical inventories in Hedmark & sterdalen,

Troms & Senja and Salten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
.. Clerical book collections in Hedmark & sterdalen
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
.. Clerical book collections in Troms & Senja . . . . . . 287
.. Clerical book collections in Salten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
.. Summary of book occurrences in the eastern and northern
parts of Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Chapter Eight. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Appendix I. Map of Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

Appendix II. List of abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Appendix III. Register of microfilms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This book comes as a result of my doctoral research, conducted mainly

in the years . Along the way, numerous people have been sup-
portive of my book historical studies. I would therefore like to take this
opportunity to thank my previous supervisors, Lisbeth Mikaelsson and
Karstein Hopland, for encouraging my book historical enquiries. I would
also like to thank my doctoral respondents, Charlotte Appel and Nils
Gilje, whose interest in my work has encouraged me to pursue further
studies in the field. I would also like to thank Ursula Phillips and Jole
Shackelford for the various kinds of assistance they have given me. I
would also like to express my gratitude to Mona Farstad, Ingvild Gilhus,
Richard Natvig, Einar Thomassen and Michael Stausberg as well as to the
members of the PROAK research programme, of which I was once part,
for encouraging me in various ways. Gratitude should also be expressed
towards all former as well as current colleagues in ysteinsgate , now
Department of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion, Uni-
versity of Bergen, which has remained a stimulating point of reference
during this past decade spent on book historical research.
chapter one
INTRODUCTION
.. Book collections: Evidence of culture
Much has been written recently about the role of the clergy in early
modern Europe, their social and educational backgrounds, economic
conditions, career networking and professional responsibilities, as well
as the role of the clerical wife, conflicts between the clergy and their
parishioners, and so forth. Books such as The Protestant clergy of early
modern Europe highlight many of these topics within the boundaries
of distinct geographical areas.1 Also in Scandinavia, much has been
written about the role of the early modern clergy: A new study covering
the multifaceted roles of the Danish clergy in the two hundred years
following the Reformation appeared a year ago.2
The current work, however, has a purpose other than those mentioned
above: In this study, I wish to trace the world of learning of the Nor-
wegian clergy by analyzing the content of their book collec-
tions. The main question I wish to answer is this; how can the flow of
information among clerics in Norway during a given part of the early
modern period be characterized? Why undertake such a study? First and
foremost, I wish to provide evidence of the flow of books in a specific
geographical area during a period generally characterized as an age of
expansion: The so-called scientific revolution and the rise of tolerance,
as well as long-distance travel and expanding networks of communica-
tion and education, all contributed to the interchange of various types
of knowledge. This interchange, naturally, thrived on the significant rise
in printed material which took place during the early modern period.
In fact, the booming early modern market of print became so com-
plex that attempts were made to restrict it, the most crucial example of
such endeavours being the Catholic Index of Prohibited Books. However,
1 Dixon & Schorn-Schtte (eds.) .

2 See Nr det regner p prsten, by Appel & Fink-Jensen .
chapter one
whatever the official guidelines, the transmission of knowledge through

books could always find ways to overcome them, as Robert Darnton notes
in his now classic work The forbidden best-sellers of pre-revolutionary
France.3
Within this early modern setting of complexity and exchange, Nor-
way may be said to have functioned as a European periphery insofar
as it was less vibrant in terms of transmitting and nurturing knowledge
than certain other European countries. There are various reasons for this.
First, Norway in this period was part of the twin monarchy of Denmark-
Norway. In this relationship, however, Denmark soon took the political
lead and centralized power in Copenhagen. As a result of this centraliza-
tion, Norway became devoid of institutions that would engender learned
debates and the transmission of knowledge: The first university on Nor-
wegian soil opened its doors to the public as late as , while prior to
, Latin schools were almost the sole institutions to offer higher edu-
cation to those pursuing academic careers. Such conditions, naturally,
did not necessarily encourage the establishment of learned societies or
circles of debate and the associated correspondence between them that
has been preserved in abundance in other parts of Europe.
Second, and perhaps most important, Danish-Norwegian culture was
one that was restrictive, largely due to the impact of religion: Following
the Reformation one of the main aims of the government was to mould
a Lutheran state, which meant that the confessionalization of the masses
was placed at the top of the political agenda. As a result of this policy,
the book market was scrutinized in order to ensure the spread of nor-
mative theology. Hence, the printing press was closely supervised, and
privileges and monopolies were granted in order to maintain the domi-
nance of the right religious books on the broader book market. One of
the strategies for controlling the printed word was to centralize the book
trade in Copenhagen. As a result, printing houses in Norway were estab-
lished relatively late: The first printing house was established in Christia-
nia in , to be followed by Bergen in and Trondheim in .
Only during the course of the th century, did the number of printing
houses in Norway expand dramatically. Books, at least those that reached
the common man, were therefore imported from Denmark, and here,
their printing and the associated bookselling business were closely super-
vised.
3 Darnton .
introduction
One should note, however, that the purchasing of books among the
learned classes, the clergy included, somehow differed from that of the
common man: As opposed to the commonplace book market, the pur-
chasing of books among the learned classes was less restricted, if super-
vised at all, and for two separate reasons. First, most literature printed in
Denmark was primarily of the commonplace type, which, naturally, pro-
vided the printers with a more secure income. But, as a result of this situ-
ation, most of the books acquired by the educated classes in Norway orig-
inated in non-Scandinavian countries, and this trade was so diverse that
supervision was hardly possible. Second, it is not even certain that the
circulation of books among the educated classes was actively restricted,
one reason for this being that educated people were perceived as less eas-
ily corrupted by the reading of distorting literature than the common
man. However, open criticism of the official religious and political ideol-
ogy of the day among all sections of the population could be perceived
as a serious act of dissent, or even heresy, by those in authority.
One specific question, perhaps, needs to be addressed here, namely;
why choose clerics, and why book collections, in order to witness the
flow of information in Norway during a distinct part of the early modern
period? There are various reasons for this choice. First, clerics in Norway,
as a result of the above mentioned centralization of powers in Copen-
hagen, formed one of the largest groups of educated personnel in early
modern Norway. Second, clerics were also important specialists in early
modern societies: They were channels of knowledge for their local com-
munities, and were also presumably the guardians responsible for trans-
mitting the right type of Lutheran message to their parishioners. For
these reasons, looking at the world of knowledge of the clergy is partic-
ularly revealing.
The reasons why I have chosen to look at private libraries in order to
map the flow of information among clerics in early modern Norway are
also manifold, one being the fact that such an area could not be satisfac-
torily explored by looking only at conventional notions such as educa-
tional institutions, learned societies and printing houses, as these were
either lacking or not flourishing. For this reason in particular, I decided
to approach it by analyzing book collections. Still, a serious obstacle to
this way of approaching intellectual life had to be overcome, namely the
low number of book collections that have been preserved from the period
in question. In order to overcome this problem, I chose to approach the
transmitting of knowledge through looking at the recording of books in
inventories. These therefore represent the basic empirical material of my
chapter one
study. Despite the relatively sparse number of inventories giving detailed

information about book collections remaining from the period, clerics
in Norway did in fact leave behind a number of descriptions
of inventories in probate records. The main reason for this was, naturally,
their prominent position in society: The rules for inventorial descriptions
among the clergy were somewhat different from those of the common
man, and clerics also had their inventories registered in protocols used
by the clergy alone. The clergy therefore represents a group of educated
personnel whose book culture at least could be identified to a certain
degree.
In order to identify how clerics in Norway partook in the booming
European marketplace of ideas, I shall outline in this study the contents
and overarching structures of a select number of clerical book collections.
Geographically, these were registered in the southern, eastern, western
and northern parts of Norway. Some of them were registered in cities,
whereas others were registered in rural districts. Some of them belonged
to the upper strata of the clergy, whereas others belonged to the lower,
examples being those of the parish clerks. In total, about ninety book
collections are examined in this study, and within these, around ,
book titles were registered, titles that I have identified with a greater or
lesser degree of success. Five distinct questions will be discussed along
the way, questions that will define more precisely the flow of information
among the Norwegian clergy during a specific part of the early modern
period, namely:
I: Where did the books come from, or: What were the general patterns
of book distribution?
II: What was the general structure of the clerical book collection
?
III: Were there differences in book distribution within the various cler-
ical classes?
IV: Were there geographical differences in book occurrences?
V: Were there any noticeable changes in the book mass during the
period in question?
In broad terms, I see the circulation of books as evidence of culture: They
tell us about the types of knowledge that reached Norwegian shores, and
where they came from. They also tell us about where and among whom
different types of books ended up, as well as who were the bestselling
authors of the period. They also tell us, albeit indirectly, to what extent
official religion, educational networking areas and trade connections
introduction
were influential in shaping the transmission of knowledge. In short, they

tell us about the flow of information in a peripheral part of Europe in a
period elsewhere marked by expansion and exchange.
Whereas the main corpus of this study is devoted to the examination
of various clerical book collections, I shall present in this introductory
chapter the religious zeitgeist of the period, the various religious epochs
of the th and th centuries and the clergys educational background
(.), information which is needed in order to frame the subsequent
examination of book collections. I will also discuss the periods book
distribution and various restrictions put on the market, as well as possible
channels of book acquisition among the clergy (.). In the latter part of
this chapter (.), I shall discuss the various liabilities involved in using
inventories as source material for tracking the flow of information among
clerics in Norway .
.. The clergy and their world of knowledge
Clerics in Norway lived in a predominantly religious, non-

secularized society in which adhering to the correct belief-system for
various reasons were of major importance. First, remaining loyal to a
specific type of Lutheranism, understood to be the only right religion,
was believed to lead to a benevolent God and eventually to personal
salvation and eternal life. Second, the moulding of a unified Lutheran
state created a stable society of loyal subjects. It was only during the
latter part of the early modern period, and after in particular, that
a greater secularization of society took place, and that a more profound
acceptance of other confessions, and of Christian ones in particular, may
be witnessed.
Legally, Lutheranism in Norway was introduced in by a stroke
of the pen. Unlike in Denmark, where Lutheran beliefs had already
taken root, Protestantism came to Norway with very few antecedents.4
Lutheranism was enforced through the rapid establishment of a care-
fully designed Church Ordinance, elaborated by Luthers close collabo-
rator Johannes Bugenhagen (died ) in the late s. This Church
4 For a review of the different historical approaches to the introduction of Lutheran-
ism in Norway, see Terje Ellingsen Reformasjonen i Norge. Da kirken valgte kurs ().
On the Reformation in Scandinavia, see Ole Peter Grell (ed.) The Scandinavian Reforma-
tion: From evangelical movement to institutionalisation of reform ().
chapter one
Ordinance, although its efficiency has been debated, laid the corner-
stones for how the diffusion of Lutheranism was to be executed.5 Gener-
ally speaking, the th century is known in the Norwegian context as the
Reformation century. This label points to the time span that was needed
in order to implement Protestant religiosity and to replace Catholic orga-
nizations with Lutheran ones. Not least the building of a clerical stratum
of Lutherans was a long-lasting process: In the early phase of the Refor-
mation century, only those superintendents openly in favour of Catholi-
cism were removed, while superintendents not necessarily trained in
Lutheran theology were given the responsibility for converting the cler-
ical strata. Although the New Gospel may be said to have spread slowly
among clerics during the course of the th century, solid foundations
were nevertheless laid by major Lutheran theologians who became deci-
sive in elaborating Lutheran theology on Danish-Norwegian soil, notably
Niels Hemmingsen and Peder Palladius. Palladius (died ), who had
studied theology for five years at Wittenberg, became the natural leader
of the first generation of reformers in Denmark-Norway: Through his
status as a leading superintendent in Denmark-Norway and professor at
the University of Copenhagen, Palladius set a standard to follow with
his Catechism. Hemmingsen (died ), a professor of dialectics at the
University of Copenhagen and a former student of Melanchthon, was
also a renowned writer: He produced about one hundred works of which
several were translated into German, Danish, English, Swedish and Ice-
landic. These works, naturally, became highly important in spreading the
Lutheran gospel.6
A certain laxity towards the broader population may also be noted in
the early phases of the Reformation: Theologians involved in convert-
ing the masses were not supposed to become too specialized and thereby
confuse their new Protestant listeners. A deeper understanding of the-
ology was supposed to penetrate the masses little by little. This stress on
caution and long-term effects was the conscious result of a Realpolitik that
aimed to avoid any outbursts of revolt: In an official letter concerning the
introduction of Lutheranism in Norway, for instance, Christian III par-
ticularly stressed the need to carefully implement Lutheranism among
the lower parts of the population in order to avoid any outbreaks of
5 For a more detailed discussion of the content of Bugenhagens Church Ordinance,
see Oftestad, Rasmussen & Schumacher :, and Gilje & Rasmussen :

.
6 Gilje & Rasmussen :.
introduction
violence and dissent.7 In line with this Realpolitik, selected rituals such
as baptism, the Eucharist and marriage, as well as feast days, were given
major attention in the Church Ordinance, while preaching in particular
came to be an important tool in implementing Lutheranism.
However, although a cautious attitude was taken towards the imple-
mentation of Lutheran theology, lines of demarcation were established
to prevent the spread of heresies threatening from abroad as well as
from within: In , for instance, the fundats of Copenhagen Uni-
versity stated that all persons creating illegal sects were to be expelled
from the Danish-Norwegian crown territories.8 In , because of the
fear of Anabaptists and Sacramentarians (adherents of the Calvinist
view of the Eucharist), foreigners were forbidden to settle in Denmark-
Norway unless they could provide proof of religious orthodoxy. Similarly,
in , the Strangers Articles were drafted; these ordered all foreign-
ers to subscribe to the Articles under threat of exile.9 Precautions were
also taken against particular heterodoxies that infiltrated the learned
classes, namely Crypto-Calvinism and Philippism. Allegations of these
affected, for instance, Copenhagen professors including the above men-
tioned Niels Hemmingsen as well as Cort Aslaksn (died ), the only
Norwegian-born professor serving in Copenhagen at the time. The rem-
nants of Catholicism across all layers of society likewise had to be coun-
teracted.
It was only during the th century that the broader Norwegian society
could be characterized as Lutheran. Lutheranism, however, like all con-
fessional systems, was not static. Instead, it took on various forms over
the centuries. In the Danish-Norwegian setting, the various religious cur-
rents were sometimes replicas of those taking place in the Lutheran parts
of Germany; such religious currents were major sources of inspiration to
theology as it developed on Danish-Norwegian soil. There were several
reasons for this. First, being a Lutheran state, it was natural to look to
Germany for religious- and theological inspiration. Second, there was,
not only because of the religious bonds between them but also because
of the important geographical proximity, a greater exchange between
Denmark-Norway and Germany in terms of education and trade, the
trade in books included, than with other countries.
7 Oftestad, Rasmussen & Schumacher :.

8 Amundsen & Laugerud :.
9 Grell & Lyby :.
chapter one
The periods to which the book collections that I will examine belong,
the late-th and early-th centuries, are commonly labelled as eras of
Lutheran orthodoxy and Pietism. As to the th century, this is generally
thought of as a period of orthodoxy.10 According to Robert D. Preus,
Lutheran orthodoxy was an attempt to deal with the multitude of Lu-
theranisms surging in the wake of the Reformation, or rather to pre-
serve the evangelical legacy of Luthers Reformation.11 This was accom-
plished through the search for the correct and pure Doctrina evan-
gelii, and expressed itself through the creation of a definite and perma-
nent doctrinal position.12 In line with such endeavours, a number of
polemics were written, as were larger theological elaborations, famous
examples being Johann Gerhards (died ) Loci communes theologici,
and on Danish soil, Caspar Brochmands (died ) Universae theolo-
giae systema. As such, Brochmand, together with Hans Poulsen Resen
(died ), were the main figures in introducing Lutheran orthodoxy in
Denmark-Norway. In terms of religiosity, the orthodox theologians came
to stress the idea that faith would be granted through the acceptance of
sin as described in the Law, thereby opposing the more positively ori-
ented Philippism.13 In line with such views, the acceptance of and repen-
tance for personal sinfulness became the ultimate deed within a system
where faith alone, and no human action, could grant salvation. As such,
Lutheran orthodoxy itself went through several stages in the develop-
ment of dogma, these sometimes being divided into early orthodoxy,
high orthodoxy and late orthodoxy.14 On Danish-Norwegian soil,
Lutheran orthodoxy remained the main religious current of the day even
after the introduction of absolutism in when Frederik III curbed
the power of the Parliament (riksrdet), and orthodox religiosity was
stringently enforced at Copenhagen University. The absolutist focus on
centralization and standardization even facilitated the implementation
10Not all historians agree on labelling the th century as a period of orthodoxy.

Balling & Lindhardt, for example, in Den nordiske kirkes historie (), only desig-
nate the period between as the period of Lutheran orthodoxy, supplanted
thereafter by the era of absolutism, see particularly p. . Kornerup & Koch, on
the other hand, put the first period of orthodoxy between the time span
(Kornerup & Koch ). In the work Norges religionshistorie (History of religion in Nor-
way, ed. Amundsen ), however, the whole of the th century is considered as one
of orthodoxy.
11 Preus :.
12 Ibid. pp. .
14 Radler .
introduction
of Lutheran orthodoxy: Church life, for instance, was regulated by a new

law passed in on church rituals, which standardized services in
Denmark-Norway for the next two hundred years. The standardization
of the personal piety of subjects living in the twin monarchy also led
to the publication of a whole range of catechisms and hymn books
that remained influential for centuries. Generally speaking, the th
century thus became one of the most significant periods in implementing
pervasive structures that were to shape all levels of religious life, and
the religious impetuses lying behind these efforts were mainly Lutheran
orthodox in character.
Attempts to block the influence of other religious currents were of
course never total, as other religious affiliations also had an impact
on the spiritual life of the population, including that of the clerical
strata. Medieval and early modern mysticism, for instance, seems to
have been cherished by certain exponents of the clerical class. Exponents
of such spiritual writings were Johann Arndt (died ), Christian
Scriver (died ) and Heinrich Mller (died ). Other sources
of inspiration among late-th century clerics were various types of
literature originating in England that focused less on the sinfulness of
man and more on moving the heart of the listeners. Such impetuses
inspired theologians to engage in a style of preaching that appealed more
strongly to the human will than did Lutheran orthodoxy.15 The influence
of this so-called English method of preaching was particularly felt from
and into the first decades of the th century, and it led to the
translation of various religious works originating in England, an example
being Lewis Baileys (died ) Praxis pietatis.
Despite such infiltrations, it should be noted that the th century was
a period when adhering to the right religion was of ultimate impor-
tance. Hence, what was perceived as heresy by those in authority was
rigorously combated, and harsh punishments for nonconformity were
rigidly upheld throughout the period. As in the previous centuries, rem-
nants of Catholicism, or superstition, two terms often used interchange-
ably, were fought, as was Calvinism and spiritualists adhering to, for
instance, a Paracelsian worldview. However, allowances were also made
for other confessions in the late th century in particular, allowances
that were mainly introduced for mercantile purposes. Diplomats, for
instance, were allowed freedom of religion when practising at home,
15 Hagesther :.
chapter one
while Jews were also granted a very limited freedom to practise their
religion. Catholic sailors were granted the right to celebrate mass in
Christiania and Bergen because there was a shortage of naval recruits,
while recently founded Norwegian cities such as Fredrikstad and Kris-
tiansand permitted the entry of Catholic and Calvinist immigrants in
and . Huguenots were also tolerated, as their mercantile skills
were highly valued by Christian V.16 These openings, however, did not
extend to the broader population.
The early th century, on the other hand, has in the Danish-Norwe-
gian context been labelled as the Pietist era. Pietism as such reacted
against the passive th-century listening and believing attitude of
repentance and sin. Pietism, therefore, paid more attention to external
actions in combination with a more spiritual interpretation of scripture.
This type of Protestantism found its apogee in the broader Northern
European context at approximately the same time, and it was rooted in
a pre-Pietist, mystical type of Protestantism. Pietism as it came to be
expressed in the Danish-Norwegian context was particularly indebted
to the writings of Philipp Jacob Spener (died ) and August Her-
mann Francke (died ). Both authors reacted strongly against the
th-century theological focus on dogma, and they stressed, to varying
degrees, missionary activities, education, the importance of the accessi-
bility of the Bible, textual studies and religious meetings in terms of a
priesthood of all believers.17 In the Danish-Norwegian setting, Pietism
expressed itself in several different phases. First, Pietism was adopted
by certain clerics who yearned for reform. The prime example of such a
movement in Norway was the coalition of parsons called the Syvstjerne,
the star of seven, a group working to promote mission, higher education
as well as a more pervasive dissemination of edifying books.18 Second, a
more radical form of Pietism also found recipients in Denmark-Norway,
and this type of religiosity was partly inspired by the theology of Count
Nicolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf (died ). As the spiritual leader of
the Moravian society of Herrnhut, Zinzendorf stressed that the spiri-
tuality of the heart was the unifying factor among all Christians. Influ-
enced by Zinzendorf, a significant number of Moravian-inspired groups
gathered in house meetings in a number of Norwegian towns. Zinzen-
dorf, for a time, also found adherents at the Danish court.

17 Grane :.
18 Oftestad, Rasmussen & Schumacher :.
introduction
Pietism was also supported by King Christian VI, who strived to make
Pietism an official governmental programme. This effort led to vari-
ous repercussions. First, missionary activities were supported. Second,
the wider dissemination of edifying literature and the constructions of
homes for poor children were also supported economically by official
means. The vital stress on Christian education also resulted in the confir-
mation law of , and the theologian designated to write the catechism
used in this schooling, was Erik Pontoppidan the Younger (died ),
one of the most influential theologians of the th century. Through the
confirmation process, a minimum of theological knowledge was to be
instilled in the broader population, and in order to secure its imple-
mentation, military service and marriage were denied to those who had
not submitted themselves to this obligation.19 It is debatable, however, to
what extent Pietist religiosity became overwhelmingly pervasive. Many
officials at the Faculty of Theology of the University of Copenhagen, for
instance, remained reluctant to adopt Pietism, which means that many
university students still encountered Lutheran orthodoxy as religious
practice of the day. Similarly, it is also open to debate to what extent Pietist
theology managed to infiltrate and thereby change the religiosity of the
broader mass of the population.20 Rather, it could be claimed that the
wider dissemination of catechisms, Bibles and sermon collections did just
as much to further Lutheran orthodoxy as they did to implement Pietist
policies. Studies of th-century book dissemination among commoners
attest to the pervasiveness of Lutheran orthodoxy as the dominant reli-
gious current, as most of the bestsellers of the period were written by
representatives of orthodoxy.
In terms of lines of demarcation, the Pietist era did not trigger any
radical openness towards other confessions. In , however, Calvinists
were granted the right to raise their children free of religious restraints,
and in some Lutheran students were allowed to join Calvinist
schools.21 This gradual acceptance of Calvinism as part of a broader
Prostestant confession, however, did not necessarily extend to encompass
the Catholics. In , strong anti-Catholic decrees were reaffirmed, and
marriage between adherents of the two confessions was forbidden.22 Also
19 Ibid. p. .
20 For this discussion, see Amundsen (ed.) Norsk religionshistorie (), particularly
pp. .
22 Ibid. p. .
chapter one
combated was a type of heresy inherent in Pietist theology itself, namely

its renewed stress on a spiritual priesthood of all believers which trig-
gered an interest in private meetings. Such meetings, however, repre-
sented a possible source of heresy or dissent, and they were thus judged
as dangerous to religious conformity. As a result, unsupervised religious
meetings were confirmed as illegal in (konventikkelplakaten). Sev-
eral spiritualists also faced legal problems, and those separatists who
refused to succumb to conformity were exiled by a law of to free-
states.23 In general terms, religious life in Denmark-Norway in the wake
of the Reformation may therefore be characterized as one of confession-
alization: In order to create a Lutheran state, which, however, took a sub-
stantial amount of time, church discipline and clear demarcation lines
were used as buffers against religious heterodoxy. And, although the con-
tact with non-Lutherans and their writings was never sealed off, the reli-
gious climate of the early modern period was one of restrictiveness which
only turned towards openness in the long-term perspective.
Important in the process of moulding a Lutheran state was, naturally,
education. The importance of reading scripture was strongly emphasized,
and as a result, schooling was improved in course of the early modern
period. At the most elementary level Danish schools and Childrens
houses were created in major cities. In local administrative districts,
the parish clerk, or parson, was responsible for the education of young
children, and apart from instructing them in knowledge of The Lords
Prayer, Ave Maria and Credo, children were also taught to read and
occasionally write, Danish.24
Future clerics, of course, were to be accurately trained in the Lutheran
faith, as they were important agents in spreading the Lutheran gospel.
These clerics were mainly trained within two particular educational insti-
tutions, namely the Latin schools and Copenhagen University. At Latin
school level, practices established during the Reformation were strength-
ened by diverse acts passed during the th century, and the system
remained mainly unchallenged until the reform of (gymnasierefor-
men). In Norway in particular, Latin schools were of major importance
as prior to they represented, apart from a short lived gymnasium in
Christiania, almost the sole higher corpus of education available. Latin
23 Ibid. pp. .
24 For an outline of primary education, see Heffermehl and Appel :.
For a broader development of primary schooling during the course of the th century,
see Markussen .
introduction
schools also became the main preparatory framework for Norwegian stu-
dents before they travelled abroad to a university. The different schools
could vary greatly, however, in terms of the levels of education offered:
Whereas some Latin schools offered five levels, others, in time, offered
as many as eight. Students could also spend several years accomplishing
one particular level.
In the Latin schools, it was the trivium part of the educational cur-
riculum that was stressed, which meant that out of the septem artes lib-
erales, the trivium of grammar, rhetoric and dialectics was emphasized
at the expense of the quadrivium subjects of arithmetic, geometry, music
and astronomy. Overall, the Latin school curriculum was based on the
Church Ordinance of / , and various recesses passed down the
centuries did not necessarily alter the basic structuring of Latin school
education.25 Enforced in Latin schools were The Lords Prayer, Credo
and the Ten Commandments, as well as knowledge of the forms of bap-
tism and the Eucharist. This basic knowledge, however, was framed by a
strong focus on the Latin language, grammar and eloquence. Rhetoric
and dialectics, however, were only taught at the higher levels, while a
range of antique authors were read in addition to particular religious
works, such as Luthers Catechism, and various early modern manuals
mainly dealing with grammar or eloquence. With time, the biblical lan-
guages of Greek and Hebrew were introduced at the higher levels of Latin
school, while certain subjects from the quadrivium, such as astronomy
and physics, were also more firmly integrated.26 Also entering the Latin
school curriculum more firmly during the course of the th century,
were subjects such as history and geography.
After having completed the Latin school education, a future cleric
would generally enter Copenhagen University. Here, the fundats of
laid the foundations for an educational structure that was to gain in influ-
ence throughout the th century, and as a system, it remained almost
unchanged for at least years. Even after the new fundats of , fol-
lowing the fire of and the rebuilding of Copenhagen University, only
slight alterations were made to the curriculum.27 Thus, although it was
25 For a general outline of the post-Reformation Latin school curriculum, see Jensens
Latinskolens dannelse ().

26 Kolsrud :.
27 Ole B. Thomsen in his Embedsstudiernes universitet (), for instance, argues that
only minor educational changes were offered by the fundats of (see particularly
pp. ). For an outline of the fundats of and , see Norvins Kbenhavns
universitet i reformationens og orthodoxiens tidsalder, vol. ().
chapter one
to be revised in terms of admission, curriculum, attendance and exam-

ination, the fundats of formed the basic framework for university
education for two centuries to come.
Once a student had been admitted to the system, the first step in his
theological career was ideally to join the Faculty of Philosophy in order
to prepare for admission to the Faculty of Theology, the philosophical
faculty thus functioning as a kind of pre-school for the other facul-
ties.28 Attendance at the lower Faculty of Philosophy was obligatory
in order to obtain qualifications in the artes liberales, which constituted
a continuation of the Latin school curriculum: Subjects from both the
trivium and the quadrivium were considered to be obligatory if a stu-
dent wished to join the three higher faculties of medicine, law and the-
ology. During the course of the th century, the bachelor level came to
be awarded only after the examen philosophicum () had been passed.
This introduction of an examen philosophicum also had a more practical
purpose: Since many students deliberately skipped the artes-training in
favour of focusing on the more economically remunerative theological
studies, such a test ensured that students arriving at the Faculty of The-
ology were equipped with at least a minimum of philosophical training.
As to the philosophical training, the peripatetic legacy remained impor-
tant at Copenhagen University, while the reading of antique authors
likewise remained a vital adjunct to the artes training throughout the
whole period. Although the curriculum remained rather traditional, one
would expect, however, that students at Copenhagen would also have
become acquainted with at least some of the vast array of scientific theo-
ries and practices which circulated across the early modern marketplace
of ideas, examples being those of atomist, mechanist, or more magical
character. What was introduced more securely into the Universitys artes
curriculum during the course of the th century, however, was, like at
Latin schools, the teaching of history and geography.
Once admitted into the Faculty of Theology, students met with a
twofold way of lecturing, namely a focus on scripture and loci, or,
knowledge of the Bible and of the Lutheran articles of faith.29 This ap-
proach was recorded in the fundats of , and in a proposal for a new
fundats launched in , this bipartite form was maintained. During the
28 Grane & Jensen :.

29 This basis for theological learning was also put forward in Melanchthons Examen
eorum qui audiuntur ante ritum publicae ordinationis, qua commendatur eis ministerium
Evangelii, written around .
introduction
th century, the teaching of dogma and polemical theology (or contro-

versiae) was strengthened. According to the fundats of , no major
alterations were made to theology. Four professors were to enforce the
knowledge of the Bible and the articles of faith. Into this curriculum,
however, church history was now fully integrated. An important manual
used in the schooling was the above mentioned Caspar Brochmands Sys-
tema universae theologiae (). This book, however, because of its size,
was mainly taught through smaller books that reproduced the content,
such as Jens Bircherods Synopsis locorum communium () and even-
tually Hans Bartholins Epitome erotematica () and Elementa theo-
logica ().30
Apart from this practical educational pattern, religiosity was also
stressed at other levels: At university, for instance, a guide to proper
behaviour (Leges studiosorum) was distributed to newcomers each year,
signalling that students should restrain from spending time in distract-
ing and corrupting places such as, for instance, taverns.31 Similarly, stu-
dents at Copenhagen University were ideally to attend all services and
receive the Lords Supper at least twice a year. Also Latin school life was
framed within this religious setting: At least for pupils belonging to the
upper levels, every school day included participation in church services
twice a day, at eight in the morning, and at two in the afternoon. Similarly,
all pupils were required to meet in church every Sunday,32 and as Latin
school pupils also formed the church choir, pupils were also obliged to
attend services whenever needed.33
Some students also attended universities outside Scandinavia. For
Norwegian-born students, however, Copenhagen remained the main
centre of higher education throughout the th and th centuries,
due mainly to the gradual strengthening of the curriculum at Copen-
hagen. As a result, the number of Norwegians joining other European
universities decreased, particularly in the period . For those
Norwegians studying outside Scandinavia, the majority of whom were
aspiring to a theological career, Wittenberg and Rostock were popular
30 Kolsrud :.
31 Even as late as the s, these regulations were stressed in the Leges studioso-
rum, for instance through phrases such as Improborum & levium hominum convictum
fugiunto. Tabernas & publica symposia ne freqventanto. Inhonestas domos ne ingrediuntor
(Stybe :).
32 Kolsrud :.
33 Naturally, practices between schools could vary. For a summary of the every-day
life of Latin school pupils in Bergen in the early modern period, see Erichsen .
chapter one
academic destinations well into the first half of the th century, when
Halle took over as the main place of attraction. However, as it lay outside
the contemporary war zones, Leiden also became a magnet for Norwe-
gian students in the period . Also England and the University
of Oxford in particular, were sought by Norwegians in the same period.
These trends were somewhat similar among Danish-born students who
likewise sought higher education abroad.34
It should be noted, however, that the level of education achieved by
the various sections of the clergy could differ enormously. First, although
higher education was to become in time obligatory for all sections of the
clergy, the amount of time spent at university could differ. In practice,
a Danish-Norwegian cleric could have spent only two years, or even
less, in Copenhagen. For the lower ranks of the clergy, education could
be limited to Latin school, and in places without Latin schools, for
instance the northern parts of Norway, the lesser clergy might only
have been educated by the local parson. As a result, parts of the clergy
were not necessarily acquainted with what happened at university and
maintained habits derived from previously acquired local standards.
However, for upper-class theologians who had the economic means to
undertake broader studies, several years could be spent in Copenhagen
as well as abroad. The world of learning of clerics would therefore vary
greatly. Similarly, complaints ran high throughout the period in question
about the quality of the lectures at both Latin schools and at Copenhagen
University, which also makes it difficult to assess the level of theoretical
output gained from being trained within this particular educational
system.
In general terms, the religious zeitgeist of the period in question can
be said to have been largely marked by Lutheran orthodoxy: Inspired by
German developments, Lutheran orthodoxy became the main religious
current at Copenhagen University, even at the beginning of the th
century. For those not restricting themselves to Copenhagen, German
Lutheran areas remained similarly important in the period
to educational exchange. However, and as noted above, German areas
were not the only places that attracted students: For those who had the
economic means to do so, also England and the Netherlands tended to
be favoured as place of study, and these countries were also important
networking areas in terms of trade. It should, of course, also be noted
34 See Ebbesen & Koch :, and Kragh :.

introduction
that a future clerics world of learning would never be restricted solely

to what happened within educational structures, and that clerics would
gather information and inspiration, even religious ones, from a range of
different sources. One of these, naturally, would be their acces to books,
which will be elaborated on in this study.
.. Book distribution and restraints on the market
Although the medieval development of Christendom contributed to the

broader circulation of books, the number of works in circulation in
Norway in medieval times was relatively low. The earliest description of
church fixtures, made in the Hlandsdal in Western Norway in , lists
only eight books, while the earliest reported personal collector, namely
Bishop Arne Sigurdsson (died ), was in possession of only thirty-
three handwritten manuscripts; these, however, included Old Norse sa-
gas as well as theological works.35 Throughout the Middle Ages the
number of books in circulation steadily increased. The largest collections,
however, continued to be owned by churches or monasteries. In ,
for instance, the monastery of Tautra possessed seventy works, whereas
the chapter of Trondheim possessed about ninety works covering a wide
range of topics.36
Scarce as such occurrences of books might have been, the situation
was not radically altered even by the Reformation, at least not in com-
parison with certain other European countries. Nevertheless, a steady
rise in the number of books on the market may be observed, although
it is only during the course of the th century that a more significant
rise in the circulation of books can be witnessed. These books were pur-
chased by both high and low. However, although the possession of
books became more common among the broader sections of the popu-
lation during the course of the th century, most large book collections
remained in the hands of the clergy.
It was first during the th century, and in its latter part in partic-
ular, that the patterns of book occurrences in Norway changed more
profoundly. In this period, the number of books in the hands of non-
clerics expanded while the bourgeois libraries surged, libraries in which
the earlier domination of religious literature was curbed. Similarly, the
35 Munthe :.
36 Ibid. p. .
chapter one
number of libraries owned by private institutions also rose during the

course of the th century. In , four Norwegian institutions were
in possession of larger book collections, namely Den frie mathematiske
Skole / Krigsskolen (War College), Seminarium Fredericianum, Seminar-
ium Lapponicum and Bergseminaret: The latter society was established
in the mining town of Kongsberg in , and specialized in medicine
and metallurgy. The largest th-century book collection, however, was
owned by Trondheims Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab (The
Royal Society of Science). Large public libraries also arose during the
th century. Similarly increasing was the number of books owned by
commoners, and many of these books were also of non-religious content.
Books, however, did not necessarily circulate freely. Instead, the reli-
giously motivated Danish-Norwegian state tried to streamline intellec-
tual and religious life by putting various restraints on the early modern
book market. Hence, although a multitude of books of heterogeneous
origin was circulating throughout Europe, book occurrences in Norway
were controlled by the religious climate in several respects. First, books
circulating on the Norwegian market, at least among the lower sections
of the population, were intended to pass on principles of Lutheran the-
ology in acceptable and convenient, educational forms. Second, in order
to ensure that this occurred, official strategies were introduced to pre-
vent harmful books from entering, or being printed in and sold across
Denmark-Norway. Hence, although a multitude of theories circulated
across the European marketplace of ideas, various printing and censor-
ship strategies sought to maintain religious conformity by preventing the
distribution of heretical or undesirable books.
One way of shaping the book market was through the careful organi-
zation and supervision of channels of book distribution. Overall, Norway
was the last country in Scandinavia to be equipped with a printing house.
This house was established in Christiania as late as in , years after
book production started in Denmark and more than hundred years after
Sweden and Iceland.37 Within the twin monarchy, most printing houses
were located in Copenhagen or surrounding areas. At the end of the th
century, nine Danish towns were equipped with printing houses, while
in Copenhagen as many as twenty-one printing houses were operating.
37 For a survey of the book trade in early modern Norway, see Tveters . For
a survey of the history of printing houses in Norway, see Jacobsen . A study of

printing and book dissemination in Denmark and Norway in the period was
undertaken by Riising, .
introduction
In Norway, however, a periphery of the twin monarchy, only three print-

ing houses were functioning at this same time.38 The late establishment
of printing houses in Norway was the result, at least partly, of a central-
ization strategy that had a clear religious and political purpose, namely
control of the market designed to ensure religious conformity: Printing
houses could be better supervised if located closer to those accomplish-
ing the task. Because of this lack of printing offices on Norwegian soil,
most books circulating in Norway were imported from abroad, the main
centre of this trade being Copenhagen.
There were three main bookselling institutions in early modern Nor-
way, notably printers, binders and sales offices that were not physically
attached to printing houses or to a bookbinding office. Of these, the major
source of book distribution was the bookbinders who mainly imported
unbound books for resale. Throughout the th century, bookbinders
operated in twelve towns, while at least six times as many binders as
printers supplied the Norwegian population with books. Most of these,
however, operated along the southern coast of Norway.39 Regional dif-
ferences would also occur. In Christiania a combination of booksellers
and binders operated, whereas in Bergen, bookbinders dominated the
scene.40 The number of pure sales outlets also steadily increased during
the early modern period, and several of these acted as commissioned
outlets for printing houses abroad, predominantly Danish ones. Street
and market sales were also widely practised throughout the early modern
period, and many women were engaged in this particular type of trade.
Similarly, students, schoolmasters as well as parish clerks, could also sell
books. Of the non-stationary or itinerant salesmen, peddlers played an
important role: Bergen, for instance, was visited by several, but mostly
Danish and German, peddlers from the mid-th century onwards.
Many of these peddlers had been sent by printing houses abroad. Such
peddlers also wandered beyond the city to provide more peripheral dis-
tricts with books. Fairs, where books were provided by bookshops and
their journeymen, were likewise held in the districts, and inhabitants in
rural areas could also order books directly from booksellers or printing
houses. Equally important were the various book auctions that recycled
books on the local market, and even booksellers would pick up books
for resale at these auctions. One should also note the importance of a
38 Lindberg :.
39 Ibid. p. .
40 Munthe :.
chapter one
non-commercial channel important to the distribution of books, namely

heritage: Books could often be passed on from generation to generation,
which means that specific books may have constituted valuable sources
of knowledge for decades. Books, naturally, could also be given away as
gifts.
Printing houses and other types of bookseller, at least the more sta-
tionary ones, were not left untouched by control mechanisms. Instead,
printers and other booksellers were granted privileges and monopolies
provided they published the right religious literature. Also other prac-
tices could be carried out: Censorship could be enforced, for example,
through prohibiting the printing of particular books or by revising a
manuscript before, or even after, printing. The open support shown to
particular types of literature also made authors themselves conduct a cer-
tain amount of strategic self-censorship: By writing officially supported
literature, an authors chances of seeing his or her manuscript appearing
in print increased significantly.41
The censorship climate, however, was not static, but one which grad-
ually shifted in focus and intensity throughout the early modern period.
Already in the first post-Reformation Church Ordinance, censorship was
targeted through the definition of particular books as useful, exam-
ples being the Bible and books written by Luther and Melanchthon.
Books other than these (whether printed at home or abroad) were only
to be released onto the market after they had been carefully examined
by Protestant superintendents.42 The Church Ordinance also prohibited
the printing of missals as well as the prophecies of Mntzer.43 Also, the
import of books written in the Danish language but printed in Germany
became illegal as such books, if they ended up in the wrong hands, might
cause sectarian turmoil.44 Hence, throughout the Reformation century,
the combination of prohibiting the import of particular books and of the
open support for good literature favoured the distribution of books that
promoted religious conformity.
In the period between and , the first half of the orthodox
era, the greater focus on the streamlining of personal piety and the efforts
made to improve reading abilities, made censorship strategies even more
crucial. Hence, as a general rule, and in line with similar guidelines issued
41 Appel :.
43 Appel :.
44 Ibid. pp. .
introduction
in previous decades, all manuscripts had to be submitted to the official

censorship authorities before they could appear in print. The Norwe-
gian Church Ordinance of , for instance, required all manuscripts
to be censored by the local bishop before they were forwarded to Copen-
hagen.45 Similarly, in , the prohibition of the import and sale of the-
ological books which were not in line with Lutheranism was renewed.46
The sale of corrupting short stories was also attacked, and in ,
almanacs containing predictions (often called prognostica) were likewise
prohibited.47 Such restrictions were unable, of course, to curb the dissem-
ination of undesirable literature. News literature, which was introduced
to the Danish-Norwegian public during the course of the th century,
was also closely supervised.
During the period of absolutism, , censorship was strength-
ened, and now it also came to cover writings which criticized the abso-
lutist government. As part of this process, a wide range of privileges and
guidelines concerning the printing and selling of books, were issued.
These, naturally, aimed at curbing dissent as well as protecting the market
from nonconformist thinking. In , for instance, the obligatory cen-
sorship of all manuscripts before they appeared in print was reaffirmed.48
In , the prohibition against the import of books written in the Dan-
ish language, but printed abroad, was likewise renewed. Resolutions were
also continually being passed to ban all non-Lutheran, and particularly
Calvinist literature, from Danish-Norwegian soil, and in , printers
were again urged to ensure that all literature passed through the censor-
ship procedures before it appeared on the market.49 Book burning was
sometimes used as an appropriate form of action against written here-
sies.
During the course of the first half of the th century in particular,
censorship restrictions prevailed, and these restrictions operated accord-
ing to established as well as novel procedures. As a result of the ongo-
ing suspicion of confessions other than Lutheranism, new censorship
decrees were introduced in the s, and in previous printing and
import restrictions were again reaffirmed.50 Certain publications in par-
ticular were also targeted: A prohibition against the Quaker catechism
45 Ibid. p. .
47 Appel :.
48 Ibid. pp. .
49 Ibid. p. .
chapter one
of Robert Barclay (died ), for instance, was passed in in order

to hinder the spread of radical spiritual literature. The general enforce-
ment of Pietist theology also had repercussions for the world of books:
Since Pietist religiosity focused on a spirituality of the heart that was
supposed to have repercussions in everyday life, non-spiritual past-times
such as reading non-religious literature, came to be seen as particu-
larly corrupting. As a result, prohibitions against the sale of corrupting
short stories, particularly in northern Norway, were imposed, while the
Pietist theologian Erik Pontoppidan the Younger went as far as to claim
that short stories were prostitution in written form.51 Also the sale and
proclamation of songs on the streets became illegal during the Pietist
period.52 Only in the latter part of the th century did censorship prac-
tices change in the direction of greater openness, culminating in total
freedom during the rule of Struensee (). This openness, how-
ever, was only fully maintained between and .
Little is known about how effective censorship was in practice when
it came to the educated classes, the clergy included. Whereas many
legal restrictions affecting the book market were introduced in order
to ensure conformity among the masses, the learned classes were freer
in their access to literature. Whereas university dissertations and other
scientific productions, for example, were ideally to be submitted to a
censorship process before they were allowed to appear in print, no severe
hindrances were put in place regarding the import of foreign scientific
literature, although books were ideally meant to produce conformity.
This particularly concerned theological works, of course. Meanwhile,
book collections were hardly touched by official control systems. Thus
it may be argued that this section of the population was left in practice to
conduct a personal form of censorship, or evaluation, of literature.
As noted previously, the import of learned literature among the
learned classes was in fact a question of necessity: As publishing houses
had to target the broader market in order to make money, more spe-
cialized literature was, at least until the end of the early modern period,
very often imported from beyond Scandinavia. This transmission of for-
eign, specialized literature could be accomplished through a number of
different channels: First, learned literature could be acquired in persona
during a scholars travels abroad. Second, book orders could be sent via
merchants, family members or friends travelling abroad. As there were
51 Fet :.
52 Munthe :.
introduction
close trading connections between Norway and Germany, the Nether-

lands and England in particular, such areas were naturally important to
the transmission of books. Third, members of the learned classes could
order foreign literature directly from printing houses, bookbinders or
sales offices abroad. Local printers, for instance, could also import and
resell specialized literature; for many, this was done through the well-
established exchange system, and of particular importance in this respect
were the major book fairs, such as those held in Frankfurt am Main and
Leipzig. Also important in the dissemination of learned literature were
local booksellers or peddlers who specialized in this particular type of
trade, as well as book fairs, auctions, and so forth. One should also note
that inheritance might have constituted a particularly important source
of book acquisition among clerics, as many of them originated in families
where various members had been clerics for generations.
In general terms, one could say that, although the dissemination of
ideas in written form was heavily influenced by official religion, legis-
lation passed to ensure religious uniformity targeted the lower sections
of the population much more than the learned ones. This implies that
the learned classes, despite living within a restrictive climate, were freer
to engage, like their European counterparts, in the early modern expan-
sion of culture across borders, not least in relation to their acquisition of
books. The private libraries which they accumulated will be mapped out
in this study.
.. Empirical material and methodology
During recent decades, book history has attracted much specialist inter-
est, and numerous studies of European book production, book dis-
semination and popular reading culture have appeared. In the Danish-
Norwegian context, such studies have also been undertaken, not least
with regard to book dissemination. Three main surveys of the kind are
of particular note: In the Norwegian context, a major survey of early
modern reading culture was undertaken by Jostein Fet and published as
Lesande bnder (Reading peasants).53 This study mainly describes books
owned by peasants in central Norwegian districts from the th to the
mid-th century. Two recent Danish surveys by Charlotte Appel54 and
53 Fet .
54 Appel .
chapter one
Henrik Horstbll55 also deal with popular reading culture; Horstbll by

focusing on book production and bookselling, and Appel by focusing
on, for instance, reading abilities, schooling and the recording of books
in inventories. Common to all three studies is their confirmation of the
success of religious-political strategies of conformity: As a result of the
surveillance of the market of print, the lower classes collected by and
large desirable works such as catechisms, ABCs, postils, and so forth.
Few wider studies of book distribution among the educated strata of soci-
ety have been undertaken: There was Francis Bulls brief study of upper-
middle-class book collections in Norway in the period .56
Then there is the recent study by Lis Byberg of the importance of auc-
tions to book distribution in late-th-century Norway.57
The current study is so far the only substantial examination made of
clerical book collections in Norway in the years . As noted pre-
viously, this presentation of learned literature is based on the recordings
of books listed in probate records, which means that inventories consti-
tute the empirical material for examining book occurrences among the
Norwegian clergy. As to the notion of clergy, however, one should note
that this group included not only various ecclesiastical positions such as
bishops, deans, parsons and parish clerks; it also comprised clerical wid-
ows and teachers. One should also note that these agents were not nec-
essarily Norwegian-born, as many officials of this kind were Danish by
birth. Therefore, when I choose to label the clergy as well as their book
collections Norwegian, I have in mind the following: I am concerned
with books that were owned by officials residing within the geographical
borders of what is today called Norway. This is what justifies my use of
the term Norwegian.
As to location, specific geographical areas, urban as well as rural, have
been selected in order to map and compare book distribution. Consid-
ered as urban areas are the bishopric of Bergen, the city of Trondheim
and the county of Jarlsberg. Whereas in the th century Bergen was
the largest and most international city in Norway, as a result of its trade
networks and number of inhabitants, in the th century Trondheim
overtook it as the city of Enlightenment. In course of the th cen-
tury, Trondheim became the seat of missionary activities in the northern
55 Horstbll .
56 Bull .
57 Byberg .
introduction
part of Norway, and it also hosted Norways first scientific society, Det
Kongelige Norske Vidernskabers Selskab (cf. .). The county of Jarlsberg
comprised the city of Tnsberg, which was much smaller than Bergen
and Trondheim, but like these two cities, Tnsberg was equipped with a
Latin school. Considered as rural are the eastern district of Hedmark &
sterdalen, the southern district of Nedenes, and the northern districts
of Troms & Senja and Salten (see map, appendix I).
In general terms, books listed in probate records constitute a valuable
source for tracing how the trends outlined above functioned in prac-
tice. However, although listings of books in probate records are valuable
sources for gaining a more general knowledge of occurrences of books in
Norway, it is important to take into account the limitations of this mate-
rial, limitations which underline the fact that probate records can never
fully represent any absolute sources. First, the system of registration did
not necessarily function as it was officially intended, which implies that
the system could remain dysfunctional for long periods of time in a num-
ber of geographical areas. Second, in relation to the actual content of the
records, this also contains various inaccuracies in terms, for instance, of
lax registration or damaged material.
As to the system of registration, laws concerning the registration of
assets were passed particularly in the th century, in order to facilitate
inheritance. The listing of inventories thus coincided with the govern-
ments general emphasis on centralization and standardization. As was
typical of the period, a differentiation between classes was effectuated in
relation to registration procedures, and a royal privilege of granted
clerics, like military servants, the right to keep their records apart from
those of the broader population. Clerical inventories were thus written
down in separate probate records, and according to slightly different offi-
cial guidelines: In contrast to an ordinary inventory, which was super-
vised by city officials (inventories were normally recorded by the district
stipendiary magistrate or the town clerk), a clerical inventory was to be
recorded in the presence of a dean and two vicars. With time, parish
clerks and teachers also came to be counted as clerics, and in , cleri-
cal widows were likewise incorporated into this group.58 Still, even before
this date, inventories left by clerical widows could be listed in clerical pro-
bate records.
58 Kiil :.
chapter one
Many households, however, if not most, escaped official registration.

One of the reasons for this was that registration was only required to
take place in specific situations. Christian Vs Norwegian Law of ,
for example, required an inventory to be made only when the deceased
had left heirs who were absent, insane, living abroad or minors; the latter
group comprised men under the age of twenty-five and all women, unless
they were married. If this was the case, a womans husband was given the
status of guardian.59 Other circumstances also allowed assets to escape
registration: If, for instance, heirs had come to an agreement over the
division of the inheritance, registration was unnecessary, while from the
end of the th century, a surviving widow or widower was allowed to
refrain from passing on inheritance if a will of mutual agreement had
previously been signed between the parts. If without heirs, a person could
donate his or her property to persons or institutions, but where there was
no written testament, all property officially would belong to the king; in
these cases too, no registration was carried out.60 Given these guidelines,
many homes, for understandable reasons, were never registered in official
probate records.
Also, local conditions could prevent the obligatory registration of
assets. The greatest obstacle to systematic registration was the lack of
staff to accomplish such tasks: The registration of inventories very often
depended on the capability or willingness of the town magistrate to
carry out such a duty, and a change in administrative staff could thus
halt the registration of inventories for several years. Because of such
liabilities, the level of registration could vary greatly between districts.
The Bergen bishopric, covering the city of Bergen and several outlying
parishes, possesses clerical probate records covering only from to
, while on the national level, very few clerical records date back
to the systems earlier days. In some areas, inventories only began to
be recorded as late as in the th century. As a result, the percentage
of inventories that was eventually registered in probate records could
vary greatly, relating to between only a quarter and a fifth of the general
population.61 There is no particular reason to assume, of course, that the
number of clerical inventories should be any higher than the average
for the general population, an average which, as mentioned above, could
vary significantly according to time and place. My study of clerical book
59 Evjenth :.
60 Ibid. pp. .
61 Berg :.
introduction
collections should therefore be seen as an attempt to map the Norwegian

clergys world of knowledge rather than being a full description of it.
As to the content of the probate records, assets and their distribution
were normally registered according to a three-stage procedure. First, the
assets themselves would be listed, followed by an evaluation of debts, and
then by the overall value. Finally, the distribution of assets between heirs
was also registered. At least prior to , this series of registrations was
generally recorded within the same probate record, and not in different
books. The most valuable part of the process, at least with regard to
the mapping of book collections, is of course stage one, namely the
registration of assets.
Although the registration of assets provides valuable information on
the mapping of books, several features can detract from the usefulness of
such information. First, several probate records are damaged or missing,
often due to natural disasters, which means that in addition to the prob-
lem of inadequate registration, certain records cannot be used as sources.
Similarly, several of the clerical inventories registered do not provide any
indication of book collections, a somewhat remarkable feature given the
fact that the assets belonged to members of the learned classes. Why
many households are not registered as having book collections may be
explained in a number of different ways. Of the more pragmatic reasons,
refraining from registering books may have been done deliberately in
order to avoid too much work. Equally possible, in cases where a book
auction was to follow the compiling of the inventory, books were seldom
properly recorded. As general rule, the homes of widows are also seldom
registered as possessing larger book collections. Reasons for this might
be that books left by their late husbands had already been auctioned off
in order to raise money, or that the books had already been passed on to
other male members of the family who were pursuing a similar career.
Second, although some books are listed, the registration might not
have been recorded accurately enough to provide precise information.
In a rich home, for instance, the notarius might not bother to list all
books, as this would be too time-consuming. As a result, many books
are referred to only in terms of their estimated value, and not by title.
As general trend, the richer the home was, or the less valuable a book
became during the th and th centuries, the more the recordings
were likely to suffer from careless registration or abbreviations.62 My
62 Dahl :.
chapter one
choice of looking at clerical book collections in the period ,

was therefore not haphazard: As is the earliest date of recorded
probate records in Norway, these inventories give information about
book collections belonging to individuals who completed their education
and formed personal libraries around mid-century. The limit of has
been set as the closing date for three main reasons. First, is roughly
the date when new structures at Copenhagen University become more
firmly integrated. Second, in the Norwegian context, also marks
the start of the Enlightenment era, thus corresponding to a time-span
when the early modern period grew ideologically into what we call the
modern era: After this date major changes in cultural life appeared. Third,
after , the registration of books in inventories tends to become less
detailed, which means that this type of source material becomes less
accurate.
Other liabilities of the source material should also be considered, one
being the often slapdash manner of recording. Cheap or uninteresting
books (according to the recorder) were more likely to pass unregistered
than a wonderfully decorated Bible, and books were often referred to
merely as a bunch of books or old books. In many cases, abbrevi-
ated names or vaguely referred to titles also hinder accurate knowledge
of authorships and works: As a result, whole authorships may be under-
represented in my study due to the lack of accurate information. As
a general rule, place and year of printing are rarely registered in pro-
bate records, probably because such a registration would have required
time and resources. Another obstacle to the identification of authors
and works, however, is the lack of bibliographical dictionaries detailed
enough to successfully carry out the identification task. Newer biblio-
graphical dictionaries, for instance, tend to include only those authors
and works that we today see as important. Inventories, however, often
mention in greater numbers authors other than these more canoni-
cal ones. These authors seem to have been important in their own day,
although many of them have fallen into oblivion today. The lack of accu-
rate bibliographical sources and slapdash recording, therefore, impose
limitations on the precise identification of authors and works.
Another problem that needs be addressed is the reliable, or not, cate-
gorization of actual texts according to the book titles listed in the inven-
tories. As print was an unstable process in terms of textual fixity through-
out the early modern period, a certain misrepresentation may lie behind
my categorization of books. This means that the book titles registered
in Norwegian inventories do not automatically indicate that the actual
introduction
books listed necessarily incorporated the exact same texts as those orig-
inally written by the author. To what extent a registered title actually
represents the indicated work, cannot therefore be further analysed by
having access only to titles. As a consequence of this situation, probate
records have certain shortcomings that discredit their status as absolute
sources. Because of these flaws, the material presented in the following
chapters should be understood as indicating tendencies rather than con-
stituting an all-encompassing survey. Inventories, however, remain inter-
esting sources for mapping the transmission of knowledge in a geograph-
ical area where few physical book collections have been preserved.
As to the presentation of the various book collections, this is mainly
undertaken from a qualitative point of view. This means that although
the total quantity of material is sometimes represented by tables, most
collections are nevertheless presented in extenso. One of the reasons for
choosing to present the book collections one by one in this way is that
such a procedure better reflects the differences between the various col-
lections: These nuances would have been lost if the material had been pre-
sented solely according to statistical criteria. Another reason for select-
ing this specific way of presenting my source material is the very fact that
the multitude of authors and works occurring across the different col-
lection is more clearly exposed: Whereas purely statistical criteria tend
to make only a handful of authors visible, the examination of libraries
one by one reveals rather the multitude of authors whose books were
distributed across the whole of Norway. Presented most fully in extenso,
however, are the book collections registered in Bergen and Trondheim,
as these collections constitute the core material to which other book col-
lections will be compared. An apology may also be appropriate for my
claim to present book collections in extenso: All of the authors listed in
the forthcoming chapters have their own historiography which naturally
exceeds the boundaries of this study.
Despite my unwillingness to use general statistical criteria, I have,
however, imposed other types of categorization on the material. I have
chosen, for example, to make a distinction between theological and sci-
entific works, although the boundaries between them were very often
blurred in the early modern period. Within these categories, non-theo-
logical works are generally classified according to the various scien-
tific traditions to which they belonged. Theological works, on the other
hand, are generally classified according to their authors religious affili-
ation. I have, for instance, chosen to divide authors and works into the
groups Lutheran, Calvinist and Catholic. There are, however, several
chapter one
difficulties in choosing this system of classification. First, there is the

problem of who to place in the different categories. One particular author,
for instance, could have converted from one confession to another, which
makes both the author and the work difficult to place in one specific
category. Second, certain authors may also be claimed to have stood
midway between two different religious systems, an example being the
so-called Crypto-Calvinists, who were both Lutheran and Calvinist in
parts of their doctrine. This blurring of categories is also characteris-
tic of some representatives of the multitude of Lutheranisms arising
after the Reformation, which led to controversies such as the Majoristic
and the Osiandrian ones. Third, several authors considered to be non-
mainstream either in their own time or by posterity, are also slotted into
these very loose categories, although some perhaps might object to such
a procedure.
I have also chosen to put religious works of English origin into a cat-
egory of their own: The prime reason for this has been my lack of access
to bibliographical dictionaries accurate enough to classify authors and
works of this type any further. My use of the term English also requires
qualification: Some of the authors whom I have put into this category
could in fact be of Scottish origin. However, because the term British
is anachronistic given the period in question, I have chosen to classify
these authors under the simple heading of English. As a final remark,
we should also remember that several religious works did not necessarily
have any clear confessional profile. Instead, they rather promoted types
of religiosity which could be described as cross-confessional, as was the
case with various devotional works. In many respects therefore, the cate-
gories which I have chosen to use could be said to be too wide, and hence
somewhat meaningless. On the other hand, some level of categorization
is essential for practical purposes, as the material would otherwise be too
difficult to handle.
As to my presentation of book titles, I have chosen to keep many of
these in the form in which they are presented in the probate records.
As a general rule, those titles which I have managed to find in biblio-
graphical sources are referred to in the manner in which they are listed
in those sources, although often in abbreviated form, whereas those that
I have not found are generally listed in the form in which they are pre-
sented in the probate records. The latter titles therefore contain the same
orthographical errors as those made by the notarius. Titles in inverted
commas indicate titles which I have translated from Danish into English.
I have also tried to enforce a certain degree of standardization on the
introduction
registered material. For example, all Latin s in the source material are
listed in my presentation as ae. Because of the high level of irregularity
in the primary material, however, some irregularities may also occur
in my presentation: Abbreviations, for instance, are seldom recorded in
any regular way. Similarly, my secondary sources (for example Jchers
Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexicon) often present titles in abbreviated forms
as well as in the accusative or ablative, whereas modern standards would
require the nominative, and these errors will also sometimes be re-
flected in my listing of book titles.
A comment should also be made on the main source of bibliographical
data used in my presentation, namely Jchers mid-th-century Lexicon
mentioned above. My presentation of authors and works would not have
been possible without it, as this work includes data that is not necessarily
included in more recent bibliographical works. However, given the age
of this particular reference work, some of the information provided in
my study may not necessarily be accurate today. Hence, some of the
information that I have provided on certain authors and works may not
be accurate from the point of view of more recent research. An apology
should also be made for other possible mistakes which I have made when
listing titles and personal names. I may also have placed some of the
books into the wrong categories, a result of the difficulty of deciding the
character of particular works when having access only to titles registered
in the inventories. I also often use very indistinct notions such as many,
few, some, and so forth, when describing the quantity of certain books
in the various inventories, which might make the reader uneasy. This
results from the fact that even in cases where the number of books in
a specific collection is given, all titles are not always registered, and even
if they are, they cannot always be identified, for the reasons mentioned
above; this means that the total number of specific types of book is
seldom fully accessible. Overall, however, and despite the limitations
which I have put upon the primary material used in this study, I still
consider book collections registered in inventories to be a valuable source
of information when it comes to tracing the flow of information across
the European marketplace of ideas.
As to methodology, the book collections are presented in a specific
manner. First, an examination of clerical book collections registered in
the bishopric of Bergen is given (Part I), as Bergen was the most inter-
national Norwegian city throughout the th century. The description
of the book collections in the bishopric of Bergen is then followed by
an outline of book collections in the urban site of Trondheim (Part II).
chapter one
There then follows the presentation of book collections in Jarlsberg, fol-

lowed by the descriptions of book occurrences in the rural districts of
Nedenes (south), Hedmark & sterdalen (east) and lastly Troms & Senja,
and Salten (north, Part III). The description of book collections of cler-
ics in the Bergen bishopric (Part I) is presented according to social class:
In Chapter II, a description of book collections belonging to parsons in
the Bergen bishopric is given, whereas in Chapter III, book collections
belonging to the lesser clergy are analyzed. In the remaining regions,
book collections are presented over time, hence, according to chronology
instead of social class, the reasons for choosing such an approach being
the character of the source material itself. At the end of every chapter, a
summary of the findings will be given, and a conclusion discussing the
different findings will be presented at the very end of this study.
It will become apparent from the examination of this source material
that the world of books of the clergy was largely international: Books
among the clergy originated in three core areas in particular, namely Ger-
many, the Netherlands and England. The main reason for this particu-
lar dominance was precisely the status of these countries as important
networking areas for education and trade (cf. .). Fewer books of the
clergy originated within the twin monarchy, probably a result of the fact
that few specialist books were printed here. Of the three channels men-
tioned above, Germany was by far the most influential. It could thus be
argued that the book collections examined in the following chapters may
be characterized as belonging to a German tradition.
It will also become evident when looking into the source material that
most clerical libraries were marked by a specific structure in terms of con-
tent: Not only were the different collections marked by a dominance of
German material, but they were also marked by one particular religious
current, namely Lutheran orthodoxy. Hence, I shall claim that most of
the collections were of what I have called orthodox character, which
also implies that the book mass was marked by a certain oldness in
terms of authors and works. Despite this rigidity, some of the collec-
tions nevertheless included more Pietist or devotional literature. Many of
the collections also included books of non-Lutheran origin, due largely
to the impact of the status of the Netherlands and England as network-
ing areas. Similarly, it should be noted that a high number of different
authors found their works distributed in Norway. Hence, although book
collections were marked by their standing in the German tradition and
by Lutheran orthodoxy in particular, they can also be said to have been
marked by an important degree of openness and variation.
introduction
I shall also claim that there were differences in book distribution

within the various clerical classes. In fact, there is a division to be noted
between the upper and the lower clergy as to the dissemination of books:
First, the libraries that included the highest number of works were nor-
mally those of major size, and the owners of these generally belonged
to the upper sections of the clerical class. Also, it was mainly collections
belonging to the senior clergy, such as deans and parsons, which gen-
erally contained the broadest range of literature both in terms of origin
and type. In contrast to the senior clergy, the lower ranks generally pos-
sessed a more limited range of books, which means that libraries which
belonged to members of the lesser clergy, examples being those of cleri-
cal widows and parish clerks, usually consisted of books similar to those
circulating among the lower social classes more generally.
There were also differences in book occurrences between various geo-
graphical areas. In fact, a distinction can be noted between urban and
rural areas: There seem to have been more books in cities than in rural
districts, which implies that book collections tended to be bigger and
more varied in urban areas than in rural ones. Specific localities would
also tend to have their own book profile: Although books circulating
within one locality did not necessarily differ radically from those circu-
lating in other localities, each market appears to have taken on a particu-
lar set of local characteristics different from that found in other regions.
Various changes can also be noted in the book mass during the period
in question: More literature of the Pietist type, for instance, was included
in collections registered towards , while also on the increase were
books on history and geography, which probably reflects the greater
attention given to these topics in the educational setting (cf. .).
An index is presented at the end of this work, and listed here are
all the authors whose books were registered in the examined clerical
inventories. It should be noted, however, that only those authors whom
I have managed to identify with certainty are included in this index, and
not those uncertain ones mentioned occasionally along the way.
part i
BOOKS IN CLERICAL INVENTORIES

IN THE BERGEN BISHOPRIC
chapter two
BOOK COLLECTIONS BELONGING TO PARSONS

IN THE BERGEN BISHOPRIC 16851714
The Bergen bishopric, which included the city of Bergen and several
outlying parishes, is equipped with clerical probate records covering
the period .1 The Bergen clerical probate records comprise
twenty-eight inventories, and given the overall number of servants to the
church residing in the area during this period, the number of recorded
inventories is relatively small: This, however, is a general feature of all
probate records. Moreover, out of the twenty-eight inventories listed,
only sixteen describe book collections, which vary in size from five to
several hundred books. As different sections of the clergy are listed in
these records, such as parsons, deans, curates, parish clerks, teachers and
widows of these, I have chosen, for practical reasons, to give an outline of
book collections belonging specifically to parsons in this chapter. In the
following chapter (Chapter III), a comparison will be made with book
collections owned by other sections of the Bergen clergy, such as teachers
and parish clerks.
A few remarks must be made concerning the way books are listed
in Bergen clerical probate records. In general, none of the registered
books are provided with year and place of printing, and they are not
always described in such clear terms that the title or authors name can be
identified. In many cases, books are also referred to merely as a bunch of
books or old books, which implies that this classification should not be
evaluated as absolute. As noted in the introduction, the theological books
will be categorized in terms of confessional adherence such as Lutheran,
Calvinist or Catholic etc. Non-theological books are generally classified
in relation to subject. Many of the titles registered in this chapter are
referred to in the manner they are listed in the probate record.
1 See National Archive of Bergen, clerical probate records B. St. a and B. St b. For
access to these on microfilm, see film number HF .

chapter two
.. Lucoppidans book collection
As one of six parsons recorded in the Bergen bishopric clerical probate

records, Detlew Lucoppidan worked in the city of Bergen. Born in as
the son of a Danish parson, Detlew took the Latin name Lucoppidan after
his place of birth, Lyby. In , the same year as he obtained a masters
degree in theology, Lucoppidan was appointed parson of the Korskirke
in Bergen. In , Lucoppidan was appointed parson of the Cathedral
(Domkirke), and a royal decree of made him dean of Northern
Hordaland, a position in which he remained until his death.2
Lucoppidan left a collection amounting to slightly more than
books of different sizes (folio, quarto etc.).3 As expected, most of these
books are of theological character, and a large number of them are written
by German Lutheran theologians, by birth or by professional life. These
can be divided into two groups, namely books written by th-century
theologians and those written by later th-century theologians. Despite
living in the second half of the seventeenth century and receiving his
education during the period of absolutism and Lutheran orthodoxy, the
majority of Lucoppidans books reflect the Reformation century.
In terms of representation, Lucoppidan possessed Lutheri opera in
twelve volumes. Melanchthon, however, is not listed, at least as far as
one can tell from the information given. A work called Loci communes
is also registered, and its author is referred to as Musculus.4 Of the
second-generation reformers, Martin Chemnitz (), a disciple
of Melanchthon, is listed: Chemnitz took up office as superintendent in
Rostock from where he maintained close contact with other reformers
such as David Chytraeus and Johannes Bugenhagen. Faced with the
chaotic situation of a diversity of Lutheran interpretations of scripture
arising in the wake of the Reformation, Chemnitz became one of the
most important figures in drafting the amplified Lutheran Formula of
Concord. He was also intertwined in various controversies, and he also
had to take position in the Augsburg Interim. In Lucoppidans collection,
Chemnitz is accredited with his famous work Harmonia evangelica.
2Lampe / I:.
3B. St. a, the listing starts on folio b.
4 This book was either written by Wolfgang Musculus (born ) or by Andreas
Musculus (born ), who each published a Loci communes (AGL III:). AGL:
Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexicon, .
book collections belonging to parsons
Lucoppidans book collection also contains several books written by

Johannes Brenz (Brentius). Brenz (), personally inspired by
Luthers Heidelberg disputation, was to become a vital force in the Protes-
tant Reformation of Swabia. Viewing government as Gods ordinance,
Brenz argued against the Peasants Revolt, and later, became theologi-
cal adviser to the margrave of Brandenburg, a move that eventually led
him to close collaboration with Melanchthon. Although Brenzs views
on the unity of the two natures were eventually subordinated to those of
Chemnitz, Brenzs Catechism spread all over Europe, from Italy to France
and Poland. Brenz also had an enormous impact on Protestant theology
through his doctrine of the two kingdoms, the separation of mundane
and divine power.5
Apart from these works, several other books in Lucoppidans collec-
tion were also written by th-century theologians. Lucas Osiander the
Elder (), son of the theologian Andreas Osiander the Elder
(died ) who stressed a radical doctrine of justification, is accredited
with the works Biblia latina and De ratione concionandi. Lucoppidans
collection also contains Itinerarium sacrae scripturae written by Hein-
rich Bnting (), a work based on the writings of Chemnitz.
Bnting, who served as superintendent in Goslar, was eventually forced
to resign because of his non-orthodox position on important theolog-
ical matters. His Itinerarium, however, which was translated into Dan-
ish in , became a popular book on the market.6 Leonhard Hutter
(), professor of theology at Wittenberg, is also listed, as is the
mystical-inspired superintendent Johann Arndt (), notably
with his work Paradisets urtegaard. Also Friedrich Balduin (),
a prominent professor of theology who had studied at Wittenberg under
Polycarp Lyser and Aegidius Hunnius and who married the daughter
of the Lutheran theologian Balthasar Meisner, is listed with his work In
epist. Paulus (ADB II:).7
Also, several German theologians belonging to the late-th and early-
th centuries are registered in Lucoppidans collection. Johann Tarnow
(died ), for instance, a professor of theology at Rostock, is accred-
ited with the works Medulla evangeliorum & epistolarum and Comm. in
prophetas minores (AGL IV:). Other theologians listed are the poet
5 Ehmer .
6 Appel :.
7 ADB: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, .
chapter two
and master of philosophy Samuel Rling, died (Succus propheticus),

and Conrad Dieterich, born , a superintendent in Ulm. Matthias
Turnemann, a Lutheran theologian serving around , is recorded
with the work Medulla meditationum (AGL IV:). Harmonia bibl. is
accredited to Michael Walther the Elder (born ), court preacher to
Duchess Elisabeth of Braunschweig and Lneburg and later superinten-
dent in Zelle (AGL IV:). Johann Heermann (), a
poet and a renowned hymn-writer in Brieg, is also accredited with sev-
eral works, one being his Crux Christi (AGL II:).
Fewer authors in Lucoppidans book collection belong strictly to the
th century. Of these, August Pfeiffer (born ), a student from Wit-
tenberg who ended his career as superintendent in Lbeck, is accred-
ited with two of his main works, namely Critica sacra and Dubia vex-
ata (AGL III:). Also belonging to the th century is Sebas-
tian Schmidt (died ), a Lutheran theologian and a renowned writer
who is accredited with the work Comment. in Jobum, Esaiam, Jeremiam
(AGL IV:). Also listed is another late th-century Lutheran
theologian who obtained major importance in the course of the th
century, namely Johann Gerhard (died ). Gerhard, superintendent
in Heldberg and the author of the famous work Loci communes theo-
logici, stressed the true teaching of the heart, and like Johann Arndt, he
strove for a reform of the church. Such ideas were expressed, for exam-
ple, in his Mediationes sacrae, one of several books written by Gerhard to
which Lucoppidan had access. However, although Gerhard engaged in
polemics against Catholicism and the syncretistic views of Georg Cal-
ixt (died ), he was not as rigid as Abraham Calov (),
another author recorded in the inventory: In his Systema locorum the-
ologicorum in twelve volumes, of which Lucoppidan owned volume four,
Calov adopted a strict line towards Calvinists, Catholics and Socianists.
Martin Geier (born ), an archdeacon, superintendent and profes-
sor of theology who served in Leipzig and Dresden, is also accredited
with one work, namely Commentari in Psalmos, Proverbia, Ecclesiasten,
Danielem (AGL II:).
On church history, Johannes Sleidanuss () Comment. de
statu religionis & reipubl. Germanorum sub Carolo V is listed. Sleidanus, a
German historian and an annalist of the Reformation, was considered to
be, because of the work De statu religionis, one of the best contemporary
presenters of Reformation history. Still, as Sleidanus stressed a certain
level of impartiality, his work was not highly regarded by the Lutheran
camp. Despite this reluctance, however, De statu religionis became one
of the leading books on Reformation history.8 The leading German his-

torian and theologian Hieronymus Kromayer (), known for
his polemics against Catholics and Jews, as well as Valentin Weigel and
Paracelsus, is also listed with his well-known work Historia ecclesiastica
(AGL II:). Also on church or religious history, Johannes Lampadiuss
() Mellificium historiam is listed alongside Wolfgang Frantzes
() Historia animalium sacra. Among the antique works, Euse-
biuss Historia ecclesiastica is recorded.
Despite the pervasiveness of German Lutheran works, some Calvinist
works are also included in Lucoppidans collection, namely Jean Calvins
(died ) Institutiones and Theodore Bezas (died ) Annot. Nov.
Test. in three volumes, Beza being Calvins successor as head of the
Geneva congregation. The theologian Johannes Piscator (born ),
professor at Herborn and one of the periods most prominent Calvin-
ists, is also accredited with one of his numerous polemical Responses
(AGL III:). The collected works of the Deventer Calvinist and
preacher Caspar Sibelius (died ), published in folio in Amsterdam
in , are also listed (AGL IV:), while several works in Lucoppi-
dans collection are accredited to Franciscus Ridder (died ), a Calvin-
ist minister in Rotterdam. Although he lived and worked mainly in
the Netherlands, Ridders works were nevertheless widely disseminated
across Europe, and his popularity made his contemporaries describe
his as den grooten en zeer beroemden Franciscus Ridderus (BWN
XVI:).9 Also Heinrich Diest (died ), a Calvinist professor
at Deventer, is accredited with a theological work, which implies that
despite the large number of Lutheran theologians recorded, Calvinist lit-
erature did not fail to infiltrate Bergen book collections. And, at least in
the case of Lucoppidans collection, many of these books were written
by Dutch authors. Also the French th-century author Petrus Ravanelli
is accredited with the work Bibliotheca sacra (AGL III:), and from
the Catholic camp, the th-century Portuguese Franciscan Diego Stella
(de Estella, died ) is accredited with the work Libri de contem-
nendis mundi vanitatibus (AGL IV:). On pre-Reformation mysticism,
works accredited to Thomas Kempis (died ) and Hugh of St Victor
(died ) are recorded, alongside a work referred to as Opera mystica.
8 Another of Sleidanuss books to become a bestseller was De quatuor monarchiis,
or, in English translation, A most methodicall abridgement of the foure chiefe monarchies,
Babylon, Persia, Greece and Rome.
9 BWN: Biographisch wordenboek der Nederlanden, .
chapter two
One of the books in Lucoppidans collection is also accredited to Petrus

de Natalibus, a Bishop of Equila serving between and .
Apart from the abundance of German theologians, the most striking
feature of Lucoppidans collection is the important number of works writ-
ten by English authors recorded (see table ). These books portray highly
contrasting branches of spiritual life, and apparently, the Puritan inspi-
ration that acted both within and outside the Church of England partic-
ularly from the s, also managed to find its way to Norway. Likewise,
at least given the outline of Lucoppidans collection, the radical Presbyte-
rian stress on preaching and spirituality, an offshoot of Puritanism, also
seems to have found its way to Norwegian bookshelves.
Table : Theological and edifying works of English origin in Lucoppidans book
collection
Of the English authors in Lucoppidans collection, several Puritans are recor-
ded, for example Josiah Nichols (died ): Nichols, who is accredited with
the work Abrahams faith, was a Puritan divine who was deprived of his rec-
tory in Eastvell in although his broader sympathies remained within
the Church of England (DNB XLI:).10 Also the sermons of the Puritan and
eminent preacher Samuel Hieron (died ) are listed. As to the Presbyte-
rian authors, various names appear: Several books are accredited to Thomas
Watson (died ), such as The Christian charter. Being strongly Presbyte-
rian, Watson enjoyed great fame as a preacher until the Restoration, when
he was ejected for non-conformity (DNB LX:). The contemplations and
devotions on our blessed Saviours death and passion by the ardent Presby-
terian Charles Herle () is also recorded, as is The great assize,
of the days of jubilee, a book written by the ejected divine and Presbyterian
Samuel Smith (born ); this highly popular work reached its th edition
in . Smith, who was active during the Civil War, was ejected at the time
of the Stuart Restoration despite his great fame as a preacher (DNB LIII:
). Also listed in Lucoppidans collection is the work Annotanes (i.e. The
book of psalms, Englished both in prose and metre, with annotations ope-
ning the words and sentences by conference with other scriptures) written by
Henry Answorth (born ), the leader of the separatist congregation in
Amsterdam. This group was also called the Brownists or independents, as
the members claimed that each church or congregation should be a religious
republic in its own (DNB I:).
Also other works of English authorship are recorded in Lucoppidans col-
lection, for instance several of the posthumously published sermons by the
Calvinist-inspired bishop of Exeter Ralph Brownrige, died (DNB
VIII:). Also listed is Thomas Adams (), who is accredited with
his Bunyan-inspired work The happiness of the church: Adams was consi-
10 DNB: Dictionary of national biography, .

dered to be one of the greatest English preachers of the early th century

(DNB II:). Jeremy Taylors () Great exemplar of the holy history
of Jesus Christ is also recorded: Taylor, an ardent devotional preacher, was
appointed bishop of Down and Connor after the Restoration, and being
a literary genius, his writings remained popular books of devotion until
the twentieth century. Also several of John Donnes (died ) sermons
are registered, alongside the sermons and Catechetical doctrine of Lance-
lot Andrews (), bishop of Winchester. Being a man of extra-
ordinary capacities, Andrews mastered fifteen languages, and his devotio-
nal prayer-book became one of the periods bestsellers. Also, bishop Lewis
Bailey (died ) is listed with his highly popular and widely disseminated
work Practice of piety, Praxis pietatis. Of English authors who occupied hig-
her academic positions, Thomas Bilson (died ), professor of theology at
Oxford, is recorded with his work De passione & descensu Christi ad inferos
(AGL I:). Also recorded is Thomas Gataker (born ), who served as
prefector at Trinity College, Cambridge (AGL II:). From the medieval
period, Gilbert Foliot, bishop of Hereford in the latter part of the th cen-
tury, is accredited with the work Expositio in cantica canticorum (AGL II:),
while titles such as Charles st meditations and Biblia Angliae also suggest an
English origin.
Contrary to the abundance of works of German and English origin,
books written by Danish-Norwegian authors are much more sparsely
represented in Lucoppidans collection. Still, bishop Hans Svanes (died
) edition of the Bible, bishop Hans Wandal the Elders (died )
justification of absolutism (De jure regio) and Christian Nolds (died
) response to the latter are recorded in Lucoppidans collection, all
men being active at Copenhagen University during the th century.
Likewise recorded is the bishop Hans Poulsen Resen (died ), as
well as bishop Arnold de Fine (died ) who was resident in Norway;
the latter author is accredited with Herrens stridslow, a set of biblical
commentaries. Several authors with strong links to Denmark are also
recorded, for instance the German-born professor of eloquence at the
Academy of Sor Christoph Heidemann (died ), who is accredited
with the philological work Terra sacra. Also the German-born theologian
Johann Monrad (born ) who served in Denmark, is accredited with
one work, namely Explicatio evangeliorum dominicalium (AGL III:).
Also recorded is Bartholomaeus Botsak: Botsak was born in Lbeck in
, and he served as superintendent in Braunschweig before being
appointed professor of theology at Copenhagen (AGL I:). Overall,
however, the number of Danish-Norwegian books registered is relatively
low, and apart from an important number of funeral orations, very few
of the listed works are written by domestic authors.
chapter two
Despite the overwhelming number of theological works, various other

topics are also covered by Lucoppidans collection, and some works natu-
rally reflect Lucoppidans training within the artes curriculum. The total
number of such books, however, is not significant: Only Vergil, Tacitus,
Suetonius and Josephus are recorded; the latter is accredited with his
widely disseminated Opera, a history of the Jews filled with prophecies,
signs and portents. Of dictionaries, several are listed, for instance Ambro-
gio Calepinoss (died ) pre-Reformation dictionary and the theolo-
gian and Hebraist Johannes Buxdorf the Elders (died ) Hebrew
grammar; both of these authors were important to Latin school educa-
tion. Also the Danish theologian Jens Jersin (died ) is accredited
with a work on grammar, while a work entitled Onomasticum sacrum
is accredited to the philologist Johann Leusden (died ), professor at
Utrecht (AGL II:). A Lexicon is also accredited to Georg Pasor
(died ), professor of Greek at Franecker (AGL III:). Heinrich
Smetiuss th-century Prosodia, on verse meters, is also listed in Lucop-
pidans collection.
A range of other topics is also listed in Lucoppidans collection. On law,
Christian Vs Norwegian law is listed, alongside Florentius Schoonho-
viuss () Emblemata parties moralia parties civila. On politi-
cal history, the mathematician and physician Girolamo Cardanos (
) Arcana politica is listed, as well as a work entitled Opera Reinhold
which probably refers to an astronomical treatise written by the pre-
Copernican mathematician and astrologer Erasmus Reinhold (
). Another astronomer, namely Ambrosius Rhodius (),
is accredited with the work Optica cum tract. de crepusculis; Rhodius also
wrote about the comet of (ADB XXVI:). Listed in Lucoppidans
collection are also Euclids Elementa, the Danish teacher Sren Math-
iesens (died ) Arithmetica and Jrgen Froms Arithmetica; From was
a th-century professor of mathematics, logic and rhetoric at Copen-
hagen.
On other sciences, Johann Sperlings () Physica is recorded;
Sperling obtained his doctorate in theology and natural history at Wit-
tenberg, and claimed in his Zoologia physica, printed in Leipzig in ,
that nerves and muscles were filled with a mystical spirit (ADB
XXXV:). Robert Boyles () Specimen de origine et virtutibus
gemmarum, on the origin and virtues of gems from is also recorded,
alongside Pharmacopoea Augustana, an official list of medicaments that
included alchemical prescriptions. Christoph Scheiblers ()
Metaphysica is also listed in Lucoppidans book collection; Scheibler, a
Lutheran theologian and philosopher who served as professor of logic

and metaphysics at Dortmund, aimed in his Metaphysica to reconcile the
teachings of Aristotle with those of Wittenbergian theology. Jacob Mar-
tini (), a philosopher and theologian who became professor
of logic, metaphysics, and later theology at Wittenberg, is also accred-
ited with a work on metaphysics. Both Maritni and Scheibler acquired
major importance in the Lutheran world, including at Copenhagen Uni-
versity.11 As to natural history, Conrad Lycostheness (died ) Prodi-
giorum ac ostentorum chronicon is listed, alongside Jan Swammerdans
(died ) Historia insectorum generalis and a volume entitled Chiro-
mantia; the latter title refers to the practice of divination based on bodily
forms. Only one exemplar of a more vulgar history book is recorded,
namely Happenings of Alexander the Great. Overall, books on the nat-
ural sciences in Lucoppidans collection thus reflect both new and old
trends despite the pervasive influence of literature stemming from the
German tradition.
This crude outline of Lucoppidans collection attests to the importance
of Germany as to book dissemination among clerics residing in Norway.
However, although Lucoppidans book collection includes an abundance
of German Lutheran theologians, many of these authors belonged to the
th century, which points to the persisting influence of early reformist
authors. Similarly, authors listed represent a highly varied group of early
Lutheran theologians, a finding which reflects the broadness of the early
modern marketplace of ideas. Also works from the Netherlands are
included in Lucoppidans collection, and most of these forward a Calvin-
ist theology. Several works in Lucoppidans collection also originate in
England. Few books in Lucoppidans collection are of strictly scientific
character. Those included, however, ranged from pre-Copernican astron-
omy to magic, portents and iatrochemistry, which implies that Lucoppi-
dans collection displays a significant variety both in terms of authorship
and subjects covered.
.. Edvardsens book collection
Another parson whose book collection is registered in the Bergen cleri-

cal probate records is Otto Edvardsen (born ), who served in Manger
11 Ebbesen & Koch :.

chapter two
in Northern Hordaland. Otto, the son of the well-known Bergen theolo-

gian and historian Edvard Edvardsen (died ), studied theology at
the University of Copenhagen in the late-th century, at the end of the
orthodox era. Otto became curate of Manger in , and eventually
parson of the same place in , a position in which he remained until
his death in .12 Ottos collection as described in the probate record,
numbered around volumes.13 Although some of these books might
have been inherited, many of the titles referred to in the inventory differ
from those of his fathers collection, which implies that Otto also acquired
many books out of a combination of interest and pure necessity.14 As in
previous cases, however, several titles are recorded in a sloppy or ineffi-
cient manner, which make them difficult, if not impossible, to categorize.
What can be ascertained with certainty though, is that Edvardsens
collection, like that of Lucoppidan, reflects the pervasiveness of German
Lutheran theology, which means that an abundance of German Lutheran
theologians is recorded in the inventory. However, at least as far as the
listing indicates, books by Luther and Melanchthon are absent, although
the title Loci communes might refer to Melanchthons work. As in Lucopp-
idans collection, many of the theologians recorded in Edvardsens collec-
tion were born in the th century, which suggests that German classics
available on the Bergen book market were not necessarily those written
by authors of the th century. Examples of such early figures are Paul
Nicander (died ), a preacher in Halle (AGL III:), and Martin
Chemnitz; the latter is accredited with his famous Harmonia. Salomon
Glassius (), a professor of theology at Jena who was famous for
his biblical commentaries, is also recorded, as is the German author Mar-
tin Opitz (); Opitz, who originally trained in law and philos-
ophy, was the author of numerous poems and psalms. Also Johann Ger-
hards Postilla salmonea is recorded, as is Michael Walther the Elders Har-
monia bibl. (AGL IV:), both authors previously encountered
in Lucoppidans collection. Another German theologian from the turn
of the century is the superintendent Josua Stegmann (born ), who is
accredited with the work Christognosia (AGL IV:). Johann Binck
(born ), a Lutheran pastor in Herford, is accredited with the work
12 Lampe / I:.
13 B. St. b, the listing of books starts on folio .
14 Parts of Edvardsen the Elders library are listed by the owner himself in the hand-
written manuscript Sapienta coelestis, det er Guds himliske viisdom, probably written
around .
Mellificium theologicum (AGL I:). As in Lucoppidans collec-

tion, Hieronymus Kromayer and Johannes Sleidanus are also recorded,
Kromayer by his historical work Scrutinum religionum and Sleidanus by
his De quatuor monarchiis.
Of th-century German Lutheran authors, only a few are listed in
Edvardsens collection, such as Johann Heinrich Ursinus (),
who is accredited with the work Arboretum biblicum: Ursinus, a head-
master at the Lutheran gymnasium in Maintz and later superintendent
in Regensburg, wrote one of the first essays on biblical botany by com-
piling a natural history based on the Bible. As in Lucoppidans collection,
August Pfeiffer is also accredited with various works, such as his Dubia
vexata, and Martin Geier is similarly listed. Another th-century author
listed is Johann Ludwig Hartmann (died ), a superintendent in
Rothenburg and a renowned author who is accredited with the work Pas-
torale evangelicum (AGL II:). Johann Adam Schertzer (born ), a
student in theology at Jena who became professor of theology, is accred-
ited with the work Breviculus theologicus (AGL IV:). Also the Ger-
man preacher Johann Weihenmayer (born ), is accredited with a
theological work, and Heinrich Reinesius, a pastor and superintendent in
Salza, is accredited with his Theologica technica (AGL III:). Various
Bibles are also listed, such as a Hebrew Bible and Christian Vs Danish
Bible.
Edvardsen, like Lucoppidan, was also in possession of Calvinist lit-
erature, for instance Immanuel Tremelliuss edition of the Bible. This
Bible translation from Hebrew was initiated by Tremellius (),
and later completed by his son-in-law Franciscus Junius (born ).
Tremellius, a Jewish convert to Calvinism, had originally been tutored
by Peter Martyr Vermili and taught Hebrew at the University of Cam-
bridge; his Latin edition of the Bible was considered one of the finest
translations of the time. The Dutch and Calvinist bias is also noticeable
in Edvardsens collection, exemplified by the recording of Franciscus Rid-
ders Huys catechisatien. As in Lucoppidans collection, Caspar Sibelius is
recorded with his Opera theologica in three volumes, as is Johannes Pisca-
tor () with his work Novum Testamentum, a Bible translation
rich in Calvinist annotations. Campegius Vitringa (born ), profes-
sor of oriental languages, theology and biblical history at Franecker, is
accredited with the work Synagoga vetus (AGL IV:). Clearly,
the Netherlands seems to have been of great importance with regard to
the dissemination of Calvinist literature on the Bergen bishopric book
market.
chapter two
Some Catholic authors are also registered in Edvardsens collection.

One of these authors was Jeremias Drexel (). Trained in rhet-
oric and philosophy as well as theology, and a strong supporter of abso-
lutism, Drexel became preacher to Duke Maximillian of Bavaria. Dur-
ing the course of the th century, his writings saw Latin and forty
German editions, and in Munich alone, , of his works were sold
prior to (LAW III:).15 According to the sales figures, Drexel
was therefore one of the bestselling theologians of the time. Another
Catholic work listed is Pia desideria, written by the Dutch Jesuit Her-
mann Hugo. Being self-taught, Hugo left university in at the age of
seventeen to join the Jesuit cause, and some of his writings were trans-
lated into several languages (BWN VIII:). Edvardsen was also
in possession of the work Opera mystica accredited to a certain Johannes
a Cunol, which refers most likely to Johannes Cuno, a mid-th-century
Dominican friar resident in Worms who became a vital agent in human-
ist circles. Also Ravanellis Bibliotheca sacra is recorded.
Another example of literature crossing confessional borders is the
presence of works written by English authors in Edvardsens collec-
tion, although the number of such works is less than that recorded
in Lucoppidans collection. One of the authors listed is John Lightfoot
(), who is accredited with two volumes of his complete works.
Lightfoot, a researcher of Judaism, served as master of St Catharine
Hall in Cambridge and he preached before the House of Commons
(DNB XXXIII:). A more controversial individual registered is
Thomas Stapleton (), who is accredited with the work Promp-
tuarium morale in evangelia dominicalia: After its first printing in Ant-
werp in , this book rapidly spread across Europe. Stapleton, origi-
nally from Sussex, was an ardent Catholic and controversialist who, after
the accession of Elisabeth I, fled the country to settle in Louvain. Sta-
pletons fame however, spread all over Europe, and Pope Clement VIII
esteemed his writings so highly that he ordered parts of them to be read
at his table (DNB LIV:).
How easily the boundaries between Protestantism and Catholicism
could fluctuate is demonstrated by the life of another author listed in
Edvardsens collection, namely John Barclay (), represented in
the collection by his Satyricon. Barclay, born in France and brought up
in England, was at the beginning of his authorial career highly critical of
15 LAW: Literaturlexicon: Autoren und Werke deutscher Sprache, .

Jesuits as well as of Puritans. Still, Barclay developed more tolerant views

as time went by, a process reflected in his Satyricon, that is, if one treats
it as a corpus of several books. Although his writings were prohibited
in Catholic countries, Barclay was given a pension by Paul V during his
stay in Rome (DNB III:). Barclay, through his writings, inspired
political thought at his time as well as the literary tradition of romance
writing. Thomas Adams is also listed in Edvardsens collection, as is an
English Bible. Unfortunately, several additional names and titles given in
the English language are referred to only in the vaguest terms; this con-
cerns for example a Watson and a Baxter who both are accredited with an
opera. These names, however, most probably refer to the Presbyterian
Thomas Watson and to Richard Baxter, the Puritan th-century evan-
gelist of Kidderminster.
In contrast to Lucoppidans collection, Edvardsens collection contains
a relatively significant number of Danish-Norwegian religious works (see
table ). Interestingly, some of these books were of heretical character,
such as those written by the spiritualist Niels Chronich (born ca ),
who was imprisoned in Christiania for non-conformity, and Johann
Lyser (born ), a chaplain to the Danish army who was expelled from
the crown territories for writing a book supporting polygamy.
Table : Danish-Norwegian literature in Edvardsens book collection
Edvardsens book collection contains a large number of Danish-Norwegian
religious works of which, as might be expected, a greater part consisted of
funeral orations. Of the more mystical-inspired literature listed in the col-
lection, Guds bolig hos mennesker (Gods home among mankind) may be
noted, a book written by Ottos father Edvard Edvardsen that portrayed an
ideal Christian lifestyle. The Danish parson Willads Nielsens ()
catechism Dyde oc lydebog is also recorded. Also of edifying character are
the Danish cleric Jens Bangs (died ) Passions tanker and the Danish
parson Jrgen Huulbechs (died ) Aarons bryst-span, commentaries on
the Scriptures; the presence of Bang, Huulbech and Nielsen points to a more
novel range of authors than does the occurrence of classic German theological
writings. Two books written by Heinrich Mller but translated into Danish by
Peder Mller (born ) are also listed, notably Aandelige spare-timer and
Taare og trste-kilde. Mller, however, did not restrict his translations to Ger-
man authors; he also translated the writings of Lancelot Andrews and Tho-
mas Watson (FDNI VI:).16 Also Niels Hemmingsen (died ), accu-
sed of non-conformity, is represented with his commentaries on the Gospel of
John, and bishop and professor Caspar Brochmand (died ) is represented
16 FDNI: Forfatterlexikon omfattende Danmark, Norge og Island indtil ,
.
chapter two
with his Epitome. The parson Lucas Debes (died ) is also registered in the
inventory, as is the Danish cleric Sren Colding (died ), who is accredited
with the edifying work Dend blodige brudgom. As mentioned, a work written
by the exiled professor Niels Chronich is also recorded, namely Troens erin-
dring oc prvelse. And, even more surprising, a work written by the sever-
ely heretical Johann Lyser is also incorporated in the book collection. Lysers
book Das knigliche Marck aller Lnder, printed in Freiburg in under
the pseudonym Aletheus Theophilus, supported polygamy and stated that
women had no souls. For this reason, it was banned by Copenhagen theo-
logians, and , riksdaler were to be paid as a penalty by those who posses-
sed a volume of this severely heretical text (Appel :). One of the theo-
logians who counter-attacked the blasphemy of Lyser was the Lutheran ortho-
dox theologian Johan Brunsmann (died ), who in wrote Monoga-
mia victrix. As a response to this attack, Lyser, now in exile abroad, answered
with his Polygamia victrix in . Edvardsen was in possession of both these
works, books that he could well have purchased in order to see both sides of
the argument.
Several books in Edvardsens collection also reflect his artes training, as a
number of books is accredited to authors such as Hesiod, Cicero, Vergil,
Livy, Ovid, Valerius Maximus, Sallust and Horace. Also Pliny the Elders
natural history is recorded, as is Lucretiuss De rerum natura: This lat-
ter work encapsulated the philosophy of Epicurus and was important in
the spread of ancient atomism. Other antique authors listed are Terence,
Juvenal and the th-century Sophist Aphthonius. Among the philolo-
gists, Johannes Buxdorf the Elder as well as Johannes Scapula, died
(Lexicon graeco-latinum), are recorded, and of humanist works, Eras-
muss Copia verborum and Colloquia are recorded alongside Heinrich
Smetiuss (died ) Prosodia. Given this listing, the artes curriculum
had, at least in the case of Edvardsen, a relatively strong impact on the
content of his learned library.
Although relatively sparse in number, other non-theological works are
recorded in Edvardsens collection, for example Syntagma anatomica by
the famous German anatomist Johannes Vesling (died ). Also vari-
ous lists of remedies, such as Tractat. de curat. marbonum and Apotheqver
taxten (pharmacopoeia), are recorded, alongside the pseudo-Albertus
work De secretis mulierum which dealt with magic and the secrets of
womanhood; this work was probably written by one of Albertus Mag-
nuss disciples. As clerics were required by law to instruct midwives on
how to treat foetuses and newborn babies, Secretis must have been con-
sidered important reading by Edvardsen in the geographically periph-
eral district of Manger. On astronomy, David Origanuss (i.e. Dost van
Glatz, ) Ephemerides Brandenburgicae is listed, a work mainly
consisting of tables and debates about the different cosmologies of Tycho,

Prutensis and Copernicus. On geography, Philipp Cluvers ()
Introductio in universam geographiam is listed, and the natural historian
Conrad Lycosthenes is accredited with a work referred only to as Sim-
ilia. Various Danish-Norwegian authors are also accredited with more
profane literature, such as Oluf Rosenkrantzs (died ) Statua tri-
umphalis memorice Dn. Nicolai Trolle de Trolleholm dedicata et erecta and
the parson and historian Jonas Ramuss (died ) historical work Nor-
gis beskrivelse, a description of Norway. A work referred to as a Norwe-
gian law is also recorded in Edvardsens book collection.
Given the above description of Edvardsens book collection, several
aspects may be noted: First, like Lucoppidan, Edvardsen possessed a
range of books originating in Lutheran parts of Germany. He also pos-
sessed several Danish-Norwegian theological works. Although these
dominated the collection, Edvardsen also possessed works originating in
other corners of Europe, whereof some originated in the Netherlands as
well as in England. Similarly, books on the heavenly spheres, magic and
the natural world were included in Edvardsens collection, which signals
that a very heterogeneous range of literature found its way to the district
of Manger.
.. Bergendahls book collection
A third parson whose book collection can be traced in the bishopric

of Bergen clerical probate records, is Jens Sfrensen Bergendahl, who
was born into a clerical family in Copenhagen in . Bergendahl
studied theology at the University of Copenhagen during the period of
Lutheran orthodoxy, and was appointed parson of Bjergby in Zealand in
. Bergendahl obtained a masters degree in , and was eventually
appointed parson of the Korskirke in Bergen, a position in which he
remained until his death in . At the time of his death, Bergendahl left
a collection amounting to approximately books, a relatively decent
size for an upper-middle-class scholar.17
In terms of general outlook, the collection, as might be anticipated,
incorporated an important number of works written by late th- and
early th-century German Lutheran theologians. Representatives of
17 B. St. b, the listing of books starts on folio .

chapter two
th-century theology are Friedrich Balduin and Timotheus Kirchner

(); Kirchner, a professor of theology at Helmstadt, is accred-
ited with the work Explicatio articulorum fidei. Other th-century the-
ologians of note are Johann Gerhard and Simon Geddicus (),
the latter being superintendent in Meissen. Likewise recorded are Sebas-
tian Artomedes (), a court preacher in Ansbach, and Valerius
Herberger (), a pastor in Fraustadt. Salomon Gesner (died
), professor at the gymnasium in Stralsund and later residing in
Wittenberg (AGL II:) is also registered, as is Christoph Daud-
erstadt (born ), a headmaster and later superintendent in Freiburg
(AGL II:). The Lutheran theologian Christian Matthiae (born )
is also accredited with one work, namely Theatrum historicum (AGL
III:), and Johann Heermann is also listed. Of the th-century
theologians listed in Bergendahls collection, only Friedrich Balduin,
Johann Heermann and Johann Gerhard have previously been encoun-
tered in other collections.
Of the theologians belonging strictly to the th century, some already
familiar names appear in Bergendahls collection, namely Johann Wei-
henmayer and Johann Heinrich Ursinus; the latter author is accredited
with the work Comment. in Hoseam. Also Heinrich Mller (born )
is accredited with a work, namely Himmlishcen Liebes-Kus (AGL III:
). Georg Albrecht (born ), superintendent in Nordlingen, is
accredited with the work Erklrung der Passion nach den Evangel in
Predigten, while several writings of Hartmann Creide (born ),
preacher in Friedberg and a more ascetically minded theologian, are also
recorded (AGL I:) alongside Fasciculus disputationum written
by the Wittenberg professor of theology Johann Meisner ().
Also listed is a work accredited to Johann Botsak (born ), a doctor
of theology from Wittenberg, namely his Promptuarium allegoriarum, as
is a work by Christoph Scultetus (born ), a pastor in Stettin, entitled
Geistlichen Todten-Krantz (AGL IV:). Hence, although Luthers edi-
tion of the Bible in German is recorded alongside the volume Loci com-
munes (of which the authors name is not registered), it is obvious that a
wide range of works by both greater and lesser Lutheran theologians
had spread to western Norway. This implies that German Lutheran theol-
ogy was not necessarily and exclusively transmuted by major figures of
reform, but also by a range of authors who were successful in distributing
their works.
An important feature of Bergendahls collection is the presence of
Calvinist writings. Tremelliuss edition of the Bible in two volumes is
listed, for example, as is Johannes Piscators Concordantiae latinae. Also

listed are the professor of theology at Bern Wolfgang Muscuclus (
) and the Herborn professor Wilhelm Zepper (); the lat-
ter is accredited with the work Legum mosaicarum collatio (AGL
IV:). Ludwig Lavater (), originally Swiss and married to
Heinrich Bullingers daughter, is also accredited with a work, while four
books written by Jean Calvin are also recorded. Rudolph Gualther (
) of Zrich, a successor to Bullinger who married Zwinglis daugh-
ter, is also listed, as is the Swiss theologian Johann Wolff (). As
expected, the Dutch impact is also noticeable in Bergendahls collection:
The Dutch Calvinist Caspar Sibelius is registered, as is a Dutch Bible.
Another Calvinist listed is the Paris theologian and preacher Charles
Drelincourt the Elder (born ), represented in the collection by a
translation of his Consolation de lme fidle (AGL II:). Meanwhile, the
Arminian Stephanus Curcellaeus (i.e. tienne de Courcelles, died ),
professor at the gymnasium of Remonstrants in Amsterdam and a trans-
lator of Descartess Principia, is accredited with his fine edition of the New
Testament equipped with commentaries (AGL I:).
In contrast to this amount of Calvinist literature, not many books on
Bergendahls shelves can be ascribed to the Catholic tradition, although
the Franciscan Diego Stella is accredited with the work Commentarium in
Lucam, a work that was outlawed by the Spanish Inquisition. Some books
refer vaguely to the Catholic tradition, as indicated by such references as
an old monk-book or a Latin monk catechism. Also Johannes Taulers
(died ) pre-Reformation Opera, a highly popular work inspired by
the medieval mystic Eckhart, is listed in Bergendahls collection. Also
falling into this mystical, but Protestant tradition, is Christian Hohburgs
(i.e. Elias Praetorius, ) Postilla mystica: Hohburg was a spiritu-
alist and heretical theologian who was highly influenced by the mystical
tradition of Johann Arndt and Kaspar v. Schwenkenfeld.
Few of the religious and theological books in Bergendahls collec-
tion were written by Danish-Norwegian authors, and, as in previous
collections, many of these consisted of funeral orations. Nevertheless,
the Baron Oluf Rosenkrantz is recorded, as is Willads Nielsens edify-
ing book Dyde oc lyde bog, an explanation of the catechism. The par-
son Johannes Tornaeuss (died ) Manuale lapponicum, consisting
of biblical texts in the Lapp language and originally published in ,
is also recorded, as is a Danish-Norwegian Church Ordinance. A the-
ological work is also accredited to the Danish bishop Henrik Gerner
(). Intriguingly, also a book on Jewish history is recorded in
chapter two
Bergendahls collection, namely Historia religions judaeorum written by

Moses Levi ().
The largest part of Bergendahls book collection, however, consists
of theological works written by English authors (see table ), and, as
in Lucoppidans collection, these books reflect a quite heterogeneous
background in terms of theological affiliation.
Table : Theological and edifying works written by English authors registered
in Bergendahls book collection
Some of the English authors listed in Bergendahls collection have already
been mentioned previously, such as the bishop of Exeter Ralph Brownrige.
The already mentioned Samuel Hieron, a Puritan preacher, is also recorded,
as is Henry Answorths Annotations of the Pentateuch; the five books of Moses,
the psalms of David and the song of Moses; Answorth was, as previously
noted, the leader of the separatist congregation at Amsterdam. Also recorded
is William Day (), a divinity reader in His Majestys Chapel of
St George in Windsor who is accredited with the work Exposition of the
book of the prophet Isaiah. Thomas Hall () is accredited with a
polemical commentary, or exposition, on the third and fourth chapters of the
second Epistle of Paul to Timothy; Hall carried out ardent polemics against
Socinians, Swenkfeldians, Wegelians, Anabaptists, Seekers and Quakers. Also
Richard Wards (died ) Theological questions, dogmatical observations,
and euangelical essays, upon the Gospels of Jesus Christ according to Mattheus,
is listed; the text evolved around what the author called , necessary
questions to ask about the Christian faith. The bishop of Norwich Joseph
Hall (), is similarly accredited with one work; Hall, like Lancelot
Andrews and Jeremy Taylor, came to be a highly popular author, and his
autobiography in particular enjoyed a wide audience (DNB XXIV:).
Charles Gibbes (), a divine, is also listed with his sermons;
Gibbes was categorized as a noted disputant, orator and a quaint preacher
(DNB XXI:).
Various English authors of more controversial character are also listed in Ber-
gendahls collection, such as Thomas Fitzherbert (), who is repre-
sented by his work Treatise concerning policy and religion; wherein the infir-
mity of human wit is amply declared, with the necessity of the grace of God [ . . . .]
Proving that the Catholic Roman religion only doth make a happy commonwe-
alth. As the title suggests, Fitzherbert was an ardent Jesuit, and after having
been charged with conspiracy against Elisabeth I, Fitzherbert lived most of his
life abroad in the Netherlands, Spain and Italy (DNB XIX:). Willliam
Gouge (), a Puritan divine, and a defender of Ramus, is accredited
with the work Gods three arrows (DNB XXII:). Also listed is Christ
revelated, written by the Puritan divine and copious writer Thomas Taylor
(). The Puritan divine Richard Sibbes () is accredited
with the work Returning backslider, or, A commentaire upon the whole XIV
chapter of the prophesy of the prophet Hosea, as is another Puritan divine
Jeremiah Dyke (died ), dispossessed for non-conformity, who is accre-

dited with a theological work, namely The righteous mans tower, or the way to
be safe in case of danger.
A wide range of other English authors are also recorded in Bergendahls
collection, such as Thomas Manton (), who is represented by
the work A practical commentary or an exposition with notes upon the Epistle
of James (). Despite being an acknowledged leader of the Presbyterian
society in London, Manton eventually adopted a more irenic theological
attitude towards other confessions (DNB XXXVI:). Also Theophilus
Gale () is listed with the work The anatomie of infidelity, while
a more spectacular polemist recorded is Richard Younge (died ), a
Calvinist tract writer who witnessed a wide dissemination of his works: In
Bergendahls collection Younge is accredited with the work The drunkards
character. Also Michael Jermin () is listed, notably by the work
Paraphrastical meditations by the way of commentary on Proverb; in his earlier
career, Jermin served as chaplain to Princess Elisabeth, the Electress Palatine,
but during the English Civil War, Jermin was ejected (DNB XXIX:).
Thomas Gataker (born ) is also accredited with several sermons, and
John King (died ), a court preacher to James I and a bishop of London,
is accredited with the work Praelectiones ber den Jonam (AGL II:).
Victorin Bythner, a th-century theologian from London, is accredited with
the work Lyra prophetica (AGL I:).
Very few non-theological works are listed in Bergendahls collection, and
in contrast to Edvardsens collection, only one antique work appears,
namely Pliny the Youngers Libri epistolarum nollem addito nunc & dec-
imo cum panegyrico. Hence, apart from the listing of Corderiuss (i.e.
Mathurin Cordier, died ) Colloquia, few works relate to the artes part
of the educational curriculum. The number of medical books in Bergen-
dahls collection is also limited, although what is referred to as an old
medical book is listed alongside the pseudo-Albertus work De secretis
mulierum. On geography, Heinrich Schaeviuss () Sceleton geo-
graphicum is listed; Schaevius served as professor and procurator at the
University of Stettin. Two works in Bergendahls collection also relate to
astronomy, namely Vaclav Budevezs Circulus horlogii lunaris et solaris
of as well as the work Tychonis Braheri vita, a biography of Tycho
Brahe first printed in and written by the famous philosopher Pierre
Gassendi (died ). Gassendi, who wrote on Cartesianism and atom-
ism, was also highly praised for his astrological and astronomical writ-
ings. His Brahe biography, however, remains one of the earliest source-
books on Tychos life.
A few non-theological works are also accredited to Danish-Norwe-
gian authors, such as Hans Wandal the Elders famous text in support of
chapter two
absolutism and Norske hird skraa, a medieval law-book originally writ-

ten by the Norwegian king Magnus Lagabte (died ). Of historical
mercantilist works, Danmarckis og Norgis fructbaar herlighed by Arent
Berentsn (died ) is recorded, a work that has acquired the status
of being the first mercantile work written by a Norwegian author. On
history, the parson Jonas Ramuss (died ) Om det gamle hedenske
Norge (Old and heathen Norway) is listed, as is Philipp Camerariuss
(died ) historical and political work Opera horarum, sive medita-
tiones historicae.
Bergendahls collection is highly theological in outlook. As expected,
it is marked by a range of works written by early German Lutheran the-
ologians. However, the collection also includes a substantial number of
works from England, as well as works originating in other European
countries. This high number of books originating in other traditions than
the German one, downplays the Lutheran orthodox impact of the col-
lection. Given the general character of the book collection, Bergendahl
surely professed Pietist interests, and his own main work Pia otia, printed
in Copenhagen in , stands in this tradition.18 Bergendahl also trans-
lated works of English origin into Danish, such as the pious historian
John Haywards (died ) Davids tears.19 Bergendahl also translated
Robert Hills (died ) An instruction to die well; Hill served as curate
of St Andrews church in Norwich:20 Translations of this kind indicate
that books on the art of dying remained popular reading even into the
th century.
Generally speaking, the collections elaborated on so far demonstrate
various similarities regarding theological literature: First, an important
number of German Lutheran theologians are listed in all three collec-
tions. Second, most of these authors belong to the late th- or early th
centuries, whereas a more limited number of theologians listed belong
strictly to the th century. In this multitude of authors registered, only
Johann Gerhard has been identified as being listed across all three collec-
tions, and out of a total of about forty German Lutheran authors recorded
18 On Bergendahl as an author, see FDNI I:.

19 For a biography of Hayward, see DNB XXV:. The Norwegian title given
to this work was Davids taare eller en bodfrdig sils inderlig fortrydelse over synden og
omsider en nskelig befrielse fra synden, and the book was reprinted several times during
the course of the th centrury.
20 This translation was given the title Adskillige lrdomme om dden og trst imod
dden udi sprsml og giensvar, and the work saw its third edition in .
overall (see table ), only twelve names appear in more than one col-
lection (see table ): Such a finding supports the view that it was a wide
range of heterogeneous authors who found their works circulating on the
Bergen bishopric book market. This, naturally, points to the broadness of
the European market of print.
Two other countries in particular were important as to book dissem-
ination, notably the Netherlands and England. Due to the impact of the
Netherlands, a number of Calvinist works reached Norwegian shores.
Still, in terms of total numbers, only fifteen authors have been identi-
fied, namely Jean Calvin, Theodore Beza, Stephanus Curcellaeus, Johann
Wolff, Johannes Piscator, Caspar Sibelius, Franciscus Ridder, Immanuel
Tremellius, Heinrich Diest, Campegius Vitringa, Ludwig Lavater, Rud-
olph Gualther, Wolfgang Musculus, Wilhelm Zepper and Charles Drelin-
court the Elder. Of these, however, several appear in more than one col-
lection (see table ), and two of these were Dutch, namely Caspar Sibelius
and Franciscus Ridder.
Table : Concordance of German Lutheran authors listed in the collections of
Lucoppidan, Edvardsen and Bergendahl
German Lutheran authors listed across the book collections of Lucoppi-
dan, Edvardsen and Bergendahl are: Georg Albrecht, Johann Arndt, Sebas-
tian Artomedes, Friedrich Balduin, Johann Binck, Johann Botsak, Johan-
nes Brenz, Heinrich Bnting, Abraham Calov, Martin Chemnitz, Hartmann
Creide, Christoph Dauderstadt, Conrad Dieterich, Simon Geddicus, Martin
Geier, Johann Gerhard, Salomon Gesner, Salomon Glassius, Johann Ludwig
Hartmann, Johann Heermann, Valerius Herberger, Leonhard Hutter, Hie-
ronymus Kromayer, Martin Luther, Johann Meisner, Heinrich Mller, Paul
Nicander, Martin Opitz, Lucas Osiander the Elder, August Pfeiffer, Hein-
rich Reinesius, Samuel Rling, Johann Adam Schertzer, Sebastian Schmidt,
Christoph Scultetus, Josua Stegmann, Johann Tarnow, Matthias Turnemann,
Johann Heinrich Ursinus, Michael Walther the Elder, Johann Weihenmayer.
Table : German Lutheran authors listed more than once across the collections
of Lucoppidan, Edvardsen and Bergendahl
Lucoppidan Edvardsen Bergendahl
Johann Gerhard
Martin Chemnitz
Friedrich Balduin
Michael Walther the Elder
Johann Heermann
Martin Luther
August Pfeiffer
chapter two

Martin Geier
Hieronymus Kromayer
Johann Heinrich Ursinus
Johann Weihenmayer
Heinrich Mller
Table : Calvinists listed more than once across the collections of Lucoppidan,
Edvardsen and Bergendahl
Johannes Piscator
Caspar Sibelius
Franciscus Ridder
Jean Calvin
Immanuel Tremellius
As to the works written by English authors, most works of this type
are listed in Lucoppidans and Bergendahls book collections, and over-
all, thirty-five authors belonging to the Anglican, Puritan or Presbyte-
rian traditions have been identified. Of these, only four appear in more
than one collection, namely Henry Answorth, Ralph Brownrige, Thomas
Adams and Thomas Gataker. Many of the English authors listed, how-
ever, belonged to the th century, which implies that some of these
works probably had a more recent date of publication than those orig-
inating in Germany. The number of Danish-Norwegian works recorded
is also lower than the number of works originating in Germany, and
most of this literature is of religious character. In terms of genre, many
of the recorded Danish-Norwegian works are funeral orations: This, for
instance, is a quite prominent genre in Edvardsens collection. As to
authors, Heinrich Mller, translated by Peder Mller, is recorded in at
least two collections. Greater theological figures such as Hans Poulsen
Resen, Hans Svane and Caspar Brochmand are also listed, but with
much scarcer representation. As with the German works, the Danish-
Norwegian works whichaccording to the above findingsacquired the
greatest popularity, were therefore not necessarily those written by major
theologians. Given the broadness of the market, also various Catholic
works were included in the three collections mentioned above, although
in lesser numbers, notably through authors such as Tauler, Hermann
Hugo and Johannes Cuno. The only Catholic author to be listed twice,
however, is the Franciscan Diego Stella, whose works appeared in the col-
lections of Lucoppidan and Bergendahl.
As regards the artes part of the educational curriculum, the number

of antique works registered is not outstanding: Only in Edvardsens col-
lection is there strong evidence of such works, although books of this
kind are also listed in Bergendahls and Lucoppidans collections. Sim-
ilarly, only Vergil appears across two collections, as do Johannes Bux-
dorf the Elders dictionaries. Overall, however, none of the collections
are marked by any outstanding representation of non-theological liter-
ature. Still, a wide range of topics are covered across the different col-
lections, such as astronomy, law, physics, geography and natural his-
tory, and books of this kind were written by a variety of authors rang-
ing from Euclid and Lucretius to Origanus and Boyle. Also books on
chiromancy and magic as well as a work written by Gassendi, are listed
across the different collections, works that represent both a magical and
a mechanist worldview. Hence, as in the case of theological literature, the
recording of non-theological titles also portrays a considerable degree
of variety symbolic of the broadness of the European marketplace of
ideas.
.. The book collections of Grytten and Madtzn
The book collections of three more parsons are recorded in the Bergen
clerical probate records. Two of these collections, namely those of Anders
Grytten and Nathanael Madtzn Melbo, have certain familiarities: Both
inventories were made in , and both were registered outside the city
of Bergen.21 Both parsons also left relatively small book collections, at
least when compared to those discussed so far: Grytten left approximately
sixty volumes and Madtzn around fifty. Designating these collections as
small, however, should be viewed in context, since for a normal, non-
wealthy household these collections must have been considered to be
relatively important. And, at least one of the men, Grytten, was a man
of considerable wealth.
Anders Grytten left the Bergen Latin School in , and was ap-
pointed parson of Holmefjord in or , at the height of the
orthodox era; Grytten was also the first parson in the district to be
21 For Gryttens book collection, see B. St. a, the listing starts on folio , and for
Madtzns collection, see B. St. a, the listing starts on folio .

chapter two
appointed by the King.22 Later, Grytten married the Bergen bishop Lud-
vig Munthes (died ) daughter Maren, and one of his daughters, Inge-
borg, born around and supposedly leprous, became a poetess: She
was the author of the work Kaars frugt, first published in Copenhagen in
.
In terms of general outlook, Gryttens collection differs from those
previously discussed, as no works written by English or Dutch authors
are mentioned. Similarly, only a limited number of Danish-Norwegian
authors are registered in Gryttens collection, and most of these are
accredited with theological works: Niels Hemmingsen, for instance, is
accredited with the work Syntagma institutionum christianorum, while
the historiographer and parson of Voss, Gert Miltzow (died ), is
also accredited with one work. The parson Christian Stephansn Bang
(died ) is accredited with his Catechism, while another theological
work is accredited to Heinrich Lemmiche (died ); born in Lbeck,
Lemmiche served as parson to the German congregation in Bergen. The
majority of works in Gryttens collection consists mainly of German
Lutheran theological literature, and a wide range of familiar as well as
less familiar names are listed (see table ). However, one Catholic work
is also recorded in Gryttens collection, namely Conciones written by
Ludovicus Granatensis (died ), i.e. Louis of Granada, a famous and
much renowned Dominican friar.
Table : German Lutheran authors listed in Gryttens book collection
Apart from a Bible referred to as Biblia sacra Hieronimus, Luther is registered
in Gryttens collection alongside a range of Lutheran theologians of whom
several have already been encountered: Listed for instance are Simon Ged-
dicus, Friedrich Balduin, Johann Binck, Johann Gerhard as well as Johann
Arndt. Also previously encountered are theologians such as Conrad Diete-
rich, who is accredited with the work Institutiones catecheticae, and Hart-
mann Creide, who is accredited with the books Meditationes in evangelia &
epistolas dominicales and Nosse me & nosse te. One of the theological works
in Gryttens collection, namely In Jeremiah, is accredited to Aegidius Hunnius
(): Hunnius served as professor of theology at Wittenberg, and he
became, like Leonhard Hutter, one of the most important Lutheran theolo-
gians of his time. Harmonia evangeliorum written by Aegidiuss son Nicolai
(), a superintendent in Lbeck, is also recorded in Gryttens col-
lection. Various works are also accredited to German Lutheran theologians
such as Georg Weinrich (died ) and Simon Paulli (); the lat-
ter, who served as superintendent in Rostock, should not be confused with
22 Lampe / II:.
the Danish scientist of the same name (AGL III:). Matthias Hafenref-
fer (born ), a chancellor of Tbingen University, is accredited with the
work Templum Ezechielis (AGL II:), while the Wrttemberg superinten-
dent Felix Bidemback (born ) is listed in the collection with his Manuale
ministrorum ecclesiae (AGL I:). Balthasar Mller (born ), a super-
intendent in Altenburg, is accredited with the work Dispos. concionum super
evangelia dominicalia & festivalia (AGL III:). As to religious history,
Christian Matthiae is accredited with the work Historia patriarchum.
Surprisingly, no antique works are recorded in Gryttens collection, and
only two of the volumes are of scientific or medical character. One
of these works is entitled Juliisus medicines. Also, Jacobus Sylviuss De
medicamentorum simplicium delectu, praeparationibus, mistionis modo,
first published in , is listed; the humanist and more conservative
author Sylvius () was one of the prime followers of Galen. Sim-
ilarly, only one philosophical work is listed in Gryttens collection, namely
Jacob Martinis Vernufft-Spiegel. In terms of general outlook, Gryttens
book collection is therefore narrower than the previously outlined book
collections, as it only included, apart from German theological works,
a few medical books, one philosophical work and one book reflecting a
non-Protestant confession. Still, despite the conformity of the collection,
a wide span may be observed in relation to the German authors regis-
tered: Only seven of the German theologians listed in Gryttens collec-
tion have been encountered before, namely Johann Arndt, Johann Binck,
Simon Geddicus, Martin Luther, Johann Gerhard, Conrad Dieterich and
Hartmann Creide, a feature which shows that a wide range of Lutheran
authors were operating on the early modern scene. Similarly, many of the
theologians listed also belonged to the th century, which implies that it
was perhaps Reformation authors rather than more recent authors who
enjoyed the largest audience of readers in the long term.
Nathanael Madtzn Melbo, as noted above, obtained his education
at approximately the same time as Grytten. Madtzn was originally
enrolled at the Stavanger Latin School in western Norway, and joined
Copenhagen University around . He participated in the defence
of Copenhagen against Charles X Gustav of Sweden, and was there-
after appointed curate of Stord, an island which was part of the dean-
ery of northern Sunnhordaland. On Stord, Madtzn married the daugh-
ter of the cleric Peder Olsen Svegning, author of the edifying work
Aurora, and in , he was appointed parson of Stord, a position in
which he stayed until his death. Although Madtzn had to pay a fine in
for having baptized the district stipendiarys child at home without
chapter two
sufficiently urgent reason, Madtzn was given fine attests by the Bergen
bishop Niels Randulph (died ) during his episcopal visitation to the
deanery.23
Nathanael Madtzn Melbos book collection is similar to Gryttens
collection in that it does not contain works of English origin. And,
as with Gryttens collection, many of the recorded works were written
by already familiar authors belonging to the German Lutheran sphere,
namely Johann Botsak, Martin Luther, Johann Gerhard, Georg Albrecht,
Johann Arndt, Felix Bidemback, Johann Heermann, Salomon Gesner,
Salomon Glassius, Sebastian Artomedes, Johannes Brenz, Friedrich Bal-
duin and Martin Chemnitz. For the first time, however, Melanchthons
name appears, and a cluster of new names are also recorded. These
include Nicolai Selneccer (died ), a superintendent and court
preacher (AGL IV:), and Daniel Cramer (born ); Cramer,
teacher at the gymnasium in Stettin, is accredited with his Catechismus-
Predigten (AGL IV:). Christoph Fischer (died ), super-
intendent and court preacher in Zelle, is accredited with the work Erk-
lrung der Passion (AGL II:).
Unlike Gryttens book collection, however, a strong Calvinist element
is noticeable in Madtzns collection, and although some of these origi-
nate in Germany, one of them is also of Dutch origin. Several works of
the Calvinist type are accredited to Jean Calvin, Wolfgang Musculus and
Heinrich Bullinger (died ). Immanuel Tremelliuss and Theodore
Bezas editions of the Bible are also recorded, both authors belonging
to the Reformation century. The Dutch theologian Caspar Sibelius is
also listed. Of books written by Catholics, however, only one has been
identified, namely commentaries to the Gospels of Matthew and John
written by Johann Ferus (i.e. Johann Wild, ), a Franciscan
friar and famous preacher in Mainz. Only a few authors belong to the
Danish-Norwegian theological camp, namely the th-century bishops
Hans Poulsen Resen and Niels Randulph, mentioned above, as well as
Simon Hennings: Hennings, who was born in Bergen in and who
served as preacher to the German church in Copenhagen, is accredited
with an exposition on Psalm XXII (AGL II:).
Only a limited number of books reflect non-theological interests, and
the artes part of the educational curriculum is hardly reflected at all in
Madtzns collection: No antique authors are listed, and only Calepinos
23 Hyland :.
dictionary reflects his Latin school education. No medical works are

recorded, but at least one book on the physical construction of the
universe is recorded, namely Physica et ethica mosaica by the Norwegian-
born Copenhagen professor Cort Aslaksn, printed in ; this book
described the creation of the world according to the opening chapters
of Genesis.24 Overall, also the collections of Grytten and Madtzn point
to the periods high level of internationality as to the distribution of
knowledge.
.. Minichens book collection
The most significant of all the book collections recorded in the Bergen
clerical probate records belonged to Jens Minichen. Minichen was
born in Copenhagen in ; his father Morten was a surgeon, and his
brother Henrik, whose godmother was Queen Sofie Amalie, ended his
career as royal physician. Several of Jenss children also obtained promi-
nent positions, although some of them continued to live in the northern
part of Norway where Minichen had spent most of his working life as a
parson before taking up his position in Bergen.25 When Minichen died
in , twelve years after having been appointed dean of the Nykirke in
Bergen, he left a collection amounting to more than books. These,
as with the previously outlined collections, indicate a wide range of
authors.26 Unlike Madtzn and Grytten who received their education in
the s, Minichen was educated during the later stages of the th
century. Overall, Minichens collection, perhaps because of its size, is
the most varied of all collections hitherto analysed.
As expected, Minichens collection contains a wide range of th- and
th-century German authors of the Lutheran type, and many of these
have been encountered earlier (see table ). Several of these authors are
also accredited with numerous works, a feature that might be expected
given the size of the collection: Luther, for instance, is accredited with
seven volumes of his Opera, and Martin Chemnitz is also accredited
with several writings, including his De duabus naturis in Christo. Also,
other early modern successes in terms of sales are included in the book
24 Kragh :.
25 Dahl / :.
26 For Minichens book collection, see B. St. a, the listing of books starts on folio .
chapter two
collection, notably Johannes Brenzs Catechism and Johann Heinrich

Ursinuss Arboretum biblicum, a natural history based on the Bible. Jo-
hann Arndts Wahrer Christenthum, a work that was widely distributed
across northern Europe, is also registered in Minichens collection.
Table : Familiar German Lutheran names listed in Minichens book
collection
Familiar German Lutheran theologians listed in Minichens collection are:
Georg Albrecht, Johann Arndt, Felix Bidemback, Johannes Brenz, Heinrich
Bnting, Georg Calixt, Abraham Calov, Martin Chemnitz, Daniel Cramer,
Conrad Dieterich, Martin Geier, Johann Gerhard, Salomon Gesner, Salomon
Glassius, Matthias Hafenreffer, Valerius Herberger, Aegidius Hunnius, Nico-
lai Hunnius, Leonhard Hutter, Hieronymus Kromayer, Martin Luther, Chris-
tian Matthiae, Martin Opitz, Lucas Osiander the Elder, Johann Adam Schert-
zer, Johann Tarnow, Johann Heinrich Ursinus, Michael Walther the Elder.
Some new names also emerge in Minichens collection, for example
Balthasar Meisner (), professor of theology at Wittenberg, and
Heinrich Ludoloph Benthem, born in Zelle in ; Benthem, who trav-
elled through England and the Netherlands before taking up his posi-
tion as superintendent (AGL I:), is accredited with the work
Den englischen Kirchen und Schulen Staat. Also Friedrich Dedekind (died
), a church inspector in Lneburg, is accredited with several works,
including Lib. III carminum eleg. de Grobiano & Grobiana (AGL II:). A
work by Lucas Loss (born ), a philologist and headmaster in Lneb-
urg, entitled Annotationes in evangel. (AGL II:), is included,
and Johann Conrad Dannhauer (born ), a professor of theology and
a poet, is also accredited with a theological work (AGL II:). David
Chytraeus (), a Rostock professor who corresponded with the
Norwegian humanist Jens Nilssn (died ), is likewise accredited with
several books, such as his De studio dialecticae recte.
Various other German theologians are listed in Minichens collection:
Moses Pflacher (died ), for instance, a theologian in Swabia and a
court preacher, is accredited with the work Predigten ber Samuelem,
Jonam & Joel (AGL III:). Urban Regius (died ), a first genera-
tion Lutheran, is accredited with one theological work. Gregor Strigenitz
(born ), a court preacher and superintendent in Jena (AGL IV:)
is also recorded, as is Matthias Flacius Illyricus (born ), a Gnesio-
Lutheran who was on the run for several years because of his non-
mainstream theological positions. Flacius, who is accredited with sev-
eral works in Minichens collection, not only came into conflict with
Melanchthon by opposing the Augsburg Interim (), but he was also
dismissed from his position as professor of New Testament studies in Jena

because of his view of original sin as being a physical substance of human-
ity. Other authors in Minichens collection could also be categorized as
non-mainstream theologians, such as Heinrich Bnting and the highly
controversial Andreas Osiander the Elder; the latter is accredited with his
Biblia sacra. Overall, the occurrences of Flacius and Osiander the Elder
indicate that despite allegations of non-conformity, such authors contin-
ued to have their works distributed across at least the northern parts of
Europe.
Despite the German element being strong in Minichens collection,
other confessions are also represented in the listing. As expected, Calvin-
ist literature is recorded, and the majority of such works originated in the
Netherlands. Several works in Minichens collection are, for instance,
accredited to Calvin himself, for instance his In Psalmos. A work enti-
tled Piscatoris responsionis ad Hoffmann is also listed, and several books
are also accredited to the already familiar Dutch theologians Heinrich
Diest and Franciscus Ridder: Ridder, for instance, is accredited with the
work Trappen der Heiligthum, i.e. Weegschaal des heyligdoms. Also Cas-
par Sibelius is registered, as is a volume referred to as a Dutch Bible. The
Arminian Stephanus Curcellaeuss edition of the New Testament with
annotations is registered, as is a work by Wilhelm Zepper. Two books
are also accredited to the Calvinist Johann Heinrich Alsted (born ),
a delegate to the synod of Dort, the aim of which was to settle the seri-
ous controversy in the Dutch churches initiated by the rise of Arminian-
ism. Alsted, who served as professor of philosophy and theology at Her-
born, is accredited with the works Encyclopaedia and Triumphus biblicus
(AGL I:).
Minichens book collection also included works written by English
authors, such as Emanuel Tamsons () A book of Christian exer-
cise: Tamson, who served as chaplain to the archbishop of York, was
an itinerant preacher of Calvinist doctrines (DNB VII:). Also
Charles Gibbess Sermons are recorded as being in Mninchens posses-
sion, and so is the work Crucifying of the world by the cross of Christ,
written by the celebrated Presbyterian divine Richard Baxter (
). Also the work Pro populo Anglicano defensio by the author of
Paradise lost, John Milton (died ), is listed, as is the Puritan the-
ologian Edward Leighs (born ) Critica sacra and a work ascribed
to John King, the previously mentioned bishop of London. The Calvin-
ist author Edward Bunney (died ) is also recorded with his work
Summa religionis christianae (AGL I:), as are Joseph Hall and Lewis
chapter two
Bailey, the latter with his widely disseminated work Practice of piety. Also
Daniel Dykes (died ) Nosce te ipsum is listed, as are a wide range of
further English authors who are accredited with works that have been
recorded too vaguely to be identified with certainty, for example Cot-
ton, Caryl, Gouge, Barclay, Perkins and Watson. Several books are also
provided solely with English-language titles, notably History of ancient
ceremonies, Morning exercises by several ministers and an English Bible.
A more limited number of works from the Catholic tradition is included
in Minichens collection, but at least one book is accredited to Robert
Bellarmine (born ), a famous cardinal of the Catholic Church, and
several books are also accredited to the already mentioned Jesuit best-
seller Jeremias Drexel, such as his Rhetorica coelestis. The by now famil-
iar author Diego Stella is accredited with his commentaries on St Luke.
Among the rarer specimens, five works ascribed to Augustine should be
noted, as well as Jacob Boehmes (died ) Psychologia vera, oder
Fragen von der Seelen of . Several theological works in Minichens
book collection were also written by Danish-Norwegian authors, and
some of these were classic representatives of Lutheran orthodox religios-
ity (see table ).
Table : Theological works of Scandinavian origin recorded in Minichens
book collection
Of the Danish-Norwegian theological works in Minichens collection there
are several books written by the bishop Hans Svane, as well as Niels Hem-
mingsens works Loci communes and Enchiridon; the latter findings indicate
that Hemmingsens reputation did not radically diminish following the alle-
gations that he was a Calvinist sympathizer. Also listed are various works writ-
ten by a range of th-century theologians such as Hans Poulsen Resen, Niels
Randulph, Caspar Brochmand, Willads Nielsen, Jens Bircherod (died )
and Peder Nackskov (died ). Bartholomaeus Botsak is also recorded, as
is Hector Gottfried Masius (born ); both Botsak and Masius were pro-
fessors of theology at Copenhagen. Two eschatological writings accredited
to Niels Michelsn Aalborg (died ) are also recorded, one of these
being Aalborgs Chronologia sacra, a work highly inspired by Philipp Nico-
lais Reich Christi: Aalborg, a renowned writer, also translated a theologi-
cal work by Friedrich Balduin into Danish. Several volumes of Christian
Stephansn Bangs Postilla catechetica are also listed; Bang was responsi-
ble for bringing the first printer to Norway. Also a Swedish work, the first
Swedish book come across so far, is listed in Minichens collection, namely
Defensio fidei verae catholicae by Daniel Erasmi (died ), personal physi-
cian to King Gustav Adolph (AGL II:). An important number of psalters
and funeral orations are also listed in Minichens collection, while a handful
of books also deal with church history, and these are of both German and
Danish origin. On church history, classic figures such as Johannes Sleidanus

and Hieronymus Kromayer appear, alongside Matthias Flaciuss famous His-
toria eccles., while from the Danish camp, the theologian Sren Colding is
also accredited with a work on church history.
Some of the books in Minichens collection point more exclusively to
his previous position as parson in the northern part of Norway, namely
a Finnish ABC and catechism and a Lapp catechism, a catechism trans-
lated into the native Lapp language. Minichen was also in possession of
Manuale lapponicum, a New Testament with commentaries in the Lapp
language. All of these works reflect the growing interest in bringing the
true Lutheran Gospel to the heathen population of northern Nor-
way, a labour that culminated during the period of Pietism. Also books
on sorcery are recorded, books that were considered to be highly valu-
able in revealing the devils works in the natural world. Listed are both
the Norwegian cleric Jrgen Eriksens (died ) harsh condemnation
of sorcery Jonae prophetis skine historia vdi . predicken and the cleric
Johan Brunsmanns book on sorcery in the city of Kge, entitled Et for-
frdeligt huus-kaars. Of ambivalent character, Minichens library also
possessed a book refuting sorcery, namely Johannes Wieruss De praesti-
igis daemonum, first printed in . Wierus (died ) was one of the
first early modern authors to state that a witch should be regarded as a
person suffering from a potentially curable disease. Minichen was also
in possession of a book on spectres, or ghosts, namely Magica seu mirabil-
ium historiarum de spectris written by Henning Gross (died ). Six-
tus Aspach (born ) is also accredited with one work, namely Dis-
sertatio critico-philosophica de variis superstitionibus: In this latter work,
Minichens son-in-law stressed that fauns and fairies were real, but
of devilish origin. Minichen, through his books, was thus in theory
well equipped to confront the more heathen population of the north, a
region accredited with at least forty percent of all Norwegian death sen-
tences passed for sorcery in the early modern period. These trials, how-
ever, were mostly past events by the time Minichen arrived in Nord-
land.
Several books in Minichens collection naturally reflect more clear-
cut, non-theological topics, such as authors covered by the artes part of
the educational curriculum. An important number of antique authors
are listed, such as Hesiod, Cicero, Horace, Ovid, Vergil, Isocrates and
Petronius. Also Aulus Gelliuss Noctes atticae and Josephuss Opera are
listed, alongside Pliny the Elders natural history and Diogenes Laertiuss
work on Epicurean philosophy. Also Aesops fables are recorded, as are
chapter two
dictionaries and grammars accredited to Nicolas Clenardus (died ),

Thomas Bang (died ), Johannes Scapula and Johannes Buxdorf the
Elder, the latter being accredited with the work Thesaurus grammaticus
linguae hebrae: Clenardus, Scapula and Thomas Bang were important
to Latin school education. Of the humanists, Erasmus (died ) and
Lorenzo Valla (died ) are listed, and several of the registered works
dealt with dialectics.
A range of historical works are also listed in Minichens book collec-
tion, such as Arent Berentsns Danmarckis og Norgis fructbaar herlighed,
Jonas Ramuss Noruega antiqua et ethnica, the Christiania humanist Hal-
lvard Gunnarssns (died ) Chronicum regum norvegiae as well as
a work referred to as Keyser Chronica. Another interesting work in the
collection is the above mentioned Copenhagen professor Thomas Bangs
Phosphorus inscriptionis hierosymbolicae, a work in which the rebus in-
scribed on the astronomical tower Rundetrn was solved.27 Several of
the works in Minichens collection also include historical descriptions
of the Netherlands and Belgium, and various titles also imply geograph-
ical works, for instance Atlas minor and Description des Pays Bas. A wide
range of books on law and civil justice are also included in the collection,
for instance Samuel Pufendorf s (died ) De officio hominis and the
medieval law-corpus Norske hird skraa.
Minichens collection also included medical works. Registered is a
dissertation written by the Copenhagen physician and professor Thomas
Bartholin (died ), as is his father Caspar Bartholin the Elders (died
) Anatomia reformata. Medical works are also accredited to Niels
Michelsn Aalborg and the German theologian Elias Beynon (The good
Samaritan): The books by Aalborg and Beynon were also widely dis-
seminated among the lower parts of the population. On herbals and
medicaments, Apothequertaxten, ie. catalogus & valor. medicamentorum
simplicum is listed, as is the Trondheim gardener Christian Gartners
(died ) Urtehave (Herbal garden). Of the more speculative works
listed, of note is the listing of Johanne Ludovico a Frundeks Tractatus
de elixire arboris vitae, on the life-giving elixir, first issued in The Hague
in . Included is also Rudolph Gocklenius the Youngers (born )
Mirabilia medica; Gocklenius the Younger wrote on such topics as Para-
celsianism, magnetism, astrology and portents. The disciple of Paracelsus
Oswald Croll (died ) is also registered with his widely disseminated
27 Kragh :.
book Basilica chymica, and so is Eugeni Philalethos (i.e. Conrad Gesner,

died ) Magia academia, alongside Georg Horns (born ) Historia
naturalis.
Various books on philosophy and astronomy are also included in
Minichens collection, such as the peripatetic philosopher Jacob Mar-
tinis work Exercitationes metaphysica. An item that is referred to as
Cape di Vaccas Opusculum philosophicum is also recorded, as is Cas-
par Bartholin the Elders Logica and a work solely described as Eustachi
philosophia. On the heavenly spheres, Procluss Sphaera is listed along-
side Vaclav Budevezs Circulus lunaris et solaris, as well as a volume enti-
tled Institution. astronomicae. From the Danish scene, Bagge Wandals
(died ) Waagende ie on cosmography and navigation is listed. Sev-
eral mathematical and / or astronomical books are also recorded, but only
through vague titles such as Arithmetica and Ephemeredes mathematicae.
Overall, Minichens book collection is marked by great variety, which
is not surprising given its size. Books relating to science, or natural phi-
losophy, are of both antique and early modern origin, and included are,
for instance, various magically inclined works; this can be illustrated by
pointing to the presence of books by such authors as Jacob Boehme and
Oswald Croll. Hence, both magical and more rational works flourished
side by side. As regards the theological literature, the majority of books
registered in Minichens collection are evidently of German origin, but
this vast core of works is also supplemented by the persistent influence of
books from other countries, such as England and the Netherlands, books
which would display Catholic and Calvinist theology.
.. Summary of book occurrences

in collections belonging to parsons
As a general conclusion, one could say that the most prominent feature of
the six book collections examined in this chapter is the German impact;
this is reflected in the high number of German Lutheran works regis-
tered. When compared to the presence of this German core literature,
the impact of Danish-Norwegian literature would appear to be minor.
Regarding the works written by German Lutheran authors, several fea-
tures should be noted: First, many of the works were written by th-
century theologians. Second, the works of a relatively high number of
theologians were circulating on the market, although all titles cannot be
accounted for. This implies that the so-called core of German Lutheran
chapter two
authors was a broad one: Of around seventy authors identified overall

(see table ), only thirty-six appear in more than one collection (see
table ). The only theologian listed in all six collections is Johann Ger-
hard; Friedrich Balduin and Luther follow second. Thus it was not only
works written by those grand Reformation theologians that arrived on
Norwegian shores; also books written by theologians of minor fame
infiltrated Norwegian book collections, examples being Daniel Cramer,
Hartmann Creide and Valerius Herberger.
Table : Concordance of German Lutheran theologians listed across book
collections belonging to parsons in the Bergen bishopric
German Lutheran theologians listed across book collections belonging to par-
sons in the Bergen bishopric are: Georg Albrecht, Johann Arndt, Sebastian
Artomedes, Friedrich Balduin, Heinrich Ludolph Benthem, Felix Bidemback,
Johann Binck, Johann Botsak, Johannes Brenz, Heinrich Bnting, Georg
Calixt, Abraham Calov, Martin Chemnitz, David Chytraeus, Daniel Cra-
mer, Hartmann Creide, Johann Conrad Dannhauer, Christoph Dauderstadt,
Friedrich Dedekind, Conrad Dieterich, Christoph Fischer, Matthias Flacius,
Simon Geddicus, Martin Geier, Johann Gerhard, Salomon Gesner, Salomon
Glassius, Matthias Hafenreffer, Johann Ludwig Hartmann, Johann Heer-
mann, Valerius Herberger, Aegidius Hunnius, Nicolai Hunnius, Leonhard
Hutter, Timotheus Kirchner, Hieronymus Kromayer, Lucas Loss, Martin
Luther, Christian Matthiae, Balthasar Meisner, Johann Meisner, Philipp
Melanchthon, Balthasar Mller, Heinrich Mller, Paul Nicander, Martin
Opitz, Andreas Osiander the Elder, Lucas Osiander the Elder, Simon Paulli,
August Pfeiffer, Moses Pflacher, Urban Regius, Heinrich Reinesius, Samuel
Rling, Johann Adam Schertzer, Sebastian Schmidt, Christoph Scultetus,
Nicolai Selneccer, Josua Stegmann, Gregor Strigenitz, Johann Tarnow, Matt-
hias Turnemann, Johann Heinrich Ursinus, Michal Walther the Elder, Johann
Weihenmayer, Georg Weinrich. Naturally, several of the German names lis-
ted in the various inventories have not been identified with certainty, and are
therefore underrepresented in my presentation. This is the case for example
with names such as Gleyderus, Pheiff, Pfeiffinger and Tilesius. The above lis-
ting should therefore by no means be taken as absolute.
Table : German Lutheran theologians listed more than once across the book
collections belonging to parsons
Listed in collections Johann Gerhard
Listed in collections Friedrich Balduin, Martin Luther
Listed in collections Johann Arndt, Martin Chemnitz
Listed in collections Georg Albrecht, Felix Bidemback, Johannes Brenz,
Conrad Dieterich, Martin Geier, Salomon Gesner,
Salomon Glassius, Hieronymus Kromayer, Johann
Heermann, Johann Heinrich Ursinus, Michael
Walther the Elder
Listed in collections Sebastian Artomedes, Johann Binck, Johann

Botsak, Heinrich Bnting, Abraham Calov, Daniel
Cramer, Hartmann Creide, Simon Geddicus,
Matthias Hafenreffer, Valerius Herberger, Aegidius
Hunnius, Nicolai Hunnius, Leonhard Hutter,
Christian Matthiae, Heinrich Mller, Martin
Opitz, Lucas Osiander the Elder, Johann Tarnow,
August Pfeiffer, Johann Weihenmayer
Books, however, also originated in other parts of Europe, which led to
the dissemination of Calvinist literature among parsons residing in the
Bergen bishopric. In total, fifteen authors have been identified, namely
Jean Calvin, Theodore Beza, Johannes Piscator, Caspar Sibelius, Fran-
ciscus Ridder, Immanuel Tremellius, Heinrich Diest, Campegius Vit-
ringa, Ludwig Lavater, Stephanus Curcellaeus, Wolfgang Musculus, Wil-
helm Zepper, Johann Wolff, Rudolph Gualther and Charles Drelincourt
the Elder, a number significantly lower than that of Lutheran authors.
Some of these Calvinist authors, however, were Dutch, which implies
that the Netherlands were important as to the dissemination of Calvin-
ist literature in Norway. As a result of these conditions, some of those
Calvinists who had their works most widely dispersed in book collec-
tions belonging to Bergen parsons were also Dutch, examples being
Sibelius and Ridder: Of these, Caspar Sibelius is listed in just as many
collections as Luther (five times), which makes him the second most
important theologian in terms of representation (see table ). Calvin,
on the other hand, is listed in just as many collections as is Chem-
nitz, namely four times. Interestingly, the Arminian Stephanus Curcel-
laeus is also listed in two collections, namely those of Bergendahl and
Minichen.
Table : Calvinist theologians listed more than once across the book collec-
tions belonging to parsons
Listed in collections Caspar Sibelius
Listed in collections Jean Calvin
Listed in collections Wolfgang Musculus, Johannes Piscator, Franciscus
Ridder, Immanuel Tremellius
Listed in collections Theodore Beza, Stephanus Curcellaeus, Heinrich
Diest
Also Catholic religious literature is included in the various collections,
although its impact is relatively small. This Catholic literature, however,
is of heterogeneous character; it is written by authors originating in var-
ious corners of Europe, and it includes both pre-Reformation and post-
Reformation figures such as Tauler, Hermann Hugo, Johannes Cuno,
chapter two
Jeremias Drexel, Diego Stella, Ludovicus Granatensis, Robert Bellarmine

and Johann Ferus. Of these, only Jeremias Drexel and Diego Stella are
listed more than once: Drexel is listed in the collections of Edvardsen
and Minichen, while Diego Stella appears in as many as three collec-
tions, namely those of Lucoppidan, Bergendahl and Minichen, which
makes him a highly representative author in terms of book distribution.
Religious works of Danish-Norwegian origin are also included in the var-
ious collections. However, this number is not very high, at least com-
pared to the number of German Lutheran authors included, although
it should be noted that some book collections would include a higher
number of works of Danish-Norwegian origin than others, an exam-
ple being that belonging to Otto Edvardsen, parson of Manger. It also
seems as if mourning sermons were widely cherished reading mate-
rial.
Religious works written by English authors is also strongly repre-
sented in the collections outlined above, apart from in those belonging to
Madtzn and Grytten, the two parsons who possessed the lowest num-
ber of books. This literature was, for instance, of Anglican, Puritan and
Presbyterian origin, and as with the German theological literature, a wide
range of authors were recorded across the various collections: About forty
different authors have been identified (see table ). Of these authors,
however, only eight names appear more than once across the collections
in question (see table ). This indicates, as with the works of German
origin, that a wide range of authors, and not a select few, had their works
disseminated across the Bergen bishopric.
Table : Concordance of English authors listed in book collections belonging
to parsons
English authors listed across the six book collections belonging to Bergen par-
sons are: Thomas Adams, Lancelot Andrews, Henry Answorth, John Bar-
clay, Richard Baxter, Lewis Bailey, Thomas Bilson, Edward Bunney, Ralph
Brownrige, Victorin Bythner, William Day (died ), John Donne, Daniel
Dyke, Jeremiah Dyke, Thomas Fitzherbert, Theophilus Gale, Thomas Gata-
ker, Charles Gibbes, William Gouge, Joseph Hall, Thomas Hall, Charles Herle,
Samuel Hieron, Michael Jermin, John King, Edward Leigh, John Lightfooot,
Thomas Manton, John Milton, Josiah Nichols, Richard Sibbes, Samuel Smith,
Thomas Stapelton, Emanuel Tamson, Jeremy Taylor, Thomas Taylor, Richard
Ward, Richard Younge. A wide range of names that indicate English author-
ship have not been identified; for example Barson, Carls, Caryl, Choice, Cot-
ton, Dias, Fischer, Lowe, Perkins, Radleigh and Smith. Several familiar names
such as Barclay, Baxter, Hall, Perkins and Watson are also listed more fre-
quently than is suggested by the outline in table , but as the works accredited
to them are indicated in too vague terms, I have not been able to determine
authorship with certainty. As a result, these authors are probably underrepre-
sented in the outline presented in table .
Table : English authors listed more than once in the book collections
belonging to parsons
Lucop- Bergen- Mini-
pidan Edvardsen dahl Grytten Madtzn chen
John King
Thomas Adams
Henry Answorth
Ralph Brownrige
Thomas Gataker
Joseph Hall
Charles Gibbes
Lewis Bailey
I have chosen to label the collections examined in this chapter as ortho-

dox. There are two main reasons for this: First, the collections reflect the
Lutheran orthodox religiosity much in vogue prior to ; second, none
of the collections refer to literature written by authors generally char-
acterized as Pietist, such as Philipp Jacob Spener and August Hermann
Francke. This naturally reflects the fact that the examined book collec-
tions belonged to persons who received their education prior to .
Within this range of orthodox book collections, however, the collec-
tions belonging to Bergendahl and Lucoppidan also include a high num-
ber of devotional-spiritual works rooted in various pre-Pietist traditions.
These libraries, thus, can be said to display what may be labelled as Pietist
tendencies.
Given the tables presented above, several features may be stressed as
being characteristic of the orthodox library: First, the clerical book
collections so far examined reflect the strong ideological link between
Germany and Denmark-Norway: A relatively high percentage of the
recorded books were written by German, and mostly by late th-century
or early th-century, theologians. However, although the orthodox
library was German in outlook, such a characterization should not
automatically lead to the idea that this particular library was rigid in
terms of content. Instead, what seems to prevail across the different col-
lections is a high degree of openness: Characteristic of these collections is
the important number of different German authors included, a vastness
symbolic of the broadness of the early modern marketplace of ideas.
Hence, instead of building their collections around a limited cluster of
chapter two
authors, where Luther and Melanchthon would assume prime position,

parsons rather included a high number of different authors in their
collections, some of them being accused of non-conformity.
Second, the collections also point to the importance of England and
the Netherlands as to the dissemination of books among the Norwegian
clergy; these areas were, as previously noted, important areas of trade
and cultural-educational exchange. Only to a lesser extent were books
of Danish-Norwegian origin included in the various collections, at least
given the total number of works listed. Due to this high level of interna-
tionality, books of Calvinist and, to a lesser extent, Catholic origin, were
also included in the various collections. Similarly, the inclusion of English
literature in the various collections confirms the importance of English
theology to Danish-Norwegian religious life. Works of English origin,
however, more easily integrated into the larger book collections regis-
tered in the early-th century. This indicates that such factors as means
of purchase and educational interests caused variances in the acquisition
of books of this particular origin. The importance of the periods edu-
cational curriculum is also noticeable on other levels: The periods focus
on church history in the educational setting can be observed from the
recorded books, for instance through the listing of works by Hieronymus
Kromayer and Johannes Sleidanus. Overall, however, the analysed book
collections are relatively similar in terms of construction, as illustrated
by the labelling of them as orthodox.
As to the scientific literature, the number of such works is much lower
than those of theological character. When it comes to the content of these
works, however, some of the same patterns as those concerning the dis-
semination of theological works may be noted. First, the periods edu-
cational curriculum seems to have influenced on the dissemination of
books, as antique authors are listed across at least some of the book col-
lections. Similarly, the peripatetic tradition also seems to have remained
important, what the listing of authors such as Christoph Scheibler and
Jacob Martini indicates. Despite this traditionalist outlook, the variety
of books listed also attests to the vast range of scientific theories operating
side by side on the early modern book market. As a result of this broad-
ness, occurrences of magical-inspired literature as well as mechanist phi-
losophy are included in the different collections, which imply that works
written by Conrad Gesner and Oswald Croll were just as neatly incorpo-
rated into the collections as were works accredited to Pierre Gassendi and
Robert Boyle. These books, however, as with those of religious character,
mainly originated in Germany.
Overall, the various book collections belonging to parsons serving in

the bishopric of Bergen were marked by a high level of internationality.
Although some of the books included in these collections were printed
within the borders of the twin-monarchy, countries such as Germany, the
Netherlands and England in particular represented core areas in terms of
origin of books. It also seems as if a rather wide range of authors gained
access to this western Norwegian book market; this variety marks both
the religious as well as the non-religious works, and the variety as such is
symbolic of the broadness of the early modern market of print.
chapter three
BOOKS BELONGING TO OTHER SECTIONS OF

THE BERGEN BISHOPRIC CLERGY 16851714
The remaining ten inventories registered in the Bergen bishopric pro-

bate records were made of households that may be said to belong to the
lesser clergy, namely to non-parsons. This implies that the deceased offi-
cially formed part of the clergy, but that they functioned during their
lifetime in positions such as teachers or curates. Of the book collections
examined in this chapter, one belonged to a parish clerk (Andreas Eck-
hov), three belonged to curates (Jens Jonassn, Jonas Ottesen Schrder,
Jrgen Pedersn), two belonged to teachers (Lenert Grtker, Hans Otte-
sen Schrder) and two to clerical widows (Margrethe Natheide, Dorthe
Engelbretsdatter). Two additional book collections also supposedly be-
longed to clerics, but I have not been able to identify their owners pro-
fessions; this concerns the book collections belonging to Johan Ovesen
Schrder and Niels Nielsen. My examination of book collections belong-
ing to non-parsons will provide information about the variances in book
ownership between upper and lesser parts of the clergy.
.. Book collections belonging to

three curates and to a parish clerk
The only book collection registered in the Bergen clerical probate records
that belonged to a parish clerk is that of Andreas Eckhov, who served as
parish clerk and cantor of the Bergen Cathedral. The collection, regis-
tered after Eckhovs death in , amounted to approximately vol-
umes, a remarkable number given the owners status as part of the lesser
clergy.1 This high number of books may imply that Eckhov was a true
bibliophile. Eckhov, however, might also have been actively involved in
teaching the basic outlines of Lutheran Protestantism to the children in
his parish; he therefore might have needed a certain number of books.
1 B. St. b, the listing starts on folio b.

chapter three
As in previous cases, many books in Eckhovs collection are referred to

in a slapdash and inefficient manner, in terms for instance of some old
books, while some of his books were also pawned, and these are referred
to solely as a collection of thirty-five pawned books. As with previous
findings, thus, it is not possible to acquire a total knowledge of the books
in Eckhovs possession.
What can be ascertained from the listing of the collection, however,
is that its contents covered a variety of subjects including theology, his-
tory, mathematics, (iatro)chemistry and astronomy. As to the theological
works, the German Lutheran influence is strongly discernable: Eckhovs
collection includes books written by a wide range of German theologians
of whom some are newcomers when compared to previous findings, and
these authors are representatives of both th-century as well as th-
century theology (see table ).
Table : German Lutheran theologians listed in Eckhovs book collection
Luther is listed in Eckhovs collection, as is a German Bible and books writ-
ten by German theologians such as Conrad Dieterich (Catechism) and Johann
Tarnow. Andreas Sennerts (born ) Epitome theologiae naturalis is also
listed; Andreas, the son of the famous physician Daniel Sennert, served
as professor of theology at Rostock. Johann Michael Dillherr (born ),
a professor of philology and a Lutheran preacher, is also registered, and
Samuel Rling, a cantor living in Dresden (AGL III:), is accredited
with the work Succus propheticus; oder Predigten aus den Propheten.
Johann Conrad Dannhauer, professor of theology and canonicus at Stras-
bourg, is also accredited with a theological work (AGL II:), as is the
Lutheran professor of theology at Marburg Balthasar Mentzer (born );
the latter author is accredited with the work Exegesis Augustanae confes-
sionis (AGL III:). Adam Doegen (often referred to in the invento-
ries as Doyen), a th-century theologian, is accredited with the work Lac
catecheticum (AGL II:), and Aegidius Strauch, an early th-century pro-
fessor of history and mathematics, is also accredited with one of his nume-
rous works, namely Brevarium theol. (AGL IV:). Another German
theologian recorded is Johannes Fabricius (born ), professor of theo-
logy at Altorf; Fabricius is accredited with the work Historia sacra contra
non-nullos pictorum errores vindicata (AGL II:). Several titles not
accredited with the authors name are also recorded, notably Loci Commu-
nes, Novum Testamentum graecum and Confessio fidei.
A fair number of theological books in Eckhovs collection are of Dan-
ish origin, such as several works accredited to Hans Svane, one being his
edition of the Bible. Several works are also accredited to the Lutheran
orthodox theologian Caspar Brochmand, for instance his Speculum veri-
tatis. Also the Danish parson Peder Txen (died ) is accredited with
books belonging to other sections
one work, Solens blod rde nedgang. Several works are also accredited to
Jens Bircherod (died ), such as Lumen historiae sacrae; Bircherod
served as professor of Greek and theology at Copenhagen. The Danish
parson Peder Lauritzens (died around ) Catechism is also listed, as
is Sren Coldings (died ) Lexicon. A work is also accredited to the
Danish bishop Henrik Gerner (died ). The polemical work Under-
retning om den calvinske lrdoms urigtighed (On the falsity of Calvinist
creeds) written by Hans Wandal the Younger (died ), is also regis-
tered, as are several funeral orations. An impressive number of psalters
and music-books are also recorded, as is indicated for example by the
listing of discant bger; these were probably particularly relevant to
Eckhovs clerical duties. A volume recorded as Haus music (i.e. Frommer
Christen tagliche Haus-Music) is also included in the collection, a work
that was written by the poet Johann Rist ().
From the information given, it seems as if few works from other cor-
ners of Europe are included in Eckhovs collection. This implies that the
Calvinist impact is not too prominent in Eckhovs collection. The Calvin-
ist professor at Heidelberg Abraham Scultetus (born ), however, is
accredited with the work Idea concionum (AGL IV:). Similarly, only
one English work is recorded and in Danish translation, namely the Pres-
byterian Thomas Watsons work Dend bestormede himmel. A number
of Catholic religious works, however, is registered. The Catholic author
accredited with most works is Jeremias Drexel, already mentioned above,
notably through works such as Heliotropium and Gymnasium patientiae.
One work in the collection is accredited to the Italian philosopher and
polyhistor Franciscus Patricius (born ), while Santes Pagninus, a
Dominican from Lucca born , is accredited with the work Thesaurus
linguae sanctae (AGL IV:).
A large part of Eckhovs book collection consists of non-theological lit-
erature, including a remarkable range of antique literature represented by
such authors as Catullus, Tibullus, Propertius, Cicero, Horace, Cornelius
Nepos, Vergil, Terence and Sallust. Aesops Fables and a book vaguely
referred to as De philos. antiqvit. are also listed, as is a work entitled
The Greek Venus. Conversely, there are very few dictionaries, although
Johann Possels (born ) work Syntaxis graeca is recorded. Similarly,
only one English grammar is included, at least as far as one can ascertain
from the titles.
One of the books in Eckhovs possession relates to jurisprudence,
notably Christian IVs collection of additional laws (Recess) and of his-
torical works, the Voss parson Gert Miltzow (died ) is accredited
chapter three
with his history of Norwegian clerics, entitled Presbyteriologia. Johannes

Coleruss (died ) Calendarium oeconomicum & perpetuum, the first
edition printed in Wittenberg in , is also recorded; this book cov-
ered a range of topics, one being medicine. Of works dealing with astron-
omy and navigation, the Dane Hans Nansens (died ) Compendium
cosmographicum is listed: This work, which supported a Ptolemaic, but
Tycho inspired, worldview, was published in several editions. Also Jo-
hannes Carions (died ) famous Chronica is listed, a world his-
tory portrayed from a Lutheran perspective, while Gottfried Schultze
(died ), a notarius in Hamburg and the author of several histori-
cal works, is accredited with the work Kurtze Welt-Beschreibung (AGL
IV:).
As to medicine and related topics, two works in Eckhovs collection are
accredited to Bartholin, but as the titles are recorded in vague terms, the
author cannot be more accurately identified. The work Isagoge optica is
also registered, a title that probably indicates a work by Rudolph Gockle-
nius the Younger, who wrote on Paracelsian medicine, astronomy and
physics (AGL II:). Also a title referred to as Compendium med-
ica is listed alongside Giambattista della Portas () Phytog-
nomonica which dealt with the virtues of plants, animals and metals:
Porta, however, was more widely known for his Magia, a work on nat-
ural magic. A work entitled De plantis is also recorded, as is the fol-
lower of William Harvey Lazarus Riverius (died ) with his Praxis
medica, this being part two of his Opera medica universalis. A medical
book by the German theologian Elias Beynon is also registered, notably
his success in terms of sales The good Samaritan. On iatrochemistry,
Medicina Hartmann is listed, an entry that probably indicates Johann
Hartmanns (died ) Opera omnia medica-chymica: Hartmann was
the first professor of chemistry at Marburg. The follower of Paracelsus
Jean Beguin (died ) is also recorded through his widely disseminated
work Tyrocinium chymicum of , a work dealing with distillation and
alchemy.
On the subjects of geometry and mathematics, Euclid is recorded, as
is Hans Laurenbergs Arithmetica; Laurenberg, who was born in Ros-
tock in , was appointed professor of mathematics at the Academy
of Sor, and he was the author of several astronomical works. Another
mathematician listed in Eckhovs collection is Sebastian Kurt (died )
from Hamburg, who saw several of his works translated into Dutch
(AGL II:). On philosophy, Johann Heinrich Alsteds (born )
Metaphysica is listed; the Calvinist theologian Alsted wrote on Aris-
totelian philosophy as well as on physics and mathematics. On logic,

several volumes are listed, including Caspar Bartholin the Elders Log-
ica and the philosopher Jacob Saurs Syntagmatis logici libri ; the latter
work was printed in Wittenberg in the second half of the th century.
A work referred to simply as Institutiones Arist. Rami is also registered in
Eckhovs collection, and Daniel Stephner (born ), a poet and mas-
ter of philosophy, is accredited with the work Inscriptiones (AGL IV:).
In the light of the above, we can see that the titles in Eckhovs collection
cover a broad range of topics: Eckhovs works on natural philosophy, for
instance, were written by authors representing different traditions, what
is indicated by the listing of Jean Beguins work on alchemy and della
Portas work on the virtues of plants. Overall, however, most of the books
in Eckhovs possession were written by German, or Danish-Norwegian,
authors.
Jens Jonassns book collection is also registered in the Bergen cleri-
cal probate records, Jonassn being one of three curates to leave a reg-
istered book collection. Jonassn (born ), the son of the parson of
the Korskirke in Bergen, obtained his theological degree from the Uni-
versity of Copenhagen in , at the height of the orthodox era. After
completing his education, Jonassn returned to Bergen to teach at the
Bergen Latin School, and in , became curate of the Korskirke. Later
Jonassn was transferred to Indviken, where he worked as a curate until
his death in .2 As in Eckhovs case, Jonassn owned what may be
characterized as a relatively important book collection in terms of size;
slightly more than eighty volumes were reportedly in his possession.3
Like previous registrations, however, many of the works in Jonassns col-
lection are referred to only vaguely, which again makes a complete classi-
fication of works impossible. As expected, however, Jonassns collection
mainly consisted of th-century, and to a lesser extent th-century,
German Lutheran writings, books that apparently did not fall out of fash-
ion quickly (see table ).
Table : German Lutheran theologians listed in Jonassns book collection
An example of German Lutheran th-century literature in Jonassns book
collection is Andreas Osiander the Elders Biblia Sacra: Osiander was expel-
led from the company of good theologians because he broke away from
the Lutheran concept of justification by faith. His edition of the Bible, howe-
ver, a polemic against Zwingli, apparently spread to Scandinavian countries.
2 Lampe / I:.
3 B. St. a, the listing starts on folio .
chapter three
Also Luther and Melanchthon are recorded in Jonassns collection, alongside

Martin Chemnitz (Loci theologici) and Johann Gerhard (Postilla salmonea).
Michael Walther the Elder is also accredited with several works, for exam-
ple Postilla prophetica. Likewise registered are Balthasar Meisner (Philoso-
phia sobria) and Johann Scharff (born ); Scharff, a professor of phi-
losophy and theology at Wittenberg and the author of numerous theolo-
gical works, is accredited with the work Paedia theologica (AGL IV:
). Daniel Cramers (born ) Biblische Wegweiser is also recorded,
as is Johann Arndts Evangelie-Postil. Other familiar names registered are
Georg Albrecht, Heinrich Mller, Felix Bidemback and Johann Weihenmayer.
Johann Tarnow is recorded with his commentary on Jeremiah, while Jacob
Reineccius (born ), who served as pastor and professor in Hamburg, is
accredited with the work Compendium s. clavem SS theologiae (AGL III:
). The German superintendent Johann Quistorp (born ) is accredi-
ted with his commentaries on Jeremiah, and a religious work is also accredi-
ted to Reinhard Bakius (Back, born ), a deacon in Magdeburg. Fewer
theologians listed in Jonassns book collection belong strictly to the th
century: Registered, however, are Johann Meisner (Exercitationes in Evan-
gelium), a professor of theology at Wittenberg, and Hartmann Creide: The
latter is accredited with the work Postilla evangelica. Johannes Tungerla-
riuss Evangelicum promtuarium is also registered; Tungerlarius served as
preacher in the first half of the th century (AGL IV:). Also Michael
Corde (born ) is recorded with his work Postilla symbolica; Corde ser-
ved as preacher in Rostock and deacon in Magdeburg (AGL I:). In terms
of general outlook therefore, the main part of Jonassns book collection
apparently consisted of Latin works written by German Lutheran theolo-
gians of whom several already have been encountered in previous collecti-
ons, for instance Georg Albrecht, Martin Chemnitz, Johann Tarnow, Johann
Gerhard and Hartmann Creide.
Few of the religious-theological books in Jonassns collection originated
in other corners of Europe: Jonassns collection contains few Calvinist
works, as only two works of this kind are accredited to the Dutch and
Calvinist professor Heinrich Diest (), one being his Conciones
poenitentiales (AGL II:). Of Catholic works, only one is regis-
tered, namely Comment. in Genesin by the Parisian Franciscan Johan de
la Haije, born (AGL II:). Unlike several of the other book col-
lections, Jonassns inventory also shows no evidence of literature origi-
nating in England. This may be exceptional, but the lack of such literature
might also reflect the fact that Jonassn received his education around
, prior to the period when works of this origin achieved a greater
impact on the reading universe of Danish-Norwegian clerics: Lucoppi-
dan, for instance, who was in possession of several English works, was
born at the time when Jonassn was completing his studies. Despite the
scarcity of non-Lutheran works, the most important edition of the Bible

in Jonassns collection is accredited to the Paris professor Franois
Vatable (died ); this work, however, was edited and published by
Robert Estienne, or Stephanus (AGL IV:).
The number of religious works of Danish-Norwegian origin in Jo-
nassns collection is also relatively low, at least when compared to works
written by German theologians. Still, authors such as Niels Hemmingsen
and Anders Arreboe (died ) are recorded, Hemmingsen through
his commentaries on the Gospel of John. Also the Danish bishop Hans
Svanes edition of the Bible is recorded, while a German theologian who
served in Denmark, namely Johann Monrad (born ), is accredited
with the work Explicatio evangeliorum dominical. (AGL III:). Also the
Danish bishop Henrik Gerners (died ) De vises politica practico-
sacra is recorded, a work which, among other things, covered histori-
cal, political and economical issues. Apart from Cornelius Celsuss De re
medicina, no other antique works are registered as being in Jonassns
possession, a spectacular lack given the fact that Jonassn also served as
teacher at the Bergen Latin School. During his time in Bergen therefore,
Jonassn might have used books from the school library, and when he
transferred to Indviken, brought with him only a selection of dictionar-
ies, for example Johannes Scapulas th-century Lexicon and Ambrogio
Calepinos dictionary.
Of works relating to medicine and botany, only a few are recorded.
On herbals of note is Simon Paullis (died ) Flora danica, while on
medicine, apart from Celsus, only one work is listed, this being vaguely
referred to as Ars medica. Jonassns greatest interest, however, was appar-
ently astronomy, because the notarius records at the end of the inventory
the presence of several astronomical works ornamented with globes and
brass. Unfortunately, the titles of these books are not specified, which
implies that the notarius might either personally have evaluated the astro-
nomical works as less important or less interesting than the theologi-
cal works, or he was simply tired by that time of the registration pro-
cess altogether. As this phenomenon occurs across several collections,
it would appear that literature which was not of a theological character,
or which was evaluated as being too specialized by a notarius, was very
often recorded in a highly non-specific manner; this therefore tends to
cause a significant underrepresentation of such works in my study. In
terms of general outlook, however, if seems as if the majority of books in
Jonassns possession were marked by their standing in the German tra-
dition: Several works written by German theologians were included in
chapter three
the collection, and it would seem that late th-century and early th-
century theological literature in particular had a firm grip on clerical
readers.
A second curate to leave behind a description of his book collection
in the Bergen clerical probate records is Jonas Ottesen Schrder, son of
the curate Otto Johansen.4 Schrder finished the Bergen Latin School in
, that is, during the latter part of the orthodox era, and succeeded
his father as curate in . On his death, Jonas Schrder left a humble
book collection consisting of only twenty-two volumes. And, apart from
three works, all volumes were according to the records in octavo, which
implies that the collection belonged to a man of minor fortune. Unfortu-
nately, several of the works are recorded in such vague terms that identi-
fying authorship is impossible.
Of the authors that have been identified, German Lutheran authors
are present as usual: As far as one can tell from the information given,
however, Luther and Melanchthon are absent, whereas familiar names
such as Nicolai Hunnius (Harmonia evangeliorum), Johann Arndt and
Balthasar Meisner are listed, alongside volumes entitled Osiander Biblia
and Evang. dominic. From the Danish camp, the Lutheran orthodox
bishop Hans Poulsen Resen is accredited with a work on rhetoric, while
Jens Bircherod is accredited with the work Synopsis locor. commun. Only
few works originate in other corners of Europe: However, Immanuel
Tremelliuss edition of the Bible is recorded, while a theological work
(Loci) is accredited to the theologian and famous polymath Conrad
Lycosthenes (born ), otherwise known for his works on signs and
portents.
Some of the books in Schrders collection are of non-theological char-
acter. Of the humanists, Paulus Manutius, born in Venice in , is
accredited with the work Epistolas familiares. Erasmuss Dialectica is also
registered alongside Stephen Hansen Stephanuss (died ) Colloquia,
these two books in particular reflecting the periods Latin school curricu-
lum. A work entitled Calliographa romana and a book on Latin language
are also registered in the collection, but of the classical authors, only
Cicero (Orationes) is listed by name. A German book on mathematics is
also recorded as being in Schrders possession, although its precise title
is not given, and Johann Magirus and Christoph Scheibler are also listed:
Magirus (died ), professor of physics at Marburg, is accredited with
4 Lampe / II:.
the work Physiologiae peripateticae libri , whereas Scheibler is accred-

ited with a work on logic. These findings suggest that Scheiblers works
at least remained popular for a long time. In terms of general outlook, it
seems as if the majority of books registered in Schrders collection were
theological and of German origin, a feature that did not exclude a certain
plurality of viewpoints from being incorporated into his relatively small
collection; at least one Calvinist Bible is listed, and although the fame of
Niels Hemmingsen was reduced in theory after the allegations against
him of non-conformity, the registration of his works indicates that his
influence as theologian remained vital.
The last curate to leave a book collection registered in the Bergen
clerical probate records is Jrgen Pedersn, who served in the district
of Fana from to approximately , that is during the later stage of
Lutheran orthodoxy. As result of an official letter to the deanery in
that denied curates to entry into matrimony because of the expenses this
would incur, Pedersn was not married.5 Pedersn, like Jonas Schrder,
only possessed a limited number of books, which indicates that some
servants of the church, at least those of humble background and with
little income, could not compete with those of greater income and family
inheritance as to the acquiring of books.
Pedersns collection numbered around twenty volumes.6 Unlike the
collection of Schrder, however, none of the works cover medical, philo-
sophical, astronomical or mathematical topics. Only one antique work
is listed, namely a collection of Ciceros letters, and of Danish works, the
Danish poet and theologian Anders Arreboe (died ) is accredited
with his Hexameron rhytmico-danicum, first printed in . As in pre-
vious collections, the majority of works registered in Pedersns collec-
tion are written by German Lutheran authors. Registered, for instance,
are Heinrich Bntings Itinerarium as well as several works written by
the superintendent Nathanael Tilesius (born ), one being his Pas-
sions Predigten (AGL IV:). The theologian Johann Binck is also
accredited with several works, for instance his Catechismus psalmod-
icus (AGL I:), and also Felix Bidemback is listed with one
work, namely his Promptuarium connubiale. Reinhard Bakius is accred-
ited with the work Explicatio evangeliorum (AGL I:), and Simon
Hennings (born ) with Passions-Betrachtungen ber den Psalm
(AGL II:). Christoph Fischer is accredited with the work
5 Lampe / I:.
chapter three
Evangelien Postille, and Wilhelm Alard, a theologian who was born in

Holstein in and who ended his career in Mnsterdorff, with his
Poenitentiale propheticum (AGL I:). Adam Doegen is accred-
ited with his Lac catechismus, and the German theologian Johann Bot-
sak with the work Promptuarium allegoriarum sacrarum. Few works
in Pedersns collection originate in other corners of Europe, which
implies that no Catholic works or works written by English authors are
included in Pedersns collection. Some Calvinist works, however, are
included, namely Theodore Bezas edition of the New Testament, i.e.
Annotationes in Novum Testamentum, a work underlining the doctrine
of predestination. The Calvininst and Dutch preacher Caspar Sibelius is
also recorded.
In the light of the above, it might be claimed that the world of learning
among parts of the lesser clergy also seems to belong to the German tra-
dition. However, several authors had their works included in the various
collections, although many of these were late-th-century theologians
in particular. Due to this plurality, only seven authors are listed more
than once across the different collections examined so far, namely Johann
Arndt, Reinhard Bakius, Felix Bidemback, Adam Doegen, Martin Luther,
Balthasar Meisner and Johann Tarnow. This implies that it was not only
grand figures such as Luther who dominated the scene, but also some-
times those theologians who came to be classified as non-mainstream
by historians. Few works in the latter collections include works of non-
German origin. However, a limited number of books written by Danish-
Norwegian authors are recorded, and a couple of Calvinist and Catholic
authors also appear, examples being authors such as Jeremias Drexel,
Franciscus Patricius, Johan de la Haije and Santes Pagninus, as well as
Heinrich Diest, Tremellius and Caspar Sibelius. Works written by English
authors, on the other hand, is absent from the four collections hitherto
outlined in this chapter, at least as far as one can decide from the informa-
tion given. This implies that English-language works in particular, which
first entered the stage towards the end of the th century, tended to be
more dependent on the owners personal choice of acquisition, rather
than a type of literature that would be generally included in all ortho-
dox libraries. These works were also more widely distributed among
the higher ranks of the clergy, who presumably had the better linguistic
skills. As to scientific, non-theological literature, recorded books cover
a wide range of topics reflecting the periods artes curriculum: Antique
works and the various works on logic / philosophy are examples of litera-
ture promoted by the periods educational curriculum, and also included
in the various collections are works dealing with topics such as magic
or alchemy. Overall, however, all the book collections hitherto exam-
ined might be categorized as orthodox; they belonged to people who
received their education during the course of the th century, and they
incorporated no Pietist literature, at least if we associate this label with
the programme of Philipp Jacob Spener and August Hermann Francke.
These orthodox book collections, however, were marked by an impor-
tant level of broadness, as they included a wide range of German the-
ologians as well as, occasionally, authors and works originating in non-
Lutheran confessions.
.. Book collections belonging to Latin

school teachers and clerical widows
Two school teachers have left registrations of their book collections in the
Bergen clerical probate records. One of these belonged to Lenert Grtker,
son of the curate Lars Michelsen on Ostery. Grtker (born ) com-
pleted his Latin school education in , and he died in whilst
teaching at level one at the Bergen Latin School.7 Grtkers collection
comprised approximately forty titles, but as many of these are mentioned
only vaguely (fourteen volumes, for example, are referred to only as
books in a miserable condition), total knowledge of books in Grtkers
possession is not available.8
Some of the works in Grtkers collection cover theology. Of the Ger-
man theologians, Luther, at least as far as one can gather from the infor-
mation given, is missing, whereas Melanchthon is registered alongside
such authors as Johann Gerhard, Heinrich Mller and Conrad Dieterich;
the latter is accredited with his famous work Insititutiones catecheti-
cae. Of German born theologians practising in Bergen, Heinrich Lem-
miche is listed. The majority of religious and edifying works recorded
in Grtkers collection, however, consists of funeral orations, and many
of these were written in the Danish language: Of approximately twenty
Danish-Norwegian works recorded, as many as half were funeral ora-
tions. Of major theologians, the th-century theologian Caspar Broch-
mand is recorded, alongside two volumes accredited to the Danish
7 Lampe / I:.
8 B. St. b, the listing starts on folio .
chapter three
parson Willads Nielsen, namely Himmelriges barnemoder and Dyde oc

lyde bog. Also the Norwegian poetess Dorthe Engelsbretsdatter (died
) is listed in the inventory (Sang offer), as is Jens Bircherod (Syn-
opsis). Few works in Grtkers collection originate beyond Germany or
the twin monarchy. For this reason, no works written by English authors
are apparently registered in Grtkers relatively sparse theological col-
lection, funeral orations apart. Similarly, only one volume is accred-
ited to a Catholic, notably the mid-th-century Dijon friar Leyer Bon-
tems (i.e. Agathochronius, AGL I:). One work is also accredited to a
Calvinist: The professor of theology at Franecker Johann Cloppenburg
(born ), is accredited with his Exercitationes ad locos communes the-
ologicos (AGL I:).
Grtkers collection also includes a variety of scientific works covering
topics such as philosophy, botany and medicine. The professor of the-
ology Johann Adam Schertzer, for instance, is accredited with the work
Nuclei philosophiae quadripartiti, a edition of the work Vade mecum,
seu manuale philosophicum (AGL IV:). On mathematics, books
entitled Progymnastica mathematica and Arithmetica practica are listed,
and on herbals Norske urtehave (The Norwegian herbal garden) writ-
ten by the Trondheim city gardener Christian Gartner. Also a Glossarum
juridicum danic. is recorded. On philosophy, Daniel Stahl (),
professor of logic and metaphysics at Jena, is accredited with his Meta-
physica, and Johann Weise (died ), a professor of moralia from Eise-
nach in Thuringia, is represented with an unbound exemplar of De con-
stitutione metaphysica. On physiology Daniel Voets Physiologia ()
may be noted, a more rational book on physiology which nevertheless
stressed the importance of astrology to medicine. Also Hadrianus Myn-
sichts (born ) Thesaurus & armamentarium medico-chymicum on
iatrochemical pharmacy is listed; this Thesaurus was published in several
editions, and one of them, although it is not certain whether or not this
was the one in Grtkers collection, included a treatise on the philoso-
phers stone. Also registered in the inventory is a sketchbook and Henrik
Gerners De vises politica practico-sacra. Overall therefore, the books in
Grtkers collection cover a wide range of subjects, as they include theol-
ogy, botany, mathematics and iatrochemical, or spagyric, pharmacy. This
variety of registered works might indicate that Grtker professed a per-
sonal interest in a wide range of topics, or, that he needed works of this
kind to support his Latin school duties. The lack of classical works in
Grtkers collection, meanwhile, might indicate that books of this kind
were provided by the Latin school library.
The second Latin school teacher to be registered in the Bergen clerical

probate records is Hans Ottesen Schrder, a grandson of Hans Samuelsen
Schrder, dean of the Bergen Cathedral: Hans Ottesen, like most Schr-
ders included in my outline, was connected to a powerful, but originally
Danish, clerical family.9 Born in the second half of the th century, the
latter part of the orthodox era, Hans Ottesen was first a student, and
later a teacher, at the Bergen Latin School, and at the time of his death,
Ottesen left a book collection numbering approximately sixty volumes.10
As in other collections, the majority of books in Ottesens possession was
of a theological character, and a relatively significant number of these
books were as usual written by German, and to a more limited extent,
Danish-Norwegian theologians (see table ).
Table : German and Danish-Norwegian theological works listed in Ottesens
book collection
Major figures such as Luther and Melanchthon seem to be missing from Otte-
sens book collection. Still, a wide range of authors is recorded, and Philipp
Heinrich Friedlieb (died ), a professor of theology, is accredited with
several works, one being his Theologia exegetica. Also August Pfeiffer (Dubia
vexata) and Johann Weihenmayer are listed, as are Johann Michael Dillherr,
Heinrich Bnting (Itinerarium) and Hieronymus Kromayer (Scrutinum reli-
gionum). An anonymous work on church history is also recorded, and David
Lobeck (born ), a deacon and professor at Rostock, is represented with
his Disputationes ber die Augspurgische Confession (AGL II:).
Theological works are also accredited to Johann Adam Schertzer and Johann
Micraelius (born ): Micraelius, professor of theology and philosophy and
a headmaster in Stettin, is accredited with the work Syntagma historiarum
mundi & ecclesiae (AGL III:). Manuale mille quaestion is accredited
to Andreas Prckner, a mid-th-century court preacher, archdeacon and
later teacher at the Schweinfurt Gymnasium (AGL III:). Johannes Jan
(died ), a pastor in Platten, is accredited with the work Stern-Himmel, a
book that was reprinted several times during the course of the th century
(AGL II:). Of Danish theological works, Heilige Passions-Gedanken writ-
ten by Hector Gottfried Masius is listed; Masius, who was born in Germany
in , ended his career as professor of theology at Copenhagen University
(AGL III:). The Danish theologian Elias Naur (died ) is also lis-
ted in the collection, alongside Christian IVs Danish Bible as well as Caspar
Brochmands Systema theologica. Of authors resident in Norway, the presence
of the Lucas Debes (died ) may be noted; Debes is accredited with a work
entitled Naturens og alle menniskers rtte.
9 Lampe / I:.
10 B. St. b, the listing starts on folio .
chapter three
Various works in Ottesens collection, however, originated from be-

yond Germany or Denmark-Norway. Registered, for instance, are both
Jeremias Drexel and the Jesuit cardinal Robert Bellarmine. Bellarmine,
who was the first Jesuit to become appointed professor of theology at
Louvain,11 is accredited with the work De aeterna felicitate. Another
work, namely Absconditorum a constitutione mundi clavis, is accredited
to the French-born Jesuit Guilliaume Postel (); Postel, like
Bellarmine, also wrote on mathematics and astronomy. Some English
names are also listed in Ottesens collection: Religious works are accred-
ited to Richard Baxter and Thomas Watson; Watson is accredited with a
work in Danish translation, namely En Christens friheds brev. One of the
registered volumes is referred to as Jacobi anglicae regis meditatio, which
points to the work Royal meditations: Being the true pourtraicture of His
Majesty in his solitudes and sufferings, written during his retirements in
France. Of Calvinist writings, Tremelliuss edition of the Bible once again
appears, which indicates that this work came to be important to some of
the theologians in the Bergen bishopric.
Ottesens collection likewise comprised non-theological literature, and
although such works are sparser in number than those of a religious
nature, a relatively wide range of topics are covered. Still, only one antique
author is listed, namely Livy, which implies that Ottesen, like Grtker,
probably used books which could be borrowed from the Latin School
library in his daily profession. As to grammar, a work entitled Grammat-
ica gallica is listed, and of the humanists, both Erasmus and Gerardus
Vossius (died ) are recorded. Several historical works written by the-
ologians are also listed, notably Peder Claussn Friiss (died ) Norgis
beskrivelse, Jonas Ramuss Norvegia antiqua and Gert Miltzows Presbyte-
riologia. Also the cleric Peder Witts (died ) Guds vognborg, on the
bombardment of Copenhagen, is recorded, as well as other titles relat-
ing to warfare, notably Krigsdiskurs (War discourse) and Christian Vs
krigsarticuler (Articles of war).
A few works on medicine and related topics are also included in
Schrders book collection. On herbals and medicaments of note are
Apothequertaxten, the official Danish-Norwegian list of medicaments
and their prices, and on anatomy Syntagma anatomicum by the famous
anatomist Johannes Vesling (died ). Of the medical works, the wide-
ly disseminated work The good Samaritan by Elias Beynon is listed, as
11 Radler :.
is Descriptio compendiosa de vertigine ac melancholia utraque by the late-

th-century physician Nikolai Grimberg; Grimberg, who was originally
from Skne, studied in Oxford before taking up position in St Petersburg.
Ottesens collection, therefore, shows a certain variety in relation to
both theological and non-theological works, while the variety of non-
theological books might reflect, as in the case of Grtker, the need for a
certain type of knowledge in his professional life, despite the quadrivium
subjects not being given too much attention in the early th-century
Latin school curriculum.
Only two widows are registered in the Bergen bishopric clerical pro-
bate records, namely Dorthe Engelbretsdatter and Margrethe Natheide.
A common feature of these collections is that they contained a very lim-
ited number of works. Dorthe (died ), a highly celebrated poetess
and the widow of the parson of the Cathedral Ambrosius Hardenbeck,
saw her library ravaged by the fire of . Evidently, given the limited
number of books in her inventory, Dorthe did not especially care, or even
lacked the economic means, to repurchase the books (see table ). Mar-
grethe Natheide (died ), the widow of the cleric C. Klingenberg, also
possessed only a limited number of books, which might indicate that
Margrethe also saw her belongings ravaged by fire. However, other expla-
nations might also account for the modesty of her book collection: Her
former husbands books might have been given away to other male fam-
ily members who were pursuing a similar career, or they might have been
sold off in order to raise money. Women could thus be excluded, both in
terms of educational background and economic means, from their hus-
bands world of books.
Table : Books listed in Engelbretsdatters and Natheides book collections
Dorthes book collection included only eleven volumes (B. St. b, see folio
b). Her collection contained a psalter, a prayer-book and an alter-book.
Johann Gerhards Schola pietatis and his Praxis pietatis are also listed. Psalms
are also accredited to Ambrosius Lobwasser (born ), a professor of
jurisprudence who also translated psalms from French into German (AGL
II:). The Danish parson Poul Medelbyes () highly pop-
ular collection of sermons is also listed, as is a book written by the theo-
logian Caspar Brochmand. Also Johan Brunsmanns book on sorcery in
Kge, Et forfrdeligt huus-kaars, is included in the collection, as is Peder
Syvs (died ) Nogle betnkninger om det cimbriske sprog, the first book
on comparative linguistics to be written in the Danish language. Valentin
Wudrian (born ), who practised in Sor, is accredited with the work
Creutz-Schule (AGL IV:). Another of the volumes in Dorthes posses-
sion is referred to simply as an Italian book. Dorthes sparse book collection
chapter three
thus had a rather classical, th-century outlook. Margrethes book collec-

tion likewise comprised only eleven volumes, of which seven are referred to
only as old and non-useful books (B. St. b, see folio ). Only four books,
apparently found in a box by the magistrate, are listed with titles, one of these
being Heinrich Bntings Harmonia evangel. Another recorded work is entit-
led Orationes misecellanias as well as a vaguely referred to Dictionar. A theo-
logical work is also accredited to Johann Draconites (born ), a Lutheran
superintendent in Rostock.
The four book collections outlined in this section, two belonging to Latin
school teachers and two belonging to clerical widows, have certain simi-
larities with the book collections described earlier: First, most of the reg-
istered works were written by a wide range of German theologians, and
the only authors to appear more than once across the last four examined
collections are Johann Gerhard and Heinrich Bnting: Johann Gerhard
is listed in the collections of Grtker and Dorthe Engelbretsdatter, and
Bnting is listed in the collections of Hans Ottesen Schrder and Dorthe
Engelbretsdatter. Gerhard thus, seems to be one of the most frequently
listed authors in the Bergen material. Second, the Danish-Norwegian
works registered remain fewer than those of German origin, although
the theologian Caspar Brochmand is listed in as many as three out of the
four collections discussed in this section, notably in the book collections
of Grtker, Ottesen and Engelbretsdatter.
Few of the book collections presented above include works originating
beyond the axis Germany and Denmark-Norway. However, in the two
largest book collections, namely those belonging to Grtker and Hans
Ottesen Schrder, Catholic literature is recorded through authors such as
Jeremias Drexel and Guilliaume Postel. Of the Calvinist authors, Tremel-
lius, Heinrich Diest and Johann Cloppenburg, for instance, have been
identified, and ownership of works written by authors such as Caspar
Sibelius and Heinrich Diest among both the upper and the lesser clergy,
points to the importance of the Netherlands as a network area in the
supply of literature to the Bergen bishopric book market. As to English
works, however, only the collections of Ottesen and Eckhov include
books of such origin, while the number of non-theological books regis-
tered in the collections of Grtker and Hans Ottesen Schrder probably
reflect above all their position as Latin school teachers.
.. Various clerical inventories
Two inventories registered in the Bergen bishopric clerical probate re-

cords are uncertain about what clerical positions the deceased persons
occupied; this concerns the book collections belonging to Niels Nielsen
and Johan Ovesen Schrder. The belongings of Niels Nielsen were reg-
istered in ; Niels, although his position is not noted in the inven-
tory, may have served as curate of Ulvik.12 Nielsens collection is relatively
small, as only fifteen books are registered, and as usual, some of the books
are vaguely referred to in terms such as several unbound books.13 Of the
books listed with titles, however, several were written by the classic range
of German theologians, and the collection may therefore be character-
ized as mainstream Lutheran (see table ).
Table : Books recorded as having been found in Nielsens home
Of the recorded books that I have been able to identify, a catechism writ-
ten by Heinrich Roth (died ), a German pastor, may be noted, and
also Martin Chemnitzs Harmonia evangel. and Simon Paullis (died )
Evangel. dominical. are included in the collection. The superintendent Simon
Geddicus is also represented in the collection, as are the theologians Balthasar
Meisner and Balthasar Tilesius: Tilesius is accredited with the edition of
the work Abrah. Sculteti ideam concionum in prophetam Esaiam habitarum
(AGL IV:). Of antique writings, only Josephuss Jewish history is listed,
and of Danish works Hans Svanes edition of the Bible may be noted, as well
as Frydesang, a work by Erik Pontoppidan the Elder (born ): Pontop-
pidan the Elder served as bishop of Trondheim, and he was the great-uncle
of Erik Pontoppidan the Younger, the author of the authorized Catechism.
Also a Church Ordinance is listed, as is a book written by Niels Heldvad
(born ), namely Calendariographia sacra; Heldvad was the author of
almanacs containing predictions (DBL VII:). Nielsens rather small col-
lection thus reflects a very traditional cross-section of German theological,
and mainly th-century, literature, represented by such authors as Martin
Chemnitz, Balthasar Meisner, Simon Paulli and Simon Geddicus. Presuma-
bly, no Calvinist or Catholic literature was included in Nielsens collection, at
least as far as one can tell from the information given.
Johan Ovesen Schrder (born ) owned perhaps one of the most fas-
cinating book collections recorded in the Bergen clerical probate records.
Johan was the son of Ove Samuelsen Schrder, curate of the Cathe-
dral, while Samuel, Johans grandfather, had served as curate and later as
12 Lampe / I:.
13 B. St. a, the listing starts on folio b.
chapter three
Notarius juratus, i.e. administrator of the clerical probate registry in the

bishopric of Bergen.14 In , Johan Ovesen, as a student at Copenhagen
University, was awarded one of the rare masters degrees with laudabilis.
Given his scholarly results, Ovesen must have been an above average
student, at least when considering his young age. When he died in at
the age of twenty-three, his position was uncertain. Johan had also been
an orphan for some time, which implies that he may have inherited some
of his books from his fathers estate, apart from acquiring interesting
books on his own.15
Ovesens book collection is one of the few where the books have been
recordedat least in partwith the year of printing, and dates given
indicate that many of the books were printed in the latter decades of
the th century. Hence, although some of the books may have been
acquired by Johan through inheritance, the recent publishing date might
also imply that Johan bought a large number of books himself. In many
respects, Ovesens collection differs from the others by being more mod-
ern, if such a term may be used, as it contains very few indications of the-
ological works dating from the late th and early th centuries. The rea-
son for this may be that the owner, despite his educational background,
was not too interested in theology. Ovesen also received his education as
late as around , which implies that he was the most modern book
owner to be registered in the Bergen clerical probate records in terms of
date of education.
Several characteristics account for the difference between Ovesens
book collection and those hitherto labelled as orthodox, one being, as
noted above, a more limited number of theological works. Of such works
listed, however, a Latin Bible might be noted alongside an introduc-
tion to the New Testament, Augustines Confessiones and Meditationes,
Felix Bidembacks Promptuarium and Johann Botsaks Promptuarium.
Works are also accredited to authors such as Johann Gerhard and the pre-
Pietist Christian Scriver (). Also Luther and Heinrich Mller
are listed, as are several works accredited to the already mentioned the-
ologian Heinrich Lemmiche. Adam Rechenberg (died ), professor
and canonicus at Meissen, is accredited with the work Summarium histo-
riae ecclesiasticae (AGL III:), while Johann Heinrich Ursinus
is accredited with the work Comment. in Hoseam.
14 Lampe / I:.
Of works of Danish origin a book by Niels Hemmingsen (Demono-

latria) may be noted, and also listed is a book by Hans Poulsen Resen
(Rhetorica) and Pia otia written by the already mentioned Bergen parson
Jens Sfrensen Bergendahl (cf. .). Also Jacob Bircherods (died )
Librum prophetae Jonae exegetica & literali expositione illustratum is
listed: Bircherod served at the Collegium consistorale in Copenhagen
(AGL I:). The Danish theologian Elias Naur (born ) is
also listed, as is Jens Bircherod: Bircherod, who served as professor
of Greek, philosophy and theology at Copenhagen, is accredited with
the work Synopsis locor. commun. Some books in Ovesens collection
are also accredited to Hans Wandal the Younger and Johann Lassenius
(born ), the latter being a German-born professor who served as
court preacher in Copenhagen, and who is accredited with the work
Arcana politico-atheistica (AGL II:). An old Church Ordi-
nance is also listed.
A few theological works written by English authors are also recorded
in Ovesens inventory, for instance Thomas Taylors (died ) The
anatomie of infidelitie, and Jeremiah Dykes The righteous mans tower,
or the way to be safe in case of danger; of these authors, at least Dyke
was dispossessed for non-conformity. Also names such as Rolf Robin-
son and Thomas Radlei are listed, but I have not been able to iden-
tify the works accredited to them. A certain number of Catholic reli-
gious works are also listed. Pia desideria written by the Belgium-born
Jesuit Hermann Hugo is listed. Works are also accredited to the th-
century Portuguese Franciscan Philipp Diez (AGL II:). Thomas
Kempis is also listed, as is a volume entitled The tragedy of Esther. Of
the Calvinists, Charles Drelicourt the Elder is listed, and the Arminian
Stephanus Curcellaeus is accredited with his edition of the New Testa-
ment. A religious work is also accredited to the early-th-century histo-
rian Adolph Clarmund (i.e. Johann Christoph Rdiger) educated at Wit-
tenberg.
These theological works, however, are almost drowned in the abun-
dance of other types of literature that cover many topics including law,
geography and even fiction, the latter genre exemplified for instance
by Miguel de Cervantess (died ) Don Chiscotte (i.e. Don Quixote)
and John Barclays Argensis, the same Barclay who wrote the previously
mentioned Satyricon. Of dictionaries, manuals on Latin and Hebrew
are recorded, and the humanist Aldus Manutius (died ) is accred-
ited with the work Ortograph. ratio. Ovesens collection also contains a
number of dictionaries relating for example to the Italian language, as is
chapter three
indicated by the registration of tiles such as Eleganze della lingva Toscana

e Latina, and Le guidon de lang. Italienne. Also A schorte Engelse gram-
mat is listed, alongside an Introduzzione alla lectura del la lingua Spag-
nula. Relating to the Latin school curriculum are Mathurin Corderiuss
(Cordier, died ) Colloquia, Stephen Hansen Stephanuss Verba and
Nicolas Clenarduss grammar. Manuals and dictionaries are also accred-
ited to Johann Possel (born ), Georg Pasor (died ) and Johannes
Buxdorf the Elder, familiar names from previous listings. A Lexicon,
probably Lexicon atriale & januale, is accredited to Johann Amos Come-
nius (born ), a philosopher and theologian famous for his ped-
agogic skills. Reinerus Neuhusiuss (died ) Tyrocinium eloquentia
is similarly listed; Reinerus served as philologist at the gymnasium in
Alkmaar. Of other humanists recorded in Ovesens collection Josephus
Justus Scaliger (died ), Lorenzo Valla (died ), Isaac Casaubon
(died ) and Erasmus may be noted, the latter being accredited with
his Adagia. Also Francesco Petrarch (died ) is registered in Ovesens
collection, namely through his work De otio religioso. From the poet and
professor of rhetoric Augustus Buchner (born ) originates the work
Poemata, orationes, epistolas, dissertationes (AGL I:), while a
work is also accredited to the German poet and polymath Daniel Caspar
von Lohenstein (born ). A work entitled Orationes is also accredited
to the Petrus Cunaeus (), a polymath who ended his career as
professor of jurisprudence and political theory at the University of Lei-
den (AGL I:).
Unlike previous collections, a wide range of works on political the-
ory is also included in Ovesens collection, what titles such as Trac-
tatus theologica politica and Meditationes politicae indicate. Of authors
writing on such topics, Samuel Pufendorf may be mentioned as well
as Thomas Lansius (born ); Lansius, an Austrian-born professor of
jurisprudence at the University of Tbingen, is accredited with the books
Consultatio de principatu inter provincias Europae and Oratio mantisia
(AGL II:). Several geographical works are also recorded in Ovesens
collection, namely a universal geography printed in Amsterdam in ,
a geographical description of the kingdom of Sweden, a geographical
description of the Netherlands as well as a Geographia antiqua. Eduard
Neuhusius (died ) from Westphalia, headmaster of the Lieuwarden
Gymnasium, is also accredited with several works, for instance Infantia
imperii Romani (AGL III:). Other titles also cover history, an example
being the work Polish and Venetian war against the Turcks. A work on
church history is also included in Ovesens collection, notably Johannes
Lampadiuss (died ) Melleficium historicum, which included a Sup-

plementum, de eventibus Novi Testamenti usque ad Carolum V Impera-
torem; Lampadius served as professor of theology at Heidelberg (AGL II:
). A Chronica danorum is also listed in Ovesens collection, as is a
work referred to as Panegyr. de musica.
Several of the titles listed in Ovesens collection also indicate a French
origin, such as Sentiments critiques, Des merveilles de la ville de Rome
and Les travaux sans travail. Various French authors are also listed, for
example Jean de La Fontaine (died ), Jean Racine (died ) and
Jean Puget de La Serre (died ); de La Serre was in Ovesens collection
accredited with one of the periods bestsellers, namely Le secrtaire la
mode (The fashionable secretary), a letter-writing manual replete with
examples for every social occasion.
The majority of works in Ovesens collection, however, were written by
antique authors: Listed are Herodotus, Apuleius, Vergil, Ovid, Plutarch,
Seneca, Terence, Homer and Cornelius Nepos; several humanist authors
commenting on works written by Tacitus, Suetonius, Catullus, Tibullus,
Cicero and Propertius are also recorded. De bello judano of Josephus is
also registered, as is Lucretiuss De rerum natura and a volume accredited
to Euclid. A work entitled Mythologia is also listed, as is Jonas Ramuss
Ulysses & Otinus which made northern Norway the arena of Odysseuss
adventures.
Of other non-theological works in Ovesens collection Antoine le
Grands edition of Descartess philosophy may be noted, entitled Insti-
tutio philosophiae (); le Grand was a renowned author who also sup-
ported the idea of astral influence. Most of the books on natural science,
however, were written by Danish scientists such as Ole Borch (died )
and Caspar Bartholin the Elder; the latter is accredited with his man-
ual Physica. Holger Jacobaeus (died ), a polymath and professor of
medicine and philosophy at Copenhagen, is accredited with the work
De ranis & lacertis dissertat. Jrgen Froms Arithmetica danica of
is also registered; From served as professor of rhetoric and later mathe-
matics at Copenhagen University (FDNI III:). Of the registered
works that could fall into several categories, of note are a work entitled
Gesprach van den Cometus and Palingeniuss Zodiacus (i.e. Zodia-
cus vitae, hoc est de hominis vita), a poem on sanity and manners of life.
The poem, written by Marcellus Palingenius, or Pietro Angelo Manzolli,
was printed in several editions, and must therefore have reached a sig-
nificant audience across Europe. Interestingly, Palingenius is listed sev-
eral times in Ovesens collection, but as more specific titles are not given,
chapter three
it is difficult to tell whether some of them represent Palingeniuss work

on the philosophers stone, namely his Aenigmata de lapide philosoph-
ica.
In the light of the above, Ovesens collection might be characterized as
being relatively lacking in theological works. Ovesens collection, how-
ever, contains significant variety when it comes to topics other than reli-
gion, as it includes a number of books covering topics such as geography
and political theory. As Ovesens book collection cannot be characterized
as orthodox, nor as Pietist because of the lack of books of this type, I
have chosen to label Ovesens library as Enlightenment-inspired; such a
label seems to account better for the collections inclusion of topics such
as political theory and geography.
.. Summary of book occurrences in the

collections of clerics other than parsons
Different book collections have been identified in these last two chapters.
These collections vary in size by comprising only a few volumes to sev-
eral hundred. They also vary in content by comprising different types of
book; whereas some collections contain only theological works, others
incorporate a large number of topics ranging from theology to alchemy
and philosophy. What this last chapter shows, however, is that libraries
belonging to the lesser clergy often were smaller than those belonging to
upper sections of the clergy. Differences between book collections prob-
ably result from such factors as official position, personal interest and
economic viability; those collections belonging to Latin school teachers,
for instance, tended to contain a higher number of non-theological works
than those belonging to other members of the lesser clergy.
In terms of the more general classification, collections examined in
this chapter, apart from that of Ovesen, were of an orthodox charac-
ter. This implies that they were constructed around a persistent core of
German theologians, of whom the majority represented th-century
or early th-century theology. Given the findings in this chapter, how-
ever, a certain distinction may be made between the orthodox libraries
belonging to the upper and the lower clergy: Whereas the upper clergy
generally possessed large book collections that also tended to incorpo-
rate a relatively significant number of works written by non-Lutheran
authors, the lesser clergy often possessed small-size collections generally
lacking this high level of variation.
The majority of book collections belonging to the lesser clergy, how-

ever, still testify to a certain level of heterogeneity; this, for instance, is
evident from the German Lutheran authors listed. As many as almost
sixty different authors have been recorded across the various book col-
lections examined in this chapter (see table ), and of these, only sev-
enteen authors appear in more than one collection (see table ). A wide
range of German Lutheran theologians, thus, and not a select few, dom-
inated the Bergen bishopric book market. Of winners in terms repre-
sentation, Johann Gerhard seems to have been of particular importance
in the Bergen setting: Gerhard is listed across at least ten of the book col-
lections examined in the last two chapters.
Table : Concordance of German Lutheran authors registered in collections
belonging to the lower ranks of the Bergen bishopric clergy
German Lutheran authors registered in book collections belonging to the
lower ranks of the Bergen bishopric clergy are: Wilhelm Alard, Georg Al-
brecht, Johann Arndt, Reinhard Bakius, Felix Bidemback, Johann Binck,
Johann Botsak, Heinrich Bnting, Martin Chemnitz, Michael Corde, Daniel
Cramer, Hartmann Creide, Johann Conrad Dannhauer, Conrad Dieterich,
Johann Michael Dillherr, Adam Doegen, Johann Draconites, Johannes Fabri-
cius, Christoph Fischer, Philipp Heinrich Friedlieb, Simon Geddicus, Johann
Gerhard, Simon Hennings, Nicolai Hunnius, Johannes Jan, Hieronymus Kro-
mayer, David Lobeck, Ambrosius Lobwasser, Martin Luther, Balthasar Meis-
ner, Johann Meisner, Philipp Melanchthon, Balthasar Mentzer, Johann Mi-
craelius, Heinrich Mller, Andreas Osiander the Elder, Simon Paulli, August
Pfeiffer, Andreas Prckner, Johann Quistorp, Adam Rechenberg, Jacob Rei-
neccius, Heinrich Roth, Samuel Rling, Johann Scharff, Johann Adam Schert-
zer, Christian Scriver, Andreas Sennert, Aegidius Strauch, Johann Tarnow,
Balthasar Tilesius, Nathanael Tilesius, Johannes Tungerlarius, Johann Hein-
rich Ursinus, Michael Walther the Elder, Johann Weihenmayer.
Table : German Lutheran theologians listed in more than one book

collection
Listed four times Johann Gerhard
Listed three times Felix Bidemback, Heinrich Bnting, Balthasar Meisner,
Heinrich Mller, Martin Luther
Listed twice Johann Arndt, Reinhard Bakius, Johann Botsak, Mar-
tin Chemnitz, Conrad Dieterich, Johann Michael Dill-
herr, Adam Doegen, Philipp Melanchthon, Johann Tar-
now, Johann Adam Schertzer, Johann Weihenmayer
Book collections belonging to the lesser clergy also incorporated some
religious and theological books of non-Lutheran authors originating in
different European countries. Due to this variety, both Catholic and
chapter three
Calvinist authors were listed in the book collections examined in this

chapter: In total, eight Catholic post-Reformation authors appear across
the different collections, namely Jeremias Drexel, Franciscus Patricius,
Johan de la Haije, Robert Bellarmine, Guilliaume Postel, Leyer Bon-
tems, Hermann Hugo and Philipp Diez. Of these, at least Drexel is listed
more than once, which makes him an important author even among
the lower ranks of the clergy. Eight Calvinist authors are also listed,
some of them being Dutch, namely Abraham Scultetus, Heinrich Diest,
Immanuel Tremellius, Theodore Beza, Caspar Sibelius, Stephanus Cur-
cellaeus, Johann Cloppenburg and Charles Drelincourt the Elder. Of
these, Tremelliuss edition of the Bible is listed twice, while the contin-
ual listing of authors such as Caspar Sibelius, Tremellius and Curcel-
laeus even among the lesser clergy indicates that these authors had a
certain reception field among all layers of the Bergen bishopric clergy.
The English impact, however, is relatively sparse in the book collections
belonging to the lesser clergy, although authors such as Richard Baxter,
Thomas Watson, Thomas Taylor and Jeremiah Dyke occasionally appear,
whereas the Danish-Norwegian impact is somewhat higher: In general,
the lower clergy tended to include more books written in the vernacular
than did the senior clergy. Overall, however, the variety of authors and
works appearing across the different collections, high as well as low,
points to the broadness of the European market of print.
Regarding the non-theological literature included in the libraries be-
longing to the lesser clergy, various collections contain antique works and
philological manuals, as well as works accredited to humanists such as
Erasmus and Lorenzo Valla. Overall, German authors seem to have had
an important influence on the dissemination of works of non-theological
character, what the various listings of philosophical and logical works
accredited to Christoph Scheibler and Jacob Martini indicate. Despite
this affiliation, however, the collections belonging to the lesser clergy,
like those belonging to the upper strata of the clerical class, also reflect a
certain degree of heterogeneity: The registered works cover a wide spec-
trum of writings ranging from bestsellers on alchemy (Jean Beguin),
to mechanical philosophy (Antoine le Grand). As a general conclusion
therefore, it should be noted that a wide range of authors had their
works included in clerical book collections registered in the bishopric
of Bergen, even in those belonging to the lesser clergy. Hence, despite
being influenced by the German tradition, the Bergen bishopric book
market served as reception field for a variety of European debates: This
surely mirrors the fact that Bergen was Norways most international
city in the th century, and that the bishopric was situated geographi-
cally on a coastline with vital connections to other European networking
areas.
part ii
BOOKS IN CLERICAL INVENTORIES IN TRONDHEIM

chapter four
CLERICAL INVENTORIES IN TRONDHEIM 16971732
Chapters Four and Five are devoted to the examination of book collec-
tions registered in Trondheim clerical probate records . Out
of approximately two dozen inventories registered overall, only fourteen
inventories include descriptions of book collections. In this chapter, the
seven collections registered in the period will be examined
(see table ), while the seven book collections registered in the period
will be analysed in Chapter Five: All book collections will be
presented chronologically. As to the book owners, all apart from one were
servants of the church and occupied various positions within the city of
Trondheim.
Table : Book owners registered in Trondheim clerical probate records

Oluf Borchmand, , parson of the Cathedral, Trondheim, folio b
Nels Jul, , curate of the Cathedral, Trondheim, folio
Thomas von Westen, , notarius capituli and missions vicarius, Trond-
heim, folio b
Gert Bonsac, , dean of the Cathedral, folio b
Wencke von Erpecom, , clerical widow in Trondheim, folio b
Jacob Olsen, , servant (chor degn) of Our Ladys Church, Trondheim,
folio b
Peder Lund, , deacon of the Cathedral, Trondheim, folio 1
As shown from the dates listed in table , only one of the book collec-
tions registered in the Trondheim clerical probate records was recorded
prior to (), whereas most of the libraries were recorded in
the period . The majority of registered book collections thus
belonged to clerics who received their education during early Pietsim,
, slightly later than the book owners recorded in the Bergen
clerical inventories. Like the Bergen clerics, however, agents listed in the
Trondheim probate records occupied different positions within the cler-
ical strata.
1 See Trondheim clerical probate records ; the first six inventories are
recorded on microfilm HF , whereas the seventh (Peder Lund) is included on

microfilm HF .
chapter four
In terms of content, the collections registered in the Trondheim cler-

ical probate records prove that a considerable number of books were
in circulation. The fourteen book collections listed vary in size from
around sixty volumes to the impressive seven hundred. On the whole,
the collections indicate a total of almost , titles, which gives an aver-
age of approximately books per collection. This is more than dou-
ble the book occurrences recorded in the Bergen clerical inventories.
This important number of books reflects Trondheims status as a city of
Enlightenment: Trondheim hosted a Missionary Society as well as the
first Norwegian Royal Society of Science, and was endowed, apparently,
with one of the most prosperous book markets in Norway.
What should be noted, however, when considering the impressive
number of books listed, is that our knowledge of these is due mainly
to the well-functioning system of registration. As a functioning system
of registration was totally dependent, despite legal guidelines, on local
officials, registration might cease for several years because of local con-
ditions. This was the case in Bergen as well as in Hedmark & sterdalen,
as we shall see, where the system stopped for several years because a
new notarius publicus was not appointed when this became necessary. In
Trondheim, official records reached an apogee only after , thanks to
the devoted spirit of the pious theologian Eilert Hagerup (died ) who
was appointed notarius capituli in ; Hagerup seems to have carried
out his official tasks with great eagerness.2 Hence, the fact that we have
records of larger book collections in Trondheim should not automatically
lead to the assumption that such large collections were to be found only
in Trondheim; the recording of clerical book collections across Norway
is too random to fully support such a claim.
In terms of general outlook, the Trondheim book collections dif-
fer from those recorded in Bergen: The most remarkable feature of the
Trondheim book collections is the impressive number of new names
appearing in relation to both theological and non-theological litera-
ture. This does not mean that familiar names such as Martin Chemnitz,
Hartmann Creide, Georg Albrecht and Conrad Dieterich disappear, but
that this group of authors is supplemented by a wide range of novel
authors. What also needs to be addressed is the very vague way in which
2 Hagerup was ordained dean of the Trondheim Cathedral in and bishop in
, but all the time he continued to carry out other official duties. Being an ardent
Pietist, Hagerup also translated edifying literature written by Richard Baxter and the
German theologian Georg Grabow into Danish (FDNI III: ).
clerical inventories in trondheim
references are sometimes given: Particularly in book collections recorded

towards , registrations tend to have been made in a very slapdash
manner. Very often, titles and authors names are not given, or references
are given in such terms as a bunch of old books. Likewise, of all the
fourteen collections listed, only one of the registrations provides fuller
information about the date and place of printing of the books. Hence,
all figures quoted in the next two chapters should be regarded more as
tendencies than as absolute numbers.
.. Theological literature in
Trondheim book collections
Three book collections are recorded in the period , and these

belonged to Oluf Borchmand (ca volumes), Nels Jul (ca volumes)
and Thomas von Westen (ca volumes). The number of books in
each collection would seem to reflect the owners status: As expected, the
curate Nels Jul was in possession of the smallest book collection, whereas
von Westen, ranking at the top of the clerical hierarchy, was the largest
book owner according to the Trondheim clerical probate records
.
Despite variances between the different collections, the pervasiveness
of German Lutheran theology is widely evident in the clerical book
collections. What is even more impressive in these collections, however,
is the high number of newcomers registered, in some collections more
than in others. Borchmand, a parson of the Trondheim Cathedral, left in
a collection amounting to slightly over volumes.3 As expected,
an important number of theological works in Borchmands collection
were written by German Lutheran theologians, and the books listed
indicate a wide range of authors (see table ). Like the clerical book
collections in Bergen, however, Borchmands book collection, at least in
relation to German theological literature, suggests only a limited number
of newcomers in terms of late th-century authors. Instead, the majority
of listed authors are figures from the late th and early th centuries,
which points to the long-lasting fame of these authors. Medieval theology
is also recorded in Borchmands collection, to which the registration of
Thomas Aquinass Summa in three volumes testifies.
3 See Trondheim clerical probate records HF ; the inventory starts on folio b.

chapter four
Table : German Lutheran theologians listed in Borchmands book collection

Several classic names are recorded in Borchmands collections, such as Georg
Albrecht, Sebastian Artomedes, Friedrich Balduin, Johann Botsak, Abraham
Calov, Martin Chemnitz, Hartmann Creide, Conrad Dieterich, Adam Doe-
gen, Paul Egard and Simon Geddicus. The work Mellificium theologicum is
accredited to a theologian also previously encountered, namely Johann Binck,
a pastor in Herford, and Officina biblica is accredited to Michael Walther
the Elder, a court preacher, professor and superintendent (AGL IV:
). Several works are also accredited to the Lutheran theologian Mar-
tin Geier, a professor, superintendent and court preacher in Dresden and
Leipzig (AGL II:), and Christoph Pezel (died ), a superinten-
dent in Bremen who was banished for Crypto-Calvinism in , is accre-
dited with the work Praecepta genethliaca (AGL III:). Johann
Weihenmayer is also listed, as is August Pfeiffer. A book is also accredited
to the poet and preacher Johann Heermann, while a Thesaurus is accredi-
ted to Georg Dedekennus (born ), a preacher in Hamburg (AGL II:).
Pre-Pietists and representatives of early Protestant mysticism such as Johann
Arndt and Christian Scriver are also listed in Borchmands collection, and
of the Pietists, Philipp Jacob Spener (died ) is listed. Sebastian Schmidt
(born ), an author of several works and a professor of theology at Stras-
bourg (AGL IV:), is also registered, while a work is also accredited
to the famous Lutheran Johann Hulsemann (born ), a court preacher,
superintendent and renowned author (AGL II:). Postilla evan-
gelica by Georg Haberlin (born ) is also recorded; Haberlin served as
professor of theology and preacher at Stuttgart (AGL II:). Georg Schim-
mer (born ), a preacher in Hamburg, is accredited with the work Liber
Iustorum, oder das Buch der Frommen (AGL IV:), while Johann Lud-
wig Hartmann is accredited with the work Casual- und Miscellan- Predigten;
Hartmann, also previously encountered, served as superintendent in Rothen-
burg (AGL II:).
When compared to the vast range of German theologians, only a lim-
ited number of Danish-Norwegian names are included in Borchmands
collection, which indicates that the German impact continued to remain
of paramount importance to theological education. Listed, however, are
Christian Nold, died (Concordantiae particularum ebraeo-chaldai-
carum), and Caspar Brochmand, born (Controversarium sacrarum,
quae in salutari religionis negotio intercedunt orthodoxis cum schola pon-
ntifica); both men served as professors of theology at Copenhagen. The
German-born professor at the Academy of Sor, Georg Witzleb (born
), is accredited with the work Dissertat. duas de priscorum patrum
theologia (AGL IV:). Professor Hans Wandal the Elders Juris Regii
and Gloria memoria Divi Frederici Tertii are also listed, and works are
also accredited to theologians such as Poul Medelbye (died , Postille)
and Peder Mller (died ), the latter author with his translations of
Heinrich Mller.4 Also registered is Den nye alterbog, a service-book.
An impressive number of works written by English authors are in-
cluded in Borchmands collection, and some of these are accredited to
familiar figures such as Richard Sibbes, Thomas Watson and John King.
Works by John Owen (died ), a nonconformist church leader, and
Obadie Sedgwick (died ), a Puritan divine, are also listed. Authors
such as Jeremiah Dyke, Richard Baxter and Francis Rous (died ) are
also recorded: Some of these authors represented a Puritan spirituality
which occasionally spilled over into mysticism. Another author included
is Thomas Adams, also previously encountered, a preacher pronounced
to be the prose of Shakespeare of Puritan theologians; Adams occa-
sionally preached at St Pauls Cathedral, and his wit was compared to
that of Thomas Fuller and Jeremy Taylor (DNB I:). Other English
authors registered are John Pearson (), a bishop of Chester,
and Francis Roberts (), a Puritan who joined the Presbyterian
party at the outbreak of the Civil War (DNB XLVIII:). Austin
Williams (), a barrister of Lincolns Inn who wrote several
religious books, is accredited with the work Devotiones augustinianae.
Daniel Whitby () is also listed; Whitby, a polemical divine,
lost popularity by writing the controversial Protestant reconcilier in .
Also a Dutch translation of a th-century theological work by Arthur
Hildersham (died ) is recorded, which indicates that certain origi-
nally English books that reached Norwegain shores could pass through
the Netherlands as a transmission area. Although I have not been able to
fully identify all the English names listed in Borchmands collection (see
table ), the large number of such works underlines the importance of
English theology to late th-century spiritual life.
Table : Unidentified English authors listed in Borchmands book collection
English names whose works I have not been able to identify are: Isaac
Ambrose, Richard Averroy, Jeremiah Borroughs, Sebastian Benedict, Peter
Boylyn, Samuel Cock, David Dickson, William Greenbit, William Kerking,
William Pamble, Isaac Pearl, John Reiler, Reinolds, Henry Smith and John
Smith. The writings of the Jesuit Thomas Everhard in Dutch translation are
also probably recorded in Borchmands collection, as is a work referred to as
R. Lovedays letters domestic and foreign.
4 Also Bartholomaeus Botsak and Peder Jensen Vinstrup (died ) are certainly
recorded in Borchmands collection, but I have not been able to fully identify the works
that are accredited to them.
chapter four
As to the Calvinist authors registered in Borchmands collection, most

of these, as in the Bergen findings, are of Dutch origin: Familiar names
such as Franciscus Ridder and Caspar Sibelius are registered; both au-
thors are accredited with an impressive number of works. Also listed is
David Knibbe, a preacher who studied in Leiden in the second half of
the th century (AGL II:). Calvin, on the other hand, is accred-
ited with his famous work Institutio christianae religionis. As with the
titles recorded in the Bergen inventories, thus, the Calvinist influence in
Trondheim seems by and large to have depended on Dutch connections.
Only two works of Catholic post-Reformation origin have been identi-
fied: Johannes Morin, archbishop of Lyon (born ), is accredited with
the work Exercitationes biblicae (AGL III:), and Didacus Alvarez
(died ), a Spanish Dominican from Castille who eventually ended
his career as a teacher in Rome, with his work De auxiliis divinae gratiae;
this work was dedicated to Pope Clement VIII (AGL I:). Although the
number of Calvinist and Catholic authors remains less than the number
of German Lutherans registered, however, almost fifty percent of the reg-
istered titles in Borchmands inventory indicate an English origin. Borch-
mands otherwise orthodox library, thus, might be said to display some
Pietist tendencies, as did those of Lucoppidan and Bergendahl (cf. .,
.) in Bergen.
Nels Jul, curate of the Trondheim Cathedral, left a book collection that
numbered approximately sixty-five volumes.5 Although the collection is
one of the smallest of those registered in the Trondheim clerical probate
records, probably because of the owners relatively modest position in
the clerical hierarchy, the collection should be considered large when
compared to book collections registered in other parts of Norway. As
usual, several of the titles are referred to only vaguely, but from what
can be ascertained with certainty, the collection, like the previous one,
remains classic in outlook, which means that the collection is mainly
constructed around a consistent core of German Lutheran theological
literature; books of this type make up most of the registered titles (see
table ).
Table : German Lutheran theologians listed in Juls collection
Most of the German Lutheran theologians listed in Juls collection are already
familiar to us, for example Johann Binck, Johannes Brenz, Heinrich Bn-
ting, Martin Chemnitz, Hartmann Creide, Adam Doegen, Johann Gerhard,
5 See Trondheim clerical probate records HF ; the inventory starts on folio .

Salomon Glassius, Johann Heermann, Martin Luther, August Pfeiffer and

Johann Weihenmayer. Another theologian of note is Matthias Vogel the Elder
(born ), who served in Nuremberg and Prussia; Vogel is accredited with
the work Thesaurus theolog. (AGL IV:). Felix Bidemback (born ),
also previously encountered, is accredited with the work Promptuarium, and
Johannes Jans Stern-Himmel is also listed. A German Concordantz is also lis-
ted, as is a Biblia germanica.
Some Danish authors are also listed in Juls inventory: Hans Wandal the
Elder is accredited with his justification of absolutism, and the bishop
Caspar Brochmands influential work Systema universae theologiae is also
listed, alongside Passions-Gedancken by the Copenhagen professor of
theology Hector Gottfried Masius. Funeralia is accredited to Stephan
Clotz (born ), most certainly the German-born archdeacon who
served as superintendent in Schleswig-Holstein (AGL I:). As
in several of the inventories, Peder Mller is accredited with one of
his translations of Heinrich Mller. Also listed are the Danish parson
Poul Medelbye and the Danish bishops Henrik Gerner (died ) and
Peder Jensen Vinstrup (died ). Also bishop Hans Poulsen Resens
edition of the Danish Bible and Frederik IIs Danish Bible are recorded
in Juls collection, while Johann Cluver (born ), a superintendent
in Dithmarschen, is accredited with the work Diluculum apocalypticum
(AGL I:). In view of the important number of Danish-Nor-
wegian authors included in Juls collection, it would seem that libraries
belonging to the lesser clergy tended to include a larger percentage of
Danish-Norwegian works than did book collections belonging to the
clerical elite.
Few of the works listed in Juls collection were of non-Lutheran origin.
From the Calvinist camp, however, the Dutch theologian Franciscus
Ridder is recorded, as is Sebastian Castellios (died ) edition of
the Bible in Latin. The Calvinist professor of theology at Franecker
and Leiden, Johannes Cocceius (died ), is accredited with a work
entitled In Jobum, Danielen et Apocalypsin, while from the Catholic camp,
the Portuguese Franciscan Diego Stella is accredited with the work De
contemnendis mundi vanitatibus. From the English sphere of influence,
several authors are also listed, such as Thomas Adams, Lancelot Andrews
and Richard Baxter; all these names appear frequently in Trondheim
clerical book collections. Also other English names which I have not
been able to identify are included in Juls inventory, for example John
(Expositions), Weight (Expositions), Meede (Key of the Revelation) and
Tailor (In epist.). William Perkins (died ), a professor at Cambridge,
is accredited with Sermons.
chapter four
The third and last book collection recorded in the period

belonged to the Pietist and missionary pioneer Thomas von Westen,
head of the Lapp mission in northern Norway. Von Westens book col-
lection was recorded in , and it numbered approximately vol-
umes.6 Overall, von Westens library is the largest and most varied book
collection of those recorded in the Trondheim clerical probate records.
Because of its size, all parts of the collection do not necessarily portray
von Westens personal reading tastes. The collection, however, has several
important characteristics, one being that the core of Lutheran orthodox
writers is still very much present, despite a significant rise in literature
written after . Hence, if we did not already know that von Westen
was a Pietist-inspired missionary, the collection could have belonged to
any learned Lutheran orthodox theologian of the period. Naturally, some
of the books included in von Westens library reflect his missionary work,
but the titles also indicate a wide spectrum of literature ranging from the
antique classics to Athanasius Kircher and Machiavelli; this diversity is
probably a result of the size of the collection. Von Westens collection is
also the only collection registered in which relatively detailed informa-
tion is given on where and when books were printed.
Regarding the theological writings, the German impact in von Wes-
tens library is significant, and although the number of newcomers in-
creases in terms of registration, more classic theologians are also re-
corded; some of these are accredited with numerous works (see table ).
Table : German Lutheran theologians listed in von Westens book collection
Many familiar names are listed in von Westens collection, notably Fried-
rich Balduin, Johann Binck, Georg Calixt, Martin Chemnitz, David Chy-
traeus, Johann Michael Dillherr, Johann Gerhard, Salomon Glassius, Vale-
rius Herberger, Aegidius Hunnius, Leonhard Hutter, Melanchthon, Baltha-
sar Meisner, Heinrich Mller, Johann Adam Schertzer, Johannes Sleidanus
and Johann Heinrich Ursinus. Also Abraham Calov is accredited with a
work, namely Opera philosoph., and Johannes Brenz is accredited with his
famous Catechism. The superintendent Nicolai Selneccer is accredited with
the work Auslegung des Psalters Davids, whereas Luther is accredited with
several books, one being his edition of the Bible which was printed, accor-
ding to the registration, in Low German in Lbeck in . Johann Heer-
mann is accredited with the work Heptualogum Christi, and Philipp Nicolai
(died ) with the work Praxis vitae aeternae. And, as in previous collec-
tions, Heinrich Ludolph Benthems Hollandischen Kirchen und Schulen Staat
is also registered.

Several th-century newcomers are also included in von Westens large

book collection, for instance Christoph Pelargus (born ), a Lutheran pro-
fessor with Calvinist sympathies who is accredited with the work Doctrinae
christianae ex Damasceni (AGL III:). Paul Nicander (died ), a pas-
tor in Halle, is registered with the work Evangelien und Catechismus Postil
(AGL III: ), as is Tobias Wagner (born ), professor of theology
at Tbingen, with his Evangelische theologia patrum (AGL IV:).
Johannes Spangenberg (born ), the first Lutheran preacher in Nordhau-
sen, is also accredited with one work, as is Victorin Strigel (born ) who
sympathized with Flacius, namely his Comment. in Ezech. (AGL IV:).
Other th-century theologians of note are Heinrich Eckard (born ), a
superintendent in Franckenhausen and author of Fasciculum controversia-
rum theologicarum (AGL II:), and the superintendent Justus Feur-
born (born ), who is accredited with his Fasciculis V disputationum
theologicarum (AGL II:). Other early Lutherans listed are Theodor Snepff
(born ), a professor at Tbingen who is registered with the work Com-
mentarii in Esaiam & Jonam (AGL IV:), and Stats Buscher (died ),
a Lutheran preacher in Hannover who is listed with his SS theologiae syn-
opsis methodica (AGL I:). Caspar Cruciger (born ), a pro-
fessor of theology at Wittenberg who was the first to be created doctor of
Lutheran theology following the Reformation, is accredited with the work
In evangelium Johannis apostoli (AGL I:), as is Aegidius Strauch
(born ), professor of theology at Danzig, with his Brevarium chronologi-
cum (AGL IV:).
Several th-century newcomers are also registered in von Westens collec-
tion, for example Andreas Glauch (born ), a superintendent in Bittenfeld
and later pastor in Merseburg who is accredited with the work De concordan-
tiarum biblicarum usu schediasma (AGL II:). Johann Pfeil (born ), a
deacon in Canstadt, is also listed (Clavis theologiae, AGL III:), while the
titles Historia conciliorum and De diebus festis libellus are ascribed to Joachim
Hildebrand (born ), a professor of theology at Helmstadt (AGL II:
). Michael Rusmeyer (born ), a professor of theology and a super-
intendent, is accredited with the work Erklrung der drey Briefe Johannis
(AGL III:), and the irenic theologian Johannes Fabricius (born
) is represented with one of his numerous works, namely Amoeni-
tates theologicae varii et selecti argumenti (AGL II:). Johann Albert
Fabricius (born ), who served as professor of rhetoric and moral philo-
sophy, is accredited with the work Bibliotheca graeca (AGL II:), as
is the preacher Johann Guenther (born ) with his Standhafter Luthe-
raner. Balthasar Cellarius (born ), a superintendent and professor of
theology at Helmstadt, is registered with his Institutiones & tabellae poli-
ticae (AGL I:), as is Adam Rechenberg, a professor in Leipzig, with
his Appendix tripartite isagogica (AGL III:). The theologian and
jurist Tobias Pfanner (born ) who studied at Jena and who acquired
several high positions, is registered with the work Observationes ecclesiasti-
cae (AGL III:).
chapter four
Some of the authors listed in von Westens collection belonged to the milieu
of Halle: Master of philosophy Friedrich von Lanckischs (born ) Concor-
dantiae bibliorum germanico-hebraico-graecae (AGL II:) is listed, while
Karl Hildebrand von Canstein (born ) is accredited with the work Har-
monia evangelica (AGL I:). Commentarius historicus & apologeticus de
Lutheranismo, written by one of the most famous figures of the th cen-
tury, namely Weit Ludwig von Seckendorf (died ), is also recorded:
As a man of great learning, Seckendorf advanced to several high positions,
and ended his career as chancellor of the newly established Academy at
Halle (AGL IV:). Gottfried Olearius (born ), a superintendent
in Halle, is accredited with one work, namely Isagoge anti-calvinistica & anti-
papistica (AGL III:). August Hermann Francke is also listed. Two
of the works in von Westens collection are accredited to the mystically inspi-
red German theologian Gottfried Arnold (born ), one of these being his
Evangelische Reden ber die Sonn- und Festtags Evangelien. Arnold however,
was more famous for his Unparteyische Kirchen und Ketzer-Historie in which
he asserted that various mystics were the true bearers of the original Christian
legacy (AGL I:).
The subject of church history is not represented extensively in von Wes-

tens collection, but Historicher Bericht vom Anfang und Fortgang der Ref-
ormation written by the polyhistor Wilhelm Tentzel, born , is listed
(AGL IV:), as are various other titles relating to the topic, for
instance Hist. ecclesiast. The Halle professor Joachim Lange (born )
is also listed, notably with the work Historia ecclesiastica (AGL II:
), while the philologist, church historian and professor of theology
Thomas Ittig (born ), is accredited with the work Operum Clemen-
tis Alexandrini supplementum exhibens ejusdem I. librum (AGL II:
). Another work on church history was written by the Halle the-
ologian Johann Franz Buddeus (died ): Overall therefore, the Halle
impact is noticeable in von Westens collection, at least in relation to the
authors listed. Of the medievalists, Tauler is listed, and appearing are also
Augustines Confessiones and the Lutheran Confessio Augustana.
The number of Danish-Norwegian religious and edifying books in
von Westens collection is sparse, as few names appear: Professor and
jurist Poul Winding, born , is listed (Comitas Reventloviana sive ora-
tio funebris), as are Christian Nold (Concordantiae particularum ebraeo-
chaldaicarum) and Hans Wandal the Younger (Chiliasmi veteris et novi
orthodoxa consideratio). Hans Poulsen Resen is also listed, and several
works are accredited to the theologian Caspar Brochmand, for instance
his Epitome and Controversiae sacrae. Hermann Conring (born ),
a polyhistor serving both the Swedish and Danish crowns is also regis-
tered, as are Niels Hemmingsen and Johan Brunsmann: The Norwegian-
born theologian Johan Brunsmann, famous for his writings on sorcery in

Kge, is accredited with several works in von Westens collection, namely
Philosoph. apocalypt., De necessitate amoris divini, Schediasmatum apoc-
alypticor. and Calendarium perpetuum, the latter being a highly popu-
lar calendar. Frederik IIs collection of additional laws (Recess) is also
listed, as is the Church Ordinance of and a Church Ordinance of
Odense. The first Norwegian liturgical book to be printed is also regis-
tered, namely Missale Nidrosiense, a work that the bishop Erik Valkendorf
(died ) ordered into print. A Danish Postille is also included in von
Westens collection, as is a Swedish Postille, the latter being one of the
few Swedish books recorded in the Trondheim clerical probate records
overall. Several Danish Bibles are also recorded.
A number of Calvinist authors are included in von Westens collec-
tion, and although some of these are of Dutch origin, other nationalities
are also represented. Some of the registered authors are already famil-
iar: Two works by Tremellius are listed, one being his famous edition of
the Bible, while Johannes Piscator is accredited with his Herborn con-
cordance Loci Communes as well as with several other works. Also from
the Calvinist tradition is Johann Heinrich Alsted (born ), a pro-
fessor of philosophy and theology who is accredited with Paratitla the-
ologica and the non-theological book Methodus admirandorum mathe-
maticorum (AGL I:). Accredited to the Cartesian-inspired and
Calvinist professor at Herborn, Christoph Wittich (born ), is the
work Comment. in epist. ad Romanos (AGL IV:). A work enti-
tled Opera theolog. is accredited to Spanheim, most probably the famous
Calvinist theologian Friedrich Spanheim the Younger (born ) who
served as professor at Heidelberg (AGL IV:). Problemata sacra is also
listed, a work written by the Calvinist and Swiss professor Benedictus
Aretius (died ).
Several other Calvinist authors are also included in von Westens col-
lection: The work De tribus Elohim is accredited to the Italian-born, but
Calvinist theologian Hieronymus Zanchius (born ) who served both
in Leiden and in Heidelberg (AGL IV:). Also listed is Fran-
ciscus Burmann the Elder (born ) who worked in Utrecht and Lei-
den; Burmann is accredited with a work in Dutch language, namely
Getuigenisse of te uitlegginge over de Boecken Mosis (AGL I:
). Daniel Tossanus (born ), a French Calvinist theologian who
survived the massacre of St Bartholomew, is accredited with the work
ber die Epistel Pauli (AGL IV:), while the Huguenot pastor
Jacques Abbadie (born ) who served as dean of Killaloe in Ireland,
chapter four
is accredited with his Trait de la divinit de Jesu Christ and Trait de la

vrit de la rligion Chrtienne: Abbadie won greater fame with his works
Treatise on the truth of the Christian religion and Art of knowing one-
self, works that were steadily reprinted and translated; he supported with
great eagerness the idea of a perfect compatibility between reason and
faith (AGL I:). Also evidence of the Dutch impact in von Westens
collection are titles such as Hollansce lyckpredigten, a Dutch New Testa-
ment as well as The psalms of David in Dutch.
Few works in von Westens collection, at least given its overall size,
relate to the Catholic tradition: The Jesuit Ludovicus de Alcazar (born
), a professor of theology at Cordoba who spent most of his working
life elaborating upon the Gospel of John, is accredited with the work
In Apocalypsin (AGL I:), while the work Patres apostolici may
be ascribed most probably to Johan Clericus, a Dutch th-century
Franciscan monk. The Italian Jesuit Benevenutus Stracca (died ) is
registered with the work De mercatura decisiones (AGL IV:), as is
Ludovicus Granatensis with his Libro del amor de Dios. A work referred
to simply as an Italian book on theology is also registered.
The English impact is also highly visible in von Westens collection,
although the number of works written by English authors listed, given
the overall size of the collection, is less than that recorded in Borchmands
collection. As expected, some familiar names are registered, while several
newcomers belonging to various traditions are also included (see table
). A Catalogue of English writers, printed in London in , is also
registered in von Westens collection.
Table : English authors listed in von Westens book collection
Several familiar names are included in von Westens collection, for instance
Joseph Hall, Lancelot Andrews and John Lightfoot (died ). Also Daniel
Dykes Mystery of self-deceiving is included in the library. The th-century
Salisbury headmaster Daniel Whitbys Additional annotation is also registe-
red, as is John Bunyans (died ) The pilgrims progress. Thomas Gataker is
also listed, namely with the work Tetragrammato, i.e. de nomine tetragram-
mato Jehovah, and John Barclay with his Satryricon. William Cave (died
), a preacher in London and a canonicus in Windsor, is accredited
with the books Antiquitates apostolicae and Das erste Christenthum; the latter
work was originally entitled Apostolici, or the History of the primitive fathers
(AGL I:). Several newcomers are also included in von Westens collec-
tion, for instance John Hacket (born ): Hacket, who served as archdea-
con in Bedford, is accredited with his Sermons (AGL I:). The headmas-
ter William Day (died ) is registered with his Comments upon Esaiah
(AGL II:), as is John Price (died ), who converted to Catholicism
and became protector of England, with his Comments in Novi Testamenti

(AGL III:). Edward Stillingfleet (born ), a bishop of Worcester, is
accredited with the work Origines sacras (AGL IV:): This volume,
however, was reportedly printed in Bremen in , which indicates that
English books were able to pass through Germany before ending up in Nor-
way. John Doughtey (died ) of Westminister is accredited with the work
Analecta sacra (AGL II:), while the th-century Scotsman Alex Rosse,
is accredited with the work Von der gantzen Welt Religion. Frank Potter
(born ), a theologian harbouring strong mechanist interests, is accre-
dited with the work An interpretation of the number (AGL III:), as is
William Whitaker (born ), a professor of theology at Cambridge, with his
Praelectiones aliquot adversus Bellarminum habitae (AGL IV:). Several
names in von Westens collection are referred to only vaguely, for example
Tenner, Brown, Smith and Pearson, and some books are only registered with
titles, for example Liturgia anglicana germanice. A New Testament reportedly
printed in the English language, is also registered.
A limited number of books in von Westens collection are related to the
missionary cause. Examples of these are Actus misionis Indicae, report-
edly printed in Halle in , and the Uppsala professor Johannes Schef-
feruss (died ) book on Lappland, printed in Leipzig in . Several
religious and edifying books written in native languages are also regis-
tered in von Westens collection, such as a catechism with explanations in
Icelandic, a book referred to as Biblia finnica and a Finnish prayer-book.
Fifteen additional books are also reportedly written in the Finnish lan-
guage, but the titles of these are not specified. Several editions of Manuale
lapponicum, explanations of the Scriptures in the Lapp language, and a
book entitled De conversione pagano in Oriente et Finnmarchia are also
listed; the latter work is accredited to a certain Heinrich Myhlius.
Given the three book collections outlined so far, the most striking
feature is the high number of German theologians listed: As in the Bergen
clerical book collections, the German Lutheran authors listed in the
Trondheim clerical inventories were by no means limited to a chosen
fewbut were many and varied. Of the three book collections hitherto
outlined, Borchmands collection is remarkably similar to the orthodox
libraries recorded in Bergen in its reference to mainly late th-century
and early th-century German authors, whereas von Westens library
also includes a range of more novel authors. Despite this strong German
influence, the books discussed so far also reflect a dependency on other
network areas similar to those operating in the Bergen bishopric: Also
Denmark, the Netherlands and England seem to have been of major
importance in the supply of books to the Trondheim market.
chapter four
.. Non-theological literature in
All of the three collections outlined above also contain scientific, non-
theological books. As expected, most of these are recorded in von Wes-
tens collection, again thanks to its size, while the lowest number of non-
theological literature recorded is in Juls collection. As in the Bergen cler-
ical book collections, the titles recorded reflect a complex vision of
the early modern period: No clear-cut scientific revolution can be dis-
cerned from the titles listed, which refer to both magical and mechanist
sciences.
In Borchmands collection, a limited number of antique works are
recorded: Only one work by Seneca is recorded, whereas antique history
is dealt with through a book accredited to the physician and philologist
Petrus Lauremberg (died ), namely Petrus LaurembergI cronicus sive
series compendiosa rerum illustrium gestarum a mundi exortu, ad usq.
annum jam currentum (AGL II:). Also a book entitled
Natural rarities of Holland is registered, as is a work entitled A little
description of the great world.
A number of philosophical and metaphysical works, however, are
included in Borchmands collection. Registered for instance are Jacob
Martinis classical work Disput. metaphysica and Charles Franois dAbras
(i.e. Raconis, born ) Totius philosophiae tractatio; Raconis, a bishop
of Languedoc, began his career as a Calvinist before converting to Cathol-
icism (AGL III:). Works entitled Summa philosophiae univ.
and Primordia philosophia are also registered. More novel philoso-
phies are also included in Borchmands collection: The Dutch Cartesian-
inspired scientist / philosopher Henricus Regius (van Roy, born )
is accredited with the work Philosophia naturalis (AGL III:),
while of note from the same tradition is a work accredited to Tobias
Andrea (born ), a friend of Descartes who served as professor of his-
tory and Greek at Grningen, namely Methodi Cartesianae assertio contra
Jocobum Regium (AGL I:). Hence, works on classic peripatetic phi-
losophy as well as on Cartesian philosophy were both included in Borch-
mands collection.
Also, a limited number of medical works are registered in Borchmands
library: The first Norwegian iatrochemical work on the effect of vitriol,
written by the Trondheim physician Joachim Irgens (died ), is reg-
istered, as is the work Larte vitraria; this work was written by Antonius
Neri, an early th-century cleric and iatrochemist who resided a certain
time in Antwerp (AGL III:). Neris work on glass-making was further

developed by the alchemist Johann Kunkel. Within the field of anatomy,
a work is accredited to the adherent of Aristotelian philosophy William
Harvey (died ), namely his Exercitatio anatomica. Also a work on
botany is included in Borchmands collection, namely the Dane Peder
Kyllings (died ) famous work Viridarium danicum; this work was
first published in , and contained an alphabetical list of the names
and habitats of all Danish plants known at the time.
As to topics such as astronomy and mathematics, a mixture of newer
and older works is noticeable: Christian Longomontanus (died ),
a disciple of Tycho and professor of mathematics at Copenhagen, is
accredited with the astronomical work Systematis mathematici, &c.; Lon-
gomontanus also wrote on philosophy. A second, but unidentified, book
on mathematics is also listed in the collection. On astronomy, the fourth-
century Roman author Flavius Mallius Theodorus is accredited with the
work De rerum natura causisque naturalibus, de astris & aliis ejusmodii
(AGL III:). In the light of these findings, we can see how scientific
works in Borchmands collection revived the antique legacy as well as
reflected early modern scientific novelties.
A few philological works are also included in Borchmands collec-
tion: Included is for instance Critica sacra by the Huguenot theologian
and Hebrew scholar Ludovicus Cappellus (died ); his Critica was
unpalatable from a theological point of view as it pointed out errors
in previous Bible translations. Listed is also the already familiar philol-
ogist and professor of oriental languages Johannes Buxdorf the Elder
(born ), who is accredited with the works De abbreviaturis hebraicis,
Synagoga judaica and Concordantiae; the work Concordantiae, however,
was actually complied by Johannes Buxdorf the Younger (died ), a
professor of theology and languages at Basel (AGL I:). Also
the poet and advocatus ordinarius in Coburg, Johann Leibe (died ), is
accredited with one work, namely Studentica, h. e. apophthegmata, sym-
bola & proverbia (AGL II:).
In contrast to Borchmands collection, Juls relatively minor book col-
lection only comprises a very limited number of books of non-theological
content. Very few antique authors are listed, as only Josephus and Hero-
dotus are recorded. Similarly, only one historiographical work is listed,
namely Annales Hollandiae & Zelandiaeque by the th-century Dutch
historiographer Matthaeus Vossius (AGL IV:). It would there-
fore appear that Jul was more interested in acquiring theological litera-
ture.
chapter four
When we turn to von Westens collection, however, the outlook is

radically different: A large number of scientific, non-theological writ-
ings are listed, and these titles mirror one of von Westens main inter-
ests, namely oriental languages. In terms of numbers, the impact of such
works would seem to be far more influential than that of Pietist theol-
ogy, which reflects von Westens profound philological training. And, as
expected, topics such as history and the natural sciences are also repre-
sented in von Westens collection, as is a significant number of antique
authors (see table ).
Table : Antique authors listed in von Westens book collection
Antique authors listed in von Westens book collection are: Aristophanes,
Julius Casear, Catullus, Cicero, Josephus, Herodotus, Hesiod, Isocrates, Ma-
crobius, Ovid, Plutarch, Pythagoras, Seneca, Socrates, Suetonius, Tacitus,
Theocritus, Theognis and Vergil. An Opera in von Westens collection is also
accredited to Nicolaus Damascene, a learned peripatetic philosopher, poet
and historian who lived during the Augustan age of the Roman Empire
(AGL III:), while Nicander, a Greek grammaticus, poet and physi-
cian living around bc, is accredited with the work Alexipharmaca (AGL
III:). Several early modern authors writing on antique works are also lis-
ted, for example Marius Nizoliuss (died ) work Apparatus linguae lat. &
scriptis Tullii Ciceronis collectum (AGL III:). Isaac Vossius (died ) is
accredited with Observationes ad Pomponium, and one work in von Westens
collection is referred to as Hist. deorum gentilum. The theologian and natural
historian Conrad Lycosthenes is accredited with his Apophtegmata virorum
illustrium (AGL II:).
As to the humanists, several works in von Westens collection are accred-
ited to Erasmus, and a work entitled Orationes is accredited to Marc
Antonio Muretus (born ). Joachim Camerarius (died ), a friend
of Melanchthon, is represented with his biography of Melanchthon De
vita Philippi Melanchthonis narratio (AGL I:). The title De
usuris, meanwhile, is accredited to one of the greatest scholars at the time,
namely Claudius Salmasius (born ) who took up the professorship
formerly held by Josephus Justus Scaliger at Leiden (AGL IV:). One
of his fellow scholars, namely the illustrious Caspar Scioppius (Schoppe,
born ), is also registered with one work. The famous polyhistor Ger-
ardus Vossius is accredited with the work In fragmenta Livii, among oth-
ers. The secretarius to Cardinal Granvelle in Brussels, Stephanus Pighius
(died ), is recorded with the work Hercules prodicus (AGL III:).
The historian Johannes Moller (born ), conrector in Flensburg, is
accredited with the work Bibliotheca septentrionis eruditi (AGL III:
).
Several historical works are also included in von Westens collection,

and some of these cover Danish and Norwegian history. Famous names
such as Saxo and Olaus Magnus (died ) are listed, as is the Icelandic
scientist Arngrim Jnssons (died ) Specimen islandiae historicum.
Thormod Torfaeuss (died ) history of Norway is also listed, as is
his work Series dynastarum et regnum daniae, and the Icelandic and
medieval historian Snorre Sturlason (died ) is accredited with his
Edda islandorum, reportedly printed in . The parson and historian
Jonas Ramuss Norvegia antiqua and a saga on the life and deeds of
the medieval king Olav Tryggvason are also listed. Albertus Krantzs
(died ) Chronicum regnorum Aquilonarium is likewise registered:
Krantz, a historian and Catholic theologian in Rostock, wrote on Danish
history in his Chronica, and later editions also included annotations on
Swedish and Norwegian history. The Danish historian Arild Hvitfelds
(died ) Chronica is also listed, as is a book on Danish history written
by the Flensburg jurist Jonas Hoyer (died ). The natural historian
Ole Worm (died ) is represented with the work Antiquitates, and
Thomas Bartholin is also accredited with a volume entitled Antiquitates.
A historical work on the life and deeds of Christian III is also registered,
as is Memoires de Denemarc; this latter work was reportedly printed in
Utrecht.
Although the number of works covering Danish and Norwegian his-
tory is significant in von Westens collection, historical and geographical
works relating to a broader European arena are also included: Demetrius
van Meteren (born ) is accredited with a description of the Nether-
lands during the reign of Charles V (AGL IV:). Other works on
Dutch history are also listed, for example an account of Dutch history in
the period (beschrivung van tot ); this latter book
was reportedly printed in Amsterdam. Several books also bear the title
Polyhistor., and one of these was written by the classical author Gaius
Julius Solinus who discussed various historical curiosities by drawing
for instance on Pliny (AGL IV:). More spectacular is the occurrence
of the archbishop of Armagh James Usshers Annals (or Annales Veteris
& Novi Testamenti) printed in Bremen in , a work calculating the
age of the world. Also Johannes Carions Chronica is listed, and so is the
work Historiae galliae ab excessu Henrici IV usque ad annum writ-
ten by the famous President of the Toulouse Parlement Gabriel Gram-
mond, died (AGL IV:). One work in von Westens collection is
referred to as The German war, while a work registered as Dictionnaire
histor. was reportedly printed in Lyon. Other works also cover history and
chapter four
geography, for example Bohemiae et Hungaris regna and a cluster of geo-

graphical descriptions of the Palatinate and of America. Likewise relat-
ing to geography is the work Ein geographisches dictionarium, reportedly
written by the professor of mathematics Hieronymus Ditzel, died
(AGL II:). The famous cartographer and geographer Abraham Ortel
(Ortelius), who was born in Antwerp in , is accredited with the work
Theatrum orbis terrarum, among others. Several works in von Westens
collection also bear the vague title Cosmographia.
Apart from theology, a keen interest in philology and a particular fas-
cination for Arab culture and religion is evident in von Westens collec-
tion; such findings naturally reflect von Westens orientalist education,
von Westen also having excellent skills in the field. Studies of the kind
became increasingly popular at Copenhagen University in the course of
the th century. Several works listed in von Westens collection refer to
Arab history: The theologian Edward Pococks (born ) Specimen his-
toriae arabum is listed; Pocock lectured on the Arabic language at Oxford.
Also other volumes on Arab history are included in the collection, as
indicated by such titles as Historia saracenia arab et lat. and Enchiridion
studiosi arabico. Also Hottingers Historia orientalis is listed; the Calvin-
ist theologian Johann Heinrich Hottinger (born ) was a specialist in
oriental languages. The Jewish scholar Christian Gerson (born ) is
accredited with a work entitled Talmudischen Juden-Schatz (AGL II:).
Linked to this orientalist fascination as well as to a fascination with lan-
guages in general, is the presence of an outstanding range of philological
works not only on Arabic, but also on the Latin, Greek and Hebrew lan-
guages, and, but more sparsely, on modern languages such as Spanish
and French (see table ).
Table : Philological works listed in von Westens book collection
An impressive number of works in von Westens book collection are of philo-
logical character, and many of these were written by orientalists. One volume
in von Westens collection is entitled Lexicon arabico-latinum. Andreas Sen-
nert (born ), a German professor of oriental languages, is accredited
with a work referred to as An oriental grammar. The German superinten-
dent and orientalist Johann Abraham Kromayer (born ) is accredited
with the work De usu linguae arabicae (AGL II:), while Thomas
Erpenius (born ) who eventually became professor of oriental languages
in Leiden, is registered with the work Grammatica arabica (AGL II:).
An Opera orientalis is accredited to Johann Dantz (born ), a professor of
theology and oriental languages at Leiden and Jena (AGL II:). Johan-
nes Buxdorf the Elder is registered with several volumes, for instance Lexicon
chaldaico talmudico rabinico hebraicum and Concordantiarum ebr.; the latter
work was compiled by Johannes Buxdorf the Younger. The Calvinist theo-
logian and orientalist Jacob Gousset (born ) is also accredited with
a work on Hebrew, namely Commentarii linguae ebraicae (AGL II:
), as is Johann Baldov (died ), a professor of Hebrew at Leipzig
and Helmstadt, with his Grammaticae ebraeae Buxtorfio-Erpenio-Trostianae
(AGL I:). Matthias Martini (born ), a professor at Herborn with a
special interest in oriental languages, is listed with the work Lexicon phi-
lologicum (AGL III:). A work entitled Opera hist. et philolog. is
accredited to Welsch, most probably referring to the physician and philolo-
gist Georg Hieronymus Welsch (born ). Matthaeus Hiller (born ),
a professor of theology and oriental languages at Tbingen, is accredited
with the work Onomasticon sacrum (AGL II:), as is the philolo-
gist Wilhelm Schickard (born ) with his Tarich seu series regum Per-
siae (AGL IV:). A book entitled De causis linguae ebraicae, writ-
ten by the superintendent in Wittenberg, Dresden and Jena, Valentin Loe-
scher (born ), is also included (AGL II:). Another theolo-
gian and professor of oriental languages listed in the collection is the ori-
entalist Louis de Dieu (died ), who is accredited with the work Histo-
ria Christi (AGL II:). Martin Trost (born ), a professor of Hebrew
who served at Dresden and Wittenberg, is accredited with the work Lexi-
con syriacon (AGL IV:). From England there originates the work Con-
cordantiale lexicon hebraeo-latino-biblicum, which was written by the th-
century master of philosophy William Robertson (AGL III:). The th-
century Hebrew scholar Caspar Ledebuhr is accredited with the work Catena
sacrae scripturae (AGL II:), while the Dutch theologian and pro-
fessor of Hebrew Anton Hulsius (died ), is registered with his Nomencla-
tor biblicus hebrae-latinus (AGL II:). Again, like in Borchmands collec-
tion, Ludovicus Capelluss Critica sacra is listed.
Several works in von Westens collection also cover other languages: The phi-
lologist Erasmus Schmidt (born ) in Wittenberg is accredited with the
work Novi Testamenti Iesu Christi graeci (AGL IV:). Several works are
referred to only by such vague titles as Thesaurus grca lingvae and Ety-
mol. magn. graecum. Another very famous Franecker professor of oriental
languages, namely Johann Drusius (born ), is accredited with the work
Fragmenta veterum interpretum graecorum (AGL II:). Various other
authors and works are also listed: Several works are accredited to the German
philologist Michael Neander (born ); Neander served as headmaster in
Nordhausen (AGL III:). Another German philologist is also listed,
namely Theodorus Hackspan (born ); Hackspan is accredited with the
work Miscellanea sacra (AGL II:). The theologian and professor
at Oxford and Grningen, Georg Pasor, is accredited with the work Lexicon
manuale (AGL III:), as is the philologist Johann Leusden, born in
Utrecht in , with his Onomasticum sacrum. The Helmstadt professor of
Hebrew Valentin Schindler (died ) is registered with the work Lexicon
pentaglottum (AGL IV:). Johannes Scapulas famous Latin Lexicon is also
recorded; the latter work at least was widely used in the clerical education. The
chapter four
work De emendati latini sermonis structura, dedicated to the princess Mary, is

also listed in von Westens collection; this book was written by the royal phy-
sician Thomas Linacre, who was born in Canterbury in (AGL II:).
Interestingly, several works on the Egyptian language by the Catholic poly-
math Athanasius Kircher (died ) are also included in von Westens collec-
tion (Obeliscus pamphilius and Lingua aegyptica restitua), while a work is also
accredited to the English chronologist John Marsham (born ), namely his
Chronicus canon aegyptiacus, ebraicus, graecus (AGL III:). The Copenha-
gen professor of Hebrew Christian Stenbuch (born ) is accredited with
the work Examen versionis vernaculae (AGL IV:), and Thomas Bang is
registered with the manuals Orientis & prisci mundi caelum and Aurora; at
least the latter of these works was regularly used in Latin school education.
One grammatical work in von Westens collection is accredited to bishop Erik
Pontoppidan the Elder (died ). A wide range of other titles likewise sug-
gest grammatical works, for example a grammar entitled Latina en Frangois,
printed in Paris, a Dictionar. anglic. latin, and a grammar Ebraica Hispanice.
A grammar written by the English scholar William Walker (died ) is also
included in von Westens library (AGL IV:).
Several law-books or books written by lawyers are also included in von
Westens collection: The attorney to the Parlement of Paris Barnabas Bris-
son (born ), is accredited with the work De veteri ritu nuptiarum
& jure connubiorum (AGL I:). The work Methodus histor-
ica by the famous lawyer and philosopher Jean Bodin (died ) is
also included. Daniel Clasen (born ), a professor of jurisprudence,
ethics and political theory, is accredited with the work De oraculis gen-
tilium (AGL I:), while Theodor Reinking (died ), a doctor of
jurisprudence who practised in Sweden, the Netherlands and Denmark,
is accredited with the work Biblische Policey (AGL III:). Hugo
Grotiuss (born ) De jure belli & pacis is also listed in the inventory.
Some titles in von Westens collection also refer to the Catholic arena of
law and justice, namely Corpus juris canonici and Corpus juris civilis. A
work referred to as a Jewish law book is also listed, as are a Norwegian
law of and a series of royal decrees issued in the period .
Books on natural sciences listed in von Westens collection cover an
impressive range of topics, and several of these books most certainly
came into von Westens possession through inheritance, as his father
practised as an apothecary in Trondheim. Printing dates also support
such a theory: Several of the works on natural sciences included in von
Westens collection are attributed as having a relatively early printing
date, much earlier than many of the theological and philological works;
such recordings might therefore indicate that the theological works were
purchased out of interest, whereas the books on natural sciences were
inherited. Whatever the form of acquisition, however, books on natural

sciences listed in von Westens collection cover a wide range of topics.
Important for example is the number of scientific books reflecting a more
magical outlook, namely books that relate to the Hermeticist, magical
and alchemical traditions (see table ).
Table : Books on alchemy and magic listed in von Westens library
From among the alchemical and magical writings included in von Westens
library, of note is Mundus subterraneus () by Athanasius Kircher, a work
which, among other things, deals with chemical processes in the cavities of the
earth. Also Johann Zwelfers (died ) Pharmacopoea augustana is included
in von Westens library, as is Caspar Schotts (died ) Technica curiosa; this
latter work deals in particular with magic. Other registered works include
one entitled Kabbalae denundato as well as Heinrich Petraeuss (died )
Hermetist work Nosologia harmonica. Girolamo Cardano is accredited with
the work De rerum varietate, an encyclopaedic work dealing with topics
such as cosmology, machinery, alchemy and chiromancy. A work referred to
as Chymische Processe is also recorded. Also on iatrochemistry, Guernerus
Rolfincks (died ) Chymica may be noted; Rolfinck, who visited cities
such as Wittenberg, Leiden, Oxford, Paris, Venice and Padua, wrote on topics
such as distillation and Hermetism (AGL III:). Among the other
works on iatrochemistry Collegium chymicum is also of note; this work, which
deals with the transmutation of metals, is accredited to the physician and
botanist Justus Vesti (born ). The work Curositates inauditae de figuris
Persarum talismannicis by the Frenchman Jacob Gaffarellus (died ) is
also recorded; Gaffarellus, who took a keen interest in oriental languages and
Cabbalism, worked as a librarian to Cardinal Richelieu (AGL II: ).
Various other medical works are also listed in von Westens collection,
and several of these relate to the antique tradition, for example Trallianis
libri medici; this medical work was written by the th century physician
Alexander of Tralles and later Latinized in Basel in by Heinrich
Stephani and given the title De arte medica. Another antique author,
namely Cornelius Celsus, is accredited with the work De re medicina,
and a medical work accredited to Scribonius Largus is also registered;
Scribonius was a st-century Roman physician who practised during
the reign of Claudius, and his medical work Compositiones medicae
was Latinized in Padua in and supplied with commentaries by
the Dane Johann Rhode (AGL IV:); Rhode, who had turned
down a professorship at Copenhagen in favour of residing in Padua,
continued to keep in touch with Danish scientists through extensive letter
writing. All these publications show, as with the geographical works, that
antique literature continued to hold a firm grip on the minds of early
modern readers. An important number of medical works in von Westens
chapter four
collection were also written by German physicians, and many of these

were important figures in their own time (see table ).
Table : German physicians listed in von Westens book collection
Many medical books listed in von Westens collection were written by German
authors, such as that accredited to the physician from Colmar Johann Wecker
(born ), namely Antidotarium generale & speciale (AGL IV:). Tho-
mas Reinesius (born ), a physician practising in Altorf, Altenburg and
Leipzig is also registered with a medical work (AGL III:), while
the Lbeck doctor of philosophy and medicine Paul Neucrantz (born ),
is accredited with the work Liber singularis de purpura (AGL III:). Jus-
tus Vesti is also listed with a medical work (AGL IV:), as is Daniel
Sennert (died ), one of the periods most celebrated German physicians.
Also included is Exercitationes de humano corpore & anima by Gregorius
Horst (born ), a professor of medicine at Wittenberg and a personal phy-
sician to Ludwig of Hessen (AGL II:). A medical work is likewise accre-
dited to the Leipzig physician Fabianus Hippe, living around , namely
Problemata physica (AGL II:). Johann Horst (born ), a professor at
Giessen who later became physicus senior in Frankfurt, is accredited with the
work Anatomen corporis humani tabulis comprehensa (AGL II:).
Pharmalia by the th-century physician Georg Wolfgang Wedel (died )
is likewise listed. Also the German mechanist-inspired physician Georg Hie-
ronymus Welsch from Augsburg is listed and accredited with the work Metho-
dus medendi.
Several medical books listed in von Westens collection were also written
by non-Germans: The work De fundamentis medicinae is accredited to
the Dutch physician Vopiscus Fortunatus Plempius (died ), a pro-
fessor of medicine at Leuven (AGL III:), while the Leiden profes-
sor of medicine Jan van Heurne (born ) is accredited with a work
on fevers, namely De febribus; Heurne was the first professor at Leiden
to personally conduct anatomy, and he also wrote, like many authors
of the period, on a wide range of topics such as the alchemical theo-
ries of Thomas Aquinas (AGL III:). Also of Dutch origin is
the mid-th-century physician Jodocus Lomme, who is registered with
the work Observationes medicinales (AGL II:). Charles Drelincourt
the Younger (born ), a professor of medicine and anatomy at Lei-
den and the son of the famous Calvinist theologian Charles Drelincourt
the Elder, is also accredited with a medical work, namely Apologia medica
(AGL II:). The Paduan professor Gabriel Faloppius ()
is recorded with his Opera, a work covering topics ranging from astron-
omy and philosophy to botany and anatomy, and Morum philosophia
poetica is accredited to Theodor Zwinger (died ), a professor of
medicine and philosophy at Basel (AGL IV:). Various other titles
such as a Medicina brevis and Physicae curiositates also relate to medicine.

As with the theological works registered in von Westens library, the Ger-
man and Dutch impact was therefore also important in relation to med-
ical literature.
Some of the medical works in von Westens collection were written
by Danes, although there are less of these than there are works by Ger-
man authors. The scientist Ole Borch (died ), however, is listed,
while Thomas Bartholin is accredited with the work De sanguine vetito,
allegedly printed in Frankfurt in . Niels Stensen (Steno, died )
is accredited with the much admired work De musculis et glandulis obser-
vationum specimen. Interestingly, a Swedish author is also listed, namely
Olaus Bromel, a physician and botanist who practised in the latter part
of the th-century; Bromel is accredited with the work Chloris goth-
ica, seu catalogus stirpium circa Gothoburgum nascentium (AGL I:).
Other botanical works listed in von Westens book collection include
Guernerus Rolfincks De purgantibus vegetabilibus which deals with the
healing virtues of plants, while from among Danish works, Simon Paullis
(died ) Flora danica and Peder Kyllings (died ) Viridarium dan-
icum are listed. Several books on philosophy and logic are also included
in von Westens library, and some of the titles, as in the collection of
Borchmand, reflect both mechanist philosophy as well as the classics of
peripatetic philosophy (see table ).
Table : Works on philosophy and logic recorded in von Westens book
collection
Several philosophical works in von Westens collection reflect the peripate-
tic tradition: Aristotles Opera printed in Leiden in is recorded, as is
a work entitled In praedicam. Aristotelis. As expected, several philosophi-
cal works are by German authors, and a classic name that appears is that of
Johann Amos Comeniuss teacher Jacob Martini, who is accredited with the
work Instit. logicae. The Lutheran theologian Abraham Calovs Philosophia in
tabulas redacta is also recorded, as is the work Philosophia ebraeorum by the
Halle theologian Johann Franz Buddeus. A philosophical work is also accre-
dited to one of the periods major Aristotelian philosophers, namely the Ber-
lin headmaster Georg Gutke (born ); Gutke is registered with the work
Amicum cum amico dissidium: Hoc est discursus pro logica peripatetica in scho-
las reducenda (AGL II:). Also from the German tradition is a work
accredited to Daniel Stahl (born ), namely Regulae philosophicae explica-
tae; Stahl served as professor of logic and metaphysics at Jena (AGL IV:).
From the Dutch camp originates a work written by the Deventer professor
of philosophy Heinrich Gutberleth (died ), namely Institutio physicae.
Other figures writing on philosophy are also registered, for example Georg
Horn (born ); Horn, who published on political theory and geography
chapter four
and eventually settled in Leiden, is listed with the work Historia philosophica.
A spiritual and philosophical work is accredited to the th-century Spanish-
born philosopher and physician Vincentius Moles, namely Philosophia natu-
ralis sacrosancti corporis Christi (AGL III:). A work is accredited to the
Platonist philosopher Ludovig Coelius Rhodiginus (born ), namely Lec-
tiones antiquea; in this work, topics including magic, theology, medicine, law,
philosophy and the Cabbalah were elaborated on (AGL III:). A
philosophical work is accredited to Descartes (Opera philsoph.), and Baruch
Spinozas Tractatus theologico-politicus is also registered.
Few of the works in von Westens collection relate to astronomy and / or
mathematics: On astronomy, Tycho Brahes pupil Christian Longomon-
tanus is registered with the work Astronomia danica, while the work
Methodus admirandorum mathematicorum is accredited to the theolo-
gian Johann Heinrich Alsted (born ); Alsted, like so many other the-
ologians, also wrote on a wide range of topics, for example physics. The
German architect Benjamin Bramers (died ) work Geometrisches
triangular Instrumenten is also registered, as is a book on navigation,
namely Jens Muncks (died ) Navigatio septientrionalis seu descrip-
tionem navigationis ad fretum Christiani & : Munck, who was
sent by Christian IV to explore a possible Canadian northwest passage,
recorded in the book the history of this disastrous adventure, which
caused the deaths of almost his entire crew.
Various other subjects are also covered by von Westens collection,
such as the work Methodus apodemica by the viceroy of Schleswig-
Holstein Heinrich von Rantzow (born ). Also Machiavellis De re-
publica is listed, as are books entitled Frantziske tyrranny and Satans
synagoge. Again, Marcellus Palingenius is recorded, but the name of the
work is not specified. A work entitled Hommes illustres is also listed, but
generally speaking, the French impact on von Westens collection is very
limited.
Von Westens book collection is the only collection listed in the Trond-
heim clerical inventories that gives fuller information about the date and
place of publication (see table ). Not all books, however, are provided
with such information: At some point, apparently, the notarius became
tired of the recording, which means that this additional information is
drastically reduced when one reaches the description of books in octavo.7
7 Books registered in inventories were generally classified according to size. Regis-
tered first were therefore all books in folio followed by books in quarto. Then books in
octavo were listed, followed by smaller formats.
As a result, no such information is given in relation to books registered

in duodecimo. Generally speaking, a significant number of books in von
Westens library were reportedly printed in Germany, and particularly
in cities such as Leipzig and Frankfurt: Unfortunately, the information
given is too inaccurate to state categorically whether Frankfurt here indi-
cates Frankfurt an der Oder or Frankfurt am Main. Equally important as
a country of origin is the Netherlands, as a large number of books were
printed in Leiden and Amsterdam. Copenhagen, London and Basel are
also important places of publication. The frequent listing of Basel, how-
ever, mostly covers Johannes Buxdorf the Elders philological works, as
the majority of these were printed there. Hence, given the places of pub-
lication recorded in von Westens book collection, the same trend as that
discovered in the Bergen inventories may be noted: Germany, the Nether-
lands, England and Denmark, are the important areas when it comes
to transmitting literature. Several English theological works, however,
passed through German or Dutch channels, where they were reprinted
before they arrived in Trondheim.
Table : Places of print of books recorded in von Westens library
Leipzig Geneva
Leiden Nuremberg
Copenhagen Cologne
Amsterdam Hannover
Basel Utrecht
Frankfurt Ulm
London The Hague
Paris Padua
Halle Herborn
Helmstadt Bremen
Hamburg Braunschweig
Wittenberg Rome
Oxford Arnsheim
Tbingen Louvain
Jena Kiel
Strasbourg Rostock
Rotterdam Heidelberg
Antwerp Stockholm
Lbeck
Indications of date of publication is also recorded by notarius on some

of the items in von Westens inventory, and these recordings testify to the
fact that most of the books in von Westens library were printed in the
period , fifty to hundred years prior to their registration in the
chapter four
probate records (see table ). Such long-lasting classics either became

classics because they were highly cherished by readers, or they remained
classics because of the importance of the second hand market, or, for that
matter, inheritance, to the process of acquiring books.
Table : Year of printing of books listed in von Westens library

xx
On the whole, highly heterogeneous types of non-theological literature

were included in von Westens library, for example philology, magical and
related topics, peripatetic philosophy and Cartesian philosophy. All these
traditions formed part of the periods educational curriculum, at least
if an individual belonged to the upper strata of scholars. Still, what is
also noticeable in von Westens collection is the importance of personal
interest in the creation of a library: The large number of philological
works clearly confirms von Westens interest in this topic. These books,
however, mainly passed through the same channels of transmission as
did books of other genres, which implies that they were mainly printed
in geographical areas such as Frankfurt, Leipzig, Amsterdam and Leiden.

among Trondheim clerics
Three book collections were recorded in the Trondheim clerical probate

records in the period , notably those of Oluf Borchmand,
Nels Jul and Thomas von Westen. As expected, the majority of books
recorded in these collections consisted of theological literature written
by German Lutheran authors. An impressive number of authors have
been identified across these collections, as approximately eighty different
names were listed (see table ). Of these, several newcomers appear, at
least when the authors names are compared with those recorded in the
Bergen material, and this discrepancy is most likely due to the relative
size of the Trondheim book collections. Several of the registered authors
are also accredited with numerous works in each collection, but overall,
only thirteen out of the approximately eighty authors are listed more than
once across the three book collections (see table ). This implies, as with
the Bergen findings, that it was a wide range of authors who dominated
the Trondheim clerical book market.
Borchmand, Jul and von Westen
German Lutheran theologians listed in the book collections of Borchmand,
Jul and von Westen are: Georg Albrecht, Johann Arndt, Gottfried Arnold,
Sebastian Artomedes, Friedrich Balduin, Heinrich Ludolph Benthem, Felix
Bidemback, Johann Binck, Johann Botsak, Johannes Brenz, Stats Buscher,
Johann Franz Buddeus, Georg Calixt, Karl Hildebrand von Canstein, Abra-
ham Calov, Johann Benedict Carpzov, Balthasar Cellarius, Martin Chemnitz,
David Chytraeus, Hartmann Creide, Caspar Cruciger, Johann Conrad Dann-
hauer, Georg Dedekennus, Conrad Dieterich, Johann Michael Dillherr, Adam
Doegen, Heinrich Eckard, Paul Egard, Johann Albert Fabricius, Johannes
Fabricius, Justus Feurborn, August Hermann Francke, Simon Geddicus, Mar-
tin Geier, Johann Gerhard, Salomon Glassius, Andreas Glauch, Johann Guen-
ther, Georg Haberlin, Johann Ludwig Hartmann, Johann Heermann, Vale-
rius Herberger, Joachim Hildebrand, Johann Hulsemann, Aegidius Hunnius,
Leonhard Hutter, Johannes Jan, Friedrich von Lanckisch, Martin Luther, Phil-
ipp Melanchthon, Balthasar Meisner, Heinrich Mller, Paul Nicander, Phil-
ipp Nicolai, Gottfried Olearius, Christoph Pelargus, Christoph Pezel, Tobias
Pfanner, August Pfeiffer, Johann Pfeil, Adam Rechenberg, Michael Rusmeyer,
Johann Adam Schertzer, Georg Schimmer, Sebastian Schmidt, Christian Scri-
ver, Weit Ludwig von Seckendorf, Nicolai Selneccer, Theodor Snepff, Johan-
nes Spangenberg, Philipp Jacob Spener, Aegidius Strauch, Victorin Strigel,
Johann Heinrich Ursinus, Matthias Vogel the Elder, Tobias Wagner, Michael
Walther the Elder, Johann Weihenmayer.
Table : Theologians listed more than once across the collections of Borch-
mand, Jul and von Westen
Listed times Johann Binck, Martin Chemnitz, Johann Heermann
Listed twice Friedrich Balduin, Johannes Brenz, Abraham Calov, Hart-
mann Creide, Adam Doegen, Johann Gerhard, Salo-
mon Glassius, Martin Luther, August Pfeiffer, Johann
Weihenmayer
As to literature originating in other traditions, theological or edifying
works written by English authors are at least well represented across the
three book collections examined so far: Forty-six different authors are
registered (see table ). In the light of the large number of authors listed,
the English impact seems to have been as important in Trondheim as
it was in the bishopric of Bergen, although it should be noted that as
many as thirty authors are listed solely in Oluf Borchmands collection.
Out of this impressive number of English authors, however, no author
is listed in all three collections, and only five names appear twice across
chapter four
the different collections, namely Jeremiah Dyke, Richard Baxter, Thomas

Adams, Daniel Whitby and Lancelot Andrews. Of these, at least Dyke and
Baxter had their works translated into Danish, works that also became
popular among the broader population: The translated and authorised
versions, however, were not necessarily those included in the clerical
libraries. Given this diverse spectrum of English authors listed, it seems
as though no author in particular acquired prominence in the collections
outlined, findings that reflect a similar pattern to the Bergen material;
many different authors found their works being distributed to the shores
of western Norway.
Table : Concordance of English authors listed in the collections of Borch-
English authors of theological or edifying works listed in the collections of
Borchmand, Jul and von Westenincluding those authors given full names
whose works I have not been able to identifyare: Thomas Adams, Lance-
lot Andrews, Isaac Ambrose, Richard Averroy, John Barclay, Richard Baxter,
Sebastian Benedict, Peter Boylyn, Jeremiah Borroughs, John Bunyan, Wil-
liam Cave, Samuel Cook, William Day (died ), David Dickson, John
Doughty, Daniel Dyke, Jeremiah Dyke, Thomas Gataker, William Green-
bit, John Hacket, Joseph Hall, Arthur Hildersham, William Kerking, John
King, John Lightfoot, John Owen (died ), William Pamble, Isaac Pearl,
John Pearson, William Perkins, Frank Potter, John Price, John Reiler, Francis
Roberts, Alex Rosse, Francis Rous, Obadie Sedgwick, Richard Sibbes, Henry
Smith, John Smith, Edward Stillingfleet, Jeremy Taylor, Thomas Watson, Wil-
liam Whitaker, Daniel Whitby, Austin Williams.
In contrast to the Bergen material, the Catholic impact across the col-
lections outlined so far would seem to be less in terms of numbers of
representation, at least seen relative to the size of the collections in ques-
tion. Only seven Catholic authors of religious works have been identified
across the three collections in question (see table ), that is, if we do not
count medievalists such as Aquinas, and none of these authors appears
twice. Most of these authors are also listed solely in von Westens collec-
tion, while several of the registered names are newcomers when com-
pared to the Bergen material. The number of Calvinist authors of reli-
gious works, however, is rather significant in the Trondheim collections:
Sixteen names were listed, whereof several were Dutch, and several of the
names are familiar from Bergen findings (see table ). Ten of the Calvin-
ist authors listed, however, appear only in von Westens library, while the
only author who is listed in at least two book collections is Franciscus
Ridder. The Danish impact in the collections outlined so far is also some-
what limited; this concerns both theological and non-theological works.
Table : Concordance of Catholic authors listed in the collections of Borch-

Catholic authors listed in the collections of Borchmand, Jul and von Westen
are: Ludovicus de Alcazar, Didacus Alvarez, Johan Clericus, Ludovicus Gra-
natensis, Johannes Morin, Diego Stella, Benevenutus Stracca.
Table : Concordance of Calvinist authors listed in the collections of

Borchmand, Jul and von Westen
Calvinist authors listed in the collections of Borchmand, Jul and von Westen
are: Jacques Abbadie, Johann Heinrich Alsted, Benedictus Aretius, Francis-
cus Burmann the Elder, Jean Calvin, Sebastian Castellio, Johannes Cocceius,
David Knibbe, Johannes Piscator, Franciscus Ridder, Caspar Sibelius, Fried-
rich Spanheim the Younger, Daniel Tossanus, Immanuel Tremellius, Chri-
stoph Wittich, Hieronymus Zanchius.
In relation to the non-theological literature included in the different col-
lections, a range of different names also appears. It seems evident, how-
ever, that Trondheim clerics responded to the periods educational cur-
riculum with regard to the non-theological works listed: Apart from
the classical impact, the significant number of historical and geograph-
ical works registered in the Trondheim inventories examined so far
mirrors the increasing attention being paid to such subjects at Copen-
hagen University. Although it would seem that Trondheim clerics kept
in touch with what was going on at the university as well as within
the broader European scientific community, it should nevertheless be
noted that the majority of such books registered in the collections of
Borchmand, Jul and von Westen were primarily written by German
or Dutch authors. This implies that the supply of non-theological as
well as theological literature to the Trondheim market seems to have
been highly dependent on network areas similar to those identified in
Bergen.
Four inventories listed in the Trondheim clerical probate records in the

period provide information about book collections. These
libraries belonged to Gert Bonsac (ca volumes), Wencke von Erpe-
com (ca volumes), Jacob Olsen (ca volumes) and Peder Lund (ca
volumes). The first of the four collections registered in the period
chapter four
was listed in , and belonged to the dean of the Trondheim

Cathedral Gert Bonsac. The collection comprises, as noted above, around
volumes, and is therefore of considerable size.8
As expected, a high number of titles and authors listed in Bonsacs
collection reflect the by now familiar range of German Lutheran theolo-
gians. Bonsacs collection nevertheless also includes more novel names
that break with the relatively uniform range of th-century Lutheran
orthodox theologians. Hence, a certain degree of variety is noticeable
with regard to the German theologians listed in Bonsacs book collection
(see table ).
Table : German Lutheran theologians listed in Bonsacs book collection
Many familiar German Lutheran authors are listed in Bonsacs inventory.
These include Johann Arndt, Friedrich Balduin, Georg Calixt, Abraham
Calov, Martin Chemnitz, David Chytraeus, Johann Conrad Dannhauer, Jo-
hann Michael Dillherr, Philipp Heinrich Friedlieb, Johann Gerhard, Vale-
rius Herberger, Aegidius Hunnius, Leonhard Hutter, Martin Luther, Bal-
thasar Meisner, Heinrich Mller, Nicolai Selneccer, Johann Adam Schertzer,
Christian Scriver, Johann Tarnow, Johann Heinrich Ursinus and Johann Wei-
henmayer. Johann Benedikt Carpzov (died ), Johann Heinrich Michae-
lis (died ) and Jacob Reineccius, the latter a preacher and teacher at the
Hamburg Gymnasium, are also listed, as is Conrad Dieterich; Dieterich is
accredited with his widely disseminated Catechism. Also Melanchthon (Loci)
and Johannes Brenz (Catechism) are registered, as is Phillip Nicolai (Histo-
ria vitae aeternae). The Marburg professor Balthasar Mentzer (born ) is
accredited with the work Tractatus de conjugio (AGL III:), and Cyria-
cus Spangenberg (died ), a supporter of Flacius, with his Peccato origi-
nali. Johannes Jans Stern-Himmel is also listed, while Johannes Spangenberg,
a first generation Lutheran and superintendent in Eisleben and the father of
the above mentioned Cyriacus, is present with his work Margarita theologica
(AGL IV:).
A wide range of authors less frequently encountered is also included in Bon-
sacs book collection, such as Johann Andreas Quenstedt (born ) from
Wittenberg, a professor of geography, metaphysics and eventually theology,
who is accredited with the work Systema theologica (AGL III:).
Hieronymus Kromayer is registered with the work Comentar. in apocalypsin,
while the Lutheran headmaster from Magdeburg Sigfried Sacc (born ), is
also accredited with a theological work. Weit Ludwig von Seckendorf is accre-
dited with the work Dissertatio historica & apologetica pro doctrina D. Lutheri
de missa (AGL IV:). Matthias Wasmuth (born ), a professor of
oriental languages and theology at Rostock and Kiel and widely known for his
historical chronology based on the seventy weeks of Daniel (AGL IV:

), is registered with his Hebraismus restitutus. Johann Georg Dorsch

(born ), a professor of theology at Strasbourg and Rostock, is accre-
dited with the work Tunica Christi inconsutilis (AGL II:), as is the
superintendent in Hildesheim Johann Riemer (born ) with his Evange-
lien Postil (AGL III:). Johann Matthaeus Meyfart (born ), a
professor of theology at Erfurt, is accredited with the work Prodromus eluci-
darii theologici (AGL III:). A Postille in Bonsacs collection was writ-
ten by Anton Corvinus (born ), an important Reformation figure and a
superintendent in Calenberg (AGL I:). Two works, namely Cen-
turiam illustrium and Praelectiones in Aug. Conf. are accredited to Albert
Grawer, born , a professor of theology at Jena (AGL II:).
Johann Winckelmann (born ), a superintendent in Giessen, is also regis-
tered with two works, one being his Commentarii in propheti minores. A work
entitled Predigten is ascribed to Johann Andreas Schmidt (born ), a pro-
fessor of theology at Helmstadt (AGL IV: ), and another Predigten
to Abraham Hinckelman (born ), a court preacher, superintendent and
later professor of theology at Giessen (AGL II:). Johann Schroeder
(born ), a Lutheran superintendent who worked closely with Aegidius
Hunnius, is accredited with the work Tract. de nestorianismo (AGL IV:
), as is Balthasar Mller (born ), a superintendent in Altenburg, with
his Catechismus-Predigten (AGL III:). The German Lutheran pastor
Petrus Loss (died ) is also accredited with a work entitled Catechismus-
Predigten (AGL II:). Other German theologians are also listed, such as
Adam Tribbechow (born ), a superintendent, Christoph Heinrich Ritt-
meier (born ), a professor of theology, and David Kluge (born ), a
pastor in Hamburg. Various books in Bonsacs inventory are solely referred
to as German funeral orations.
Religious works in Bonsacs collection also denote a pre-Reformation ori-
gin, as some of the works are accredited to Thomas Aquinas, Gregory of
Nazianzus as well as the th-century Benedictine Bede. The Benedictine
monk and cardinal Albericus (died ) is included with the work De
virginitate (AGL I:), as is Petrus Berchorius, a th-century Benedic-
tine monk, with a work entitled Repertorium; this title probably refers to a
German th-century reprint (AGL I:). Augustines Confessiones
is also listed.
A number of books on church history are also included in Bon-
sacs book collection: The Lutheran theologian Johann Micraelius (born
), a professor of philosophy and theology at the gymnasium in Stet-
tin, is accredited with the work Syntagma historiarum mundi & eccle-
siae (AGL III:). The Lutheran theologian Johann Cluver (born ),
a superintendent in Dithmarschen, is accredited with the work Epit-
omen historiarum totius mundi, usque ad annum (AGL I:
), and the philologist, historian and superintendent Thomas Ittig
chapter four
(born ) is also listed with the work Bibliotheca patrum apostolico-

rum (AGL II:). Of the pre-Reformation authors, the already
encountered Albertus Krantz (died ) is accredited with the work
Metropolis, s. historia ecclesiastica de primis religionis christianae in Saxo-
nia initiis (AGL II:). Christian Weidling (born ), a teacher
at the gymnasium in Weissenfels before he took up positions in Leipzig
and Anhalt, is accredited with the work De veritate naturali (AGL
IV:).
A relatively modest number of Danish-Norwegian religious and the-
ological works are included in Bonsacs collections, at least given the
overall size of the collection, although the theologian Hector Gottfried
Masius (born ) is listed; Masius is accredited with the work Dania
orthodoxa. The Lutheran orthodox theologians Hans Poulsen Resen and
Caspar Brochmand are also listed, as are Christian Nold (Concordan-
tiae particularum ebraeo-chaldaicarum) and Niels Hemmingsen; the lat-
ter author is accredited with several books, one being his Enchiridion. The
Danish cleric Sren Colding (died ) is also listed, while a collection
of psalms is accredited to Thomas Kingo (died ). A Church Ordi-
nance is likewise registered, as are several funeral orations; these orations
were supposedly a popular form of literature among Norwegian clerics.
Also recorded is the German-born theologian at Copenhagen Bartholo-
maeus Botsak (Moralia); Bartholomaeus was a cousin of the German the-
ologian Johann Botsak, the author of the apparently widely disseminated
work Promptuarium.
Several books in Bonsacs collection relate to the Calvininst tradition,
and the Dutch impact is important in this respect: The Dutch theolo-
gian Franciscus Ridder is listed at several instances, which implies that
his works must have enjoyed a relatively wide reception field among
Norwegian clerics. The Calvinist author Johannes Cocceius (died ),
a professor of Hebrew and theology at Franecker, is included with the
work Lexicon & comment. sermonis hebraici (AGL III:), while the
theologian Campegius Vitringa (born ), a professor of oriental lan-
guages, theology and historia sacra at Franecker, is accredited with the
work Synagoga vetus (AGL IV:). Another Calvinist theolo-
gian, Johannes Hoornbek (born ), a professor of theology at Harder-
wick and Utrecht, is present with his work Summa controversiarum reli-
gionis (AGL II:). Johannes Piscator too is registered. Philipp
Mornaeus (born ), Seigneur du Plessis-Marly, who was given the
governance of Saumur under Henry IV, is likewise included with the
work De veritate religionis christianae (AGL III:), as is the Cal-
vinist Samuel des Marets (born ), a professor of theology at Sedan

and later court preacher and professor of theology at Grningen, with
the work Epistola apologetica ad amicum (AGL III:). The Calvin-
ist theologian Charles Drelincourt the Elder (born ) is meanwhile
accredited with a translation of his work Consolations de lme fidle con-
tre les frayeurs de la mort. The Swiss and Calvinist theologian Johann
Friedrich Osterwald (born ) is also recorded.
Some Catholic authors are also listed in Bonsacs collection, and at
least one of these figures is already familiar from the Bergen listings: The
th-century Portuguese Franciscan Diego Stella is accredited with the
work Commentarium ber den Evangelisten Lucam (AGL IV:). Other
names, however, are newcomers in terms of representation: The famous
Jesuit Thomas le Blanc (born ), headmaster of a series of different
colleges, is ascribed with the work Psalmorum Davidicorum analysis,
cum commentario amplissimo in six volumes (AGL I:). The Jesuit
teacher Cornelius a Lapide (born ) is accredited with one volume
of his biblical commentaries (AGL II:), while the Jesuit Henricus
Engelgrave, born in Antwerp in , is registered with his work Lux
evangelica in omnes dominicas (AGL II:). Another Jesuit, Philipp Kisel
(born ), a preacher in several cities and a headmaster in Worms, is
accredited with the work Nilus mysticus (AGL II:). A religious work
is also ascribed to the famous Catholic criticus of the early-th century,
Caspar Scioppius (Schoppe). The Jesuit Joan Bissel (died ) is also
listed with one work, namely Palaestinae topothesia (AGL I:),
as is the Spanish humanist and theologian Juan Luis Vives (born ),
with his De veritate fidei christianae. A work in Bonsacs collection is also
referred to simply as Ecclesiast. Catholica.
A number of books of English origin are also listed in Bonsacs collec-
tion, although the number is not outstanding given the size of the col-
lection (see table ). Some of the works written by these authors, how-
ever, were reportedly in German translation, which shows that authors of
such origin could have their works pass through German-speaking areas
before ending up on the Norwegian market. Some of the authors listed
are also frequently registered figures, for example Thomas Adams and
Thomas Watson.
Table : English authors listed in Bonsacs book collection
Several authors recorded in Bonsacs book collection are already familiar
to us from listings in the Bergen clerical probate records. These include
Thomas Adams, Thomas Gataker, Joseph Hall and John Milton; the latter
chapter four
author is accredited with the work Defensio pro populo Anglicano, a political
argument in support of the contemporary government. Other registered
authors include Richard Baxter and William Perkins. Daniel Dykes Noce te
ipsu, the mystery of self-deceiving, is also listed. A Presbyterian theologian also
previously come across, namely Samuel Smith (born ), is also accredited
with one work, while the Catholic theologian, philosopher and chaplain to
Charles II, Joseph Glanville (died ), is accredited with a work dealing
with sorcery and witchcraft entitled Saducismus triumphantes (AGL II:).
An item referred to as the works of Watson is also registered; this title might
indicate works written by the famous Puritan preacher Thomas Watson. Some
English books listed in Bonsacs collection are referred to only by title, notably
Florilegium anglice and Best name of earth.
Other works denoting a more varied background are also registered in
Bonsacs collection: Johannes Cabasutius (born ) who worked in
France and Italy, is included with the work Notitia ecclesiastica histo-
riarum, conciliorum & canonum invicem collatorum (AGL I:), and
Petrus Ravanelli with the work Bibliotheca sacra; his Bibliotheca was
also registered at various instances in Bergen inventories. Various titles
also indicate literature of a more polemical character, notably Spiritus
Anabaptist. and Historia de crypto calvinist; the latter book was report-
edly printed in Wittenberg. Another work in Bonsacs collection is enti-
tled Sterb Kunst, which most likely refers to the popular topic of the art
of dying.
The second book collection to be registered after belonged to
Wencke von Erpecom, widow of the late cleric Jacob Rhode. Erpecoms
collection was registered in and contained about volumes. The
collection suggests a certain novelty, at least when compared to pre-
vious findings, as several French works are included in the collection.9
Despite these newcomers, the same pervasive presence of German
Lutheran theologians is still evident (see table ). Of the books listed
in Erpecoms collection, however, an important number were written
by Pietists such as Philipp Jacob Spener and August Hermann Francke,
while several of the authors listed had some kind of professional attach-
ment to the Halle milieu. Still, given the complex outlook of Erpecoms
collection, her library cannot be classified as being clear-cut Pietist in
outlook, at least if we link the term Pietism strictly to the legacy of
Spener and Francke.

Table : German Lutheran authors listed in Erpecoms collection

Several by now familiar German Lutheran authors are listed in Erpecoms
book collection, including Georg Calixt, Abraham Calov, Martin Chem-
nitz, Johann Gerhard, Lucas Osiander the Elder, August Pfeiffer, Johann
Adam Schertzer and Christian Scriver. Also previously encountered is Hein-
rich Ludolph Benthem, a widely travelled ecclesiastical advisor from Lne-
burg; Benthem is accredited with the works Englischen Kirchen und Schu-
len Staat and Hollandischen Kirchen und Schulen Staat (AGL I:).
Other authors belong to both the th and th centuries: Jacob Heerbrand
(born ), for instance, a superintendent in Pforzheim and later chancellor
of the Tbingen University, is listed with his Disputatio de Scripturae sacrae
interpretatione (AGL II:). One of the registered works is by Johann
Ludwig Hartmann, a superintendent in Rotenburg, namely Pastorale evange-
licum (AGL II:), while Justus Christoph Schomer (born ), a superin-
tendent and professor of theology at Rostock famous for speaking twelve lan-
guages, is similarly accredited with a theological work (AGL IV:). Several
authors listed in Erpecoms collection relate either to the Pietist cause or to
the Halle milieu: Several works are accredited to Spener, and of these, at least
seven are recorded in folio and several are also listed in octavo. Also with ties
to Halle is Johann Heinrich Michaelis (died ) and Karl Hildebrand von
Canstein (born ); Canstein, who was awakened by Spener to the Pietist
cause, is accredited with the work Harmonia evangelica (AGL I:). Joa-
chim Lange (born ), a professor of theology at Halle, is also listed with at
least two works, namely his Mysterium Christi and Exegesis epistolarum apo-
stoli Petri (AGL II:). Several works are ascribed to Johann Franz
Buddeus, who was a professor at Halle and Jena, as well as to August Her-
mann Francke.
Various medievalists are also registered in Erpecoms collection: A work
is accredited to Theophylact of Bulgaria, an archbishop living around
, namely In epistolas Pauli (AGL IV:). Another work is
ascribed to Photius, the th-century patriarch of Constantinople. Also
a new edition of a work originally written by the th-century monk
Isidorus Pelusiota is listed, namely De interpretatione sacrae Scripturae
(AGL II:). Thomas Kempiss Opera omina is listed. Johann
Ludwig Langhans, a th-century court preacher in Pfaltz who was
later imprisoned for disloyality, is also recorded with the work Suspiria
passionalia (AGL II:).
Although some Danish-Norwegian theologians are listed in Erpecoms
collection, the impact of such authors is not impressive given the total size
of the collection. Of the well-known figures, however, the th-century
theologian Niels Hemmingsen is listed, and so are the th-century
theologians Caspar Brochmand and Hector Gottfried Masius; the latter
author is accredited with the work Heilige Passions Gedanken. Johann
chapter four
Cluver (born ) is accredited with the work Diliculum apocalyp-

ticum (AGL I:), while a work entitled Comm. in. Matthaeum
was most certainly written by the Danish bishop Peder Jensen Vinstrup
(died ). Bartholomaeus Botsak (born ) is accredited with the
work Medulla theologiae moralis (AGL I:), while Johann Lassenius,
a German-born theologian who ended his career as court preacher in
Copenhagen, is listed with his work Das betrubte und von Gott getrostete
Ephraim. The Danish parson Jrgen Huulbech (died ) is accred-
ited with his biblical exegesis Aarons bryst-span, and the Danish theolo-
gian Elias Naur (died ) is listed with the work Golgatha paa Par-
nasso. The Danish Bible editions of Hans Svane and Hans Poulsen Resen
are also included, as is a Church Ordinance. Various funeral orations
are also listed, one lamenting Jacob Bircherod (died ) from Copen-
hagen. The Norwegian-born theologian Johan Brunsmann, famous for
his writings on witchcraft in Kge, is accredited with the work Phos-
phorus apocalypticus; this book was written under the pseudonum Igna-
tus Philaletis (AGL I:). A strongly heretical author with links to
Scandinavia is also included in Erpecoms collection, namely Aletheus
Theophilus: Johann Lyser, who used Aletheus as a pseudonym, is accred-
ited in Erpecoms collection with his work on polygamy, Discursus politi-
cus de polygamia.
As in previous inventories, English authors are also included in Erpe-
coms collection, for instance John Lightfoot, Richard Baxter (Wegweiser)
and Richard Cumberland (died ), the famous bishop of Peterbor-
ough. Once again, Daniel Dykes Self-deceiving is listed, and James Ussher
is accredited with his Annals on the history of the world. John Mill
(born ), a chaplain to Charles II and headmaster of St Edmundshall
in Oxford, is accredited with an edition of the Bible in folio (AGL III:),
and at least four works are ascribed to Thomas Watson; of these, at least
two works are supplied with German titles, and two with Latin titles. A
work is also accredited to Thomas Godwin (born ), a professor at
Oxford, and John Barclay is once again accredited with his romance
on the dangers of political intrigue, Argensis. Both Argensis and Barclays
Satyricon, a satire on Jesuits, became, as previously noted, remarkably
popular reading in several European countries. Several English authors
and works listed in Erpecoms collection are difficult to identify because
of the slapdash registration, and this implies that the number of English
works is underrepresented in the outline given above. Inefficient regis-
tration, however, might not necessarily be the result of laziness: The brief
references might also indicate that some of these books were so widely
known at the time that the notarius did not need to make any further
specification for readers to recognize the authors and works. To us, how-
ever, these works have unfortunately fallen into oblivion.
Several Calvinist authors are also listed in Erpecoms collection, and
several of these are, as expected, of Dutch origin: Franciscus Ridder, for
instance, is accredited with several works, one being his Huys cathechisa-
tien, and the Dutch Calvinist Johannes Cocceius is accredited with the
work Lexicon & comment. sermonis hebraici. Caspar Sibelius is also ac-
credited with several works, one being his Historia passionis, while Cam-
pegius Vitringa (born ), professor of oriental languages, theology
and biblical history at Franecker, is accredited with a work on the apoc-
alypse, Anacrisis Apocalypseos Johannis apostoli, and another work enti-
tled Hypotyposis historiae & chronologiae sacrae (AGL IV:).
The famous Calvinist Johannes Hoornbek (born ), a professor of
theology at Utrecht, is represented by the work Theologia practica (AGL
II:). Calvins Institutiones is also listed. The gifted Dutch and Calvin-
ist theologian Hermann Witsius (born ) is also registered with his
collected works (Opera omnia) in five volumes, as is Horatius Vitringa
(died ), the son of the Dutch and Calvinist professor of theol-
ogy Campegius Vitringa, with the work Observationes miscellaneae ad
loca quedam cum novi foederis (AGL IV:). Two works in Erpecoms
collection are accredited to the Calvinist professor at Leiden Salomon
von Til (died ), an adherent of Cocceianism, and Petrus Werenfels
(born ), a headmaster in Basel, is listed with his Leichen Predigten
(AGL IV:). The German-born Calvinist Philipp Otto Vietor
(died ) is also listed with one work.
An important feature of Erpecoms collection is the number of French
works, and several of the Calvinist works in her collection were written
by French authors. At least seven of the registered books were written
by Charles Drelincourt the Elder; titles are listed both in the original
French as well as in German. The Calvinist theologian Jacques Abbadie
is also accredited with several works, such as his Sermons sur divers texts
de lcriture and Trait de la religion Chrtienne. The Calvinist theologian
Jean de La Placette (born ) is accredited with titles such as Trait
de la restitution and La communion devote (i.e. La communion devote,
ou la manire de participer sainement & utilement lEuchariste). La
Placette, who polemicized against Pierre Bayle, fled France after the
revocation of the Edict of Nantes (), and then served for thirty
years as pastor for refugees in Copenhagen. The Calvinist theologian
from The Hague, Jacques Basnage (born ), is registered with the
chapter four
work Trait de la libert de conscience (AGL I:). Jacob Gousset

(born ), a Calvinist theologian and orientalist, is accredited with the
work Controversiarum adversus Judaeos ternio (AGL II:). The
French Calvinist Pierre du Bosc (born ) is accredited with various
sermons in Erpecoms collection. Various other listed titles also suggest
edifying works of French origin, but as many of these are only referred
to very vaguely, I have not been able to fully identify them (see table );
references are given to these in the form in which they were registered in
the probate record.
Table : French titles listed in Erpecoms book collection
Several works in Erpecoms book collection indicate French origin, namely
De la Chambre characteres des passions (two volumes), Dictionatire anglors
les Meige, Les Harangres de lHora frangoise, Les element du P. Valemont
(three volumes), Ocures de Beiteau, Etat present de nations deglices greqves,
Reflexions morales, Lart de penser, Les ocures de Jean dEspagne, Lusage des
passions, Orations funebres, La conduite au ciel, Introduction a lavie devote,
Trois sermons sur diverses festes, Lecole du monde par Mr. Noble, Accom-
plishemment des prophetis p. Moulins, La felicit de la vie a venire, Reflexi-
ons morales (six volumes), and Paix de clame.
A limited number of books in Erpecoms collection relate to the Catholic
tradition: Le pre Bourdaloue, that is, Ludovic Bourdaloue (born ),
a Jesuit living in Paris, is accredited with some of his numerous ser-
mons (AGL I:), while the Jesuit Achilles Schomer (born ) who
studied in Lbeck, Rostock and Copenhagen and who became chan-
cellor in Mecklenburg, is registered with the work Theologia moralis
(AGL IV:). Accredited to the Venetian th-century theologian Six-
tus Tessere is a work entitled Decades genealogiae Jesu Christi. Balthasar
Gracian (died ), head of the Jesuit College in Tarragona, is accredited
with a translation of his famous work Orculo manual y arte de prudencia
(The art of worldly wisdom), a work consisting of sayings about politics,
professional life and personal development (AGL II:). Also listed is
one of the most distinguished exegetes of the th century, namely the
Catholic bishop of Ghent Cornelius Jansenius (died ), who is regis-
tered with the work Proverbia Solmonis (AGL II:). Overall therefore,
the most distinctive characteristics of Erpecoms collection is the range of
German Lutheran authors and the distinct increase in works written in
French.
A third collection recorded after belonged to Jacob Olsen, a ser-
vant of Our Ladys Church in Trondheim. The collection is not impres-
sive, at least when compared to the other collections recorded in the
Trondheim clerical probate records: The collection numbered around

only seventy volumes.10 When compared to collections listed in other
parts of Norway, however, the collection should be considered relatively
important in terms of its size. As to content, Olsens collection might be
characterized as being more popular in outlook, which implies that the
common and substantial core of German Lutheran theologians is lack-
ing. Many of the registered titles have greater affinities with the literature
circulating among broader sections of the population. This, of course,
might reflect Olsens status as a low-class cleric. Many of the books in
Olsens collection are also listed several times: This might indicate that
Olsen also acquired books for resale, and books listed in Olsens collec-
tion should therefore be thought of as having a broader reception field
among the Trondheim population than those included in other clerical
libraries.
Although no pervasive core of German or English authors appears in
Olsens collection, some names belonging to such traditions are never-
theless listed: Two volumes of Heinrich Bntings widely disseminated
Itinerarium are listed, books probably destined for resale, as is Johannes
Sleidanuss De quatuor summis imperiis. A German Bible and a Biblia
latina vulgata are also listed, as are works written by Martin Luther and
Johann Arndt. Two books in Olsens collection were written by Johannes
Spangenberg (born ), the first superintendent in Eisleben, namely
a Danish translation of his Postille, prefaced by Luther, and his Cate-
chism in Swedish translation (AGL IV:). A German psalter as well as
a German prayer-book are also recorded as being in Olsens collection;
all of these were probably classics available on the broader book mar-
ket.
Several titles listed in Olsens collection were of Danish or Norwegian
origin: Hans Poulsen Resens Danish Bible is listed, and so is Poul Medel-
byes widely disseminated collection of sermons (Postille). The th-
century theologian Caspar Brochmand is also registered, as is Niels
Michelsn Aalborgs (died ) work on the apocalypse. Other Dan-
ish theologians are also registered, such as Bishop Peder Jensen Vinstrup
(died ), Niels Heldvad (born ) and Johan Brunsmann; the latter
author is accredited with his Calendarium perpetuum. The parson Lucas
Debes is also listed in the inventory, as are an old Church Ordinance
and several psalters. A number of volumes dealing with missionary-

chapter four
related issues are also recorded in Olsens collection, demonstrated by

the occurrence of Johannes Schefferuss (died ) Lappland and sev-
eral volumes of the work Manuale Lapponicum: such books presumably
had a particular reception field in Trondheim, which was the seat of mis-
sionary activities in the heathen north. As to literature reflecting other
confessions, a Jesuit catechism is recorded, as are two English Bibles. A
Swedish Bible and a Swedish psalter are also recorded, but according to
the book collections examined so far, the Swedish impact on the libraries
recorded in the Trondheim inventories was very low, despite Trondheims
geographical proximity to Sweden. The occurrences of books by Hein-
rich Bnting and Johann Arndt, as well as the Bibles, sermon collec-
tions and psalters registered in Olsens inventory, books probably des-
tined for resale, suggest that such literature was important reading among
the broader population as well as among the clergy.
The last inventory recorded in the period relates to the
assets of Peder Lund, former canonicus capituli and diaconus of the
Trondheim Cathedral.11 His book collection numbered around titles
of which many consisted of funeral orations. Unlike Olsens collection,
Lunds collection was constructed around a wide range of German Lu-
theran theologians of whom the majority belonged to the th century
(see table ).
Table : German Lutheran authors listed in Lunds book collection
Many familiar German Lutheran authors are listed in Lunds book collection,
namely Georg Albrecht, Friedrich Balduin, Johann Binck, Johann Botsak,
Johann Franz Buddeus, Georg Calixt, Karl Hildebrand von Canstein, Johann
Benedikt Carpzov, David Chytraeus, Daniel Cramer, Hartmann Creide, Con-
rad Dieterich, Johann Michael Dillherr, Martin Geier, Johann Gerhard, Salo-
mon Gesner, Salomon Glassius, Valerius Herberger, Johann Heermann, Nico-
lai Hunnius, Balthasar Meisner, Johann Adam Schertzer and Johann Tarnow.
Luther is also recorded (accredited with a German Bible and a Postille), as is
the superintendent Samuel Rling (Succus propheticus). Also August Pfeiffer
(Dubia vexata) and Heinrich Bnting (Itinerarium) are listed, as is Christian
Matthiae, a German theologian serving at Sor (Geistliche Roesengarten). A
range of authors who may be characterized as Pietist or pre-Pietist are also
registered, namely Christian Scriver, Johann Arndt, August Hermann Fran-
cke and Philipp Jacob Spener; the latter is accredited with at least six works.
Some of the books in Lunds collection are listed with date and place of publication, but
as this information is only sparsely referred to, I have chosen to leave such data out of the
examination.
Connected with the Halle milieu is also Joachim Lange (born ), while
a cluster of newcomers in Lunds collection in terms of registration also had
attachments to Halle: Ernst Christian Philippi (died ), a pastor in Halle
and later royal preacher in Merseburg, is accredited with several books, and
Johann Porst (born ) who was supported by Spener and who became
court preacher in Berlin, is accredited with the work Compendium theologiae
viatorum (AGL III:).
Several other newcomers listed in Lunds collection, however, belonged
to the traditional cross-section of th-century authors: Christoph Corner
(born ), a professor of theology at Frankfurt and later superintendent
in Brandenburg, is accredited with the work Commentarii in epistolam ad
Romanos & Galatas (AGL I:), while Paulus Crell (born ), a profes-
sor of theology from Wittenberg, is registered with the work Commonefac-
tio de verbis symboli (AGL I:). Christoph Scultetus (born ), a
physician and pastor in Stettin, is accredited with the work Gestlichen Tod-
ten Krantz (AGL IV:), and the philologist Erasmus Schmidt (born ),
a professor of Greek at Wittenberg, is accredited with the work Concordan-
tiae graecae Novi Testamenti (AGL V:). Rupert Erythropel (born ),
conrector in Hannover and father of the famous David Rupert Erythropel,
a royal preacher and superintendent, is accredited with the work Passionale
oder Creutz Opffer (AGL II:). Some newcomers in Lunds collection
also belong to the th century: Peter Michaelis (born ), a pastor in Dem-
min, is accredited with the work Pastor copulans (AGL III:). Another work
is accredited to the superintendent Johann Abraham Kromayer.
Various other religious works are also listed in Lunds collection, for
instance Augustines De civitate Dei and Jacob Boehmes mystical work
Vragen van de Seelen. Books on the art of dying are also included in
Lunds collection, for example De arte moriendi by Oswald Sledanus
(died ), a superintendent of Rostock (AGL IV:). A book entitled
Sterben Kunst is accredited to J. Scoepper, which suggests the Catholic
cleric Jacob Scoepper (died ). A work entitled Catechismus bung is
also recorded, as is Hieronymus Kromayers Scrutinium religionum. At
least two works are accredited to the widely travelled theologian, ori-
entalist and philologist Thomas Crenius (i.e. T.T. Crusius, died ):
Crenius served both as a headmaster in Hungary and as court chap-
lain in Sweden before ending his career as a corrector in printing offices
in Leiden and then in Rotterdam (AGL I:). Also registered
is Robert Estienne (died ), the previously mentioned scholar from
Paris who became the kings printer for Hebrew, Latin and Greek: Esti-
enne is accredited with a Novum Testamentum (AGL IV:). Two
works are also accredited to the previously mentioned Christian Wei-
dling (born ).
chapter four
As to works of Danish and Norwegian origin, a significant num-

ber consists of funeral orations: Fifteen funeral orations are recorded
in folio and twenty-two in quarto, and at least one of these is accred-
ited to the Christiania bishop Henning Stockfleth (died ), namely
Vidua adflicta; a Deo non relicta (FDNI VIII:). Several titles are
also accredited to the theologian Caspar Brochmand, and Nicolay Vis-
mar (died ), a court preacher to the Danish queen and later super-
intendent of Oldenburg, is likewise accredited with the work Delineatio
concionum in pericopas totius anni epistolas (AGL IV:). Also
Niels Hemmingsen, Hector Gottfried Masius and Hans Wandal the Elder
(Lectiones sacrae) are registered, all important figures connected with the
Copenhagen University. Petrus Zitschler, born in Copenhagen in
and later becoming royal preacher and pastor in Tunders, is recorded
with the work Miscellanea und Leichen Predigten (AGL IV:), as is
Lucas Bachmeister (born ), royal preacher to Queen Dorothea of
Denmark and later professor of theology at Rostock, with the work Expli-
catio typorum V. Testamenti (AGL I:). The Copenhagen profes-
sor Johann Lassenius (born ) is also listed. One volume is simply
referred to as An old altar book. Two works are also accredited to Johan
Brunsmann, while the work Litania publica indicta a Christiano V is
ascribed to the Zealand bishop Hans Bagger (died ).
A number of English authors are also registered in Lunds collec-
tion. Some of the recorded names are well-known from other listings,
for example Joseph Hall, Ralph Brownrige, Richard Baxter (Wegweiser),
Thomas Watson (Christlige Predigten), Thomas Adams, Thomas Staple-
ton and Lewis Bailey (Praxis pietatis). Some newcomers are also included
in the listing, namely Nehemiah Rogers (died ), a pastor in Essex,
and Henry Hammond (died ); Hammond served as court chap-
lain and canonicus in Oxford (AGL II:). John Meyer, a theologian
preaching in London around , is accredited with his English cat-
echism explained (AGL III:), while the theologian John Boys (died
), serving in Canterbury, is listed as being responsible for the work
Expositio evangeliorum & epistolarum, translated into German in
(AGL I:). Samuel Smith (born ), a Presbyterian preacher from
Worcestershire also previously encountered, is accredited with the work
The great assize, of the days of jubilee, and Edward Reynolds (born ),
bishop of Norwich and vice chancellor of Oxford University, is regis-
tered with the work Meditations on the holy sacrament of the Lords Supper
(AGL III:). Of Irish origin, Charles Richardson (died ), a profes-
sor of theology from Dublin who served as bishop of Ardagh, is accred-
ited with the work Den gefallenen doch wieder aufgerichteten Petrum und
verzweiflenden Judam (AGL III:), and of Scotsmen, Robert Rollocus
(born ), a professor of theology from Edinburgh, is accredited with a
commentary on various psalms (AGL III:). Various other titles also
imply English origin, for example Biblia anglicana, Gothsalige Gedanken
(John Fox), Funeral sermon for Mr. Barker and Heavens opened discovery
of the riches of God. The Book of Common Prayer is also listed, as is Defen-
sio Regia Carolo ad Carolo . In the light of this information, it would
seem as several English works were translated into German, which sup-
ports previous findings which indicate that a number of religious works
of English origin were reprinted in German areas before moving on to
Norway.
Although I have not been able to identify any books of Catholic reli-
giosity in Lunds collection, Calvinist literature is nevertheless listed, and
some of these authors and works are also familiar from previous find-
ings, notably Tremelliuss edition of the Bible and Theodore Bezas edi-
tion of the New Testament. The superintendent and Calvinist Philipp
Otto Vietor (died ) is also listed, and the Calvinist theologian and
orientalist Johann Heinrich Hottinger (born ), also encountered in
von Westens collection, is accredited with the work Analecta historico-
theologica (AGL II:). A work is also ascribed to the Calvin-
ist theologian Johannes Oecolampadius (died ), a close friend of
Zwingli. Another work is accredited to the Calvinist theologian Benedict
Pictet (born ), a professor of theology at Geneva (AGL III:
). Campegius Vitringa is accredited with several works, and also
reflecting the Dutch impact is the presence of a book written by Con-
rad Hoppe (died ), a pastor in Harlem and Amsterdam. The th-
century Calvinist minister in The Hague, Caspar Streso, is represented
by the work Comment. in Acta Apostolorum: Some of Stresos works
were reprinted in Copenhagen in the early th century (AGL IV:
). Many of the Calvinist works, thus, were from the Netherlands.
On the whole, Lunds collection, which covers almost exclusively theo-
logical topics, is thus classically constructed: A wide range of German
Lutheran theologians are listed alongside a steady presence of Calvin-
ist works, often Dutch, and works originating in England, common
features of the book collections belonging to members of the senior
clergy.
chapter four
Bonsacs, Erpecoms, Olsens and Lunds collections all contain books of

non-theological content. The number of such works, however, is not too
impressive, at least given the overall size of the different collections.
Differences also occur between the collections in question. In Bonsacs
collection, a number of antique authors are listed, such as Livy, Cicero,
Lukian, Suetonius, Diogenes Laertius, Cornelius Nepos, Plautius and
Aristophanes. Famous humanists and critics are also listed; several works
are accredited to Erasmus, for example, and a work written by Jean Bodin
is also included in the collection. An Opera is also ascribed to the theolo-
gian, humanist and philosopher Johann Amos Comenius (born ),
while the famous poet and humanist Janus Gruter, born in Antwerp in
, is accredited with the work Polyanthea (AGL III:). The
physician and humanist Julius Caesar Scaliger (born ) is registered
with the work Exercitationes exotericae adversus Cardanum de subtili-
tate (AGL IV:), while another famous scholar and royal educator
Augerius Busbequius (born ), is accredited with his collected works,
referred to simply as Opera in Bonsacs inventory (AGL I:).
Some of the works in Bonsacs collection also cover philology. These
works are few, however, when compared to the overall size of the collec-
tion, but some of the recorded names are very familiar: Listed for instance
are Johannes Buxdorf the Elder and the Dane Thomas Bang (see table ).
Table : Philological works included in Bonsacs book collection
Many of the philological works in Bonsacs collection are referred to in vague
and general terms such as dictionaries or lexicons. The philologist David
Clodius (died ), professor of oriental languages and theology at Gies-
sen, is accredited with the work Biblia hebraica cum summariis (AGL I:).
Another of the recorded works is referred to as Lingv. ebrae. As in von Wes-
tens collection, Michael Neander (born ) is also accredited with a work
on Hebrew grammar, while the professor of Hebrew at Helmstadt, Rostock
and Wittenberg, Martin Trost (born ), is accredited with the work Lexi-
con syriacum Nov. Testmenti (AGL IV:). The philologist Johannes Bux-
dorf the Elder is registered with several works, one being his De abbrevia-
turis hebraicis, as is the philologist Valentin Schindler (died ), a profes-
sor of Hebrew at Helmstadt, with the work Epitomen bibliorum hebraicorum
(AGL IV:). The famous philologist Johann Drusius (born ), who stu-
died at Cambridge before eventually becoming professor of oriental langua-
ges at Franecker, is represented with the works Miscellanea locutionem sacra-
rum and De festis judaeorum (AGL II:). A grammatical work is also
accredited to the Dane Thomas Bang, important to Latin school education.

Various other titles also refer to philological works, notably Opuscula philo-
logia, Instit. lingv. gall. and Syriac gram. The theologian and philologist Fran-
ciscus Junius (born ), the son-in-law of Immanuel Tremmelius, is accre-
dited with the work Orationes de linguae hebraicae antiquitate (AGL II:
).
Some of the works in Bonsacs collection also relate to jurisprudence,
constitutional law and politics: The doctor of jurisprudence Theodor
Reinking (died ), who served as Danish chancellor in Schleswig-
Holstein before joining the circles of Ferdinand II, is accredited with
the work Tractatus de regimine seculari et ecclesiastico (AGL III:
), while Comentarius is ascribed to the lawyer Conrad Ritterhusius
(born ). One of the registered works is entitled Institutio de justit.
jure, and a Danish law-book is also listed, as are several Royal decrees.
As to political issues, one of the recorded works bears the title Politica
curiosa, and, as one of very few French titles listed overall, a volume
in Bonsacs collection is referred to as Recherches politiques. Other titles
recorded relating to a similar type of literature are Dissert. de jure mat-
rimone and Observat. polit. Theophilus Golius (died ) from Stras-
bourg, a professor of ethics, is accredited with the work Onomasticon
latini-germanicum politicum (AGL II:), as is the philosopher and
physician Henning Arnisaeus (died ), born in Germany and serv-
ing as personal physician to Christian IV, with the work Doctrina politica
in genuinam methodum (AGL I:).
A number of books in Bonsacs collection cover history and geography.
Most of the historical works listed, however, relate to Danish-Norwegian
history. Saxos Gesta danorum, for example, is recorded, while works enti-
tled Antiquitates are accredited to Ole Worm and Thomas Bartholin, both
men being scientists in Copenhagen. The Schleswig viceroy Heinrich von
Rantzow (born ) is represented by the work De conservanda vale-
tudine (AGL III:). Thormod Torfaeuss history of Norway is
also listed, as is a work entitled Coronation of King Fredrick. As to the
broader European scene, a Historia is accredited to the polyhistor and
criticus Gerardus Vossius (died ), while another book in Bonsacs
collection is referred to as Historia regemonis Belgicae.
As to geography, a cluster of books is similarly recorded, for instance
Strabos De rerum geographia. Strabo, a philosopher and historian who
studied under Xenardi, was first trained along peripatetic lines before
he adopted Stoic philosophy. Strabos geographical works however, were
reedited in Amsterdam in and again in with the title Libri
chapter four
de geographia, which points to the continuing interest in antique writ-

ings (AGL IV:). Another author of geographical works recorded is
Christian Funck (born ), a headmaster at the gymnasium in Gr-
litz: Funck is accredited with the work Introductio positiva ad orbis hodie
imperantis notitiam. A work written by Sebastian Schroeter (died ),
namely his Mercurius cosmicus, id est, epitome geographica, is also regis-
tered; Schroeter served as professor at the University of Erfurt. Various
other titles such as Cosmographia, Introductio in geographiam and Tabula
geograph. likewise point to the vivid early modern interest in geography.
Several books in Bonsacs collection also relate to natural philoso-
phy and medicine, and as expected, the collection includes a signif-
icant and varied range of magical-occult works. Paracelsuss Opera is
registered, as is Ortus medicinae by his follower Jan Baptista van Hel-
mont (died ). As in the collection of von Westen, the philosopher
and physician Girolamo Cardano is represented with his De rerum vari-
etate. Of the Hermetist works of note, a book entitled Philaletis phospho-
rus apocal. hermetica medicina is included, a work probably written by
George Starkey (died ). Another volume is referred to as Introduc-
tio in chiromantia, and is on divination in relation to the human body.
From the antique camp, Hippocrates is listed, and of the medievalists,
Avicenna (died ) is accredited with a work entitled Medicina. Sev-
eral other works on medicine are also included in Bonsacs collection,
and some of these, but not all, reflect the German and Dutch tradi-
tions in particular. Medical works are ascribed to the physicians Lazarus
Riverius (died ), a professor of medicine at Montpellier, and Leon-
hard Fuchs (born ), a professor of anatomy at Tbingen. The Galenic
iatrochemist Daniel Sennert is accredited with a work recorded sim-
ply as Medicina, while a work is also accredited to Gilbertus Jaccha-
eus (died ), namely Institutiones physicae, metaphysicae & medici-
nae; Jacchaeus, originally from Scotland, served as professor of physics
at Leiden. Also listed is Alberti Kippers mid-th-century work Metho-
dus medicinam rite descendi & exercendi; Kipper served as professor of
medicine at Leiden. A book on the life and work of Augustin Friedrich
Walther (born ) who practised as royal physician and professor of
pathology, is also included in Bonsacs collection. The physician Jon Jon-
ston (born ), who was born in Poland and travelled around Europe
before settling in Leiden, is accredited with a work dedicated to James VI,
namely Schediasma de festis hebraeorum & graecorum, cum lectionum
philosophicarum miscellis (AGL II:). Very few medical works
of Danish origin are recorded: A dissertation is recorded as being written
by Thomas Bartholin, while the Danish physician and philologist Johann

Rhode, born in Copenhagen in and educated in Padua, is accred-
ited with the work Analecta & notas in Ludovici Septalii animadversiones
& cautiones medicas (AGL III:).
A number of books in Bonsacs collection also cover physics, meta-
physics and philosophy, and some of the registered authors are already
familiar from previous encounters: Metaphysica is accredited to Jacob
Martini, and Johann Weises Metaphysica is also listed; Weise, as previ-
ously noted, practised as professor of moralia at Giessen. Georg Fromme
(died ) is also accredited with a work entitled Metaphysica, while a
Physica is ascribed to the German physician Johann Sperling, a profes-
sor of physics who also wrote on Platonic philosophy. A work referred
to as Compendium physicam is also listed. That the inspiration of Aris-
totelian philosophy continued to persist in the Trondheim material is
evident in the recording of a philosophical work written by the Socinian
Johann Crell (born ), namely his Ethica aristotelica (AGL I:).
The Aristotelian-inspired philosopher Georg Gutke (born ) is rep-
resented by the work Logica divina docens (AGL II:), while the
Calvinist logician-philosopher Batholomaeus Keckermann (died ),
is accredited with the work Logica, rhetorice (etc.), optice, geometrie, pru-
dentiae ecclesiasticae (AGL II:). The poet and doctor of philoso-
phy and medicine Caspar Dornavius (born ), is also registered with
one work, namely his Amphitheatrum sapientiae socraticae ioco-seriae
(AGL II:).
Apart from the more traditional systems of peripatetic philosophy,
the rise of mechanist philosophy is also reflected in Bonsacs collection:
A work entitled Philosophia Aristotelico Cartesiani is listed, and so is
a work recorded as Le grand philosoph., probably referring to the edi-
tion of Descartess philosophy prefaced by Antoine le Grand (died ).
Also reflecting more recent scientific endeavours is the listing of Robert
Boyles Experimenta & considerationes de coloribus. The periods contra-
dictory scientific trends are also portrayed by the registered books relat-
ing to witchcraft: Johan Brunsmanns book on sorcery in Kge as well as
Balthasar Beckers (died ) refutation of sorcery De betooverde wereld
in German translation, are both included in Bonsacs collection. Also
Machiavellis Delle historie Fiorentine is registered, as is a Dutch almanac.
In general terms therefore, Bonsacs collection reflects the periods char-
acteristic and complex scholarly universe that drew upon topics which
were difficult to slot into clear-cut categorizations of old and mod-
ern.
chapter four
As to Erpecoms book collection, only a limited number of books

reflect non-theological subjects, despite the distinguished number of
French works included in the collection. The antique impact, however,
remains important through the listing of authors such as Cicero, Sue-
tonius, Sallust, Curtius, Julius Caesar, Aristophanes, Homer, Ovid, Tac-
itus, Pindar, Cornelius Nepos and Terence as well as Plutarch and Pliny
the Younger (Panegyricus). A book entitled History of Herodus is also
recorded, while Lycophron from Chalcis, who lived in the rd century bc,
is accredited with the work Alexandra, or Cassandra, on Cassandras
prophecies. Linked to this antique scenario are also works written by such
humanists as Isaac Casaubon (Les charactres de Theophraste), Gerardus
Vossius and Erasmus. Daniel Heinsius (born ), a professor of politi-
cal theory and history at Leiden and a historiographer of the Netherlands,
is accredited with the work Exercitationes sacrae (AGL II:),
and Johann Philipp Pfeiffer (born ), a professor of Greek who later
converted to Catholicism and took up a position in Poland, is accredited
with the work Antiquitates graecae (AGL IV:). Three works
are also accredited to the famous humanist and historiographer Jus-
tus Lipsius (born ). A specialist in antique history, Johann Rosinus
(born ), who was also a preacher and a headmaster of the gymna-
sium of Regensburg, is accredited with the work Antiquitates romanae
(AGL III:). Two works in Erpecoms collection were also written by
Johannes Schefferus, the famous author of Lapponia, namely De militia
navali veterum libri IV, a work that describes Roman naval warfare, and
De stylo ad consuetudinem veterum liber singularis; Schefferus served as
professor of political theory and bibliothecarius at Uppsala (AGL IV:
).
A number of philological works are also registered in Erpecoms col-
lection: These include the work Grammat. graeca by Jacob Weller (born
), a superintendent and later court preacher in Dresden (AGL
IV:), and De praecipis grecae linguae idiotismis by the Jesuit
Franois Vigerius (born ), professor of rhetoric at Paris (AGL
IV:). The th-century philologist Valentin Schindler is represented
by the work Lexicon pentaglottum. A work entitled Comment. in lingva
ebraica is also recorded. The philologist Johann Drusius, already encoun-
tered previously, is accredited with the work De tribus sectis judaeo-
rum, while another of the registered works is entitled Arabic studies.
Two Danish-Norwegian grammatical works are also recorded: Erik Pon-
toppidan the Elders Danish grammar is listed, as is Thomas Bangs
Latin grammar; the latter of these books was used in the Latin school
education. Also registered is Catalogus librorum Benzoni, probably a

catalogue of the books belonging to the Danish book collector Nicolai
Benzon (died ).
Specific to the Trondheim inventories is the rising interest in histori-
cal and geographical matters, an interest that is also evident in Erpecoms
collection: Included is the work De rerum geographic. which is accred-
ited to the antique author Strabo and annotated by the humanist Isaac
Casaubon, while three works are ascribed to the historian and writer
on geography Christoph Cellarius (died ), namely his Basilii Fabri
Sorani thesaurus, Cura posteriore de barbarismis & idiotismis sermonis
latini and Geographia antiqua & nova: Cellarius served as headmaster in
Merseburg, and later became professor of history and rhetoric at Halle
and principal of the Collegium politiorum literarum (AGL I:).
Johannes Hubners (died ) Geographische Fragen is also listed along-
side several maps. The famous humanist and professor of oriental lan-
guages at Leiden, Thomas Erpenius (born ), is likewise accredited
with his work Elmacini historia saracenica & Roderici Ximenis historia
Arabum cum notis & tabulis geographicis (AGL II:).
A few authors of historical works are also included in Erpecoms
collection, such as Johann Jacob Hofmann (born ), a Swiss pro-
fessor of Greek, history and theology whose work Lexicon universale
brought him much fame (AGL II:). The polyhistor Hermann Con-
ring (born ) is also accredited with one work, namely De civile pru-
dentia, an essay on the history of civil society. The polyhistor Johann
Friedrich Gronov, born in Hamburg in and serving as professor
of Greek history and later bibliothecarus at Leiden, is accredited with the
work De centesimis usuris & foenore unciario antexegesis (AGL II:
). Some of the works in Erpecoms collection also relate to the polit-
ical sphere: The late th-century Spanish statesman Diego Saavedra, a
Spanish agent at the papal court of Gregory XV and Urban VIII, is listed
with a French translation of his work Idea dun principe politico christiano
represendada en cien empresas (AGL IV:). Also Samuel Pufendorf s De
jure naturae & gentium is listed, as is a work by Hugo Grotius and the
Catholic law corpus Corpus juris canonici.
Few books in Erpecoms collection relate to the philosophical and
medical sphere. The philosopher Ludovig Coelius Rhodiginus (born
) who served in Italy and later in France, is represented however with
the work Antiquae lectiones; this work, which was originally published
in thirty books, covered theology, law, medicine, philosophy, magic and
the Cabbalah (AGL III:). On medicine, the antique author
chapter four
Cornelius Celsus is listed, while another of the registered books is entitled

Medicina mentis. A work registered as Bibliotheca philosophia is also
recorded, as is Philosophia clerici in two volumes. Also listed is Spiegel
der Weisheit by the philosopher-scientist John Ray, this being a German
translation of Rays famous work The wisdom of God manifested in the
works of the creation (): This work, in which Ray outlined purposive
adaptation and design in nature, was especially popular and influential,
and it was translated and reprinted several times during the th century.
Similarly to the collections of Bonsac and Erpecom, Olsens library
also included non-theological literature, and given the fact that Olsen
must have worked as a bookseller, non-theological titles listed in his col-
lection presumably indicate works that would also have been dissemi-
nated among the broader population. Hence, few antique works are reg-
istered in Olsens collection: Only Terence is listed, while one volume is
referred to as Heathen philosophy. Various philological works, however,
are included in Olsens collection, for instance A Hebrew grammar, An
old Persian book, A German, French and Danish grammar, and the cleric
Peder Syvs (died ) Danish grammar; this latter book was recorded
in several editions. A Latin grammar is also registered, as is Erik Pontop-
pidan the Elders Danish grammar. One of the books in the collection is
also referred to as An old Greek grammar. On language and eloquence of
note is the occurrence of works such as Formula colloqviarum and Retor-
ica laica & pagana.
Olsens book collection also contained historical works, and most of
these covered Norwegian history. Among the historical works of partic-
ular note are Peder Claussn Friiss (died ) Saga of Norwegian kings
and his Description of Norway. A work entitled The history of Fred-
erik II is also listed, as are such works as Norvegia illustrata, Gutlands
Chronica and Danske kronicke. The only historical book recorded as being
in folio, however, is Claus Lyschanders th-century royal genealogy
that traced the ancestry of Danish kings back to Adam. Jacob Thuanus
(born ), President of the Paris Parlement and a well-known his-
torian, is accredited with a Latin translation of his Histoire universelle,
a work annontated by J. Machault (AGL IV:). One work in
Olsens collection is referred to as An old Moschovitish book, and the
medieval law-corpus Hird skraa is also registered. These books presum-
ably had a wide reception field among the broader part of the Trondheim
population.
A number of cosmographies are also included in Olsens collection.
Several works are entitled Compendium cosmographicum, and these
might refer to Hans Nansens seafaring manual of which was written

in the vernacular language. One book in Olsens possession is referred
to as Christian sea travel (sefart), a title which probably indicates an
edifying manual for sailors. Another volume in the collection is entitled
Historia novi orbis. A work entitled Bleblii Sphaera is also included: This
latter title points to Thomas Blebels (born ) De sphaera & primis
astronomicae rudimentis; Blebel was educated in Wittenberg and served
as headmaster in Vogtlande. On medical matters, popular works such as
Niels Michelsn Aalborgs th-century medical book and the pseudo-
Albertus Magnuss work on the secrets of women, De secretis mulierum,
are also listed. One book referred to as A German magia naturalis, which
might indicate Wolfgang Hildebrands th-century manual on magic,
and a book entitled Medulla mirabil. natura, are also listed. Hence, books
destined for resale in Olsens collection covered magic and astronomy as
well as history and geography, topics that presumably remained popular
among a broad section of the reading population.
The last inventory recorded in the period , namely that
belonging to Peder Lund, contained only a limited amount of non-
theological literature, despite the size of the collection. A range of antique
authors, however, is listed, such as Diogenes Laertius, Socrates, Isocrates,
Julius Caesar, Cato and Horace. Josephuss Opera is also listed. A Greek
lexicon is recorded, as is A royal grammar and Ole Borchs Parnassus in
nuce; the latter work dealt with poetry and errors committed by Hein-
rich Smetius. Of the humanists, Erasmus and Justius Lipsius (born )
are recorded, as is Isaac Vossius (died ) with his work Dissertatio de
vera mundi aetate. Few historical works are listed in Lunds collection:
Johannes Carions widely disseminated Chronica, however, is listed, as is
a historical work written by the Hamburg historian Gottfried Schultze
(died ). The th century historian Daniel Pareus, the founder of
a school in Kaiserslautern, is accredited with the works Medulla histo-
riae universalis profanae and Historia Bavarico-Palatina (AGL III:),
while Georg Horn is represented with his work Historia naturalis et
civilis. Ludvig Holberg (died ), on the other hand, is accredited with
his life letters, namely Epistolae ad virum perillustrem. Meanwhile, on
mathematics, Johannes Carions Mathematici chronicum is listed: Carion,
the author of the famous world chronicle Chronica, mentioned above,
was also a highly respected mathematician and astrologer. A volume
recorded as Christian IVs law is also registered in Lunds collection. On
the whole, however, Lunds collection contained almost entirely theolog-
ical subjects.
chapter four

Four book collections were listed in the Trondheim clerical inventories

in the period , and these belonged to Gert Bonsach, Wencke
von Erpecom, Jacob Olsen and Peder Lund. As with previous findings,
the most impressive feature of these collections is the high number of
German Lutheran theologians listed. Overall, around eighty different
authors have been identified (see table ), and, as in previous cases, no
author in particular stands out as being more important than other: Only
twenty-five authors are listed more than once (see table ).
Table : Concordance of German Lutheran theologians listed in the collec-
tions of Bonsac, Erpecom, Olsen and Lund
German Lutheran theologians listed in the collections of Bonsac, Erpe-
com, Olsen and Lund are: Georg Albrecht, Johann Arndt, Friedrich Bal-
duin, Heinrich Ludolph Benthem, Johann Binck, Johann Botsak, Johannes
Brenz, Johann Franz Buddeus, Georg Calixt, Abraham Calov, Karl Hilde-
brand von Canstein, Johann Benedikt Carpzov, Martin Chemnitz, David
Chytraeus, Christoph Corner, Anton Corvinus, Daniel Cramer, Hartmann
Creide, Johann Conrad Dannhauer, Conrad Dieterich, Johann Michael Dill-
herr, Johann Georg Dorsch, Rupert Erythropel, August Hermann Francke,
Philipp Heinrich Friedlieb, Martin Geier, Johann Gerhard, Salomon Gesner,
Salomon Glassius, Albert Grawer, Johann Ludwig Hartmann, Jacob Heer-
brand, Valerius Herberger, Abraham Hinckelman, Aegidius Hunnius, Leon-
hard Hutter, Johannes Jan, David Kluge, Hieronymus Kromayer, Johann
Abraham Kromayer, Joachim Lange, Petrus Loss, Martin Luther, Christian
Matthiae, Philipp Melanchthon, Balthasar Meisner, Balthasar Mentzer, Jo-
hann Matthaeus Meyfart, Johann Heinrich Michaelis, Peter Michaelis, Bal-
thasar Mller, Heinrich Mller, Philipp Nicolai, Lucas Osiander the Elder,
August Pfeiffer, Ernst Christian Philippi, Johann Porst, Johann Andreas
Quenstedt, Jacob Reineccius, Johann Riemer, Christoph Heinrich Rittmeier,
Samuel Rling, Sigfried Sacc, Johann Adam Schertzer, Erasmus Schmidt,
Johann Andreas Schmidt, Justus Christoph Schomer, Johann Schroeder,
Christian Scriver, Nicolai Selneccer, Oswald Sledanus, Cyriacus Spangenberg,
Johannes Spangenberg, Philipp Jacob Spener, Johann Tarnow, Adam Tribbe-
chow, Johann Heinrich Ursinus, Matthias Wasmuth, Johann Weihenmayer,
Johann Winckelmann, Jacob Weller.
Table : German Lutheran theologians listed more than once across the
collections of Bonsac, Erpecom, Olsen and Lund.
Listed times Johann Arndt, Georg Calixt, Johann Conrad Dannhauer,
Johann Gerhard, Martin Luther, Johann Adam Schertzer,
Christian Scriver
Listed twice Friedrich Balduin, Johann Franz Buddeus, Abraham

Calov, Karl Hildebrand von Canstein, Johann Benedikt
Carpzov, Martin Chemnitz, David Chytraeus, Conrad
Dieterich, Johann Michael Dillherr, Valerius Herberger,
Hieronymus Kromayer, Joachim Lange, Balthasar Meisner,
Johann Heinrich Michaelis, August Pfeiffer, Johannes
Spangenberg, Philipp Jacob Spener, Johann Tarnow
With regard to the works written by English authors included in the four
collections in question, the number of these remains significant, but less
significant than in the three previously examined book collections. Over-
all, twenty-six names have been identified (see table ). This number
should not be thought of as absolute, however, since several titles and
names have not been identified due to the slapdash form of registra-
tion. Of the authors identified, very few are listed more than once: Only
Thomas Watson, Jeremiah Dyke, Richard Baxter, Thomas Adams and
Joseph Hall appear in more than one book collection, and all of these
names are already familiar from recordings made in Bergen clerical pro-
bate records.
Table : Concordance of English authors listed in the collections of Bonsac,
Erpecom, Olsen and Lund
English authors listed in the collections of Bonsac, Erpecom, Olsen and Lund
are: Thomas Adams, Lewis Bailey, John Barclay, Richard Baxter, John Boys,
Ralph Brownrige, Richard Cumberland, Jeremiah Dyke, Thomas Gataker,
Joseph Glanville, Thomas Godwin, Joseph Hall, Henry Hammond, John
Lightfoot, John Mill, John Milton, John Meyer, William Perkins, Edward
Reynolds, Charles Richardson, Nehemiah Rogers, Robert Rollocus, Samuel
Smith, Thomas Stapleton, James Ussher, Thomas Watson.
As expected, the Catholic impact is sparser in number in the book
collections of Bonsac, Erpecom, Olsen and Lund than was the number
of English authors, as only thirteen authors of religious works have
been identified (see table ). In terms of distribution, most Catholic
names were registered in the collections of Bonsac and Erpecom, and no
devotional works written by Catholic authors were registered in Olsens
collection. Conversely, the Calvinist impact is more important, as about
thirty authors of Calvinist religious works have been identified; many of
these were Dutch (see table ). Of these, however, only one author is
listed in as many as three collections, namely Campegius Vitringa, while
Franciscus Ridder, Charles Drelincourt the Elder, Johannes Cocceius,
and Johannes Hoornbek are listed at least twice. Hence, as with the
German Lutheran theologians, it appears a wide range of authors was
circulating on the Trondheim book market.
chapter four
Table : Concordance of Catholic authors listed in the collections of Bonsac,

Catholic authors of devotional works listed in the collections of Bonsac, Erpe-
com, Olsen and Lund are: Joan Bissel, Thomas le Blanc, Ludovic Bourdaloue,
Henricus Engelgrave, Balthasar Gracian, Cornelius Jansenius, Philipp Kisel,
Cornelius a Lapide, Achilles Schomer, Caspar Scioppius, Diego Stella, Sixtus
Tessere, Juan Luis Vives.
Table : Concordance of Calvinist authors listed in the collections of Bonsac,

Calvinist authors listed in the collections of Bonsac, Erpecom, Olsen and
Lund are: Jacques Abbadie, Jacques Basnage, Theodore Beza, Pierre du Bosc,
Jean Calvin, Johannes Cocceius, Charles Drelincourt the Elder, Jacob Gous-
set, Johannes Hoornbek, Johann Heinrich Hottinger, Samuel des Marets,
Philipp Mornaeus, Johannes Oecolamapadius, Johann Friedrich Osterwald,
Benedict Pictet, Johannes Piscator, Jean de La Placette, Franciscus Ridder,
Caspar Sibelius, Caspar Streso, Salomon von Til, Immanuel Tremellius, Phil-
ipp Otto Vietor, Campegius Vitringa, Horatius Vitringa, Petrus Werenfels,
Hermann Witsius.
As to the books of non-theological content, these were also written by a
wide range of authors. They also included a wide range of topics. This,
however, does not mean that non-theological books were free from the
impact of official educational policy: Antique literature, works on philol-
ogy and subjects such as history and geography were all important to
the periods educational curriculum, and the number of works covering
history and geography, and to a lesser extent church history, reflects the
mounting focus on these topics at Copenhagen University. Much of this
literature, however, at least as far as one can tell from the information
analysed, was written by authors who had personal connections with the
same geographical areas through which theological literature was trans-
mitted, namely Germany and the Netherlands.

Overall, an impressive number of approximately German Lutheran

authors has been identified across the seven book collections registered
in the Trondheim clerical inventories in the period (see
table ); this number, naturally, should not be thought of as absolute.
Nevertheless, the number of such authors registered in the Trondheim
clerical inventories is much higher than that registered in the Bergen

clerical probate records, and most likely reflects the relatively large size
of the book collections registered in Trondheim. Similarly to previous
findings, however, only a limited range of authors is listed in more than
one collection: Out of approximately authors listed overall, only
forty-five authors are recorded in more than one collection, and as many
as twenty authors are listed only twice across the various book collec-
tions (see table ). This signals, as indicated previously, that a wide
range of authors had their works distributed to Trondheim. The wide
range of authors listed also indicates that although the book collections
were highly influenced by the German tradition, no particular promi-
nence was given to only one author, not even Luther: Instead, Luther
might be characterized as being no more or less important than authors
such as Martin Chemnitz, Johann Gerhard, Johann Arndt, Friedrich
Balduin, Johann Binck, Georg Calixt, Abraham Calov, Johann Con-
rad Dannhauer, August Pfeiffer, Johann Adam Schertzer and Christian
Scriver, at least on the evidence of numbers of books represented. Simi-
larly, no pervasive Pietist inspiration may be observed across the various
collections registered, although most of the book owners whose assets
were registered, were educated during later stages of orthodoxy or the
former part of the Pietist period. Some were also renowned Pietists them-
selves.
Table : Concordance of German Lutheran theologians listed in the Trond-
heim clerical inventories
German Lutheran authors of works listed in the Trondheim clerical invento-
ries are: Georg Albrecht, Johann Arndt, Gottfried Arnold, Sebas-
tian Artomedes, Friedrich Balduin, Heinrich Ludolph Benthem, Felix Bidem-
back, Johann Binck, Johann Botsak, Johannes Brenz, Stats Buscher, Johann
Franz Buddeus, Georg Calixt, Karl Hildebrand von Canstein, Abraham Calov,
Johann Benedikt Carpzov, Balthasar Cellarius, Martin Chemnitz, David Chy-
traeus, Christoph Corner, Anton Corvinus, Daniel Cramer, Hartmann
Creide, Paulus Crell, Caspar Cruciger, Johann Conrad Dannhauer, Georg
Dedekennus, Conrad Dieterich, Johann Michael Dillherr, Adam Doegen,
Johann Georg Dorsch, Heinrich Eckard, Paul Egard, Rupert Erythropel,
Johannes Fabricius, Johann Albert Fabricius, Justus Feurborn, August Her-
mann Francke, Philipp Heinrich Friedlieb, Simon Geddicus, Martin Geier,
Johann Gerhard, Salomon Gesner, Salomon Glassius, Andreas Glauch, Albert
Grawer, Johann Guenther, Georg Haberlin, Johann Ludwig Hartmann, Jacob
Heerbrand, Johann Heermann, Valerius Herberger, Joachim Hildebrand,
Abraham Hinckelman, Johann Hulsemann, Aegidius Hunnius, Nicolai Hun-
nius, Leonhard Hutter, Johannes Jan, David Kluge, Hieronymus Kromayer,
Johann Abraham Kromayer, Joachim Lange, Friedrich von Lanckisch, Petrus
chapter four
Loss, Martin Luther, Christian Matthiae, Balthasar Meisner, Philipp Melan-

chthon, Balthasar Mentzer, Johann Matthaeus Meyfart, Johann Heinrich
Michaelis, Peter Michaelis, Balthasar Mller, Heinrich Mller, Paul Nican-
der, Philipp Nicolai, Gottfried Olearius, Lucas Osiander the Elder, Chri-
stoph Pelargus, Christoph Pezel, Tobias Pfanner, August Pfeiffer, Johann
Pfeil, Ernst Christian Philippi, Johann Porst, Johann Andreas Quenstedt,
Adam Rechenberg, Jacob Reineccius, Johann Riemer, Christoph Heinrich
Rittmeier, Samuel Rling, Michael Rusmejer, Sigfried Sacc, Johann Adam
Schertzer, Georg Schimmer, Erasmus Schmidt, Johann Andreas Schmidt,
Sebastian Schmidt, Justus Christoph Schomer, Johann Schroeder, Christian
Scriver, Weit Ludwig von Seckendorf, Nicolai Selneccer, Oswald Sledanus,
Johannes Sleidanus, Theodor Snepff, Cyriacus Spangenberg, Johannes Span-
genberg, Aegidius Strauch, Victorin Strigel, Johann Tarnow, Adam Tribbe-
chow, Johann Heinrich Ursinus, Matthias Vogel the Elder, Tobias Wagner,
Michael Walther the Elder, Matthias Wasmuth, Johann Weihenmayer, Jacob
Weller, Johann Winckelmann, Hermann Zacharias.
Table : German Lutheran theologians listed more than once in the clerical
inventories
Listed times Martin Chemnitz, Johann Gerhard, Martin Luther
Listed times Johann Arndt, Friedrich Balduin, Johann Binck, Georg
Calixt, Abraham Calov, Johann Conrad Dannhauer,
August Pfeiffer, Johann Adam Schertzer, Christian Scriver
Listed times Johannes Brenz, Johann Franz Buddeus, Karl Hildebrand
von Canstein, David Chytraeus, Hartmann Creide, Conrad
Dieterich, Johann Michael Dillherr, Salomon Glassius,
Johann Heermann, Valerius Herberger, Balthasar Meisner,
Philipp Jacob Spener, Johann Weihenmayer
Listed twice Georg Albrecht, Heinrich Ludolph Benthem, Johann
Botsak, Johann Benedikt Carpzov, Adam Doegen, August
Hermann Francke, Martin Geier, Joachim Hildebrand,
Aegidius Hunnius, Leonhard Hutter, Johannes Jan, Hie-
ronymus Kromayer, Joachim Lange, Philipp Melanchthon,
Johann Heinrich Michaelis, Heinrich Mller, Nicolai
Selneccer, Johannes Spangenberg, Johann Tarnow, Johann
Heinrich Ursinus
The number of English authors of theological or edifying works listed
in the Trondheim clerical inventories is also significant: At least sixty
different authors are registered with full names (see table ). As in the
case of German theologians, however, only a limited number of these
authors are listed more than once across the different collections: In
fact, only ten authors are listed more than once (see table ), which
signals, as in relation to the German authors listed, that a wide spectrum
of authors saw their works distributed on the Trondheim market. With
regard to authors who were listed several times, some of these were highly
popular figures who also had their some of their writings translated into
Danish, such as Richard Baxter, Thomas Watson and Daniel Dyke.12 The
books registered in the Trondheim clerical inventories, however, were
not necessarily the translated and authorized versions destined for the
general population. And, the only Trondheim collection where no works
of English origin was registered is that of Olsen, the only low-class cleric
to have his book collection registered in the Trondheim clerical probate
records .
Table : Concordance of English authors registered in the Trondheim clerical
inventories
English authors listed in Trondheim clerical books collections
including those authors given full names whose works I have not been
able to identifyare: Thomas Adams, Lancelot Andrews, Isaac Ambrose,
Richard Averroy, John Barclay, Richard Baxter, Lewis Bailey, Sebastian Bene-
dict, Peter Boylyn, Jeremiah Borroughs, John Boys, Ralph Brownrige, John
Bunyan, William Cave, Samuel Cook, Richard Cumberland, William Day
(died ), David Dickson, John Doughty, Daniel Dyke, Jeremiah Dyke,
Thomas Gataker, Joseph Glanville, William Greenbit, Thomas Godwin, John
Hacket, Joseph Hall, Henry Hammond, Arthur Hildersham, William Ker-
king, John King, John Lightfoot, John Meyer, John Mill, John Milton, John
Owen (died ), William Pamble, Isaac Pearl, John Pearson, William Per-
kins, Frank Potter, John Price, John Reiler, Edward Reynolds, Charles Rich-
ardson, Francis Roberts, Nehemiah Rogers, Robert Rollocus, Alex Rosse,
Francis Rous, Obadie Sedgwick, Richard Sibbes, Henry Smith, John Smith,
Samuel Smith, Thomas Stapelton, Edward Stillingfleet, Jeremy Taylor, James
Ussher, Thomas Watson, William Whitaker, Daniel Whitby, Austin Williams.
Table : English authors listed more than once across the Trondheim clerical
inventories
Listed times Richard Baxter
Listed times Thomas Adams, Jeremiah Dyke, Thomas Watson
Listed times Joseph Hall
Listed twice John Barclay, Thomas Gataker, Lancelot Andrews, John
Lightfoot, Daniel Whitby
As to Calvinist authors from the continental tradition, thirty-six authors
have been identified in the Trondheim material, and several of these
12 Thomas Watson and Richard Baxter, for example, are probably underrepresented in
the outlines given above as a result of the abbreviated book tites given in the inventories,
such as works of : Although works of Watson probably indicates the already mentioned
Thomas Watson, this cannot be fully ascertained.
chapter four
were Dutch (see table ). No Calvinist literature was included in Olsens

collection, and few such works were identified in the collections of Jul
and Borchmand. The largest collections, on the other hand, generally
included a significant number of Calvinist works, but of the Calvinist
authors listed, only twelve names were registered more than once across
the various collections, and of these, as many as nine authors were
only listed twice (see table ). However, some of the same figures are
listed in the Bergen and Trondheim material, notably Franciscus Ridder,
Caspar Sibelius and Immanuel Tremellius. Newcomers are also listed in
the Trondheim material, examples being Jacques Abbadie and Johannes
Hoornbek.
Table : Concordance of Calvinist authors listed in the Trondheim clerical
inventories
Calvinist authors listed in the Trondheim clerical inventories are:
Jacques Abbadie, Johann Heinrich Alsted, Benedictus Aretius, Jacques Bas-
nage, Theodore Beza, Franciscus Burmann the Elder, Jean Calvin, Sebas-
tian Castellio, Johannes Cocceius, Pierre du Bosc, Charles Drelincourt the
Elder, Jacob Gousset, Johannes Hoornbek, Johann Heinrich Hottinger, David
Knibbe, Samuel des Marets, Philipp Mornaeus, Johannes Oecolampadius,
Johann Friedrich Osterwald, Benedict Pictet, Johannes Piscator, Jean de La
Placette, Franciscus Ridder, Caspar Sibelius, Friedrich Spanheim the Youn-
ger, Caspar Streso, Salomon von Til, Daniel Tossanus, Immanuel Tremellius,
Philipp Otto Vietor, Campegius Vitringa, Horatius Vitringa, Petrus Weren-
fels, Hermann Witsius, Christoph Wittich, Hieronymus Zanchius.
Table : Calvinist authors listed more than once across the Trondheim
clerical book collections
Listed times Franciscus Ridder
Listed times Campegius Vitringa, Johannes Cocceius
Listed twice Jacques Abbadie, Jacques Basnage, Jean Cal-
vin, Charles Drelincourt the Elder, Johannes
Hoornbek, Johannes Piscator, Caspar Sibelius,
Immanuel Tremellius, Philipp Otto Vietor
Fewer Catholic authors of religious works are registered in the Trond-
heim clerical inventories . Overall, nineteen authors have
been identified (see table ), but only the book collections of von
Westen, Bonsac and Erpecom included a relatively significant number
of Catholic works. And with the exception of Diego Stella, most of the
authors listed in the Trondheim clerical inventories were newcomers,
at least when compared to the Bergen material.
Table : Concordance of Catholic authors listed in the Trondheim clerical

inventories
Catholic authors listed in Trondheim clerical book collections
are: Ludovicus de Alcazar, Didacus Alvarez, Joan Bissel, Thomas le Blanc,
Ludovic Bourdaloue, Johan Clericus, Henricus Engelgrave, Balthasar Gra-
cian, Ludovicus Granatensis, Cornelius Jansenius, Philipp Kisel, Cornelius
a Lapide, Johannes Morin, Achilles Schomer, Caspar Scioppius, Diego Stella,
Benevenutus Stracca, Sixtus Tessere, Juan Luis Vives.
To conclude in general terms, the book collections examined so far were
mainly constructed around a consistent core of theological works of
German Lutheran origin, a core that was supplemented by English works
of quite heterogeneous character and, though less pervasively, Catholic
and Calvinist works; those of the latter type were often written by Dutch
authors. In general, the Danish-Norwegian influence on the different
collections is relatively insignificant, at least in the collections owned by
the senior clergy.
In terms of overall outlook, the Trondheim collections so far examined
have certain characteristics in common with the Bergen bishopric book
collections examined in previous chapters. Similar are the vast range
of authors listed and the lack of any particularly prominent theologi-
cal exponents. In fact, a wide range of theologians seem to have been
important in the Trondheim setting, as was also the case in Bergen. The
Trondheim material therefore, like the Bergen one, supports the com-
plex view of the early modern period, which implies that many authors
had their works distributed across the European marketplace of ideas.
This greater variety found in the Trondheim libraries also points to the
fact that Trondheim, like Bergen, during the period in question was an
urban centre with lively connections abroad.
Despite the broadness in terms of internationality and numbers of
different authors and works in circulation, all libraries examined in this
chapter were of the orthodox type: Such libraries comprise a signifi-
cant core of German late th- or early th-century Lutheran ortho-
dox theologians. In some of the Trondheim libraries, however, this core
of authors is supplemented by a range of more recent German authors,
probably because the libraries in Trondheim were registered somewhat
later than those in Bergen. Although Pietist authors sometimes occur
across the different collections, only one library includes a more signifi-
cant range of devotional works of the Pietist or pre-Pietist type, namely
that of Erpecom; this library may therefore be characterized as displaying
Pietist tendencies. Erpecoms library also includes some French works,
chapter four
which indicates the rising significance assumed by French literature

during the course of the th century.
As to the occurrences of non-theological literature, antique and philo-
logical literature is listed in most of the analyzed book collections. Like-
wise, several historical and geographical works are also included in many
of the Trondheim book collections analyzed in this chapter; this reflects
the mounting early th-century focus on such subjects in the educa-
tional setting. Included in some of the collections are also works on magic
and alchemy as well as works on philosophy of the mechanist or the more
traditional peripatetic type. Many of these non-theological works, how-
ever, were also written by German authors.
Generally speaking, book occurrences in Trondheim as well as in the
Bergen bishopric may be characterized as belonging to a German, and to
a lesser extent, Dutch and English sphere of influence. Works of Danish-
Norwegian origin was also found in the different collections, but they
cannot compete with the number of works of German origin. Thus, if
we take the recording of places of publication in Thomas von Westens
collection as a basis for the general movement of books, then books
in Trondheim were transmitted through the same channels as books in
Bergen, namely via Germany, the Netherlands, England and Denmark.
Some of the Trondheim book collections, however, comprised a more
novel range of German th-century authors, variations caused by the
difference in time-span when the various collections were recorded.
chapter five
CLERICAL INVENTORIES IN TRONDHEIM 17321743
Seven book collections were registered in the Trondheim clerical probate

records in the period . Of these, all except one (Lorens Holst)
were registered in the city of Trondheim (see table ).
Table : Book owners listed in the Trondheim clerical probate records

Magdalena Harboe, , clerical widow, Trondheim, folio
Peder Lund, , canonicus capituli and deacon of Our Ladys Church,
Trondheim, folio
Christian Sommerfeld, , vicar of Our Ladys Church, Trondheim,
folio b
Lorens Holst, , curate of Indery, folio
Hans Ravensdorf, , studiosus, Trondheim Latin School, folio
Erik Dreier, , parish clerk (chor degn) of the Cathedral, Trondheim,
folio b
Catharina Holst, , clerical widow, Trondheim, folio 1
In the first half of this chapter, I will examine the book collections
registered in the period (Harboe, Lund and Sommerfeld),
and in the second half, the book collections registered in the period
(L. Holst, Ravensdorf, Dreier and C. Holst).
In this section, theological literature belonging to Harboe (ca vol-

umes), Lund (ca volumes) and Sommerfeld (ca volumes) will
be analysed. Although there are certain similarities between the collec-
tions in question, particularly in terms of the German and English works
listed, various distinctions can also be made between them.
1 All inventories are registered on microfilm HF .

chapter five
The inventory of Magdalena Harboe, widow of the Trondheim cleric

Urdahl, a collaborator of Thomas von Westen, was compiled in the period
, and the registered book collection comprised, as noticed
above, approximately volumes.2 As expected, a significant number of
German Lutheran theologians are listed in the collection, and although
many of the names reflect the traditional range of late th-century
and early th-century German theologians, newcomers also appear.
However, these were not necessarily Pietists (see table ).
Table : German Lutheran theologians listed in Harboes book collection
Many books in Harboes collection are accredited to familiar authors such as
Georg Albrecht, Friedrich Balduin, Felix Bidemback, Martin Chemnitz, Con-
rad Dieterich, Johann Gerhard, Johann Heermann, Aegidius Hunnius, Nico-
lai Hunnius, Balthasar Meisner and Johann Tarnow. Familiar names such as
Johann Arndt, Johann Botsak (Moralia), Georg Calixt, Georg Haberlin, Leon-
hard Hutter, Hieronymus Kromayer, Martin Luther, Philipp Melanchton,
Heinrich Mller, Johann Heinrich Ursinus and Johann Weihenmayer are
also listed. The early th-century preacher from Rensburg Paul Egard, is
registered with the work Medulla theologiae seu meditationes in catechesin;
later editions of Egards collected works were prefaced by Philipp Jacob Spe-
ner (AGL II:). Michael Walther the Elder (born ) is accredited
with the books Harmonia bibl. and Catechism (AGL IV:), while
Andreas Prckner, a mid-th-century court preacher and later teacher at the
gymnasium in Schweinfurt, is represented by his work Manuale mille quaes-
tionum illustrium theologicarum (AGL III:). Daniel Cramer (born ),
a professor of logic at Wittenberg, is accredited with the work Schola prophe-
tica (AGL I:), while Joachim Hildebrand (born ), a superin-
tendent in Zellisch-Lneburg, is accredited with the work Antiquitates ex uni-
versa Scriptura (AGL IV:). Gregor Strigenitz (born ), a super-
intendent in Jena and a court preacher, is also accredited with one work.
Newcomers are also listed in Harboes collection: Martinus Bohemus (died
), pastor primarius in Lauben, is registered with his Speculum passionis
Christi in Predigten (AGL I:), whereas a work entitled Predigten is
ascribed to Justus Gesenius (born ), a court preacher and superinten-
dent in Hannover (AGL II:). Peter Kirchback (died ), a court
preacher in Weissenstein and superintendent in Zwickau, is accredited with
the work Predigten IV decades (AGL II:), as is Fridemann Beck-
mann (born ), a professor of philosophy who took up position following
Johann Gerhard, with his Theologia conscientiria (AGL I:). Also listed
are Georg Walther, a th-century preacher from Halle, and Johann Thad-
daues: Thaddaeus, an early th-century preacher from Bohemia, is repre-
sented with the work Conciliatorium biblicum (AGL IV:).

A few volumes in Harboes collection cover church or religious history:

The German lawyer and historian Erasmus Francisci (born ) is
accredited with the work Erinnerung der Morgenrthe (AGL II:
), while Johann Micraelius, a headmaster in Stettin also previously
encountered, is accredited with the work Syntagma historiarum mundi &
ecclesiae (AGL III:). One work in Harboes collection is referred
to as Chronologia geniturae Jesu Nasareni, while from among the antique
authors, Augustine is recorded.
As to Danish-Norwegian works, numerous funeral orations are reg-
istered, as are some familiar th-century theologians such as Johan
Brunsmann and Caspar Brochmand; the latter is accredited with several
books, one being his Systema. Hans Wandal the Younger is also accred-
ited with one of his most important works from an educational point of
view, namely his Hypotyposis (Grundrids af theologien), a manual for stu-
dents which was first published in (FDNI XVIII:). Mogens Vin-
gaard (born around ), a headmaster in Aalborg who was later dis-
missed, is accredited with the work Vindemicae theologico-ontosophicae,
and a theological work is also accredited to the Norwegian dean Iver
Leganger (born ). Heinrich Lemmiche, a preacher to the German
congregation in Bergen, is also listed, as is Johannes Bremer; Bremer, who
was born in Lbeck in , served as court preacher in Copenhagen
and later canonicus in Norway. A Church ritual is also listed in Harboes
collection, but apart from the funeral orations, the Danish-Norwegian
impact is not very prominent.
Given the size of Harboes collection, the number of books represent-
ing other confessions is relatively small. A few classics, however, are listed:
One book is accredited to Caspar Sibelius, while Immanuel Tremelliuss
Biblia sacra is listed alongside an item referred to simply as A Dutch
Bible. A work is also ascribed to the Calvinist theologian Philipp Otto
Vietor. Few Catholic works are listed, but Jeremias Drexel appears, as
does the famous Cardinal Robert Bellarmine (born ) with his work
De gemitu columbae.
Unlike in previous collections, the impact of English works is also
insignificant in Harboes collection. Nevertheless, Thomas Gataker at
least is listed, while several vaguely recorded titles also suggest an English
origin, for example Exposition of the first chapters of the prophet Ezechiel,
Use ful nesse of Christi and Conjugium conjurgium in English; the latter
work probably refers to William Seymars (or Ramsay, died ) Con-
jugium conjurgium: or, some serious considerations on marriage wherein
its nature, ends, events, concomitant accidents &c. are examined. Other
chapter five
titles include An English book on the friend of God (Guds nste) as well
as An old English book and A small English book. Overall, however, it
is the German impact which is the most prominent feature of Harboes
collection.
The collection of Peder Lund, a former canonicus capituli and deacon
of Our Ladys Church in Trondheim (not to confound with Peder Lund,
dealt with in Chapter Four), was registered in , and it amounted to
around volumes.3 In terms of the number of books, Lunds collec-
tion was therefore the second largest to be registered in the Trondheim
clerical inventories, superseded only by von Westens collection in terms
of size. As many as of the listed books were reportedly in folio; this
indicates that the collection must also have been quite valuable. Several
of the listed authors are newcomers when compared to previous record-
ings, which indicates that the amount of heterogeneous literature circu-
lating on the Trondheim book market during the early th century was
remarkable. Despite this, the pervasive impact of German theologians is
still strongly noticeable in Lunds collection. Few of these, however, can
be said to reflect a Pietist religiosity, at least when this label is applied
more exclusivsely to the works of Philipp Jacob Spener and August Her-
mann Francke (see table ).
Table : German Lutheran theologians listed in Lunds collection
Of the German Lutheran authors listed in Lunds collection, many familiar
names appear, such as Georg Albrecht, Johann Arndt, Friedrich Balduin, Felix
Bidemback, Johann Botsak, Johannes Brenz, Johann Franz Buddeus, Johan-
nes Bugenhagen, Heinrich Bnting, Abraham Calov, Johann Conrad Dann-
hauer, Conrad Dieterich, Johann Michael Dillherr, Martin Geier, Johann Ger-
hard, Salomon Glassius, Martin Luther, Balthasar Meisner, Heinrich Ml-
ler, August Pfeiffer, Sebastian Schmidt, Johann Tarnow, Nathanael Tilesius,
Johann Heinrich Ursinus and Georg Weinrich. Philipp Nicolai is accre-
dited with his widely disseminated work Theoria vitae aeternae, reportedly
in Danish translation. Johannes Sleidanus is registered with his famous work
De statu religionis, and Johannes Fabricius (born ), professor at Altorf,
with his Amoenitates theologicae. Gregor Strigenitz (born ), court prea-
cher in Saxen and later superintendent in Jena, is accredited with the work
Modus resurrectionis Christi (AGL IV:), as is Matthias Flacius (born )
with his Clavis scripturae (AGL II:). At least two works are accredi-
ted to the theologian and historian Cyriacus Spangenberg. Victorin Strigel
(born ), a professor of theology at Jena, is registered with the work Scho-
lae historicae quibus Melanchthonis chronicon illustratur (AGL IV:),
while the Swabian theologian Moses Pflacher (died ), a court preacher

and doctor of theology, is accredited with the work Evangelien und Epistel
Postille (AGL III:). The conrector and later superintendent in Freiburg,
Christoph Dauderstadt (died ), is registered with his Gospel commen-
taries (AGL II:). Albert Grawer (born ), professor of theology at Jena
and later superintendent in Weimar, is represented with the work Expositio
prophetae Michae (AGL II:). A theological work is also accredited
to Johann Georg Dorsch (born ), who served as professor of theology
at Strasbourg before being appointed at Rostock (AGL II:). Johann
Winckelmann (born ), professor and later superintendent in Giessen,
is represented by his commentaries on Luke (AGL IV:), while Bal-
thasar Mentzer (born ), professor at Marburg, is accredited with the work
Exegesin augustanae confessionis (AGL III:). Wilhelm Alard, who was
born in Wilster in , is listed with the work Gulden abc.
As to the newcomers registered in Lunds collection, several names appear:
Polycarp Lyser (born ), professor of theology at Wittenberg, is listed with
his Continuatio harmoniae evangelicae a Martino Chemnitio, as is Michael von
Lanckisch (born ), preacher and later archdeacon in Zittau, with his Neu-
polirter Mahl-Schatz (AGL II:). Johann Henning (born ), conrector
in Saltzwedel, is accredited with the work Catechismus Postill (AGL II:),
while Georg Grosshan (died ), a court preacher in Weimar, is accredited
with the work Evangelische Spruch-Postille (AGL II:). Three works
are accredited to Christian Kortholt (born ), a professor of theology
at Kiel and later procancellarius (AGL II:), while David Runge
(born ), a professor of Hebrew at Greifswald and a collaborator of
Aegidius Hunnius, is accredited with his commentaries on Pauls Letters
(AGL III:). Josua Arndt (born ), who concluded his career as court
preacher to Duke Gustav Adolf of Mecklenburg, appears with his Manu-
ale legum mosaicarum (AGL I:). Also Christian Gerber (born ),
a Lutheran preacher, is accredited with two works, one being his Under-
kannte Snden der Welt (AGL II:). Various German prayer-books
are also listed. Of more uncertain character can be noted Johann Conrad
Ulmer (born ), a preacher in Schaffhausen, who is registered with the
work Jesuiter-Spiegel (AGL IV:), and Franciscus Albanus (died ), a
pastor from Bohemia, who is accredited with the work Pbstische Anatomia
(AGL I:).
Church history is also represented in Lunds collection: Eusebiuss history
of the Church is recorded, while the Lutheran theologian and historian
Abraham Bucholtzer (born ), a preacher and headmaster who was
inspired by Melanchthon, is accredited with one of his chronologies on
biblical history (AGL I:). Wolfgang Frantze (born ) is repre-
sented by the work Historia animalium sacra, and the German-born the-
ologian Christian Matthiae who served as professor at Sor in the early
th century, by the work Theatrum historicum theoretico-practicum in
quo quator monarchiae (AGL II:). Several medieval and antique
chapter five
theologians are also included in Lunds collection: Thomas Aquinas, for

instance, is accredited with his Summa in two volumes, and Augus-
tine is also recorded with his famous Confessiones. The early Christian
author Lactantius is also recorded, as is a vaguely recorded work allegedly
written by the pre-Reformation mystic Dionysius Carthusianus (i.e. de
Leewis), who died in .
As to the Danish-Norwegian works included in Lunds collection, a
range of funeral orations is recorded. Several familiar names are also
recorded, such as Niels Hemmingsen, Caspar Brochmand (Systema),
Hans Svane, Christian Nold, Hans Poulsen Resen and Hans Wandal
the Elder: Some of these authors were accredited with several works.
Also Niels Michelsn Aalborgs (died ) writings on the Book of
Revelation are listed, as are Poul Medelbyes Postille and Mads Rostocks
(died ) Postille. Hence, both more elaborate theological books
as well as more popular works, such as the postille, were included in
Lunds collection. Enevold Nielsen Randulph (born ), a tutor to the
children of Christian IV and Kirsten Munk, is accredited with the work
Resonabilis echo (FDNI VI:), while the statesman Poul Vinding
(born ) is accredited with the work Wormiana decora. Jacob Wulf, an
early th-century headmaster in Stralsund, is also accredited with one
work, as is Johan Brunsmann with his apparently widely disseminated
calendar Calendarium perpetuum. Johann Cluver is accredited with the
work Diluculum apocalypticum; this work was later edited and reissued
by Johanns son Michael Cluver (AGL I:). A work entitled
Predigten is accredited to Stephan Clotz (born ), a professor at
Rostock who later became superintendent in Schleswig-Holstein and
ecclesiastical advisor to the Danish king (AGL I:). A Danish
Bible is also registered in Lunds collection, namely the Danish Bible of
Frederik II. Christian IVs collection of additional laws (Recess) is also
listed, as are several theological disputations. Of the pre-Reformation
works of note, the liturgical book Missale Nidrosiense is recorded.
Peder Lunds collection also contains a significant number of works
of English origin, books written by authors from various religious back-
grounds (see table ). Of these, several familiar names are included, such
as Joseph Hall, William Cave and William Perkins. Some of the titles are
recorded in German or Dutch, which points to the importance of Ger-
many and the Netherlands as network areas in the supply of books to
western Norway. Unfortunately, several books are referred to only in very
vague terms, which means that a complete knowledge of English works
in Lunds collection is not accessible.
Table : English authors and works listed in Lunds book collection

Several familiar names are listed in Lunds collection, such as Thomas Adams,
Lancelot Andrews, John Bunyan (Complete works), Joseph Hall and John
Lightfoot. Several volumes are also accredited to Thomas Watson, notably De
Christi carter and bung der Gotsaligheit. William Day (died ), a head-
master from Cambridgeshire, is accredited with the work Exposition of the
prophet Isaiah (AGL II:), whereas William Cave, a canonicus in Windsor, is
accredited with the work Antiquitates apostolicae. The th-century Canter-
bury theologian John Boys, is represented with the work Expositio in evange-
lia & epistolas (AGL I:), as is John Doughtey from Westminister with the
work Analecta sacra. William Perkins, a professor at Cambridge, is accredi-
ted with the work Casus conscientiae (AGL III:), as is John Owen
(died ) with his Exposition. Some newcomers also appear: The Puritan
William Attersoll (died ) appears with his Commentaries upon the fourth
book of Moses, a work which was translated into Dutch in (AGL I:),
and also listed are the Anglican theologian John Trapp (died ) and the
English churchman Thomas Fuller (died , The history of the holly wars).
The Puritan preacher Joseph Caryl (died ) is accredited with his annota-
tions on Job.
Several of the books listed, however, are only vaguely recorded with regard to
the author or title, which means that I have not been able to identify them.
This concerns for instance W. Femne (Works), Clarke (Harmonia), John
Hachet (Sermons), Jon Durham (Upon the revelation), Simpson (Upon the
second Epistle of Peter), Calamy (Sermons), David (Blessed man or exposition
upon the first psalm), Samuel Croix (Divin caracters) and Robert Sanderson
(Sermons). Names such as Tillotson, Joh. Hooker and Adam Littleton are
also listed, while several titles are also registered without any indication of
the authors name, for example God in his works, Mysterie of godliness, The
confession of faith, Grace and deity, Practical discourse of Gods soveracyty,
Davids harp and A pastoral charge. An English Bible is also recorded in Lunds
collection, as is An English prayer-book: All titles are referred to as they are
listed in the inventory.
An important number of books in Lunds collection also belonged to the
Calvinist tradition, not unexpectedly given the size of the collection. As
with previous findings, most of these authors were Dutch or had some
kind of personal attachment to the Netherlands, which points to the
importance of the Netherlands in the diffusion of Calvinist literature
in western Norway. Titles such as Het Nieuw Testament and A Dutch
writing on the land of Christ (Christi rige) also suggest a Dutch origin.
Several of the names listed are also familiar from previous findings,
notably Caspar Sibelius, Heinrich Bullinger and Sebastian Castellio (see
table ).
chapter five
Table : Calvinist authors listed in Lunds collection

Most of the Calvinist authors included in Lunds collection are of Dutch ori-
gin: Caspar Sibelius is listed, as is the Dutch theologian Johannes Cocceius;
Cocceius is accredited with as many as eight volumes in folio of his Lexicon,
a work that was reprinted in Amsterdam and in Frankfurt in the latter part
of the th century (AGL I:). Two volumes of the collected works
of the Calvinist Andreas Rivet (born ), a professor of theology at Lei-
den (AGL III:), are also listed, while the Cartesian-inspired Cal-
vinist Gisbert Voetius (born ), a professor of theology who preached
in various Dutch cities, is accredited with the work Politica ecclesiastica
(AGL IV:). Several works are also ascribed to the Dutch Calvi-
nist Franciscus Burmann the Elder (born ), a preacher in Utrecht, for
example his De passione Jesu Christi, Syntagma theologicum and Exercita-
tiones academicae (AGL I:). Anton Bynaeus (born ), a pro-
fessor of theology and oriental languages at Deventer (AGL I:),
is also accredited with one theological work. Various works are also accre-
dited to Friedrich Spanheim the Elder (born ) and to Friedrich Span-
heim the Younger (born ), two professors who eventually settled in
Leiden (AGL IV:). A volume of Predigten is ascribed to the th-
century Leiden theologian David Knibbe. As in previous collections, the Cal-
vinist theologian Campegius Vitringa is accredited with the works Archisyn-
agogus and De sinagoga vetere libri tres. The Calvinist theologian Wilhelm
Momma (born ), a teacher at the gymnasium in Westfalen, is registered
with his work De oeconomia temporum testamentaria triplici (AGL III:),
as is another Calvinist theologian, Anton de la Roche (or Sadeel, died ),
who served at the court of Henri IV and later in Geneva, with his De
unico Christi sacerdotio et sacrificio (AGL IV:). Augustin Marloratus
(born ), originally a Catholic monk who joined the Calvinist cause
in Geneva, is represented by his Comment. in genesin and Comment. in
psalmos (AGL III:). Familiar names such as Heinrich Bullinger, Johann
Heinrich Alsted and Sebastian Castellio (Bible) are also listed in Lunds book
collection. A theological elaboration is also accredited to Abraham Sculte-
tus (born ), a court chaplain and professor of theology at Heidelberg.
Hermann Witsius is accredited with the books Exercitatio in symbolum apo-
stolicum and Aegyptiaca: After having served at the court of James II of Eng-
land, Witsius finally settled in Leiden (AGL IV:). The Dutch Cal-
vinist theologian Wilhelm Baudartius (born ) is also listed; Baudartius
is accredited with the work Apohthegmata christiana (AGL I:).
Although the number of Catholic authors in Lunds collection is less
than the number of Calvinists, the Catholic tradition is still discernable,
and some of the names recorded are familiar from previous listings.
Collected works in four volumes are accredited to the famous cardinal
Robert Bellarmine. Also listed are Jeremias Drexel and Diego Stella, the
latter author being accredited with the by now classic works Commen-
tarium ber den Evangelisten Lucam and Libros de contemnendis mundi

vanitatibus. The Spanish Dominican Didacus Alvarez (died ) is rep-
resented by his work De auxiliis divinae gratiae & humani arbitrii viribus
(AGL I:). Ludovicus Granatensis is likewise accredited with one theo-
logical work. The Spanish Jesuit Christopher de Castro (died ) is reg-
istered with his work Commentarium in Jeremiam, duodecim prophetas
minores, sapientiam Salomonis (AGL I:), as is the mid-th-century
Spaniard Anton Lullus with the work De oratione (AGL II:). The
Italian bishop Antonius Maria Gratianus (born ) is recorded with
the work De bello Cyprio (AGL II:). Charles Franois dAbra
(Raconis, born ) is similarly accredited with one work. Some vaguely
recorded titles also relate to the Catholic tradition, for example An old
monk-book.
As with Erpecoms collection, a cluster of French works are also re-
corded in Lunds collection. Unfortunately, however, many of the authors
names are not given, and the titles are sometimes referred to very briefly:
Many of the books listed in the Trondheim clerical probate records
around tend to have been recorded in this slapdash manner, which
naturally reduces the possibility of identifying the books in question.
Of French works, however, titles such as Le manoir de le Dieu pre-
parer a la mort & la mort de Jesus Christ and Francoise sermons englis
(French sermons in English) are listed, as are such titles as Toutes les
oeuvres caritables, Historie du Calvinisme by Mr. Maineburg and Dieu
Sibelle contre la religion; I refer to the titles here in the form in which
they are registered in the probate records. A work entitled Pensees divers
sur la mort par mor. Jurieu is also listed, a title which might indicate
a work written by the French Calvinist Pierre Jurieu (born ). Also
Balthasar Gracians success in commercial terms Lhomme de cour (The
art of worldly wisdom) is listed, a work consisting of sayings on a wide
range of different topics. Generally speaking, Lunds collection can there-
fore be said to be constructed mainly around a significant proportion of
German religious-theological literature, both older and newer, but not
necessarily of Pietist character. Yet this primary focus does not stand
in the way of a significant volume of both Catholic and Calvinist liter-
ature.
The third inventory recorded in the Trondheim clerical probate re-
cords in the period belonged to Christian Sommerfeld, a
former vicar of Our Ladys Church in Trondheim. The collection
numbered approximately volumes, but as many titles are only
vaguely referred to, what can be ascertained with certainty is rather
chapter five
limited.4 Of the authors and titles that have been identified, however, a
large proportion belonged to the general stratum of German Lutheran
theologians. Of these, several new names appear, from the th century
as well as from the th century. Some of these works also relate to the
Pietist legacy of Philipp Jacob Spener and August Hermann Francke (see
table ), but the Pietist impact is not overwhelming given the overall size
of the collection: Although Spener is accredited with at least six books
in Sommerfelds collection, two major works and four sermons, other
authors are accredited with even more works, for example the ascetically
minded th-century theologian Hartmann Creide. Not many books
in Sommerfelds collection cover church history, but a volume entitled
Historia ecclesiastica gothica is listed, as is Petrus Ravanellis Bibliotheca
sacra.
Table : German Lutheran theologians listed in Sommerfelds collection
Many familiar names are listed in Sommerfelds collection, namely Wilhelm
Alard, Georg Albrecht, Johann Arndt, Felix Bidemback, Johann Binck, Abra-
ham Calov, Martin Chemnitz, David Chytraeus, Hartmann Creide, Mar-
tin Geier, Johann Gerhard, Salomon Glassius, Johann Heermann, Martin
Luther, Heinrich Mller, Christian Scriver, Philipp Jacob Spener, Natha-
nael Tilesius and Johann Weihenmayer. Also Johannes Sleidanuss De qua-
tuor monarchiis is listed, as is Hieronymus Kromyers Scrutinum rel. Daniel
Cramer (born ), a professor of logic at Wittenberg and later a teacher at
the gymnasium in Stettin, is accredited with the work Biblische Auslegung
(AGL I:), as is Friedrich von Lanckisch with his Concordantiae
germanico-hebraico-graecae (AGL II:). Also previously encountered is
Johann Ludwig Langhans; Langhans is accredited with the work Suspiria
passionalia. Johann Ludwig Hartmann, a superintendent in Rotenburg, is
included with the work Absolutions-Buch (AGL II:), as is Christian
Matthiae, who concluded his career as professor at Sor, with the work Theat-
rum historicum theoretico-practicum (AGL III:). Johann Thaddaeus,
an early th-century Lutheran preacher from Bohemia, is accredited with
the work Consiliatorium biblicum, a work which was reprinted in Copenha-
gen in (AGL IV:), whereas Peter Michaelis (born ), a pastor in
Demmin, is registered with the work Nuptialia oder LXV Hochzeit-Predigten
(AGL III:),
Several new names are also included in Sommerfelds collection: Martinus
Mirus (born ), superintendent in Jena and a court preacher, is represen-
ted by his work Postille ber die Sonntags Evangelien (AGL III:). Johann
Adam Osiander (born ), professor of theology and chancellor at the Uni-
versity of Tbingen, is accredited with the work Dispositiones in Evangelia

dominicalia (AGL III:), as is Gottlieb Cober (died ), a theo-

logian who wrote on morality, with the work Cabinet Prediger (AGL I:).
Johannes Wigand (born ), a superintendent in Magdeburg, is also accre-
dited with one work, and so is Michael Bern, a pastor serving in Hamburg
around , namely with his Cabinet der Pietisten (AGL I:).
Sethus Calvisius (born ), an astronomer / astrologer, musician and poet,
is also registered with a religious work, and more vaguely referred to wri-
tings are almost certainly those of Johann Balthasar Schupp (died ),
a pastor from Hamburg (AGL IV:). Paul Stockmann (born ),
who served as preacher in Sweden under Gustav Adolph before taking up
a position in Merseburg, is accredited with the work Elucidarium haeresium
(AGL IV:), while Zacharias Grapius (died ), a professor of phy-
sics and metaphysics at Rostock, is accredited with the work Specimen com-
pendii theologiae positivae (AGL II:).
A number of Danish-Norwegian authors are also recorded in Som-
merfelds collection, and most of these are already familiar to us from
previous listings. These authors belonged to the th, th and th
centuries, for example Niels Hemmingsen, Caspar Brochmand, Hein-
rich Lemmiche, Willads Nielsen, Henrik Gerner, Jrgen Huulbech, Elias
Naur, Peder Syv and Johann Lassenius. Listed is also a work written by
the teacher and cleric Michael Srensen Leigh (died ). Aquilonius
Canutus (died ), who served as headmaster in Malm, is accredited
with the work Otia adolescentiae (AGL I:), as is the Copenhagen pro-
fessor Hans Bartholin (born ) with his Elementa theologica. Jacob
Lodberg (born ), who was appointed bishop of Odense in , is
accredited with a Catechism. Also listed is the Danish bishop Sren Lin-
trup (born ). Both Hans Wandal the Elder and Hans Wandal the
Younger are listed in Sommerfelds collection; Wandal the Younger is
accredited with the polemical work Underretning om den calvinske lr-
doms urigtighed (On the falsity of Calvinist creeds), first printed in .
Also registered is the Aarhus vicar Peder Nakskov (died ) with his
sermons on the catechism, namely Den rene evangeliske religions artikler:
This book became highly popular and was therefore reprinted on sev-
eral occasions, and certain parts of the book were also translated into
English (DBL XII:).5 Also registered is the work Thedae nuptiales
a patre luminum accensae which was written by the head of the poor relief
in Copenhagen, the bishop of Aalborg Frands Thestrup ().
Several funeral orations and Four note books (spille bger) are also
listed in Sommerfelds collection, as is Johan Brunsmanns Calendarium
5 DBL: Dansk biografisk lexicon, .

chapter five
perpetuum: This latter book seems to have had a specific reception field
in Trondheim, an influence which presumably derived from local market
forces.
English works are also registered in Sommerfelds collection, but not
in abundance. Nevertheless, certain familiar names such as Francis Rous,
John Adams and Richard Baxter are listed; the latter in particular is
accredited with several titles, some of these apparently in German trans-
lation. Thomas Watson is also accredited with several works, while John
Boys from Canterbury, an author also previously encountered, is repre-
sented by the work Kern und Stern. Matthias Virellus, a th-century
English theologian, is accredited with the work Compendium religionis
christianae (AGL IV:). Also listed are an English Bible and a work
referred to as Florilegium anglicam.
A cluster of Calvinist authors are also listed in Sommerfelds collection,
for example Franciscus Ridder and Augustin Marloratus (born );
the latter is accredited with the work Novi Testamenti catholica expositio
ecclesiastica (AGL III:). Also listed are Caspar Sibelius and Theodor
Hase (born ): Hase, a professor of biblical philology from Hanau
and a preacher in various Dutch and German cities, is accredited with
the work Disputat. de Scriptura sacra (AGL II:). The th-
century preacher in The Hague Caspar Streso, is recorded with the work
Comment. in Acta Apostolorum (AGL IV:), and the Calvinist
archdeacon Petrus Werenfels (born ) is also registered. As in previ-
ous Trondheim collections, Jacques Abbadies name appears (Sermons),
and Hermann Witsius is also accredited with a theological work, as is
Philipp Otto Vietor. Given this outline, most Calvinists recorded in Som-
merfelds collection were of Dutch origin or had some kind of profes-
sional attachment to the Netherlands, which illustrates the importance
of the Netherlands as a network area in the supply of Calvinist litera-
ture to the Trondheim book market: Titles such as Davids psalms in
Dutch and Guldener clenod also reflect this apparently close relation-
ship between Trondheim and the Netherlands with regard to the book
trade.
Only one Catholic work has been identified in Sommerfelds collec-
tion, notably an Epistola accredited to Petrus Bembus (born ), a
Cardinal appointed by Paul III and a bishop of Bergamo (AGL I:
). However, a range of French titles indicating more general works
are listed in Sommerfelds collection: A French Bible (frandsk bibel), A
New Testament in French, A French catechism as well as An English-
French-Danish catechism are listed, as is a book entitled La morale. An
item referred to as Nouveau Testament italice is also registered in Som-

merfelds collection, alongside a volume entitled New Testament ex volm.
Davidis; the latter work was allegedly printed in Belgium.
In the light of the findings discussed so far, it can be concluded
that also Trondheim clerical libraries registered in the period
were mainly constructed around a relatively large core of German
Lutheran theological writings. Some of these writings were of late th-
or even th-century origin: These newcomers, however, dilute, but
hardly overturn, the hegemony of late th- and early th-century
authors. The book collections examined in this section also attest to
the rise in French literature symbolic of the th century. Similar to
the Bergen collections, however, is the impact of works of English and
Dutch origin, as well as the above mentioned pervasive German influence
and the rather limited number of works written by domestic authors.
Such occurrences, naturally, point to the internationality of the European
marketplace of ideas.
None of the book owners outlined in this section, apart from Lund, were
in possession of more impressive collections of non-theological litera-
ture, at least given the relatively important size of the various collections.
All of the collections, however, contained at least a minimum of non-
theological literature, and much of this literature reflects the periods edu-
cational curriculum.
As to Harboes book collection, only a limited number of non-theo-
logical books are recorded. Of these, some are accredited to various
antique authors, notably Ovid, Cornelius Nepos, Terence, Cicero and
Curtius. From among the humanist authors, Erasmus is recorded, as is
a very limited number of philological works: Calepino and Jens Jersin
(died ), who were important to the periods Latin school education,
are both accredited with a grammatical work, while a title referred to
as A cut lexicon might also refer to a work of this genre. On history,
Georg Horn (born ), who served as professor of history, political
theory and geography at Leiden, is accredited with the work Arca Noae,
sive historia imperiorum et regnorum condito orbe ad nostra tempora
(AGL II:), and a historical work is also accredited to the
th-century German historian Daniel Pareus. A work referred to as
chapter five
Regulae historicae is listed, while the professor of jurisprudence Johan

Loccenius (born ), who also served as historiographer royal and bib-
liothecarius at the Swedish University of Uppsala, is accredited with the
work Syntagma dissertationum politicarum (AGL II:). Chris-
tian Vs Law is also listed.
A few books related to medicine are also listed in Harboes collec-
tion, and some of these, as in previous collections, reflect the alchemical
and magical tradition: Basilica Chymica is accredited to the Paracelsian-
inspired author Oswald Croll, while Physiognomica & chiromantia is
accredited to Rudolph Gocklenius the Younger (born ), an author
who was similarly inspired by Paracelsuss spiritualist theology. Gottfried
Vogt (born ), a headmaster from Hamburg, is included with the
work Physicalischen Zeit-Vertreiber (AGL IV:). Another med-
ical book in Harobes collection is accredited to the physician Lazarus
Riverius, namely Institutiones medicae. From the Danish camp, Thomas
Bartholin is listed (Vasa lymphatica), and another book in the collec-
tion is entitled Medica institutiones pharmaceutica. As to philosophy, a
book referred to as Definitiones philosophiae is recorded, and one vol-
ume is entitled Raritet cabinet, perhaps indicating a work on natural his-
tory. Given these titles, a wide range of topics must have been included in
Harboes collection; this, naturally, was in line with the periods scientific
consensus.
A higher number of non-theological works is listed in Lunds collec-
tion, which is natural given the size of his collection. For a collection
amounting to approximately works, however, the number of scien-
tific, non-theological literature is not impressive. Still, a wide range of
topics is included, for example astronomy, medicine and history. And,
as expected, the antique legacy is also highly visible in Lunds collec-
tion: Several antique authors are listed, including Herodotus, Claudi-
anus, Cicero, Plutarch, Lukian, Juvenal, Josephus, Valerius Maximus,
Aulus Gellius (Noctes atticae), Dictys of Crete (On the Trojan war), and
Lucretius (De rerum natura). One work in Lunds collection is referred
to as Historia deorum, while several humanists are also listed, includ-
ing Erasmus, Janus Gruter, Petrarch, Gerardus Vossius and Daniel Hein-
sius. The Venetian humanist Natalis Comes (died ) is represented by
the work Mythologica, while Philipp Camerarius (died ) is accred-
ited with the work Centuriae tres horarum subsicivarum (AGL I:
). Alexander Donatus (born ), a professor of rhetoric at Rome,
is similarly represented with the work Roma vetus ac recens (AGL II:),
while Christoph Cellarius, a criticus and professor of history and rhetoric
at Halle, is accredited with the work Antibarbarus. Various philological

books are also registered in Lunds collection, although these are not as
numerous as those listed in von Westens collection. As with previous
findings, many of the philological books in Lunds collection were writ-
ten by scholars who worked in the Netherlands, and most of the listed
works reflect the periods Hebrew and / or Latin curriculum. Neverthe-
less, a limited number of titles also indicate grammatical works covering
other languages, such as English, French and Danish (see table ).
Table : Philological works listed in Lunds collection
Several philological books are listed in Lunds collection, one of them vaguely
being referred to as Lexicon latinum graecum. Several books are also accredi-
ted to the philologist Johannes Buxdorf the Elder, for instance his Opus con-
cordantiarum. An Old Latin lexicon is also listed, and a Dialectica is accre-
dited to the philologist Johann Sturm (born ). The rd-century gram-
marian Censorinus is accredited with the work De die natali (AGL I:),
while a Hebrew grammar is accredited to Martin Trost (born ), a Ger-
man professor of Hebrew. Also listed in Lunds collection is the work De
antiquis mensuris hebraeorum by Caspar Waser (born ), a professor
of Hebrew (AGL IV:), while Johann Leusden, a famous philo-
logist, is represented by his work Philologus hebraeus. The philologist Wil-
helm Schickard, a professor of Hebrew at Tbingen, is accredited with the
work Horologium hebraeum (AGL IV:), as is the theologian and
philologist Johann Forster the Elder (born ), a professor of Hebrew
at Wittenberg, with his Hebrew Lexicon (AGL II:). Jacob Alting
(born ), a professor of oriental languages, is likewise registered with a
Hebrew grammar (AGL I:), and a Hebrew grammar is also accredi-
ted to the professor of oriental languages Thomas Erpenius (born ). Two
works on Hebrew language are accredited to the philologist Adrian Reland
(died ), a lecturer on oriental languages at Utrecht and Leiden, while
Anton Hulsius (died ), a Dutch doctor of theology who served as pro-
fessor of Hebrew, is registered with the work Nomenclator biblicus hebraeo-
latinus (AGL II:). The Jesuit Jacob Gretser (born ) is also accredited
with a work on linguistics. From among the Danish authors, Thomas Bang
is accredited with the work Caelum orientis et prisci mundi, a work in which
Bang opposed to the idea that Adam had invented alphabetic writing. Several
works in Lunds collection also relate to English and French: An English dic-
tionary as well as a French dictionary are listed, as are a Dictionarium lingvo
latine & anglicane and a French grammar. The English theologian and mathe-
matician John Wallis (born ), serving as professor of geometry at Oxford,
is included with the work Grammatica linguae anglicae (AGL IV:),
and a Danish grammar is accredited to Erik Pontoppidan the Elder, namely
his Grammatica danica.
Several historical works are also included in Lunds collection, and some
of these relate to Danish-Norwegian history. Thormod Torfaeus, for
chapter five
instance, is accredited with the book Commentatio historica, as is the

medieval Icelandic historian Snorre with his Edda islandorum. Claus
Lyschanders (died ) account of the glorious ancestry of the Danish
kings, Synopsis historiarum danicarum, is also listed. Thomas Bartholin
is accredited with his work Antiqvit. danica, printed in , and Arild
Hvitfelds historical accounts of the lives and deeds of Christian II and
Frederik II are also recorded. Johan Ulrich Wallich (died ) from
Weimar, a Swedish royal secretary working in Turkey, is accredited with
the work Beschreibung turckischer Religion, nemst Mahomets Leben (AGL
IV:). An account of the life of Louis XIV is also recorded as being
in Lunds possession, as are works entitled Britani antiqve and La cav-
allerie francoico & italienne. A work entitled Europaeische mercurius
historicus published in is also listed. Few volumes in Lunds col-
lection relate to law and political theory. However, the historiographer
Petrus Cunaeus (died ) is accredited with the work De republica
hebraeorum (AGL I:). Also listed is the corpus of medieval
law Hird skraa, and referring to a similar context are such titles as Glos-
sarium juridicum and Corpus juri canonici gratione, the latter relating
to Catholic canonical law. Carol ab Hagen, a th-century lawyer from
Hollstein, is accredited with the work Institutiones jurisprudentiae publi-
cae (AGL II:), and on political theory, Samuel Pufendorf is listed.
A number of geographical and cosmological works are also listed in
Lunds collection, although the number is not especially significant given
the size of the collection. One volume in Lunds collection, however, is
referred to as Merculae cosmographia, while the work Cosmographia is
accredited to Petrus Apianus (born ), a famous mathematician sup-
ported by Charles V. Paulus Merulas (died ) Cosmographia generalis
is also listed; Merula was a professor at Leiden. A work entitled Com-
pendium cosmographicum is also recorded, a title which most likely indi-
cates Hans Nansens widely disseminated work of similar title. Casparus
Danckwert (died ), a physician and geographer who became mayor
of Husum in Holstein, is also accredited with a work on geography. One
volume entitled Marchets geographie is also recorded, as is Philipp Clu-
vers (died ) Introductio in universam geographiam. Several maps of
European cities are also included in Lunds collection, as is A small atlas
and a Dictionarium geographiae. A book referred to as The geographi-
cal grammar is also recorded, as are Johannes Hubners Geographie and
Historische Fragen. Hubner, who ended his career as headmaster of a
school in Hamburg, enjoyed remarkable popularity: His Geographie was
reprinted at least thirty-six times and in more than , exemplars,
and the work was also translated into languages such as Dutch, French,
Italian and Swedish (AGL II:). Nearer to , some of Hub-
ners works were also translated into Danish. The presence of such works
in Lunds collection point to the mounting interest in geographical topics
in course of the th century.
A cluster of books in Lunds collection also relates to mathematics and
astronomy. One of the recorded books is referred to as Voigts Matema-
tische Rariteter, and a work entitled Cursus mathematicus is also listed. A
mathematical work written by Abraham de Grau (born ), professor
of mathematics at Franecker, is also registered, as is a mathematical work
accredited to Philipp Lansberg (born ), a preacher from Antwerp
who ended his career in Middelburg (AGL II:). The Jesuit math-
ematician Christopher Clavius (died ), who corrected the Julian
calendar, is accredited with a work recorded as Sphaerica: This vaguely
referred to title points either to his Comment. in sphaeram de Sacrobosco
or to his Comment. in Euclidis elementa geometrica (AGL I:).
The famous Amsterdam printer Wilhelm Blaauw (died ) is repre-
sented by the work Unterricht von der Astronomie which is referred to
in the inventory as Institutio astronomica (AGL I:). A work enti-
tled Historia novi orbis is also recorded, as is Brunsmanns Calendarium
perpetuum which was apparently highly popular in Trondheim, as noted
above.
Books on medicine and anatomy are also included in Lunds book col-
lection: Lazarus Riverius is accredited with a work entitled Institutiones
medicae, as is the physician Daniel Sennert with his Epitome scientiae
naturalis. On anatomy, a work referred to as Galenii Vesalii anatomie is
listed; whether this title indicates Andreas Vesaliuss (died ) Anato-
mia practica, however, is uncertain. The Dutch anatomist Paul Barbette
(born ) is accredited with a work referred to solely as Praxis, which
points either to his Praxis medica or to his Praxis chirurgica. An Anatomia
is also accredited to Steven Blankaart (died ), while Caspar Bartholin
the Elder is accredited with the work Anatomia reformata. As to related
topics, the German physician Johann Sperling is accredited with a work
entitled Physica, and the Danish scientist Niels Stensen, Steno, is accred-
ited with two scientific works, one being his observations on muscles.
Works on alchemy or iatrochemisty are similarly included, such as
Andreas Libaviuss (died ) Alchymia and two works on Hermetism
and Paracelsianism written by the Danish scientist Ole Borch, namely
Conspectus scriptum chemicorum and Hermetis, aegyptiorum & chemico-
rum sapienta ab Herm. Conringii animadversionibus vindicata. Thodore
chapter five
Turquet de Mayerne (born ), who was inspired by the spiritual

chemistry of Quercetanus, is represented by the work Syntagma praxeos
in morbis internis praecipe chronicis, and the first Norwegian iatrochem-
ical work on the virtues of vitriol, written by the Trondheim physician
Joachim Irgens (died ), is also listed. Thus, some of the medically
related works in Lunds collection were written by famous figures of the
time, such as Daniel Sennert and Steven Blankaart, and most of these, like
the theological ones, were written by German, Dutch or Danish authors.
The English impact seems to have been largely restricted to religious or
theological literature.
Several books in Lunds collection relate to rhetoric and logic. The
Jesuit Michael Pexenfelder (born ), who taught rhetoric for twenty-
two years, is accredited with the work Apparatus eruditionis, tam rerum
quam verborum, per omnes artes & scientias (AGL III:). Georg
Leuschner (born ), the headmaster of various German schools,
is included with the work Analysis logica (AGL II:). Casper
Bartholin the Elders Logica and Aristotles Logica are also registered. The
work Examen physicae, metaphysicae & logicae photinianae by the theolo-
gian and superintendent in Schweinfurt, Andreas Kessler (born ), is
also listed, as is Franco Burgersdicius (born ), a professor of phi-
losophy at Saumur and later of logic and ethics at Leiden, with his Insti-
tutiones logicae (AGL I:). A work on logic is also accredited
to Johann Scharff, a Wittenberg professor of philosophy, and Theodor
Zwinger (died ), a professor of medicine at Basel, is recorded with
his most famous work, namely Theatrum vitae humanae.
As to physics and metaphysics, Christoph Scheiblers (born )
Epitome metaphysica and Synopsis methodicae philosophiae are listed;
Scheibler therefore saw a certain dissemination of his works in west-
ern Norway. The Copenhagen professor Cort Aslaksns Physica & ethica
mosaica is also recorded, a work which likewise appeared in the Bergen
inventories. Also Andreas Frommans (born ) Metaphysica is listed;
Fromman served as teacher of logic at the Coburg Gymnasium. A philo-
sophical work is accredited to the Paduan and neo-Platonic professor
of philosophy Francesco Piccolomini (died ), while Bartholomaeus
Keckermann is accredited with a work entitled Philosophia. A work enti-
tled Synopsis totius philosophiae is also recorded. One of the recorded
works is referred to solely as Philosophiae cartesianae, which indicates
that mechanist philosophy also found its way into Trondheim book col-
lections, despite the prime focus being on more traditional philoso-
phy written by major early modern figures such as Andreas Fromman,
Bartholomaeus Keckermann and Christoph Scheibler. Edmund Dickin-

son (died ), a royal physician and alchemist, is represented by his
work Physica vetus & vera (AGL II:).
Various other types of literature are also included in Lunds collec-
tion. Laurent Luden (born ), for instance, who served as biblio-
thecarius and as a professor at Greifswald, is accredited with the work
De informatione prudentiae ad usu liber (AGL II:). An issue of
the Cartesian-inspired journal Journal des savans () is recorded.
It would seem that at least two fictional works were listed: Ragguagli
di Parnasso is accredited to the Italian author of satirical writings Tra-
jan Boccalini (born ), a work that was translated into several lan-
guages (AGL I:); also, a work entitled Robinson Crusoe was included
in Lunds collection although it is not directly accredited to Daniel Defoe.
It would therefore seem that the non-theological books in Lunds collec-
tion relate both to the periods educational curriculum and to the wide
range of theories circulating on the contemporary European market-
place of ideas.
Only a limited number of non-theological works are listed in Som-
merfelds book collection. Some of these, however, reflect the tradi-
tional antique and philological canon. Of the antique authors, Cornelius
Nepos, Juvenal, Terence, Valerius Maximus and Ovid are listed, while the
humanist Johann Amos Comenius is accredited with the work Orbis pic-
tus. As to philology, several works are noted, for instance Johannes Bux-
dorf the Elders Lexicon chaldaico-talmudico-rabbinico-hebraicum. Other
titles relating to philology include Observationes lingvae latinae and A
small Latin grammar. The Danish scholar Thomas Bangs Latin gram-
mar is also listed, as is a Greek grammar. A number of English and
French grammars are also listed, including such titles as Dictionarium
latino gallicum, A French grammar and a Dictionarum latino anglicum.
A work referred to as Pepitos French grammar is also listed in Som-
merfelds collection, as is a French grammar accredited to Pierre Richelet
(died ), a lawyer who worked for the Paris Parlement (AGL III:
). The mathematician and publisher of almanacs Niels Heldvad
(born ) is accredited with the work Onomasticon etymologicum,
whereas Michael Pexenfelder is accredited with his work Apparatus eru-
ditionis.
A cluster of books covering history and political theory are also in-
cluded in Sommerfelds collection. The Norwegian parson and histo-
rian Jonas Ramus is represented with his account of Odysseuss alleged
adventures in the heathen north, namely his Ulysses & Otinus. The highly
chapter five
celebrated statesman Andreas Hoyer (born ) is accredited with the

work Kurtz gefaszte Dnnemrckische Geschichte (FDNI IV:). A
work entitled Beschreibung der Grnlanden is also recorded, as are books
entitled Historia universalis and Articles of war. A work portraying the
lives of Portuguese and Spanish kings is registered, as are several works
accredited to Johannes Hubner, including Fragen aus der Genealogie,
Geographie and Politische und historische Fragen. Works entitled Brevis
introductio in hist. universalis and Politische Bedenkingen, introductionem
in omnes respublica are also listed. The historian Georg Horn (born )
is registered with his work Orbis politicus (AGL II:). As to
books on law, only one Norwegian law is listed.
Only a limited number of books in Sommerfelds collection are de-
voted to the physical sciences. On medicine, Felix Platters (born )
Praxis medica is listed, as is a work referred to as A small medical
book in German. Several other titles also relate to the medical field,
notably Anatomia & medicina nova, reportedly printed in Geneva in
, Manuscriptum medicum and A book on medicine (lgebog). On
botany, a Herbarium is accredited to the famous Italian botanist Pietro
Andrea Mattioli (died ).
Several books in Sommerfelds collection also cover physics, meta-
physics, philosophy, ethics and logic. A work entitled Physica is accred-
ited to Caspar Bartholin the Elder, while another Physica is accredited
to Johannes Christoph Sturm (born ); Sturm, who also published
on astronomy and Cartesian philosophy, served as professor of math-
ematics and physics at Altorf (AGL IV:). Johann Weise from
Thuringia is accredited with at least two books, one on ethics and one
on metaphysics. A work referred to as Ethica aristotelice is also recorded,
as is Aristotles Problemata. Of the pedagogical and philosophical works
of note is Andreas Reyhers (born ) Margeritha philosophica; Rey-
her served as headmaster at the gymnasium in Schlusingen as well as
in Lneburg and Gotha (AGL III:). Euclids Enchiridion is
also listed. Meanwhile, the Danish teacher and cleric Sren Mathiesen
(died ) is accredited with his widely disseminated book on accoun-
tancy, Regnebok. On more occult matters, there are books entitled Occulta
natura and De mirabil. natura; the latter work is accredited to Alber-
tus Magnus. Also Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (died ) is listed in
Sommerfelds inventory, but as no specific title is indicated, it is unclear
whether the registration hides the presence of one of his more philosoph-
ical and occult works. Of a totally different character is Nicolas Venettes
(died ) physiological work La gnration de lhomme ou tableau de
l amour conjugal; this book deals with, among other topics, menstrual
bleeding and premenstrual tension. Books representing genres other
than those outlined so far are also registered in Sommerfelds collection:
There is a catalogue, for example, of various other book collections, and
a collection of French and German letters. Fictional literature is also
recorded: What is referred to as A French novel, for instance, is recorded
(in duodecimo), as is a work listed as Several merry (lystige) questions
in German.
Overall, thus, German as well as Dutch influences remain strong
across the different collections registered in Trondheim clerical invento-
ries , as several of the listed books were written by authors who
had some kind of professional connections with these areas. Still, this
does not imply that books were written only by such exponents: Books
originating in other traditions also found their way to Trondheim, and
these covered a wide range of topics, including geography, metaphysics,
medicine, alchemy and rhetoric.

As to the general outlook of the book collections analysed so far, the

most important feature, as with previous findings, is the remarkably high
number of German Lutheran authors listed. Approximately ninety differ-
ent authors of religious works have been identified (see table ), which
implies that a vast number of authors saw their works reach Trondheim.
Similarly to previous findings, however, only a few of these authors were
listed more than once: Only twenty-five authors were registered twice or
more than twice across the different collections (see table ), which indi-
cates that few authors seems to have been given prominence by Trond-
heim book collectors.
Harboe, Lund and Sommerfeld
German Lutheran authors listed in the collections of Harboe, Lund and
Sommerfeld are: Georg Albrecht, Wilhelm Alard, Johann Arndt, Josua Arndt,
Friedrich Balduin, Fridemann Beckman, Michael Bern, Felix Bidemback,
Johann Binck, Michael Bern, Martinus Bohemus, Johann Botsak, Johan-
nes Brenz, Johann Franz Buddeus, Johannes Bugenhagen, Heinrich Bn-
ting, Georg Calixt, Abraham Calov, Sethus Calvisius, Martin Chemnitz, Da-
vid Chytraeus, Gottlieb Cober, Daniel Cramer, Hartmann Creide, Johann
chapter five
Conrad Dannhauer, Christoph Dauderstadt, Conrad Dieterich, Johann Mi-

chael Dillherr, Adam Doegen, Johann Georg Dorsch, Paul Egard, Johan-
nes Fabricius, Matthias Flacius, Erasmus Francisci, Martin Geier, Chris-
tian Gerber, Johann Gerhard, Justus Gesenius, Salomon Glassius, Zacharias
Grapius, Albert Grawer, Georg Grosshan, Georg Haberlin, Johann Ludwig
Hartmann, Johann Heermann, Johann Henning, Joachim Hildebrand, Aegi-
dius Hunnius, Nicolai Hunnius, Leonhard Hutter, Peter Kirchback, Chris-
tian Kortholt, Hieronymus Kromayer, Friedrich von Lanckisch, Michael von
Lanckisch, Johann Ludwig Langhans, Martin Luther, Polycarp Lyser, Chris-
tian Matthiae, Balthasar Meisner, Philipp Melanchthon, Balthasar Mentzer,
Johann Heinrich Michaelis, Peter Michaelis, Martinus Mirus, Heinrich Ml-
ler, Philipp Nicolai, Johann Adam Osiander, Gregor Strigenitz, August Pfeif-
fer, Moses Pflacher, Andreas Prckner, David Runge, Sebastian Schmidt,
Christian Scriver, Cyriacus Spangenberg, Philipp Jacob Spener, Paul Stock-
mann, Victorin Strigel, Johann Tarnow, Johann Thaddaeus, Nathanael Tile-
sius, Johann Heinrich Ursinus, Gottfried Vogt, Georg Walther, Michael Walt-
her the Elder, Johann Weihenmayer, Johannes Wigand, Johann Winckel-
man.
Table : German Lutheran authors listed more than once across the collec-
tions of Harboe, Lund and Sommerfeld
Listed times Georg Albrecht, Johann Arndt, Felix Bidemback, Johann
Gerhard, Johann Heermann, Martin Luther, Heinrich
Mller
Listed twice Wilhelm Alard, Friedrich Balduin, Johann Botsak, Hein-
rich Bnting, Abraham Calov, Martin Chemnitz, Daniel
Cramer, Conrad Dieterich, Martin Geier, Salomon Glas-
sius, Hieronymus Kromayer, Christian Matthiae, Balthasar
Meisner, Gregor Strigenitz, Johann Tarnow, Johann Thad-
daeus, Nathanael Tilesius, Johann Weihenmayer
As to the English authors, only twenty-three names have been identified
(see table ). Of these, only two authors are listed twice across the
different collections, namely Thomas Watson and John Boys. However,
the low registration of books written by English authors might also be the
result of slapdash registration: Approximately twenty vaguely referred
to titles with no authors names also suggest an English origin, which
implies that an underrepresentation of such works is likely to occur in
the table below.
Table : Concordance of English authors listed in the collections of Harboe,
Lund and Sommerfeld
English authors listed in the collections of Harboe, Lund and Sommerfeld are:
William Attersoll, Thomas Adams, Lancelot Andrews, Richard Baxter, John
Boys, John Bunyan, Joseph Caryl, William Cave, William Day (died ),
John Doughtey, Thomas Fuller, Thomas Gataker, Joseph Hall, John Lightfoot,
Adam Littleton, John Owen (died ), William Perkins, Francis Rous,
Robert Sanderson, William Seymar, John Trapp, Matthias Virellus, Thomas
Watson.
As to the Calvinists, twenty-six authors have been identified (see table
), slightly more than the English authors. Of these, however, only four
authors are listed more than once: Augustin Marloratus, Philipp Otto
Vietor and Hermann Witsius are listed in two of the book collections,
whereas Caspar Sibelius appears in all three. Sibelius, therefore, also had
a certain impact on the Trondheim book market, although he seems to
have been less important among Trondheim clerics than among their
Bergen counterparts.
Table : Concordance of Calvinist authors listed in the collections of Harboe,
Lund and Sommerfeld
Calvinist authors listed in the collections of Harboe, Lund and Sommerfeld
are: Jacques Abbadie, Johann Heinrich Alsted, Wilhelm Baudartius, Hein-
rich Bullinger, Franciscus Burmann the Elder, Anton Bynaeus, Sebastian
Castellio, Johannes Cocceius, Theodor Hase, David Knibbe, Augustin Mar-
loratus, Wilhelm Momma, Franciscus Ridder, Andreas Rivet, Anton de la
Roche, Abraham Scultetus, Caspar Sibelius, Friedrich Spanheim the Elder,
Friedrich Spanheim the Younger, Caspar Streso, Immanuel Tremellius, Phil-
ipp Otto Vietor, Campegius Vitringa, Gisbert Voetius, Petrus Werenfels, Her-
mann Witsius.
The number of Catholic authors, however, is sparse in the Trondheim
book collections outlined so far: Only ten authors are listed (see table
), and of these, only two authors are listed twice, namely Jeremias
Drexel and Robert Bellarmine. Also the number of Danish-Norwegian
authors is relatively low, at least when compared to the works of German
origin.
Table : Concordance of Catholic authors listed in the collections of Harboe,
Lund and Sommerfeld
Catholic authors listed in the collections of Harboe, Lund and Sommerfeld
are: Charles Franois dAbra (Raconis), Didacus Alvarez, Petrus Bembus,
Robert Bellarmine, Christopher de Castro, Jeremias Drexel, Ludovicus Gra-
natensis, Antonius Maria Gratianus, Anton Lullus, Diego Stella.
In the light of these recordings, various conclusions might be drawn.
First, the German Lutheran impact remains vital, and it would seem
that a vast range of authors were given importance on the Trondheim
book market. Second, a range of more novel German authors are also
included in some of the collections, although the number of these is not
chapter five
outstanding. Given the total number of religious-theological works, how-

ever, it is mostly German, Dutch, English and Danish-Norwegian authors
whose works found their way to Trondheim clerical book collections.
As far as non-theological literature is concerned, a number of books
covering history and geography is noticeable, which points to the mount-
ing importance of such subjects in the educational setting. Other topics
covered also relate to the periods educational curriculum, for example
church history, logic, rhetoric, metaphysics and philology. Medical works
were also included in most of the book collections outlined, which might
reflect the ongoing importance of medicine to clerical education. These
non-theological works were mainly written by German authors, although
authors of Danish-Norwegian and Dutch origin, as well as sometimes
English origin, would also sometimes occur.
Four book collections are registered in Trondheim clerical probate re-

cords for the period , and these belonged to Lorens Holst
(ca volumes), Hans Ravensdorf (ca volumes), Erik Dreier (ca
volumes) and Catharina Holst (ca volumes). All these libraries
were relatively important in terms of size, and were, with the exception of
Lorens Holsts book collection, registered within the city of Trondheim.
All four collections also share certain similarities with those previously
examined, one being the pervasive influence from German authors.
The inventory of the late curate of Indery, Lorens Holst, was recorded
in .6 As noted above, Holsts book collection numbered ap-
proximately volumes, and it comprised a wide range of topics, includ-
ing theology, history, geography and geology. Unfortunately, as many as
sixty-eight volumes listed in this particular inventory are referred to only
by a number and not by title or authors name; this makes a total classi-
fication of the listed works impossible. From the information that can
be ascertained, however, Holsts collection contained a range of German
Lutheran authors, some of whom were newcomers when compared to
previous findings (see table ).

Table : German Lutheran theologians listed in Holsts book collection

Several familiar names are listed in Holsts collection, namely Georg Albrect,
Felix Bidemback, Johann Binck, Johannes Brenz, Johannes Bugenhagen,
Abraham Calov, Martin Chemnitz, David Chytraeus, Daniel Cramer, Con-
rad Dieterich, Johann Michael Dillherr, Matthias Flacius, Johann Gerhard,
Salomon Glassius, Valerius Herberger, Aegidius Hunnius, Leonhard Hutter,
Balthasar Meisner, Balthasar Mentzer, Christian Scriver and Johann Hein-
rich Ursinus. Philipp Nicolai is accredited with his widely disseminated work
Theoria vitae aeternae and Johannes Sleidanus with his commercially success-
ful De quattuor monarchiis. Also previously encountered are Josua Arndt and
Thomas Crenius; the latter is accredited with several works. Samuel Rling is
accredited with the by now familiar work Succus propheticus, as is Johannes
Spangenberg (born ) with his Evangelien Epistel und Kinder Postille,
a work that was prefaced by Luther (AGL IV:). Michael Walther the
Elder is represented with the work Officina bibl. (AGL IV:), and
the theologian Heinrich Eckard, a professor of theology and superintendent
in Franckenhausen, with the work Theologia Calvinianorum (AGL II:
). Johann Conrad Dannhauer is represented with his work Idea boni
interpretis. As to newcomers, a theological work is accredited to Friedrich
Rappolt (born ) who concluded his career as professor of theology at
Leipzig (AGL III:). The German author Severus Walther Sluter
(died ) is also included with the work Propyleum historiae christianae.
The preacher from Thuringia Christian Avianus, living around , is also
listed, and Paulus Laurentius (born ), a superintendent in Dresden, is
also accredited with one work.
On church history, only a few volumes are listed: Theophilus Spizel
(born ), a polyhistor and senior minister in Augsburg, is accred-
ited with the work Sacra bibliothecarum illustrium arcane retecta (AGL
IV:), and Georg Fabricius (born ), a famous criticus and
poet, is accredited with the work Historia sacra (AGL II:). Bene-
dikt Carpzov (born ), a professor of jurisprudence at Dresden, is
listed with the work Definitiones ecclesiasticae seu consistoriales (AGL
I:). Titles such as Consilia theologica Wittenbergensia and Vulgata
versionis censura are also listed, as are various works by pre-Reformation
theologians: Augustines Confessiones, with commentaries by Balthasar
Mentzer, is listed, as are his Meditationes, as well as Aquinass Summa. An
Opera is also accredited to Gregory the Great, a work allegedly printed in
Paris in , while the th-century Constantinople patriarch Nicepho-
rus is accredited with the work Historia Byzantina.
A number of books in Holsts possession were written by Danish-
Norwegian authors. Some of these, naturally, were written by major
figures of the time, for instance Niels Hemmingsen, Henrik Gerner,
chapter five
Johan Brunsmann (Phosphorus), Hans Wandal the Younger (Hypotypo-

sis), Hans Poulsen Resen and Caspar Brochmand; the latter is accredited
with his works Theologia contra speculum Brandenburgi and Systema. The
noble statesman Oluf Rosenkrantz is registered with the work Apologia
nobilitatis danica, a work that led to his fall from grace (FDNI VII:
). The Danish theologian Johann Monrad (born ) is accredited
with the work Thesaurus concionatorum. Also listed, as in most of the
book collections examined so far, are several funeral orations, psalters
and theological disputations, as well as an altar book, a book on church
rituals and a Church Ordinance.
The English impact is also discernable in Holsts collection through
authors such as Thomas Gataker, Richard Ward (died ) and Richard
Cumberland (died ): Cumberland, who became bishop of Peter-
borough following the accession of William III, is accredited with the
work Disquisitio de legibus naturae (AGL I:). The bishop John Pear-
son (died ) is also accredited with one work, whereas the divine
William Chillingworth (born ) is represented by the work The reli-
gion of Protestants a safe way to salvation (AGL I:). William Slater
(or Slatyer, died ) is accredited with the work Exposition and notes
upon the first and second Epistles to the Corinthians and Thessaloni-
ans (AGL IV:), while Paraphrasis ber die Psalmen is accred-
ited to the famous historian and poet George Buchanan, born in Scot-
land in ; this work was apparently translated into German before
finding its way to the Norwegian book market. The English theolo-
gian Isaac Ambrosius (died ) is also accredited with two works in
Dutch translation, while some vaguely referred to titles might indicate
books written by Joseph Hall and Joseph Mede, although this cannot be
fully ascertained from the limited details given. An English Bible is also
registered, as are books entitled Whole deity of man and New and old
things.
Some Calvinist works are also recorded in Holsts collection, and some
of these were written by familiar figures such as Jean Calvin (Institu-
tiones), Johann Heinrich Alsted and Augustin Marloratus. The Calvin-
ist theologian Johann Heinrich Heidegger (born ), a professor of
Hebrew who was educated in Heidelberg, is accredited with the work
Enchiridion biblicum (AGL II:), and one work is ascribed to
Andreas Rivet (born ), a professor of theology at Leiden. Johann
Heinrich Hottingers Historia ecclesiastica Novi Testamenti in an impres-
sive nine volume edition in octavo is also registered, as is his Ana-
lecta historico-theologica (AGL II:). Similarly, Ludwig Lavater, an
archdeacon in Zrich, is registered with his work Commentarii in Gen-

esin (AGL II:). Amandus Polanus (born ), a professor
of theology at Basel, is accredited with his commentaries on Daniel
(AGL III:), while the originally Swiss archdeacon from Mn-
ster, Rudolph Hospinian (born ), is registered with his work Concor-
dia discordis (AGL II:). Hence, it would seem that the Dutch,
but also Swiss impact was important in Holsts collection in relation to
the dissemination of Calvinist literature.
A cluster of works in Holsts collection also relate to the Catholic tra-
dition: The th-century author Jacob Marchant, a pastor in Couvin,
is accredited with the work Rationale evangelizantinum (AGL III:),
while the th-century Benedictine philosopher, historian and poet Car-
olus Stengel, is accredited with the work Optica praelatorum & pasto-
rum (AGL IV:). The poet and Christian humanist Marcus Marullus
(died ) from Dalmatia is accredited with the work Opus de religiose
vivendi institutione (AGL III:). Some of the titles in Holsts collection
also suggest a French origin, for example Defense de la votion envers la St
Vierge, Histoire naturelle & moralis and La morale de Judith. Holsts book
collection may thus be characterized as relatively varied in outlook as
it comprises religious books of quite heterogeneous origin, occurrences
which also confirm the idea of a mounting interest in French literature
taking place towards .
The second book collection recorded in the Trondheim clerical pro-
bate records for the period belonged to Hans Ravensdorf, a
teacher (studiosus) at the Trondheim Latin School.7 The inventory was
compiled in , and approximately volumes were listed.8 In con-
trast to previous findings, a large number of books in Ravensdorf s col-
lection were either written by Danish-Norwegian authors or translated
into Danish. However, many of the listed books also reflect the traditional
range of German Lutheran authors (see table ).
Table : German Lutheran theologians listed in Ravensdorf s book collection
Several classic figures are listed in Ravensdorf s book collection, for example
Aegidius Hunnius, Nicolai Hunnius, Johann Gerhard, Martin Luther, Johann
Tarnow, Conrad Dieterich and Heinrich Bnting; the latter is accredited with
7 In the clerical probate record, Ravensdorf is referred to as studiosus, a term that
might indicate a student or someone learned. As deceased students in general were not
registered in clerical probate records, I chose to think of Ravensdorf as a teacher, which
implies that I have chosen to interpret the term studiosus as meaning a learned man.
chapter five
his most successful work in commercial terms, Itinerarium. Andreas Prck-

ner, a th-century court preacher and teacher at the gymnasium in Schwein-
furt, is registered with the work Manuale mille quaestion illustrium theologi-
carum (AGL III:), and August Hermann Francke is accredited with the
work Menschen Frucht. Abraham Hinckelmann (born ), an orientalist,
court preacher and later superintendent and professor at Giessen, is accredi-
ted with the work wichtige Fragen von Jac. Bohmens Lehre (AGL II:
). A few newcomers are also listed in Ravensdorf s collection: Hiero-
mymus Weller (born ), a first generation reformer who was eventually
appointed superintendent in Freiburg, is registered with his Antidotum adv.
tentationes (AGL IV:), as is Johann Himmel (born ), a prea-
cher in Speyer and a professor of theology at Jena, with the work De cano-
nicatu, jure canonico & theologia scholastica (AGL II:). Johann Sey-
bold, a th-century writer of schoolbooks in Halle in Swabia, is accredi-
ted with the work Officina virtutum: This work was printed in Stockholm
in according to the registration record, and is thus one of the rare
books printed in Sweden that was registered in the Trondheim clerical pro-
bate records.
Several titles referred to only vaguely in Ravensdorf s inventory also
reflect the impact of German theology: One book in Ravensdorf s col-
lection allegedly discussed Pietist activities in Halle, while another vol-
ume is referred to as Leges at the Wittenberg Academy. A book enti-
tled The Lutheran religion is listed, as are works referred to as The
first Lutheran catechism and Biblical physica. A German Bible is also
recorded in Ravensdorf s collection, as is A German question book and
A German catechism. One of the volumes in Ravensdorf s collection
is entitled Jugend Spiegel, and another is referred solely to as A prayer-
book for old people. Also pre-Reformation authors are listed, for exam-
ple Tauler, Augustine, Clement of Alexandria and Hieronymus. Interest-
ingly, a work on Islamic history is also registered, notably De religione
Mohammedica libros II written by the Dutch philologist Adrian Reland
(died ). This work was later translated into Dutch, German, French
and English (AGL III:).
Although the number of Danish-Norwegian authors in the book col-
lections analysed so far is generally small in the Trondheim clerical
inventories, Ravensdorf s collection constitutes an exemption to this
trend: Ravensdorf s collection includes a large number of Danish-Nor-
wegian works of theological as well as of general edifying character, and
many of these were written by authors already encountered in previous
listings (see table ).
Table : Danish-Norwegian religious literature listed in Ravensdorf s book

collection
Many Danish-Norwegian authors of religious works are listed in Ravensdorf s
book collection, for instance Hans Poulsen Resen, Mogens Vingaard and
Peder Mller; the latter is accredited with one of his translations of Heinrich
Mller. Another translation into Danish is also included in Ravensdorf s col-
lection, namely Voldsomme indtrngelse i Guds riige; this work was originally
written by the German theologian Friedrich Eberhard Collin (died ).
Also registered is the work Historia passionis & scripturae Jesu Christi by
the bishop of Bergen Andreas Michaelis, died (AGL III:), while
the th-century Bergen scholar Edvard Edvardsen is accredited with the
work Guds bolig hos mennesker (Gods home among mankind). Hans Bar-
tholin is accredited with a work registered as Elementa, as is the Danish
parson Peder Txen (died ) with his Solens bloed rde nedgang. Michael
Saxes (died ) Aandelig sprsmaalsbog, reportedly translated into Danish
by Hallvard Gunnarssn (died ), is also registered. The Danish theolo-
gian Elias Naur is listed with the book Golgatha paa Parnasso, as is the th-
century spiritualist Niels Chronich (born ca ), with his work Troens erin-
dring oc prfuelse. Other titles of note are the prayer-book Aandlig clenoide as
well as Trst mot dden, Samvittighetens domstol and Praxis catechetica. The
Danish bishop Jens Jersins (died ) edifying book Troens kamp oc seyr is
also listed, as are books referred to as Lections on the two natures of Christ,
A spiritual example book for Children, Biblical sentences and Evangelical
writings, all reportedly written in the Danish language. The Fredrikstad par-
son Johan Cold (born ) is accredited with the work Consilium judicium
episcopi, while Elisabeth Falsen (born ) is accredited with her Tvende
bger om fornylighed efter anviisning af fornuftens og troens grunde, which
is a Danish translation of an originally German work (FDNI III:). Several
psalters, a Danish Bible and a question-book about the catechism printed in
, are also listed, as is a volume entitled Questions and answers about a
Christian death and funeral.
As to the English works in Ravensdorf s possession, only titles are listed,
which makes a complete identification of authors impossible. Listed,
however, are titles such as The complete English scholar, printed in London
in , Apologia projuramenta fidelitatis, printed in London in , and
Apologia ecclesiae anglicanae. Other titles that indicate an English ori-
gin are for instance The true conversion and Sacred prayers in English.
Volumes such as Engelsk gudelig prdiken (English Godly sermon) and
Fearing God also point to the importance of English works to the clerical
profession. Interestingly, some French works are also included in Ravens-
dorf s collection, but these are also mostly referred to only by vague titles,
for example Trait du vrai bonheur des enfans de Dieu, reportedly printed
in Utrecht in , Conversationes sur diverses matires de religion and a
chapter five
work which might be of either religious or fictional character, namely La

demoiselle a coeur ouvert; I refer to all titles here according to the form
in which they were registered in the probate record.
Very few books in Ravensdorf s collection relate to the Calvinist tra-
dition, at least as far as one can tell from the information given. Fran-
ciscus Junius, however, is listed, and so is the Calvinist theologian in The
Hague Jacques Basnage (born ): Basnage is accredited with the work
Trait de la libert de conscience (AGL II:). Other works were also
of Dutch origin, indicated by such titles as Niewe Testament and Vragen
en bedenckingen opt vader onse, and these titles also testify to the pre-
viously noted importance of the Netherlands in the supply of books to
the Trondheim market. Likewise, only a few titles relate to the Catholic
tradition, namely The Catholic religion and The Catholic catechism.
Overall, therefore, Ravensdorf s collection can be said to mainly consist
of Lutheran literature written in the vernacular language and literature
written by German authors, features apparently rather symptomatic of a
library belonging to a low-class cleric.
The last two book collections registered in the Trondheim clerical
probate records in the period belonged to Erik Dreier and
Catharina Holst, and these book collections share certain similarities:
Neither collection contains significant occurrences of non-theological
literature, and as to theological works, the German Lutheran impact
remains vivid, particularly in the collection of Catharina Holst.
The book collection of Erik Dreier, a parish clerk (chor degn) of the
Trondheim Cathedral, was registered in , and in terms of registered
books (ca volumes), Dreier owned one of the smallest libraries reg-
istered in the Trondheim clerical probate records.9 As to the religious
works, Dreiers collection comprised a large number of works of Danish-
Norwegian origin, which might reflect Dreiers status as a member of
the lesser clergy. Because of the slapdash registration, however, a com-
plete knowledge of books listed in Dreiers collection is not accessible.
As to the German authors, several familiar names are listed, for instance
Johann Conrad Dannhauer, Conrad Dieterich and Philipp Jacob Spener
(see table ).
Table : German Lutheran theologians listed in Dreiers book collections
Some very familiar German Lutheran theologians are listed in Dreiers col-
lection, notably Hieronymus Kromayer, Conrad Dieterich and Philipp Jacob

Spener (Catechism), as well as Johann Conrad Dannhauer (Epitome dialec-

tica), Balthasar Mentzer (Exegesis Augustanae confessionis) and Johann Thad-
daeus; the latter is accredited with the work Conciliatorium biblicum. Michael
Walther the Elder is accredited with his collected sermons, Postille, while the
royal poet and preacher from Brieg, Johann Heermann, is accredited with the
work Labores sacri (AGL II:). Wilhelm Alard is accredited with his
Gulden abc. An old German Postille is also listed, as is A German book on the
art of dying.
An impressive percentage of the Danish-Norwegian works included in
Dreiers collection consisted of funeral orations, a genre which was appar-
ently particularly popular among Norwegian clerics. However, several
psalters are also listed, as are religious works accredited to the theologians
Thomas Kingo, Christian Nold, Willads Nielsen, Sren Lintrup and Jens
Bircherod: The latter is accredited with the work Synopsis locorum com-
munium. Johann Lassenius (born ), who after a life spent travelling
from place to place ended his career as professor of theology at Copen-
hagen, is accredited with the work Heiligen Perlen Schatz (AGL II:
), and Johan Slangendorff (died ), also a Copenhagen professor,
is accredited with the work Comment. in Ecclesiasten (AGL IV:). The
Helgeland cleric Jacob Hersleb (died ) is registered with the work
Asylum fidelium, eller de troendis fste og frelse i Gud. A Danish Bible is
also recorded, as is a German music book (en tydsk nodebog). Interest-
ingly, a Swedish funeral oration is also recorded.
The English influence is also discernable in Dreiers collection, from
such names as Thomas Godwin and Daniel Dyke; the latter is accredited
with a Danish translation of his very popular work on self-deceiving. A
Florilegium evangelicae accredited to a certain John Adams is also listed.
Other titles also suggest an English origin, notably The Protestant recon-
cilier, probably by Daniel Whitby, and Devout Christians companion. No
Calvinists, however, are recorded in the collection, at least as far as one
can tell from the information given. As to the Catholics, only one author
is listed, namely Ludovicus Granatensis, who is accredited with a work
vaguely referred to as Exercitia. Generally speaking, it seems as if book
owners among the lesser clergy, as opposed to their upper-class clerical
counterparts, tended to focus on purchasing literature in the vernacu-
lar language, and only to a lesser extent on theological books written by
non-Lutheran authors.
The last book collection recorded in the period belonged
to Catharina Lorentzdatter Holst, who was married to the late curate of
Our Ladys Church in Trondheim, Peder Hannings. The inventory was
chapter five
compiled in , and the book collection, which was one of the largest
to be registered in the Trondheim clerical probate records, numbered
around volumes.10 As expected, the most prominent feature of Holsts
library is the large number of German Lutheran theologians recorded. Of
these, several th-century newcomers are listed (see table ).
Table : German Lutheran theologians listed in the collection of C. Holst
A range of familiar names are listed in Holsts collection, such as Johann
Arndt, Friedrich Balduin, Johann Botsak, Georg Calixt, Abraham Calov, Mar-
tin Chemnitz, David Chytraeus, Daniel Cramer, Hartmann Creide, Johann
Conrad Dannhauer, Conrad Dieterich, Johann Michael Dillherr, August Her-
mann Francke, Johann Gerhard, Aegidius Hunnius, Leonhard Hutter, Martin
Luther, Balthasar Meisner, Philipp Melanchthon, Johann Heinrich Michaelis,
Philipp Nicolai, Martin Opitz, Samuel Rling, Johann Adam Schertzer, Sebas-
tian Schmidt, Nicolai Selneccer, Johannes Sleidanus, Johann Tarnow and
Johann Heinrich Ursinus. Several of these figures are accredited with nume-
rous works. Also listed are August Pfeiffer (Dubia vexata), Johann Benedikt
Carpzov (died ), Matthias Flacius and Victorin Strigel (Hypomnemata in
omnes libros novi Testamenti): Strigel (born ), who studied under Melan-
chthon before becoming professor of theology at Jena, was later imprisoned
because he sided with Flacius in the Majorist controversy (AGL IV:).
Joachim Lange, who ended his career as professor of theology at Halle, is also
accredited with several books, as is Johann Franz Buddeus. Reinhard Bakius
(born ), a preacher in Magdeburg, is accredited with the works Commen-
tarium in psalmos and Explicatio evangeliorum dominicalium (AGL I:).
Heinrich Eckard, a court preacher and superintendent, is accredited with the
work Pandectae controversiarum religionis, as is Johann Thaddaeus with the
work Conciliatorium biblicum. Martin Geier, court preacher in Dresden, is
accredited with a work on Daniels prophesies (AGL II:). Also regis-
tered are the first generation reformer Georg Major (died ) and the Wit-
tenberg professor of theology Johann Andreas Quenstedt (born ), the
latter with his Antiquitates biblicae & ecclesiasticae (AGL III:).
Michael Walther the Elder is also accredited with one work, namely Offi-
cina bibl. (AGL IV:). Gregor Strigenitz is also included, as is Johan-
nes Wigand, a superintendent in Jena; Wigand is accredited with a commen-
tary on the prophets (AGL IV:). A significant number of Bibles are
recorded, and some of these were edited by familiar figures: An edition of the
Bible is accredited to Osiander, which may indicate either the more here-
tical figure Andreas the Elder or Andreas the Younger (died ); Osian-
der the Younger served as superintendent and chancellor at the University

of Tbingen. Lucas Osiander the Elder is also accredited with an edition of

the Bible. Annotationes in libros biblicos is accredited to the superintendent
Johann Quistorp, born (AGL III:), whereas Hieronymus Weller
(born ), who collaborated with Luther for eight years before taking up
positions in Vienna, Copenhagen, Meissen, Leipzig and Lneburg, is accre-
dited with the work Antidotum adv. tentationes (AGL IV:). Some
authors listed in Holsts collection are also newcomers when compared to the
previously discussed collections, and some of these belonged to the th cen-
tury: A religious work is accredited to Johann Pomarius (died ), a pastor
in Magdeburg, whereas Georgius Mylius (born ), a superintendent in
Wittenberg, is accredited with the work Volumen disputationum theologica-
rum (AGL III:). Georg Stampel (born ), a canonicus in Magde-
burg and later professor of oriental languages at Frankfurt, is accredited with
the work Catechismus-Predigten (AGL IV:).
Several other authors in Holsts collection belonged to the th-century: Cas-
par Heunisch (born ), deacon and later superintendent in Oberndorf,
is accredited with the work Clavis apocalyptica & Ezechielica (AGL II:
). Johann Jacob Ramback (born ), a professor at Halle and later
Copenhagen, is also registered with one work, while Johann Heinrich Majus
(born ), a court preacher and superintendent, is accredited with the
work Oeconomia judiciorum divinorum (AGL III:). Friedrich Wer-
ner (born ), a doctor of theology and archdeacon in Leiden, is accre-
dited with the work Praecepta theologiae exegeticae de hermeneutica sacra
(AGL IV:). Misander, i.e. Johann Samuel Adami (born ), a teacher,
pastor and poet, is registered with his Deliciae evangel. (AGL I:). A theo-
logical work is also ascribed to Anton Wilhelm Boehme (died ): Boe-
hme, who was originally trained in Halle, ended his career as court preacher
to Queen Anne and George I (AGL I:). Johann Friedrich Koenig
(born ), a professor of theology at Rostock and superintendent in Meck-
lenburg, is represented by his Theologia positiva acroamatica (AGL II:
). Christian Kortholt (born ), a professor of theology at Kiel, is regis-
tered with the work Pastor fidelis (AGL II:), as is August Varenius
(born ), a professor of theology and Hebrew, with his Decades Mosaicae
(AGL IV:). Johann Reinhard Hedinger (born ), a professor
at Giessen and a court preacher, is accredited with the work Passions Spie-
gel (AGL II:). The vague title Meditationes is ascribed to Philipp
Kegel, a th-century author of edifying literature who served at the Lne-
burg court (AGL II:). A work entitled Meditationes is also accredited to
Gotthold, which might possibly indicate a work written by Christian Scri-
ver who used Gotthold as a pseudonym. Of more uncertain character can
be noted a work written by Jacob Manlius (Mennel, died ), an advisor
and historian to Maximillian II of Austria, namely Locorum communium ex
Melanchthone collectanea (AGL III:).
Several volumes on church history are also included in Holsts collec-
tion: Histoira ecclesiast. is accredited to Eusebius, while another work on
chapter five
religious history is accredited to the professor of oriental languages and

theology at Giessen, Christoph Helwich (born ), namely Theatrum
historicum & chronologicum (AGL II:). Works on church his-
tory are also accredited to the polyhistor Caspar Sagittarius (born )
and to Lucas Osiander the Elder. The pastor in Strasbourg and Mnster,
Johann Pappus (died ), is also accredited with a work on church his-
tory, namely Epitome historiae ecclesiasticae; this work outlined Christian
history from antiquity until the seventh century (AGL III:).
The previously mentioned Johannes Hubner, famous for his Geographie,
is also accredited with a work on religious history, namely Biblische Histo-
rien. Various other titles likewise indicate works on church- or religious
history, for instance Pomerana hist. eccles. and Biblia mystico emblem-
atico historica. From among the Norwegian authors, the cleric and his-
torian Gert Miltzow is accredited with his clerical history of Voss (Pres-
byteriologia Norvegico Vos Hardangriana). Another work in Holsts col-
lection is referred to as Historia animalium sacra; this might be accred-
ited to Wolfgang Frantze. Biblia peri kathekenon is accredited to Alexan-
der Mavrocordato (born ), a doctor of philosophy and medicine
from Bologna who became dragoman to the sultan (AGL III:). As to
pre-Reformation authors, Augustines Confessiones introduced by Johann
Hulsemann is listed, while Petrus Berchorius, a th-century prior of a
Parisian Benedictine monastery, is accredited with the work Reductorium
morale (AGL I:). Possibly of polemical character is a work enti-
tled Idea antichristi reformandi.
Several of the works listed in Holsts collection were written by Danish-
Norwegian authors, and many of these were relatively well-known fig-
ures, such as the Danish professors of theology Stephan Clotz, Niels
Hemmingsen, Jens Jersin and Jens Bircherod; the latter is accredited with
the allegedly widely disseminated work Synopsis locorum communium.
Caspar Brochmands Systema is also listed, and books are also accredited
to th-century theologians such as Hans Poulsen Resen, Hans Wandal
the Younger (Brevis expositio theologice in thesi & antithesi) and Johan
Brunsmann (Phosphorus). The Danish bishop Henrik Gerner and the
Trondheim bishop Arnold de Fine (died ) are also recorded, as is
Anders Arreboes (died ) Hexameron, a description of the creation
of the world based on the biblical account. Jacob Herslebs (died )
Asylum fidelium is also registered, as are Poul Medelbyes Catechism
and Elias Naurs Golgatha paa Parnasso. De cruce Christi is accredited
to the physician Thomas Bartholin. Enevold Nielsen Randulphs Reson-
abilis echo is also listed, as is the bishop of Christiania Bartholomaeus
Deichmanns (born ) Dissert. historico-theologica. At least four Dan-

ish Bibles are registered, as are, not unexpectedly, several funeral ora-
tions.
Some English authors and works are also indicated in Holsts collec-
tion, but their number is not impressive in relation to the overall size
of the collection. Of the authors listed, however, some familiar names
appear, for example the Welsh epigrammatist John Owen, died (Epi-
grammata), John Barclay (Argensis) and Stapleton: The Catholic author
Thomas Stapleton (died ) is accredited with one work, namely Prom-
tuarium catholicum. The English Jesuit John Harte (died ) who
ended his career as a missionary in Poland, is included with the work
Colloquium Joh. Rainoldi cum Joh. Harto de capite & fide ecclesiae (AGL
II:), while Isaac Watts (born ), a doctor of theology and
the father of English hymnody, is recorded with a German translation
of his work De firmitate & infirmitate rationis. Also previously encoun-
tered are John Boys and Nehemiah Rogers; Boys is accredited with the
work Expositio evangeliorum, while Rogers is accredited with at least two
works in German translation. William Outram (died ), an archdea-
con of Leicester, is accredited with the work De sacrifiis (AGL III:).
Joseph Caryl (died , Practical observation) and Thomas Manton
(died , Confirmatio fidei) are also registered. A work referred to
as Biblia anglica is also listed in Holsts collection, as is a work entitled
Conciones funeral. divers. anglic. germ. Several of the listed titles sup-
port the previous finding that a number of English works were translated
into German before finding their way onto the Norwegian book mar-
ket.
Of the Calvinist authors, several familiar names appear, such as
Charles Drelincourt the Elder, Immanuel Tremellius (Bible) and Jean
Calvin (Institutiones). Johann Heinrich Alsted, Caspar Sibelius, Johannes
Piscator, Philipp Otto Vietor, Ludwig Lavater and Augustin Marloratus
are also listed, and some of these authors are accredited with several
works. Samuel des Marets (born ), a professor of theology and
ecclesiastical history at Grningen, is accredited with the work Johanna
Papissa restituta (AGL III:), while Andreas Rivet, a professor of
theology at Leiden, is accredited with several works. Johannes Mercerus
(died ), a Hebraist, is accredited with the work Comentar. in Genesin
(AGL III:). A Theologia is accredited to Pareus, most certainly
the Calvinist theologian David Pareus (died ), a professor of the Old
and New Testaments. Also previously encountered is Philipp Mornaeus,
Seigneur du Plessis-Marly, who is accredited with the famous work De
chapter five
veritate religionis christianae which was later translated into French and
Italian. Abraham Scultetus, a professor of theology at Heidelberg, is reg-
istered with his work Medulla theologiae patrum (AGL IV:).
The Arminian Stephanus Curcellaeus is accredited with his edition of
the New Testament with variantibus lectionibus (AGL I:), while
Johann Stumpf (died ), a superintendent in Bayreuth and ecclesias-
tical advisor in Brandenburg, is accredited with the work Postilla allegor-
ica (AGL IV:). The Lutheran spiritualist Christian Hohburg, who also
wrote under the name Elias Praetorius, is accredited with a work entitled
Spiegel der Misbrauche (AGL II:). Another volume in Holsts collec-
tion is referred to as Histor. spiritus Qvakerorum.
Relatively few works in Holsts collection originate in the Catholic tra-
dition, although a cluster of works is accredited to the famous theolo-
gian Jeremias Drexel. And, as in several of the Bergen collections, Diego
Stella is listed (De vanitate mundi), as is the Spaniard Franciscus Tolet
(born ): Tolet, who was appointed cardinal of the Jesuit order by
Pope Clemens VIII, is accredited with the work Libri de institutione
sacerdotum (AGL IV:). Also a work entitled Concordantiae vulgat.
version. is listed, whereas two other titles refer to Judaism, notably Reli-
gio judaeorum and Judicum extremum.
The libraries examined in this section (.) share many of the same
characteristics as the collections previously examined, such as a steadfast
presence of German theologians. Several new names, however, are also
included in some of these book collections. Many of these belonged to
the late-th century, although they were not necessarily Pietists. These
newcomers, therefore, shatter, but hardly overturn, the dissemination
of th- and early th-century authors. Also distributed across the
various collections are works of English and Dutch origin. On the rise,
however, are works of French origin, and also the number of works
written by Danish-Norwegian authors is rising; such occurrences mirror
the interest in French works and the rising dissemination of books in
the vernacular taking place during the course of the th century. Those
acquiring the highest numbers of Danish-Norwegian works, however,
were generally members of the lesser clergy.
As to the non-theological literature registered across the four collec-

tions examined in this section, the number of such works is not sig-
nificant, at least given the size of the different collections. Neverthe-
less, all of the collections contain at least some books of non-theological
content, for example the collection of Lorens Holst. Most prominent in
Holsts library, however, is his collection of historical works, as well as the
classic occurrences of antique works. The inventory lists such authors
as Diogenes Laertius, Vergil, Juvenal and Tacitus, and of the human-
ists, Erasmus, Petrarch, Josephus Justus Scaliger, Justus Lipsius, Julius
Caesar Scaliger, Johann Amos Comenius, Gerardus Vossius and Hein-
rich Smetius, the latter with his already encountered Prosodia. Another
work in Holsts collection is entitled Fabula chronologica. The French
criticus Nicolas Amelot de la Houssaye (born ), an ambassador in
Venice, is represented by the work La morale du Tacite (AGL I:).
Marc Antonio Muretus (born ), a friend of Julius Caesar Scaliger,
is accredited with Orationes (AGL II:), as is Philipp Camer-
arius with the work Opera horarum subcisivarum (AGL I:).
The criticus, preacher and professor of Hebrew at Geneva, Cornelius
Bonaventura Bertram (died ), is accredited with the work De repub-
lica hebraeorum (AGL I:), as is Horatius Tursellinus (died ),
head of the Seminarium in Rome, with his De usu particularum latini ser-
monis (AGL IV:). Other philological works are also recorded; these
cover Greek, Hebrew, Danish (Peder Syv, Jens Jersin), English and Italian.
A book entitled Introductio ad rem litterariam is also included in Holsts
collection.
Several books in Holsts collection cover history, and some of these
were written by Danish-Norwegian authors. Listed for instance are Snor-
res Edda Islandorum, Arild Hvitfelds Chronica and Jonas Ramuss illus-
trious account Ulysses & Otinus. Adam Olearius (died ), a librar-
ian and court mathematician to Frederik III, is accredited with his well-
known work Moscowitische und Persianische Reise Beschreibung (AGL
III:). Peder Hansen Resen is registered with his work Inscrip-
tiones Haffnienses latinae, danicae et germanicae, while Johann Cluver
is accredited with the work Historiarum totius mundi epitome, usque
ad annum (AGL I:). The polyhistor Johann Friedrich
Gronov (born ), a Calvinist professor at Leiden who specialized in
antique history, is accredited with the work Observationes antiquariae
chapter five
(AGL II:), and Wolfgang Lazius (born ), a professor of

medicine at Vienna, who also professed a profound interest in history,
is accredited with the work Decades duas de variorum gentium immigra-
tionibus in Illyrici occidentalis tractum (AGL II: ). The conrec-
tor of the gymnasium in Bremen Heinrich Kipping (died ), is accred-
ited with the work Recensus historiae universalis (AGL II:), as
is Martin Zeiller (died ), famous for his historical and geographical
skills, with his Libri de scriptoribus historicis, chronologis & geographis
celebribus (AGL IV:).
Historical works written by authors of other nationalities are also
included in Holsts collection: The French poet, historian and philoso-
pher Petrus Petit (born ) is accredited with the work De amazonibus
dissertatio. Les visions de Quevedo, a French translation of the com-
plete works of the Spanish knight Francisco de Quevedo (died ),
is also registered; Qvevedo wrote on topics such as history and poetry
(AGL III:). Other listed titles also indicate historical works, for
example Royal memories by Carl Stuert in German, Historica of Enge-
land, Coopers chronicle, De Persico imperio and Moschovitiske krnicke.
The Dutch geographer Jan Janson (died ) is accredited with an Atlas
in five volumes, which according to the inventory was printed in ,
while the philologist Martin von Kempen (born ), who also served as
historiographer of Brandenburg, is registered with the work Charisma-
tum sacrorum trias, seu bibliotheca anglorum theologica (AGL II:).
Given these findings, Lorens Holst, in line with the spirit of the times,
seems to have entertained an eager interest in history, both contempo-
rary and antique.
Several works on physics, metaphysics and philosophy are also in-
cluded in Holsts collection: Books entitled Physica are accredited to the
physician Johann Sperling as well as to the professor of mathematics and
physics at Altorf Johannes Christoph Sturm, born (AGL IV:
). An item referred to as a handwritten Metaphysica is also regis-
tered, and a Metaphysica is also accredited to the already encountered
Jacob Martini, a famous German professor of logic and metaphysics. The
English logician Robert Sanderson (born ), who ended his career
as professor of theology at Oxford, is represented with the work De
juramenti promissorii obligatione (AGL IV:), while a work entitled
Philosophia is accredited to Daniel Stahl, a professor of logic and meta-
physics at Jena (AGL IV:). The theologian Johann Adam Schertzer
is accredited with his work Vademecum, seu manuale philosophicum
quadripartitum (AGL IV:). Despite the peripatetic influence evi-
dent in some of these works, mechanist philosophy is also included in

Holsts library: As many as three works accredited to Descartes are reg-
istered; in the inventory, these are recorded as Renati des Cartes med-
itationes, Renati Descartes epistoles vol. and Rechart Denartes Opera
philosophia.
Despite the occurrences of mechanist philosophy, more occult litera-
ture is also included in Holsts library, which would seem to be a rather
common feature of clerical libraries: On magic, of note are Agrippas De
occulta philosophia and Wolfgang Hildebrands Magia naturalis first pub-
lished in the early th century. Another work in Holsts collection is
accredited to Girolamo Cardano, namely De Subtilitate (i.e. Hieronymi
Cardani medici Mediolanensis de subtilitate libri XXI). On astronomy,
Andreas Argiolis (born ) Novae coelestium motuum ephemerides is
listed, as is Observationes novae coelestium & terrestrium rerum accred-
ited to the Naples mathematician Francisci Fontana (died ). Other
books in Holsts library also cover astronomy / astrology, reflected in such
references as Old astronomical writings and Willem Blavs (Blaauw)
Astrologia: Purely astrological works, however, occur only very rarely
in this source material. Few other genres have been identified in Holsts
library: On law, however, a work entitled Corpus juris militaris is listed,
as is a Norwegian Lande og stede lov (legislaion relating to districts and
cities). A Dutch journal is also listed, as is Balthasar Beckers (died )
Betoovede wereld, a famous work which, as previously noted, refuted sor-
cery. Thus, apart from theology, Holst seems to have been most interested
in acquiring books on history and philosophy.
In contrast to Lorens Holsts book collection, Ravendorf s collection
contains fiction and journalistic literature. Of the journalistic litera-
ture, the Danish journal Maandelige relationer (from November to
November ) is listed, while the fictional literature of note includes
the short story Skiemt og alvor, written in German, and at least three
books by the Copenhagen polymath and professor Ludvig Holberg (died
); one of these was his mock-heroic poem Peder Paars. The impact of
fictional literature in Ravensdorf s collection, however, is not significant:
More important is the number of antique and philological works listed,
works which must have been important to Ravensdorf s daily profession
(see table ).
Table : Antique and philological works listed in Ravensdorf s book collection
The antique authors listed in Ravensdorf s collection are Ovid, Suetonius,
Terence, Xenophon, Horace, Cornelius Nepos and Cicero, as is a volume
chapter five
recorded as the Fable of Phaedra. A range of philological works are also lis-
ted: The Latin-school manual Donat is recorded, and Ole Borch is accredited
with the work Conspectus praestantiorum scriptorum lat. linguae. The huma-
nist Johann Amos Comenius is accredited with the work Orbis pictus, later
reedited by Johann Rhode (DBL V:). Daniel Berckringer (died ),
a professor of rhetoric at Utrecht, is accredited with the work Institutiones
oeconomicae didactico-problematicae (AGL I:), and Horatius Tursel-
linus (died ) is accredited with the work De usu particularum lat. ser-
monis (AGL IV:). Various grammars of Hebrew, Latin, Greek, Danish,
and French are also indicated through the listing of such titles as Minor
Latina Danica, An introduction to Latin language, Danish and German lan-
guage, On Latin particles and An exercise book. Also listed is An Eng-
lish grammar written in German as well as a volume entitled Phraseolo-
gia terentiana latino danica. A Danish Latin school-book is also recorded,
as are some handwritten manuscripts described simply as a Handwritten
school-book or Handwritten phrase-book; these were probably particu-
larly useful in Ravensdorf s professional life. A Nomenclator is also recor-
ded.
Books on history are also included in Ravensdorf s collection, and some
of these relate to Norwegian history: An account of the fire in Bergen
in is listed, as is an account of the inauguration of the church
at Fredrikshald as well as Ludvig Holbergs Synopsis historiae univer-
salis. An item referred to as a Historische chronica covering the years
is also recorded, as is an account of the life and deeds of
Louis XIV. A work entitled Entrevue Philippo II is also registered, as
is a geographical description of Elsass and Lothringen. The Paris car-
tographer Pierre Duval (died ) is accredited with the work Erster
theil allgemeinen Weltbeschreibung, and Petrarch is accredited with the
work De remediis utriusque fortunae (Remedies for fortune), a self-help
book which remained popular for hundreds of years. Johann Funk (born
), a court preacher, is listed with the work Chronologia ab orbe con-
dito ad (AGL II:). Several works in the collection are about
warfare: Articles of war (krigsartiklene) is listed, as is a book on the
military occupation of Copenhagen (Kibenhafnse beleyring). A book
entitled Kriegs Gebete is accredited to Jacob Fabricius (born ), a
superintendent in Stettin (AGL II:). The already encountered
Johannes Hubner is also present with a work entitled Politischen Historie.
On law, of note are such titles as Manuale juridico politicum vocabularum
and Elementa jures prudent. Johann Arnold Corvinus (died ), a
preacher who ended his career as teacher of jurisprudence at the Amster-
dam Gymnasium, is accredited with Commentaries ad Digesta (AGL
I:).
A large proportion of the books in Ravensdorf s collection are on

rhetoric, logic, physics, metaphysics and philosophy, works that must
have been of a certain importance to his Latin school duties. Unfortu-
nately, however, many of these are recorded only by vague titles such as
Rhetorica, Logica, Metaphysica, Metaphysicae institutiones, Mensa philo-
sophica and Difinitionis philosophice. Despite this slapdash registration,
a profound peripatetic influence is discernable through the inclusion of
such titles as Aristotelis elorum ilustrorium, Enchiridon logicam ex. Aris-
totle, Praecapta logica peripatetica and Synopsis logicae divinae seu peri-
pateticae. Johann Combach (born ), a professor of physics, logic and
theology at Marburg, is accredited with the work Physica, as is George
Ritschel (born ), a headmaster in Newcastle, with the work Inter-
polationes metaph. ex. natura rerum & rectae rationis lumine (AGL III:
). An antique philosopher is also listed in Ravensdorf s book col-
lection, namely the fourth century neo-Platonic philosopher Iamblichus,
who is accredited with the work De mysteriis chaldaeorum & aegyptio-
rum.
Some books on medicine are also registered in Ravensdorf s collec-
tion, but many of these are also recored only in vague terms, such as
A perfect book on medicine written in Latin, A medical book in Latin
and One ditto in Danish. A work entitled Lineamenta corporis phys-
ica is listed, while the Dutch physician Franciscus Sylvius (died ) is
accredited with the work Praxis medica. Gilbertus Jacchaeus (died )
is included with the work Institutiones physicae, metaphysicae & medici-
nae (AGL II:), and a book is accredited to the anatomist and iatro-
chemist Theodorus Kerckring (died ). Also included in Ravensdorf s
collection is Currus triumphalis antimonii, allegedly ascribed to Basil
Valentine. Pseudo Albertuss De secretis mulierum is also registered, as
is a translation made by Ludwig Combach (died ) of a work origi-
nally written by the Baron de Nuysement, namely his De vero sale secreto
philosophorum & de universali mundi spiritu: The edition in Ravensdorf s
posession was reportedly printed in Leiden in (AGL I:). Over-
all, Ravensdorf seems to have been acquainted not only with more mun-
dane forms of literature such as fiction, but also with peripatetic and
more occult philosophy, as well as with the wider fields of philology and
history.
Erik Dreiers collection comprises only a very few non-theological
books. A limited number of antique authors are listed, an example being
Cicero. As to philology or related topics, Calepinos dictionary and Nico-
las Clenarduss grammar appear; both these works were important to
chapter five
the Latin school education. The Spanish Jesuit Melchior de la Cerda

(born ) is accredited with the work Campi eloquentiae (AGL I:),
while another Eloquentiae is accredited to Reinerus Neuhusius (died
), a headmaster at the gymnasium of Alkmaar (AGL III:). Some
of the philological works were also written by Danes: Paulus Jani (born
), a professor of pedagogy at Copenhagen and a pastor in Herlov,
is represented with the work Etymologicum latinum alphabeticum cum
interpretatione danica (AGL II:), and a Latin grammar is accredited
to bishop Jens Jersin.
Some works in Dreiers collection cover metaphysics, but unfortu-
nately, many of these are referred to only vaguely as Metaphysica, Meta-
physica Photiniana, Synopsie metaphysica and Compendium physica; any
further identification of these works is impossible. Of the specified titles,
however, the Benedictine Bede (died ) is accredited with the work
Axiomata philosophica, and the philosopher Andreas Fromman (born
), teacher of logic at the gymnasium in Coburg, is accredited with
the work Synopsis metaphysica (AGL II:). A book entitled Philosophia
moralis is accredited to Horn, which probably indicates the by now famil-
iar Georg Horn, while the philosopher Jacob Saur is accredited with his
Syntagmatis logicis libri which was published in Wittenberg in
(AGL IV:). Very few books in Dreiers collection cover other genres: A
Latin oration dedicated in honour of Queen Eleonora of Sweden is listed,
as is a book published in England dealing with maritime law entitled Jure
maritime.
Of the book collections analysed in this section, Catharina Holsts
collection contains the highest number of non-theological books. Given
the overall size of her collection, however, the number is not remarkable.
Familiar topics such as philology, rhetoric and dialectics are nevertheless
covered, and a number of books were also written by antique authors,
including Vergil, and by humanists such as Erasmus and Marc Antonio
Muretus (see table ).
Table : Trivium-related books listed in C. Holsts collection
As expected, many antique authors are listed in Holsts collection, namely
Vergil, Curtius, Cicero, Cato, Livy, Quintilian, Sulpicius Severus, Seneca,
Plautius, Ovid, Cornelius Nepos, Terence, Sallust and Josephus, the latter
through his Opera. Pliny the Youngers letters are recorded. Another regis-
tered work is entitled Terences comic phrases in Danish and Latin. The title
Historiae romana surely refers to antique history, while Heinrich Schaevius
(born ), a doctor of medicine and a poet, is represented by the work
Mythologia deorum & heroum (AGL IV:). Some humanists are also listed,
and several works cover rhetoric, dialectics and grammar: Erasmuss Adagia
is listed, as is Petrus Ramuss (died ) Dialectica. Five volumes of the col-
lected works of Cassandra are also registered: Cassandra (born ) was a
Venetian woman skilled in Greek, Latin, history, philosophy and theology
(AGL I:). Bartholomaeus Keckermann, died , is accredited with
the work Systema logicae, rhetoricae, theologicae etc., while Jacob Masenius
(born ), also skilled in rhetoric, is registered with his work Fontes familia-
rium argutiarium (AGL III: ). Johann Sturm, born , a philologist
and headmaster in Strasbourg, is accredited with the work De imitatione ora-
toria (AGL IV:). A work is also accredited to the learned Marc Anto-
nio Muretus, a teacher in Rome (AGL III:). Aphthonius is accredi-
ted with the work Progymnasmata in rhetoricam (AGL I:). Friedrich Taub-
mann (born ), a Wittenberg professor of poetry and rhetoric, is included
with the work Otium semestre publicum (AGL IV:). As to more strictly
philological works, classics such as Clenardus and Calepino (Colloquia) are
listed, as are a Nomenclator latina danica and a book entitled Progymnasmata
graec. latin. Martin Trost (born ), a professor of Hebrew at Rostock and
Wittenberg, is accredited with a Hebrew grammar (AGL IV:), while two
other manuals on Hebrew grammar are accredited to Johannes Buxdorf the
Elder. Laurentius Fabricius (died ), a Wittenberg professor of Hebrew,
is present with his Partitiones codicis hebraei (AGL II:), while Conrad
Neander, a late th-century deacon in Nordhausen, is accredited with the
work Isagoge linguae sanctae (AGL III:). Four works are also accredited
to the Dutch philologist Reinerus Neuhusius, head of the gymnasium in Alk-
maar, two of these being his Poemata juvenilia and his Examen philologicum
(AGL III:). Of Danish-Norwegian origin are Jens Jersins Latin grammar
and a work entitled Rythmologia nova danica. Relating to the English lan-
guage are titles such as Introductio brevis in lingvam anglio and Exercit. gram-
mat. anglice.
As with the other Trondheim collections, many titles in Holsts collec-
tion cover historical subjects, for example Historia Belgice, Reges & duces
Austria, Lexicon svecorum and Vita lyonne gallica. Relating to Danish
history are titles such as Historia Christiani IV and Contentionis Regis
Daniae. Jonas Ramuss Ulysses & Otinus is also listed, as is Johann Clu-
vers famous work Historiarum totius mundi; this work was also used
as an historical manual at various German universities (DBL IV:). As
to the broader European scene, Johannes Carions famous Chronica is
listed, and the late th-century preacher in Rensburg, Samuel Meier
(or Meiger), is accredited with the work Nucleus historiarum; Meier was
also the author of a biography on Frederik II not included in Holsts col-
lection (AGL III:). The Lutheran theologian Stephan Praetorius
(died ) is accredited with the work Von der gulden Zeit, recorded in
the inventory as Seculum aureum (AGL III:). The polyhistor Daniel
chapter five
Morhof (born ), a professor at Kiel, is accredited with the work

Polyhistor literarius philosophicus & practicus (AGL III:). Sethus
Calvisius (born ), an astronomer / astrologer, musician and poet, is
accredited with the work Opus chronologicum (AGL I:). The his-
torian and geographer Johannes Hubner is also accredited with at least
two historical works, one being his Genealogische Tabellen. The German
theologian and historian Johannes Ludwig Gottfried (died ) is also
accredited with his historical Chronica, a description of world history
from the Creation until the year , as is Johann Adolph Brachelius
(died ), a cleric from Kln, with his Historia sui temporis rerum bello
& pace per Europam, ab anno usque (AGL I:). In con-
trast to this large number of historical works, written mostly by Germans,
only a few works in Holsts collection cover geography: A book referred
to as Descriptio Britanniae, however, is listed, while Christoph Cellar-
ius, a professor of history and rhetoric at Halle, is accredited with the
work Geographia antiqua & nova (AGL I:). Daniel Hartnac-
cus (born ), a headmaster at several German schools, is accredited
with the work Bibliothecarius (AGL II:).
Some of the books in Holsts collection relate to law and political the-
ory. The by now familiar Georg Horn is present with the works His-
toria ecclesiastica & politica, Arca Mosis sive historia mundi and Orbis
politicus. An Opera omnia is accredited to Octavius Ferrari, most likely
Octavius the Younger (born ), a professor of Greek and political the-
ory (AGL II:). Johann Paul Kress (born ), who became pro-
fessor of jurisprudence at Helmstadt, is accredited with the work Com-
ment. in lib. Pufendorfii de habitu religionis (AGL II:), while
Johannes Wolffgang Jaeger (born ), a superintendent in several Ger-
man cities and professor primarius of theology at Tbingen, is accred-
ited with the work Jus Dei foederale, ubi Pufendorii jus feciale in examen
vocatur (AGL II:). Indicating Danish-Norwegian origin is the
title De lege norvegica danice, while Andreas Hoyer (born ) is accred-
ited with the work De nuptis proquinquorum jure divino.
Some of the works in Catharina Holsts collection cover physics, meta-
physics and philosophy: Familiar names such as Caspar Bartholin the
Elder (Systema physica), Johann Weise (Metaphysica) and Christoph
Scheibler (Opus metaphysica) are listed. Johann Scharff (born ), a
professor of philosophy at Wittenberg, is listed with the work Theoria
transcendentalis metaphysicae (AGL IV:), as is Franco Burgers-
dicius (born ), a professor of philosophy at Saumur and eventually
Leiden, with the work Collegium physicum (AGL I:). Various
other titles relate specifically to metaphysics, for instance Metaphys-

ica generale, and others specifically to the peripatetic tradition: Jacob
Schegk (born ), an Aristotelian philosopher and physician who
taught medicine and philosophy at Tbingen, is represented by the work
Comment. in Aristot. phys. ethica, organum, topica (AGL IV:),
while the Italian count Emanuel Tesauro (born ), is accredited with
a Latin translation of his work Il Cannochiale aristotelico, namely Idea
argutae & ingeniosae dictionis, Latinized in Leipzig in (AGL IV:
). A philosophical work is also accredited to Daniel Stahl, professor
of logic and metaphysics at Jena (AGL IV:). Another work in the col-
lection is referred to more vaguely as Sphera theologico philosophicae. As
to ethics and logic, two works are listed: The philosopher Arnold Geulinx
(died ), a professor of logic at Leiden, is included with the work Eth-
ica: This work was to become reedited in by Cornelis Bontekoe
using the pseudonym Philareti (AGL II:). The theologian Sev-
erin Sluter (born ), a professor at Hamburg, is accredited with the
work Anatomia logicae ramae (AGL IV:).
Very few works in Holsts collection relate to medicine: The polymath
Holger Jacobaeus, however, a professor of medicine and philosophy at
Copenhagen, is accredited with the work De ranis & lacertis dissertationes
(AGL II:). Theatrum chimic. is accredited to the famous Dutch physi-
cian Steven Blankaart (died ), and Petrus Lauremberg (died ),
a Rostock professor of medicine and poetry, is likewise accredited with
one work. Wolfgang Hildebrands Magia naturalis is also recorded, and a
certain G.B. de Saint Romaine is accredited with Physica sive scientia nat-
uralis. Other topics are also included in Holsts collection: Michael Stan-
huf (died ), a master of philosophy and headmaster of the Schleswig
Gymnasium, is accredited with the work De meteoris lib. (AGL IV:),
while the late th-century Wittenberg philosopher Christian Wolff is
accredited with the work De linea mathematica (AGL IV:). A Dan-
ish work on mathematics, recorded as Arithmetica, is also listed in Holsts
collection.
In the light of the above, certain conclusions might be drawn regard-
ing the occurrences of non-theological literature: First, most of the topics
covered reflect the periods educational curriculum: Philology, rhetoric
and dialectics, as well as metaphysics, logic and philosophy, were all
important subjects at the time, and some of the authors listed were promi-
nent figures, for example Johann Weise and Christoph Scheibler. Books
on geography and history also appear in Trondheim clerical probate
records, a result of the growing focus on such subjects in the educational
chapter five
setting. However, variations still occur between the different collections:

Members of the lesser clergy tended to possess more literature written in
the Danish language, and this literature was often of less varied charac-
ter than were books included in libraries belonging to the senior clergy.
In terms of overall numbers, however, much of the non-theological lit-
erature originated in German-speaking areas in particular, as well as in
Denmark-Norway and in the Netherlands. Few non-theological works
originated in England, which means that most books of English origin
covered religious issues.

Occurrences of books registered in the Trondheim clerical probate re-

cords in the period , share several similarities with the col-
lections previously outlined. First, an impressive number of German
Lutheran authors are listed: Approximately ninety different authors are
recorded (see table ), and of these, only twenty-four appear in more
than one collection (see table ). This implies, as also previously indi-
cated, that works written by a wide range of authors were circulating on
the Trondheim book market.
Table : Concordance of German Lutheran authors listed in L. Holsts,
Ravensdorf s, Dreiers and C. Holsts book collections
German Lutheran authors listed in L. Holsts, Ravensdorf s, Dreiers and
C. Holsts book collections are: Johann Samuel Adami, Wilhelm Alard, Georg
Albrecht, Johann Arndt, Josua Arndt, Christian Avianus, Reinhard Bakius,
Friedrich Balduin, Felix Bidemback, Johann Binck, Anton Wilhelm Boehme,
Johann Botsak, Johannes Brenz, Johann Franz Buddeus, Heinrich Bnting,
Georg Calixt, Abraham Calov, Benedikt Carpzov, Johann Benedikt Carpzov,
Martin Chemnitz, David Chytraeus, Daniel Cramer, Thomas Crenius, Hart-
mann Creide, Johann Conrad Dannhauer, Conrad Dieterich, Johann Michael
Dillherr, Heinrich Eckard, Johann Caspar Funck, Matthias Flacius, August
Hermann Francke, Martin Geier, Johann Gerhard, Salomon Glassius, Daniel
Hartnaccius, Johann Heermann, Johann Reinhard Hedinger, Valerius Her-
berger, Caspar Heunisch, Johann Himmel, Abraham Hinckelmann, Aegidius
Hunnius, Leonhard Hutter, Philipp Kegel, Christian Kortholt, Hieronymus
Kromayer, Johann Friedrich Koenig, Joachim Lange, Martin Luther, Georg
Major, Johann Heinrich Majus, Balthasar Meisner, Philipp Melanchthon, Bal-
thasar Mentzer, Johann Heinrich Michaelis, Georgius Mylius, Philipp Nico-
lai, Martin Opitz, Lucas Osainder the Elder, Johann Pomarius, Johann Pap-
pus, August Pfeiffer, Andreas Prckner, Johann Andreas Quenstedt, Johann
Quistorp, Johann Jacob Ramback, Friedrich Rappolt, Samuel Rling, Johann

Adam Schertzer, Sebastian Schmidt, Christian Scriver, Nicolai Selneccer,
Johann Seybold, Severin Walther Sluter, Johannes Spangenberg, Philipp Jacob
Spener, Theophilus Spizel, Georg Stampel, Gregor Strigenitz, Victorin Stri-
gel, Johann Tarnow, Johann Thaddaeus, Johann Heinrich Ursinus, August
Varenius, Michael Walther the Elder, Hieronymus Weller, Friedrich Werner,
Johannes Wigand.
Table : German Lutheran authors listed more than once across the collec-
tions of L. Holst, Ravensdorf, Dreier and C. Holst
Listed times Conrad Dieterich
Listed times Johann Conrad Dannhauer, Johann Gerhard, Aegidius
Hunnius, Michael Walther the Elder
Listed twice Abraham Calov, Martin Chemnitz, David Chytraeus, Daniel
Cramer, Johann Michael Dillherr, Heinrich Eckard, Matt-
hias Flacius, Johann Heermann, Johann Himmel, Leonhard
Hutter, Balthasar Meisner, Balthasar Mentzer, Philipp Nico-
lai, Samuel Rling, Johann Adam Schertzer, Johann Tarnow,
Johann Thaddaeus, Johan Heinrich Ursinus, Hieronymus
Weller
As to English authors, only twenty-three names have been identified
(see table ), and none of these was apparently listed more than once:
However, as several English titles were listed without the authors name,
this listing should not be thought of as absolute. Some Calvinist authors
are also included in the Trondheim clerical book collections :
In total, twenty-three names have been identified (see table ). Two
collections in particular contained very little Calvinist literature: No
Calvinist authors were apparently listed in Dreiers collection, and only
Franciscus Junius was listed in Ravensdorf s collection. Thus, the only
authors to appear twice across the book collections in question are Jean
Calvin, Johann Heinrich Alsted, Ludwig Lavater, Andreas Rivet and
Augustin Marloratus.
Table : Concordance of English authors listed in the collections of L. Holst,
Ravensdorf, Dreier and C. Holst
English authors of religious and edifying works registered in the collections of
L. Holst, Ravensdorf, Dreier and C. Holst are: Isaac Ambrosius, John Barclay,
John Boys, George Buchanan, Joseph Caryl, William Chillingworth, Richard
Cumberland, Daniel Dyke, John Floyd, Thomas Gataker, Thomas Godwin,
Joseph Hall, John Harte, Thomas Manton, Joseph Mede, William Outram,
John Owen (died ), John Pearson, Nehemiah Rogers, William Slater,
Thomas Stapleton, Richard Ward, Isaac Watts.
chapter five
Table : Concordance of Calvinist authors listed in the collections of L. Holst,

Ravensdorf, Dreier and C. Holst
Calvinist authors listed in the collections of L. Holst, Ravensdorf, Dreier
and C. Holst are: Johann Heinrich Alsted, Jacques Basnage, Jean Calvin,
Stephanus Curcellaeus, Charles Drelincourt the Elder, Samuel des Marets,
Johann Heinrich Heidegger, Rudolph Hospinian, Johann Heinrich Hottin-
ger, Franciscus Junius, Ludwig Lavater, Augustin Marloratus, Johannes Mer-
cerus, Philipp Mornaeus, David Pareus, Johannes Piscator, Amandus Pola-
nus, Andreas Rivet, Abraham Scultetus, Caspar Sibelius, Johann Stumpf,
Immanuel Tremellius, Philipp Otto Vietor.
Few Catholic authors, however, are listed in the Trondheim clerical book
collections : Only eight names have been identified, namely
Jeremias Drexel, Diego Stella, Jacob Marchant, Ludovicus Granatensis,
Carolus Stengel, Marcus Marullus, Franciscus Tolet and Petrus Bercho-
rius; most of these names are familiar from previous listings. The num-
ber of religious works written by French authors, however, is on a rise,
as is the number of works written by Danish-Norwegian authors. As to
the occurrences of scientific, non-theological literature, various antique
works as well as works on philology and peripatetic philosophy fre-
quently appear, and the constant recordings of names such as Christoph
Scheibler and Jacob Martini indicate that these particular authors re-
mained authorities on the book market for a very long period of time.
However, also literature covering more novel natural philosophical and
scientific theories sometimes occurs in the collections, and a certain rise
in literature relating to geography and history is also discernable. In terms
of overall numbers, however, most of the authors at the origin of the non-
theological works registered in Trondheim inventories belonged to the
German sphere of influence, a feature shared by the books of religious
content.

About different German theologians have been identified across the

Trondheim book collections examined in this chapter (see table ); this
list, however, should not be thought of as absolute. Of these, as in previous
cases, only a limited number are listed more than once, namely fifty-
five names (see table ): A massive number of authors, thus, gained
access to the Trondheim clerical book market. However, some authors
more than others seem to have been in vogue across the various clerical
book collections, notably Johann Gerhard, Conrad Dieterich and Johann
Heermann.
Table : Concordance of German Lutheran theologians listed in the Trond-
heim clerical book collections
German Lutheran theologians listed in the Trondheim clerical book collecti-
ons are: Johann Samuel Adami, Wilhelm Alard, Georg Albrecht,
Johann Arndt, Josua Arndt, Christian Avianus, Reinhard Bakius, Friedrich
Balduin, Fridemann Beckman, Michael Bern, Felix Bidemback, Johann
Binck, Michael Bern, Anton Wilhelm Boehme, Martinus Bohemus, Johann
Botsak, Johannes Brenz, Johann Franz Buddeus, Johannes Bugenhagen,
Heinrich Bnting, Abraham Calov, Sethus Calvisius, Benedikt Carpzov, Jo-
hann Benedikt Carpzov, David Chytraeus, Georg Calixt, Martin Chemnitz,
Gottlieb Cober, Daniel Cramer, Hartmann Creide, Thomas Crenius, Johann
Conrad Dannhauer, Christoph Dauderstadt, Conrad Dieterich, Johann Mi-
chael Dillherr, Adam Doegen, Johann Georg Dorsch, Heinrich Eckard, Paul
Egard, Johannes Fabricius, Matthias Flacius, Erasmus Francisci, August Her-
mann Francke, Johann Caspar Funck, Christian Gerber, Johann Gerhard, Jus-
tus Gesenius, Salomon Glassius, Zacharias Grapius, Albert Grawer, Georg
Grosshan, Georg Haberlin, Johann Ludwig Hartmann, Daniel Hartnaccius,
Johann Reinhard Hedinger, Johann Heermann, Johann Henning, Valerius
Herberger, Caspar Heunisch, Joachim Hildebrand, Johann Himmel, Abra-
ham Hinckelman, Aegidius Hunnius, Nicolai Hunnius, Leonhard Hutter,
Philipp Kegel, Peter Kirchback, Johann Friedrich Koenig, Christian Kortholt,
Hieronymus Kromayer, Friedrich von Lanckisch, Michael von Lanckisch,
Joachim Lange, Johann Ludwig Langhans, Paulus Laurentius, Martin Luther,
Polycarp Lyser, Georg Major, Johann Heinrich Majus, Christian Matthiae,
Balthasar Meisner, Philipp Melanchthon, Balthasar Mentzer, Johann Hein-
rich Michaelis, Peter Michaelis, Martinus Mirus, Heinrich Mller, Georgius
Mylius, Philipp Nicolai, Martin Opitz, Johann Adam Osiander, Lucas Osi-
ander the Elder, Johann Pomarius, Johann Pappus, August Pfeiffer, Moses
Pflacher, Andreas Prckner, Johann Andreas Quenstedt, Johann Quistorp,
Johann Jacob Ramback, Friedrich Rappolt, Samuel Rling, David Runge,
Johann Adam Schertzer, Sebastian Schmidt, Christian Scriver, Nicolai Selnec-
cer, Johann Seybold, Severin Walther Sluter, Cyriacus Spangenberg, Johannes
Spangenberg, Philipp Jacob Spener, Theophilus Spitzel, Georg Stampel, Paul
Stockman, Victorin Strigel, Gregor Strigenitz, Johann Tarnow, Johann Thad-
daeus, Nathanael Tilesius, Johann Heinrich Ursinus, August Varenius, Gott-
fried Vogt, Georg Walther, Michael Walther the Elder, Johann Weihenmayer,
Hieronymus Weller, Friedrich Werner, Johannes Wigand, Johann Winckel-
man.
chapter five
Table : German Lutheran theologians listed more than once in the clerical
book collections
Listed times Conrad Dieterich, Johann Gerhard
Listed times Johann Heermann
Listed times Georg Albrecht, Johann Arndt, Felix Bidemback, Abraham
Calov, Martin Chemnitz, Daniel Cramer, Johann Conrad
Dannhauer, Aegidius Hunnius, Martin Luther, Balthasar
Meisner, Johann Tarnow, Johann Thaddaeus, Michael
Walther the Elder
Listed times Wilhelm Alard, Friedrich Balduin, Balthasar Mentzer,
Johann Botsak, David Chytraeus, Johann Michael Dill-
herr, Matthias Flacius, Martin Geier, Salomon Glas-
sius, Leonhard Hutter, Hieronymus Kromayer, Heinrich
Mller, Philipp Nicolai, Gregor Strigenitz, Johann Heinrich
Ursinus
Listed twice Josua Arndt, Johann Binck, Johannes Brenz, Johann Franz
Buddeus, Heinrich Bnting, Georg Calixt, Hartmann
Creide, Heinrich Eckard, August Hermann Francke,
Christian Matthiae, Philipp Melanchthon, Johann Hein-
rich Michaelis, August Pfeiffer, Andreas Prckner, Samuel
Rling, Johann Adam Schertzer, Sebastian Schmidt, Chris-
tian Scriver, Philipp Jacob Spener, Victorin Strigel, Natha-
nael Tilesius, Johann Weihenmayer, Hieronymus Weller,
Johannes Wigand
As to the English authors, forty-two names have been identified (see table
), but if we were to include works listed only by title in the various
listings, this number would be somewhat higher: Because of slapdash
registration, certain authors are absent from the listing below. Of the
identified authors, however, only four are listed across more than one
collection, namely John Boys, Thomas Gataker, Joseph Hall and Thomas
Watson.
Table : Concordance of English authors listed in Trondheim clerical book
collections
English authors listed in the Trondheim clerical book collections
are: Thomas Adams, Isaac Ambrosius, Lancelot Andrews, William Attersoll,
John Barclay, Richard Baxter, John Boys, George Buchanan, John Bunyon,
Joseph Caryl, William Cave, William Chillingworth, Richard Cumberland,
William Day (died ), John Doughtey, Daniel Dyke, John Floyd, Thomas
Fuller, Thomas Gataker, Thomas Godwin, Joseph Hall, John Harte, John
Lightfoot, Adam Littleton, Joseph Mede, Thomas Manton, William Outram,
John Owen (died ), John Owen (died ), John Pearson, William
Perkins, Nehemiah Rogers, Francis Rous, Robert Sanderson, William Seymar,
William Slater, Thomas Stapleton, John Trapp, Matthias Virellus, Richard
Ward, Thomas Watson, Isaac Watts.
As to the Calvinist authors, forty-two names have also been identified

(see table ). Of these authors, however, of which several were Dutch,
only ten are listed more than once (see table ), while the winners
in terms of book representation are Augustin Marloratus and Caspar
Sibelius, who are each listed across four collections, just as often as Luther
and Johann Arndt: Of these authors, at least Sibelius was also important
in the Bergen material in terms of the number of registrations.
Table : Concordance of Calvinist authors listed in the Trondheim clerical
book collections
Calvinist authors listed in the Trondheim clerical book collections
are: Jacques Abbadie, Johann Heinrich Alsted, Jacques Basnage, Wil-
helm Baudartius, Heinrich Bullinger, Franciscus Burmann the Elder, Anton
Bynaeus, Jean Calvin, Sebastian Castellio, Johannes Cocceius, Stephanus
Curcellaeus, Anton de la Roche, Charles Drelincourt the Elder, Samuel des
Marets, Johannes Mercerus, Philipp Mornaeus, Theodor Hase, Johann Hein-
rich Heidegger, Rudolph Hospinian, Johann Heinrich Hottinger, Francis-
cus Junius, David Knibbe, Ludwig Lavater, Augustin Marloratus, Wilhelm
Momma, Philipp Mornaeus, David Pareus, Johannes Piscator, Amandus Po-
lanus, Franciscus Ridder, Andreas Rivet, Abraham Scultetus, Caspar Sibe-
lius, Friedrich Spanheim the Elder, Friedrich Spanheim the Younger, Cas-
par Streso, Johann Stumpf, Immanuel Tremellius, Philipp Otto Vietor, Cam-
pegius Vitringa, Gisbert Voetius, Petrus Werenfels, Hermann Witsius.
Table : Calvinist authors listed more than once across the Trondheim book
collections
Listed times Caspar Sibelius, Augustin Marloratus
Listed times Andreas Rivet, Johann Heinrich Alsted, Philipp Otto Vietor
Listed twice Jean Calvin, Ludwig Lavater, Abraham Scultetus, Immanuel
Tremellius, Hermann Witsius
As to Catholic authors of religious and edifying literature, only sixteen
authors have been identified (see table ), and of these, four authors are
listed more than once: Jeremias Drexel is listed across three collections,
whereas Robert Bellarmine, Diego Stella and Ludovicus Granatensis are
listed at least twice across the collections in question.
Table : Concordance of Catholic authors listed in the Trondheim clerical
inventories
Catholic authors listed in Trondheim clerical inventories are:
Charles Franois dAbra (Raconis), Didacus Alvarez, Robert Bellarmine, Pe-
trus Bembus, Petrus Berchorius, Christopher de Castro, Jeremias Drexel,
Ludovicus Granatensis, Antonius Maria Gratianus, Laurent Luden, Anton
Lullus, Jacob Marchant, Marcus Marullus, Diego Stella, Carolus Stengel, Fran-
ciscus Tolet.
chapter five
The examination of clerical book collections in Trondheim (Chap-

ters Four and Five) demonstrates that a wide range of authors, whether
Lutheran or not, had their works distributed to this coastal city. How-
ever, although many of the names mentioned in the tables above also
were registered in the Bergen inventories, it seems as if specific authors
gained more prominence in certain areas than in others. Particular pat-
terns occur, for instance, with regard to the listing of German Lutheran
authors: As far as one can discern from the information available, the
most popular author in Trondheim circles was Johann Gerhard: Ger-
hard is listed in as many as eleven of the book collections examined in
the previous two chapters. Martin Chemnitz, Conrad Dieterich and Mar-
tin Luther follow after, as they are listed across at least nine of the regis-
tered book collections. Several authors are also listed at least eight times,
namely Johann Arndt, Abraham Calov, Johann Conrad Dannhauer and
Johann Heermann. Such findings imply that these authors were almost
as important as, for instance, Luther in terms of representation. Friedrich
Balduin is listed in as many as seven collections, and Salomon Glassius,
David Chytraeus and Balthasar Meisner in six. Philipp Jacob Speners
works, however, were identified in only five collections and August Her-
mann Franckes in even less, which implies that the Pietist impact, at least
when linked specifically to the legacy of Spener and Francke, was rela-
tively unimportant in the collections registered in the Trondheim clerical
inventories . It should be noted, however, that some authors
are underrepresented in the outline given above, because of slapdash reg-
istration.
A wide range of English authors were also included in the various
collections. The most popular, however, were those who also had their
works translated into Danish: Thomas Watson is listed in at least six of
the Trondheim collections registered in the previous two chapters, and
Richard Baxter is listed in five of the collections. As to the Calvinists,
Caspar Sibelius is important in the Trondheim material: Sibelius is listed
across six of the book collections, while Franciscus Ridder, Jean Calvin
and Immanuel Tremellius are listed in four collections. Of the Catholics,
Diego Stella is listed in four of the Trondheim collections examined in
the last two chapters, whereas authors such as Ludovicus Granatensis
and Jeremias Drexel are listed in three. Some authors who appear fre-
quently in the Trondheim inventories were also important in the Bergen
bishopric in terms of book occurrences, notably Johann Gerhard, Caspar
Sibelius and Diego Stella. The steady recordings of these names indicate
that these authors apparently achieved an important cross-national dis-
semination of their works.
In terms of overall numbers of books, the Trondheim material displays

an extraordinary richness of books, a feature which surely depends on
personal wealth in combination with a prosperous book market. Despite
this richness, however, it is still possible to divide Trondheim clerical
book collections, like those in Bergen, into higher-class and lower-
class clerical ones: The collections of Dreier and Olsen in particular,
both of whom belonged to the lesser clergy, included a more significant
number of works written in the vernacular language as well as specific
types of books that were also successful in terms of sales among the
broader population, for example the sermon collection (postille). Hence,
whereas the upper layers of the clergy possessed the most substantial and
varied number of works, the lesser clergy tended to purchase a less varied
sample of books written in the vernacular, books that were also successful
in terms of sales among the broader population.
All libraries registered in the Trondheim clerical probate records may
be characterized as orthodox. There are two main reasons for this. First,
most of the religious literature included in the various collections was
written by late th-century and early th-century German theologians.
Second, relatively few Pietist authors appeared, despite the relatively high
number of newcomers surging across the different collections. It should
be noted, however, that the number of Pietist authors included in the
various collections seems to be on the rise towards , which indicates
that Pietism during the course of the th century increasingly attracted
the attention of clerics. It should also be noted that some Trondheim
libraries contained a relatively high number of spiritual and devotional
works originating in traditions other than those promoted by Spener and
Francke, an example being that of Sommerfeld. Sommerfelds library can
therefore be said to display Pietist tendencies, as did that of Erpecom
(cf. .) as well as those of Lucoppidan and Bergendahl in Bergen (cf.
Chapter ).
Other changes may also be observed in the analyzed material. On the
rise, for instance, is the number of French works, a feature which prob-
ably reflects the growing th-century interest in French literature. The
number of works written in the vernacular language also seems to be on
the rise across most collections around . However, various nuances
should be added to such a claim: It was the lesser clergy who possessed
the highest number of works written in the vernacular language, whereas
the upper echelons of the clerical class, despite also including more mate-
rial in the vernacular, continued to purchase a high number of books
written in German, Latin and occasionally, English. As to the origin of
chapter five
the religious works, the channels for this literature were the same as in
Bergen, namely Germany, the Netherlands, England and the twin monar-
chy itself.
As to the occurrences of scientific, non-theological literature, the
number of such works recorded in the Trondheim clerical inventories
is not impressive given the overall size of the book collections. Some sci-
entific works, however, are included in most of the collections, although
there are variations between them with regard to the number: The major-
ity of non-religious or non-theological books generally appeared in the
largest book collections, whereas smaller collections tended to include
only a limited number.
Certain similarities with the Bergen material may be noted with regard
to the content of the non-theological works registered in the Trondheim
clerical inventories. Although there are variations between the different
collections, the presence of classical works is just as obvious in Trond-
heim as it was in Bergen. This is evident in the occurrences of works
written by such authors as Cicero, Vergil and Ovid. Also similar to the
Bergen findings is the importance of peripatetic philosophy, what can
be noted in the recordings of authors such as Jacob Martini, Christoph
Scheibler and Georg Gutke: These figures, like certain theological ones,
presumably remained classics for a long period of time. Similarly, the fre-
quent recordings of their works indicate that it was peripatetic and not
mechanist philosophy that remained the most influential among clerics
up to .
Certain differences between the Trondheim and the Bergen material
are also discernable: A higher number of philological works is included
in the Trondheim collections than in the Bergen collections. More books
on church history and political theory are also recorded in the Trond-
heim material. Also significant is the increase in works covering geog-
raphy and history. Such occurrences resulted from the growing atten-
tion these subjects attracted within the educational setting, a develop-
ment also to be found in other European countries at the same time.
Overall, the non-theological literature included in the Trondheim cler-
ical collections may be said to be of heterogeneous character: Despite
the fact that the educational curriculum ensured that authors such as
Christoph Scheibler and Jacob Martini remained philosophical authori-
ties for a long period of time, several newcomers also regularly appear
in some collections in question. And, despite the prime focus being
on trivium-related subjects and peripatetic philosophy, magic and the
occult as well as mechanist philosophy were also included in many of the
collections. This broadness, naturally, points to the multitude of world-

views circulating across the early modern marketplace of ideas. Books
in Trondheim, however, seem to have originated in the same geograph-
ical areas as those in Bergen, namely Germany, the Netherlands, Eng-
land and Denmark. Of these countries, the majority of books, both the-
ological and non-theological, originated in Germany. Some of the non-
theological works originated in the Netherlands and within the borders
of the twin-monarchy itself, whereas most of the books originating in
England seem to have been religious and theological.
part iii
BOOKS IN CLERICAL INVENTORIES IN

JARLSBERG, NEDENES, HEDMARK & STERDALEN,
TROMS & SENJA AND SALTEN
chapter six
CLERICAL INVENTORIES IN JARLSBERG

17041738 AND NEDENES 16931740
This chapter is devoted to the examination of book collections regis-

tered in the clerical probate records covering the district of Nedenes and
the county of Jarlsberg. The southern Norwegian and coastal district of
Nedenes had no major city centre, and was devoid of higher institutions
of learning, such as Latin schools. It might thus count as rural. The county
of Jarlsberg, on the other hand, was situated south west of Christiania,
and covered the city of Tnsberg and surrounding areas. Although Tns-
berg was smaller in size than cities like Trondheim and Bergen, it was
provided with a Latin school. The county was also a place of fervent
Pietism particularly around , much due to the active work of
the parson Thomas Gerner and his curates.1
The Jarlsberg clerical probate records comprise a total
of forty-two different inventories.2 Of these, only twenty-three contain
detailed descriptions of book collections. Approximately , titles are
listed across the different collections, which makes an average of around
books per household. The number of books recorded in the Jarlsberg
probate records might therefore be evaluated as relatively important,
although it is lower than the average recorded in Trondheim. However,
the relatively important number of books listed in Jarlsberg probate
records is due to the presence of five major book collectors, all of whom
were parsons, namely Jens Kraft ( books), Niels Kraft ( books),
Gerhard Winge ( books), Hans Claussen ( books) and Nicolai
Mancin ( books).
In the first section of this chapter, I shall classify Jarlsberg book col-
lections recorded between and , collections which were owned
by a clerical class that presumably received its education in the period
. In the second part of the chapter, I shall analyse book col-
lections listed in the Jarlsberg clerical probate records in the period
1 Aarflot :.
2 See Jarlsberg clerical probate records , microfilm number NOR .
chapter six
, and in the third part of the chapter, I shall analyse book

collections registered in the Nedenes clerical probate records for the
whole period .
Thirteen inventories listed in the clerical probate records for Jarlsberg

give detailed information on book collections (see table ).
Book owners belonging to both the upper and lesser clergy are listed.
Table : List of book owners registered in the Jarlsberg clerical probate
records
Maria Bagge, clerical widow, folio , ; books
Hans Sterboe, parson of Our Ladys Church, Tnsberg, folio b, ;
books
Truls Michelsen, cleric in Tnsberg, folio b, ; books
Jon Hvid, vicar of Ramnes, folio b, ; books
Bent Augustinissn Haard, parson of Botne, folio , ; books
Anders Andersn, rector scholae in Tnsberg, folio , ; books
Johan Michel Stobaeus, parson of Stokke, folio b, ; books
Berthel Jacobsen Schultz, curate of Sande, folio b, ; books
Bjrn Alfsen, parish clerk of the Laurentius Church, Tnsberg, folio b,
; books
Michel Michelsen, parson of the Laurentius Church, Tnsberg, folio b,
; books
Apolone Maartensdatter, clerical widow, folio b, ; books
Niels Kolstrup, parson of Stokke, folio b, , books
Jens Hansn Kraft, parson of Botne, folio , ; books
In terms of the proportional representation of types of literature listed,
similar features to those previously observed in Bergen and Trondheim
may be noted: Most of the theological works recorded in Jarlsberg clerical
inventories were written by German Lutheran theologians.
Altogether, as many as different authors have been identified, which
imply that a wide range of authors also had their works circulating on
the Jarlsberg book market (see table ). Of these theologians, the great
majority were born in the th century, whereas a more limited number
belonged strictly to the th century: As in other districts, the impact of
novel authors on the collections was therefore not particularly signifi-
cant.
clerical inventories in jarlsberg and nedenes
Table : German Lutheran authors listed in the Jarlsberg clerical probate

records
German Lutheran authors listed in the Jarlsberg clerical probate records
are: Johannes Affelmann, Conrad Agricola, Lambert Alard, Georg
Albrecht, Johann Arndt, Sebastian Artomedes, Johann Avenarius, Reinhard
Bakius, Friedrich Balduin, Christopher Barbarossa, Bartholomaeues Bat-
tus, Felix Bidemback, Martinus Bohemus, Johann Botsak, Johannes Brenz,
Johannes Bugenhagen, Heinrich Bnting, Georg Calixt, Abraham Calov,
Andreas Celichius, Christian Chemnitz, David Chytraeus, Christoph Corner,
Daniel Cramer, Hartmann Creide, Johann Conrad Dannhauer, Conrad Die-
terich, Johann Michael Dillherr, Adam Doegen, Matthaeus Dresser, Ludo-
vic Dunte, Heinrich Eckard, Paul Egard, Joachim Emden, Christoph Fischer,
Johann Flittner, Johann Forster the Younger, Wolfgang Frantze, Philipp Hein-
rich Friedlieb, Simon Geddicus, Johann Gerhard, Salomon Gesner, Salomon
Glassius, Jacob Heerbrand, Johann Heermann, Matthias Hafenreffer, Jacob
Heilbrunner, Tilemann Heshus, Caspar Heunisch, Johann Himmel, Chris-
tian Hohburg, Aegidius Hunnius, Nicolai Hunnius, Leonhard Hutter, Johan-
nes Jan, Philipp Kegel, Johann Friedrich Koenig, Barthold von Krakewitz,
Johann Abraham Kromayer, Johann Ludwig Langhans, Lucas Loss, Martin
Luther, Georg Major, Johann Heinrich Majus, Christian Matthiae, Balthasar
Meisner, Philipp Melanchthon, Friedrich Just Mengewein, Balthasar Ment-
zer, Johann Micraelius, Georg Moebius, Heinrich Mller, Philipp Nicolai,
Lucas Osiander the Elder, Johann Jacob Otto, Simon Paulli, Heinrich Pipping,
August Pfeiffer, Moses Pflacher, Andreas Prckner, Johann Andreas Quens-
tedt, Adam Rechenberg, Jacob Reineccius, Johann Rist, Georg Rost, Heinrich
Roth, Johann Adam Schertzer, Sebastian Schubert, Nicolai Selneccer, Erhard
Snepff, Johannes Spangenberg, Paul Stockmann, Victorin Strigel, Gregor Stri-
genitz, Johann Tarnow, Nathanael Tilesius, Matthias Vogel the Elder, Matthias
Vogel the Younger, Johann Weihenmayer, Georg Weinrich, Hieronymus Wel-
ler, Jacob Weller, Johannes Wigand, Johannes Winckelmann.
Some of the names in the listing above are newcomers, or authors that
we hitherto only rarely have come across. Two of them were born in
the th century, namely Sebastian Schubert (born ), the first evan-
gelical preacher in Legnica (Liegnitz, AGL IV:), and Erhard Snepff
(born ), a professor of theology at Jena (AGL IV:). Most
of the newcomers in the table above were born in the th century,
namely Johannes Affelmann (born ), a doctor of theology from Ros-
tock (AGLI:), Christopher Barbarossa (born ), a Lutheran
preacher in Oldenbug (AGL I:), and Bartholomaeus Battus (born
), a professor of theology at Greifswald (AGL I:). Appear-
ing in Jarlsberg clerical book collections are also books writ-
ten by Andreas Celichius (died ), a superintendent in Gstrow
(AGL I:), Matthaeus Dresser (born ), professor of Greek, Latin
chapter six
and history at Leipzig (AGL II:), and Ludovic Dunte (born ), a

preacher in Livonia (AGL II:). Books are also accredited to Joachim
Emden (born ), a pastor in Nordhausen (AGL II:), Johann For-
ster the Younger (born ), a superintendent in Mansfeld (AGL II:),
and Jacob Heilbrunner (born ), a superintendent and court preacher
(AGL II:). Barthold von Krakewitz (born ), a superin-
tendent in Rgen and Pommern (AGL II:), also had books
distributed in the county of Jarlsberg, as did Georg Rost (born ),
a deacon in Mansfeld (AGL III:). Books were also accredited to
Johann Avenarius (born ), a superintendent and preacher in Zeitz
(AGL I:), Tilemann Heshus (died ), a court preacher and super-
intendent (AGL II:), and Matthias Vogel the Younger (born
), a Lutheran deacon (AGL IV:).
Some of the newcomers belonged to the th century, examples being
Christian Chemnitz (born ), a superintendent in Jena (AGL I:),
and Johann Flittner (died ), a preacher and poet in Vorpommern
(AGL II:). Also represented are Friedrich Just Mengewein, a th-
century superintendent in Hohnstein (AGL III:), Georg Moebius
(born ), head of the gymnasium in Merseburg (AGL III:),
and Johann Jacob Otto (born ), a deacon in Gaildorf (AGL III:).
Also surging are religious works by Heinrich Pipping (born ), a dea-
con in Leipzig (AGL III:), Conrad Agricola, a th-century
printer of religious literature (AGL I:), and Lambert Alard (died
), a theologian and historian in Brunsbttel (AGL I:). Two
authors listed in Jarlsberg clerical probate records are of
more uncertain religious affiliation, namely Martin Hyller (died ),
a preacher in Silesia, and Georg Ciegler (died ), a preacher from
Knigsberg: Ciegler is represented with his work De incertitudine rerum
humanarum which was translated into several languages (AGL I:).
As with previous findings, only a limited number of authors are listed
more than once across the different collections, namely forty (see table
), which implies that a large number of authors may be said to have
represented a corpus of Lutheran core literature on the Jarlsberg book
market. Most of the names recorded, however, are already familiar to us
from previous findings.
Table : German Lutheran theologians listed more than once in the Jarlsberg
inventories
Listed seven times Philipp Melanchthon
Listed six times Friedrich Balduin, Hartmann Creide, Conrad Diete-
rich, Leonhard Hutter
Listed five times Felix Bidemback, Martin Luther

Listed four times Georg Albrecht, Johann Arndt, David Chytraeus,
Johann Heermann, Aegidius Hunnius, August Pfeiffer,
Nicolai Selneccer, Johann Tarnow
Listed three times Reinhard Bakius, Johann Conrad Dannhauer, Wolf-
gang Frantze, Johann Gerhard, Matthias Hafenreffer,
Balthasar Mentzer, Heinrich Mller, Philipp Nicolai,
Simon Paulli, Jacob Reineccius
Listed twice Johannes Brenz, Heinrich Bnting, Georg Calixt,
Andreas Celichius, Daniel Cramer, Matthaeus Dresser,
Christoph Fischer, Johann Flittner, Simon Geddicus,
Hieronymus Kromayer, Georg Major, Lucas Osiander
the Elder, Moses Pflacher, Johann Adam Schertzer,
Johannes Spangenberg
As to the Calvinist impact, not all collections contain works written
by authors from this tradition: In total, twenty-nine authors have been
identified, several of them being Dutch (see table ). Nine of these
authors, however, appear solely in Krafts major collection, namely Gis-
bert Voetius (born ), a preacher in several Dutch cities, Anton
Bynaeus (born ), a professor at Deventer, Caspar Streso (died ),
a preacher in The Hague, Charles Drelincourt the Elder, Johannes Pisca-
tor, Jean de La Placette, Jacques Basnage, Jacob Crucius, a th-century
preacher in Delft, and Friedrich Spanheim the Younger; at least six books
in Krafts collection are accredited to this latter author. Only eight authors
are listed more than once across the collections registered in the Jarlsberg
clerical probate records , and, as in the Bergen and Trond-
heim material, the most popular in terms of book representation is Cas-
par Sibelius (see table ). Tremellius, on the other hand, is consistently
present thanks to his translation of the Bible. Books ascribed to other
Calvinists also appear in Jarlsberg clerical book collections, namely to
Jacob Brandmller (born ), a deacon in Unterstadt, Georg Sohn
(died ), a professor of theology at Heidelberg, Andreas Hyperius
(died ), a Dutch theologian, Caspar Brandt (born ), a preacher
to the Remonstrants in Amsterdam, and Johannes Franciscus Biondi
(died ), pensioned by James I.
Table : Calvinist authors listed in the Jarlsberg clerical inventories

Calvinist authors listed in Jarlsberg clerical inventories are: Jo-
hann Heinrich Alsted, Benedictus Aretius, Jacques Basnage, Theodore Beza,
Johann Franciscus Biondi, Jacob Brandmller, Caspar Brandt, Anton Byna-
eus, Jean Calvin, Jacob Crucius, Heinrich Diest, Charles Drelincourt the
Elder, Johann Heinrich Hottinger, Andreas Hyperius, Franciscus Junius,
chapter six
Ludwig Lavater, Wolfgang Musculus, Amandus Polanus, Franciscus Ridder,

Johannes Piscator, Jean de La Placette, Caspar Sibelius, Georg Sohn, Friedrich
Spanheim the Younger, Caspar Streso, Johann Stumpf, Immanuel Tremellius,
Gisbert Voetius, Wilhelm Zepper.
Table : Calvinist authors listed more than once across the Jarlsberg clerical
inventories
Listed three times Caspar Sibelius
Listed twice Johann Heinrich Alsted, Theodore Beza, Jean Calvin,
Andreas Hyperius, Franciscus Ridder, Immanuel
Tremellius, Wilhelm Zepper
Fifteen Catholic authors are identified in the Jarlsberg material (see table
), and of these, several are listed more than once: Granatensis is listed at
least twice, and so are such familiar figures as Jeremias Drexel and Diego
Stella. These three authors were also registered in Bergen and Trondheim,
which indicates that they were important authors of devotional works on
a broader national level. However, there are also differences between the
various Jarlsberg book collections with regard to the number of Catholic
works included: As expected, the largest number of Catholic works is to
be found in Jens Krafts relatively large book collection (see table ).
Some works of French origin also occur in the Jarlsberg collections.
In Krafts collection in particular, various French works are listed: The
Jansenist Blaise Pascal (died ) is accredited with a work entitled
Pensees de mr. Pascal sur la religion, allegedly printed in , while other
titles also suggest French origin, namely Le berger fidele and Caracteres
naturals des homes; titles are referred to in the way they were recorded
in the probate record. Of the French titles listed in Schultzs collection,
a work entitled La defense de coeur is listed. Both Krafts and Schultzs
collections also include a number of French works of a non-theological
nature (cf. .).
Table : Catholic authors listed in the Jarsberg clerical inventories
Catholic authors listed in the Jarlsberg clerical inventories are:
Petrus Besaeus, Jacob Boldutius, Rudolphus Clutius, Philipp Diez, Jeremias
Drexel, Pierre-Daniel Huet, Jacob Marchant, Ludovicus Granatensis, Bal-
thasar Gracian, Santes Pagninus, Franois Penon, Nicolas Perotus, Caspar
Sanchez, Carolus Scribanius, Diego Stella.
Table : Differences between collections with regard to the Catholic authors

registered in the Jarlsberg clerical inventories
In the book collection of Maria Bagge, Jacob Boldutius, a Capuchin from
Bologna living around , is accredited with one work (AGL I:),
and two other Catholic authors are also recorded, namely Franois Penon,
a Dominican born in , and the theologian Nicolas Perotus (died ).
In the collection of Hvid, Sermones dominicales are accredited to Rudolphus
Clutius, a famous Dominican preacher living around (AGL I:),
while a book recorded with the title Flores Granatensis may refer either
to a work by Ludovicus Granatensis, a familiar name from the Trondheim
inventories, or to the Jesuit Caspar Sanchez (died ). Carolus Scriba-
nius, a Jesuit serving in Brussels in the th century, is accredited with
the work Adolescens prodigus (AGL IV:). The collections of Haard and
Schultz contain only one Catholic author each: Ludovicus Grantensis is
listed in Haards collection, while Schultzs book collection contains at least
three works accredited to Jeremias Drexel. Michel Michelsens book collec-
tion also contains a few Catholic works, for example Conciones in evan-
gelia totius anni by Petrus Besaeus, a th-century Parisian court preacher
(AGL I:), and the work Thesaurus linguae sanctae written by San-
tes Pagninus, a Dominican from Lucca (AGL IV:). Kolstrups collec-
tion includes another very familiar author, namely Diego Stella (In Lucam).
Balthasar Gracian (died ), head of the Jesuit College of Tarracona, is also
listed in Kolstrups collection. Overall, the largest number of Catholic aut-
hors is recorded in Krafts major book collection: Of these, several names are
familiar from previous findings, for example Diego Stella (In Lucam and De
vanitate mundi), Petrus Besaeus, Ludovicus Granatensis and Jeremias Drexel;
the work accredited to the latter author was reportedly in English translation.
Philipp Diez, a Portuguese Franciscan living in the latter part of the th cen-
tury, is also accredited with one work, as is Pierre-Daniel Huet (born ),
a famous French theologian and tutor to the son of Louis XIV; Huet is accre-
dited with the works Demonstratio evangelica and Tractat de sity paradisi (i.e.
De la situation du Paradis terrestre, AGL II:).
As to religious and theological literature originating in England, half
of the recorded book collections contained such works. However, only
two of the collections contained a sizeable number of English authors
(both identified and unidentified), and only ten names are listed more
than once across the seven collections where such works were included
(see table ). These are figures well known from other findings: Thomas
Watson, for instance, is accredited with various works across at least three
of the collections in question. In terms of overall numbers, most of the
English authors listed are registered in the collections of Schultz and
Kraft. Schultzs collection, however, is only accredited with a moderate
number of works originating in England, including those by Michael
Jermin, Thomas Gataker, Samuel Hieron and Nathanael Culverwel (died
). Several works are also referred to only by such indistinct titles as
Apples of gold joung man and woman, The Christian in compleat armour,
The whole duty of man and Christs certain & sudden appearance & to
judgement.
chapter six
Table : English authors registered more than once across the Jarlsberg
inventories
Ster- T. Mi- Ander- M. Mi- Kol-
boe chelsen sn Schultz chelsen strup Kraft
Thomas Watson
William Perkins
John Barclay
John Owen (died )
Nehemiah Rogers
Daniel Dyke
Richard Baxter
Isaac Ambrosius
Thomas Adams
Joseph Mede
The largest of the book collections registered in the period ,

namely that of Jens Hansn Kraft (ca volumes), contained an out-
standing number of works written by English authors: Almost vol-
umes, that is approximately twenty percent of the entire collection, were
apparently of English origin, which means that these books were either
written in the English language, written by an English author, or were
printed in England (see table ). Interestingly, some of these works
were also reportedly in Dutch translation: Christi stridten de overvin-
ninge door Thomas Taylor, probably the London theologian who died
in , is registered, as is Joseph Hall with the work Doods alarm.
Richard Sibbes is accredited with a book entitled Het licht van den himel.
Thomas Godwin (De ware vrucht des gebeth), Samuel Smith (Davidis
gesegende man) and John Tillotson (died , Predichen) are likewise
accredited with works in Dutch translation; titles are recorded here in
the way in which they were written down in the probate records. Vari-
ous other Dutch titles also indicate religious works, for example Uitge-
lesene engelsche boet predication, Poorte of te lydens schoole, Christopher
Brandt uber vater unser, De tweed decade der predicatien () and De
derde decade der predicatien (). The above mentioned Caspar Brandt
(born ) is also accredited with the work XXXII predikatien over ver-
scheide texten (AGL I:). Several Dutch titles also appear in some of
the other Jarlsberg collections, which points to the ongoing importance
of the Netherlands in the supply of books on the Norwegian book mar-
ket.
Table : English authors and works listed in Krafts collection

English names and titles listed in Krafts collection are:3 Lancelot Andrews (
sermons), Samuel Annest (The morning exercise & several cases of conscience,
Casualistical morning exercise), W. Atkins (A discourse schewing the nature),
Matthew Barcher (The knowledge of God), Bates (The sovereign and final hap-
piness of man), Jeremiah Borroughs (An exposition of the prophet of Hosea),
Peter Berault (The true way to heaven), Robert Boyle (Motives et incentives to
the love of God), Anthony Burgesse (The doctrine of original sin, The scrip-
ture directory, Spiritual refining), Thomas Brightman (A revelation of the
apocalypse), Ralph Brownrige (Sermons), Thomas Carl (The morning exer-
cise, or heads and points of the Christian religion), Joseph Caryl (In Jobum),
William Cave (Script. ecclesiasticor. historia literania, A dissertation concer-
ning the government of the ancient church, Primitive Christianity), William
Chamberlain (Angliae notitia), Stephan Charnoche (A treatise of divine pro-
vidence), Cotton (Concordantiae), Culverwel (A treatise of faith), Martin
Day (Doomes day), Daniel Fewbly (Clavis mystica), John Forbes (Institu-
tiones historico-theologicae), John Fox (Time and the end of time), Thomas
Fuller (A wounded conscience), Thomas Godwin (Swet and soul persuading,
Mosen & Aaronem), H. Hammon (Annotations upon the books of psalms, A
practical catechism of Christ religion), Samuel Krooche (A briefe direction to
true happinesse), John Lord (Ecclesia anglicanae), Thomas Manton (Several
discourses tending to promote peace an holiness among Christians), Matthew
Meard (The good of early obedience), Thomas Myriell (The Christians comfort),
Henry Ramsden (A gleaning in Gods haevent), John Randall (Twenty nine lec-
tures of the Church), William Selerloch (A vindication of the doctrine of the holy
and ever blessed trinity), Sydrach Simson (Two books), Edward Spark (Scin-
tillam altaris), Jeremy Taylor (The great exemplar of sanctity and holy life),
William Tenner (The souls looking glasse), Thomas Varton (Exposition of four
select psalm), Nathanael Vincent (The morning exercise against papery), Tho-
mas Wadswerth (The immortality of the soul). Various works registered in
Krafts inventory are referred to solely by title, for example The house of
mourning, The kingdom of darkness, To journeys to Jerusalem and An Eng-
lish outline on de baptismo infantu: All spellings have been preserved in the
form in which they were recorded in the probate record.
Few of the Jarlsberg collections hitherto elaborated on included books
covering church history. As expected, only Krafts book collection con-
tains a relatively high number of books relating to this subject, notably
classics such as Eusebiuss Historia ecclesiast. and works by Hierony-
mus Kromayer and Johannes Sleidanus. Johann Micraeliuss (born )
Syntagma historiarum mundi & ecclesiae and Adam Rechenbergs (died
) Summarium historiae ecclesiasticae are also listed, while Sren Col-
dings history of the church is included in Michel Michelsens collection.
3 See Jarlsberg clerical probate records NOR ; the inventory starts on folio .
chapter six
Wolfgang Frantzes Hist. animalium sacra, however, is listed across the

collections of Hvid, Schultz and Kolstrup, and of the pre-Reformation
authors, Tauler and the antique Christian apologist Minucius Felix occa-
sionally appear. In Schultzs collection, the Lutheran spiritualist Christian
Hohburg (born ) is accredited with the work Postilla mystica evan-
glica.
In contrast to the works of English origin, the number of religious or
theological works written either in the Danish language or by Danish-
Norwegian authors is rather limited in the Jarlsberg clerical book collec-
tions registered in the period . However, at least thirty major
and minor theologians are listed across the various book collections
(see table ), and of these, the most popular in terms of book repre-
sentation is Niels Hemmingsen: At least six of the collections are accred-
ited with theological works written by Hemmingsen, which points to his
long-lived fame as a theologian. As expected, a high number of funeral
orations are also recorded across the different collections, and particu-
larly in the collections of Kolstrup and Sterboe. The Danish Bibles of
Christian III, Christian IV and Christian V are also registered across
several collections, alongside collections of additional laws (Recess) and
Church Ordinances. Collections of sermons (postille), generally consid-
ered to be popular reading, are also included in some of the clerical col-
lections registered in Jarlsberg, despite most of the material being of a
more upper-class, theological character.
Table : Danish-Norwegian authors listed across the Jarlsberg clerical
inventories
Danish-Norwegian authors of edifying and theological works registered in
the Jarlsberg clerical inventories are: Cort Aslaksn (),
Jens Bang (ca ), Thomas Bang (), Vitus Bering (
), Jens Bielke (), Jens Bircherod (), Bartholomaeus
Botsak (), Caspar Brochmand (), Johan Brunsmann
(), Stephan Clotz (), Jens Colstrup (died ), Hen-
rik Gerner (), Niels Hemmingsen (), Jrgen Huulbeck
(), Jens Jersin (), Mauritz Kning (), Johann
Lassenius (), Jacob Matthiae (born ), Poul Medelbye (
), Weit Ludwig Megander (living around ), Willads Nielsen (
), Christian Nold (), Jesper Rasmussen Rachlv (died around
), Enevold Nielsen Randulph (), Hans Poulsen Resen (
), Oluf Rosenkrantz (), Hans Svane (), Mogens
Vingaard (born ca ), Hans Wandal the Elder (died ), Hans Wan-
dal the Younger (died ), Peder Pedersen Winstrup (), Georg
Witzleb ().
In conclusion, we can say that the theological literature listed in the

Jarlsberg inventories in the period shows an impressive num-
ber of Lutheran theologians of German origin. Such occurrences are
very similar to those displayed in clerical inventories in Trondheim and
Bergen. As in other regions, the Jarlsberg book collections
may also be characterized as orthodox, as they were constructed around
a core of German Lutheran authors mainly belonging to orthodoxy
as religious current. Differences between regions occur, however, with
regard to bestsellers: Melanchthon, Friedrich Balduin and Hartmann
Creide were apparently bestsellers on the Jarlsberg arena, as opposed
to Johann Gerhard who seems to have been much in vogue in Bergen
and Trondheim. These orthodox libraries, however, also included a cer-
tain number of Catholic, Calvinist and English authors and works, as well
as a number works of Danish-Norwegian origin. Some of these authors
were also bestsellers in other corners of Norway, examples being Cas-
par Sibelius, Jeremias Drexel and Diego Stella. Also French works occur
in some of the Jarlsberg collections, what is symptomatic of the rising
interest in such works along the th century. Overall, however, works
included in Jarlsberg clerical probate records seems to have depended
on the same channels of communication as those identified in Bergen
and Trondheim, namely Germany, the Netherlands, England and Den-
mark.
Jarlsberg book collections
Many non-theological books are also included in the Jarlsberg inven-

tories , but occurrences of these, as in the previously exam-
ined material, depended heavily on the size of the collection as well as
on personal interest: As in other areas, thus, social differences between
different sections of the clergy have implications for the distribution
of non-theological books, both in terms of number as well as con-
tent.
Specific genres, however, are represented across several of the collec-
tions: With regard to classical literature, for instance, five of the collec-
tions include a relatively significant number of such works, namely those
of Sterboe (five different authors), Hvid (six different authors), Andersn
(five different authors), Schultz (eight different authors) and Kraft (sev-
enteen different authors). Twenty-three different names in all are listed
chapter six
across these five collections (see table ), and of these, Cicero and Cur-
tius seem to have been particularly in vogue in Jarlsberg: Cicero is listed
in at least six different collections and Curtius in at least five.
Table : Antique authors listed in the Jarlsberg clerical inventories
Antique authors listed in the Jarlsberg clerical inventories are:
Catullus, Cicero, Cornelius Nepos, Curtius, Herodotus, Homer, Horace, Iso-
crates, Juvenal, Livy, Lukian, Martial, Ovid, Plutarch, Quintilian, Sallust,
Seneca, Suetonius, Tacitus, Terence, Valerius Maximus, Velleius Paterculus,
Vergil.
With regard to the listing of humanist and philological works, such

occurrences are relatively sparse, apart from certain occurrences listed
in the collection of Jens Kraft. As in previous collections, however, some
of the authors and works recorded relate more specifically to the Latin
school educational system: Stephen Hansen Stephanuss Colloquia and
Nomenclator are listed in the collections of Sterboe and Hvid, while
Calepino is listed in the collections of Hvid and Schultz. Clenarduss
grammar is listed in the collections of Haard, Kolstrup and Kraft, and
a work referred to as Bollingers English grammar is listed as being
in the collections of Sterboe, Schultz and Kraft. Hence, apart from a
Nuevo dizzionario itagliano francef., listed in the collection of Bagge,
and Le grand dictionarie Francois and Littletons dictionarium listed in
the collection of Kraft, most of the other dictionaries reflect the familiar
and traditional educational sphere of Latin, Hebrew and Greek through
the presence of authors such as Johann Possel, Johannes Buxdorf the
Elder and Georg Pasor. Several authors of philological works are also
listed only in the collection of Kraft, namely Heinrich Opitz (died ),
Johann Leusden, Ole Borch, Cornelius Schrevel (died ) and Helvicus
Garth (died ); the latter is accredited with the work Lexicon latino-
germano-graecum. In Bagges collection, Horatius Tursellinus (died )
is accredited with the work De usu particularum lat. sermonis (AGL
IV:). Of the more novel authorities, Thomas Bang is also occasion-
ally listed across the various collections, and of the humanists, Aldus
Manutius, Gerardus Vossius, Marc Antonio Muretus, Justus Lipsius and
Juan Luis Vives are listed in some of the collections, whereas Daniel
Morhof and Jacob Bongars are listed only in Krafts collection: Daniel
Morhof (born ) was a polyhistor and criticus from Kiel, while Jacob
Bongars (born ) was a lawyer, criticus and French ambassador to the
German court (AGL I:). The only humanist success in terms
of sales listed in the Jarlsberg material, however, is Erasmus: Erasmus is
listed in as many as seven collections, namely in those of Hvid, Haard,

Andersn, Stobaeus, Schultz, Kolstrup and Kraft. Works on rhetoric are
also included in Krafts collection, including Aphthoniuss Progymnas-
mata in rhetoricam and the teacher of rhetoric Michael Pexenfelders
(born ) Apparatus eruditionis tam rerum quam verborum, per omnes
artes & scientias. Generally speaking, however, it was primarily authors
important to the Latin school curriculum whose works were recorded in
the Jarlsberg clerical inventories.
With regard to the representation of other types of non-theological
literature, differences clearly relate to the size of the collections as well
as to the social position of the owners. Apart from the relatively large
book collection of Maria Bagge, clerical widows in Jarlsberg normally
possessed smaller collections than did their male counterparts, which
naturally had implications for the content of the collections: Apolone
Maartensdatter, for instance, possessed only eleven books indicated with
title, and of these, seven represent what may be characterized as popular
religious reading, namely religious-edifying works written in the Dan-
ish language.4 A book of popular entertainment, however, is also listed
(Skiemt og alvor), alongside the only classical work in the collection,
namely Aesops fables. Remarkable, however, is the presence of various
books on medicine, namely Elias Beynons Dend barmhiertige samaritan
and Niels Michelsn Aalborgs Lgebog (Book on medicine), both clas-
sics written in the Danish language. A reference is also given to some
other books on medicine and other small books, but unfortunately, these
titles are not specified any further.
The collection of Maria Bagge represents another type of collection,
namely that of a clerical elitist, which indicates that the collection prob-
ably belonged to her late husband. Unfortunately, only a limited num-
ber of books from the originally large collection are recorded in the pro-
bate record: The larger part of it had already been auctioned off prior to
the registration, probably to raise money for the widow.5 Titles recorded,
however, cover topics such as philosophy, logic and dialectics: Christoph
Scheiblers Axiomata philosophiae is recorded, as is the mystic Julius Sper-
bers (died ) Isagoge, that is Isagoge in veram Triunius Dei et naturae
cognitionem . . . in qua multa quoque praeclara de materia lapidis philo-
sophici, a work which covered, among other things, alchemy. A book enti-
tled Tractat. logica is also recorded, while on dialectics, a Dialectica is
4 See Jarlsberg clerical probate records NOR ; the inventory starts on folio b.
chapter six
accredited to Augustinus Hunnaeus (born ), a canonicus from Leu-

ven (AGL II:). On ethics, Templum virtutis seu exercitationes ethicae
by Thomas Sagittarius (born ), a professor of Greek, logic and meta-
physics at Jena, is listed (AGL IV:), and a work on rhetoric is accredited
to Johann Tesmar (died ), a professor of rhetoric (AGL IV:).
On medicine, an Opera is accredited to Paracelsus, and on mathemat-
ics, Jrgen Froms Arithmetica danica is listed. Few titles denote historical
works. Christoph Helwich (born ), a professor of theology, however,
is accredited with the work Theatrum historicum (AGL II:),
while on judicial matters, Petrus Gregorius Tholosanus (died ), a
professor at Toulouse, is accredited with the work Libri de republica
(AGL II:). A work entitled De civili conversatione, on the art of con-
versation, is also recorded in Bagges collection.
One of the book collections registered in the Jarlsberg clerical inven-
tories belonged to the headmaster (rector scholae) of the
Tnsberg Latin School, namely Anders Andersn. Contrary to what one
might expect from his prominent position in the school system, how-
ever, Andersn did not possess any significant number of books: Only
fifty-three volumes are listed in his inventory, and of these, the majority
of titles relate to the theological sphere.6 Several of the books registered in
the inventory also cover more traditional Latin-school topics, for exam-
ple rhetoric, logic and dialectics, works written by famous authors such
as Philipp Melanchthon, Johann Possel and Erasmus. Christian Lieben-
thal (died ), a professor of rhetoric at Giessen, is accredited with
the work Collegium ethicum (AGL II:), as is the famous Calvin-
ist Bartholomaeus Keckermann (died ) with his Logicae, rhetori-
cae, physicae. Vaguer titles such as Compend. logica and Physica are also
recorded. Various other topics are also covered in Andersns collec-
tion, but these are represented in rather sparse numbers: Onomasticon
is accredited to Conrad Gesner (died ), and Flores poetarum miran-
dulo, which might indicate a copy of the poetry of Pico della Miran-
dola, is also listed. As in the Bergen collections, Marcellus Palingeniuss
Zodiacus vitae is recorded. Machiavellis The prince, encountered only
rarely in these collections, is also registered. On geography, Philipp Clu-
ver (born ) is accredited with the work Introductio in universam
geographiam, while on iatrochemistry only one work is listed, namely
Joachim Irgenss (died ) De vitriol. On the whole, however, the non-
theological part of Andersns collection mainly covers more conven-

tional topics such as theology, rhetoric and logic, topics that strongly mir-
ror the periods Latin school curriculum.
Some of the smaller book collections registered in the Jarlsberg clerical
inventories include only a limited number of non-theological
works; these collections belonged to Haard (twenty-three books),7 Truls
Michelsen (fifteen books),8 Stobaeus (twenty-two books),9 and Michel
Michelsen (fifty-nine books).10 With regard to the content of these books,
however, topics such as peripatetic philosophy and medicine are covered
(see table ). One of the recorded collections include, in contrast, no
occurrences of non-theological books at all, namely that of the parish
clerk Bjrn Alfsen (eleven books):11 None of the titles recorded in Alfsens
collection are given in Latin, and as many as seven of the registered titles
indicate psalters or prayer-books. Alfsens book collection, like some of
those belonging to clerical widows, therefore has more in common with
popular reading culture than with libraries owned by the more senior
clergy.
Table : Non-theological literature listed in the collections of Haard,
T. Michelsen, Stobaeus and M. Michelsen
A variety of subjects are covered by the non-theological books registered in
the collections of Haard, Truls Michelsen, Stobaeus and Michel Michelsen:
Haards collection, like several others, includes Christian Vs Norwegian
law and Elias Beynons medical book Dend barmhiertige samaritan. Sto-
baeuss collection likewise contains only one medical book, namely Dispu-
tat. medicinae by the anti-Paracelsian physician Thomas Erastus (died ).
Truls Michelsens collection includes Jacobus Acontiuss (died ) work De
Strategematibus satanae; Acontius was a famous irenic theologian, lawyer and
philosopher who served under Queen Elisabeth I. Also Cornelius Martinis
(died ) Logica is recorded; Cornelius was a doctor of philosophy and
theology from Antwerp (AGL III:). Michel Michelsens collection also
includes philosophical works: Jacob Martinis Analytica as well as a book
entitled Exercit. philosoph. ex theologicae are listed, for example; this latter
work was probably written by Johann Philipp Pareus (born ), a philolo-
gist who also wrote on philosophy and physics (AGL III:). A work
entitled Metaphysica was probably written by the already encountered Catho-
lic figure Franois Vatable, while Diputat. logica is accredited to Joh. Regius;
this latter title refers most certainly to a work written by the physician and
chapter six
professor from Franecker, Johann Regius (born ), namely his Compen-

dium institutionum logicarum. Pseudo Albertuss De secretis mulierum is also
listed in Michel Michelsens inventory.
Only the five largest book collections registered in the Jarlsberg inven-
tories comprised a relatively high proportion of non-theo-
logical works, namely those of Sterboe ( books), Hvid ( books),
Schultz ( books), Kolstrup ( books) and Kraft ( books). Of
these, Sterboes collection contained the lowest number of non-theo-
logical works, although the books in question covered a wide range
of topics:12 Listed, for example, are Dialectica Rami & Melanchthonis
and Christoph Scheiblers Axiomata philosophiae, while Caspar Bartholin
the Elder is accredited with his works Logica, Rhetorica and Physica.
Johannes Staricus, a th-century (al)chemist from Nuremberg, is ac-
credited with the work Den helden Schatz. Two works on political the-
ory are also recorded, namely Reinhard Koenigs Theatrum politicum
and Balthasar Willes (died ) Praecepta ethica, oeconomica & polit-
ica: Koenig served as professor of political theory at Rintelm in the early
th century (AGL II:), and Wille, who also wrote on philosophy,
served as superintendent in Bremen (AGL IV:). A historical work
on the coronation of Charles II of England (Caroli II indtrdelse til Cro-
nen) is also registered, as is a book on shipping, namely Gefarlichen Skibs
Fart. Sterboes collection also contains a French work of non-theological
character, referred to in the inventory simply as Entretiens calons ou con-
versation.
Hvids collection comprises a larger number of non-theological books,
and some of these cover astronomy.13 None of the authors listed, how-
ever, represents a more recent scholarship: Thomas Blebel (born ),
a headmaster in Vogtlande, is accredited with the work De sphaera et
primis astronomiae rudimentis libellus, while Caspar Peucer (born ),
a professor of mathematics who married Melanchthons daughter, is
accredited with the work Libellus sphaericus (AGL III:). Sev-
eral works on logic are also registered, what is reflected in titles such as
Opus logicum, Disputationes logice and Comentarius in logicam aristotelis.
Four listed works are by the Aristotelian philosopher Jacob Martini, one
being his Institut. logica. The work Vita aristotelis, probably a reference
to Aristotles De virtutibus & vitiis, is also listed.
12 See Jarlsberg clerical probate records NOR , the inventory starts on folio b.
On medicine, two anatomical works are accredited to Bartholin: One

of these, however, may have been accredited either to Caspar Bartholin
the Elder or to his son Thomas, whereas the second, namely Anatomi-
cae institutiones, is ascribed to Caspar Bartholin the Elder. A work enti-
tled Physica is accredited to Wilhelm Adolf Scribonius (died ), a
German philosopher-physician inspired by Ramus. A work on dialec-
tics, namely Campus philosophicus dialecticus, is accredited to the monk
Redemtus Baranzanus (born ); Baranzanus lived and worked in
Montargis in France (AGL I:). The philosopher Rudolph Agri-
colas (born ) De inventione dialectica is also registered. Various reg-
istered titles indicate other genres: Johannes Carions Chronica is listed;
Olaus Magnus is accredited with his famous historical work De gentibus
septentrionalibus; and Johannes Ravisius (died ), a French philolo-
gist also known as Textor, is accredited with the work Officina seu nat-
urae historia (AGL III:). On botany, Antonius Mizaud, or Mizal-
dus (died ), a physician and mathematician from Bourbon who also
published on astronomy / astrology, is accredited with the work De hort-
ensium arborum infinitione opusculum (AGL III:), and the th-
century theologian Johannes Rdingers Magia illicita is also recorded.
Kolstrups collection, meanwhile, indicates a particular interest in al-
chemy / iatrochemistry.14 Joseph du Chesne, i.e. Quercetanus (died
), a follower of Paracelsus, is accredited with the work Pharma-
copoeia dogmaticorum restituta. The early th-century Quercetanus-
adept, Thomas Kessler, is also accredited with a chemical work, as is
Johannes Agricola (died ), a physician from the Palatinate. Also
indicative of Kolstrups personal interest in alchemy / chemistry is the
work De consensu & dissensu galenicorum & peripateticorum by Daniel
Sennert. Other titles in the inventory also suggest a more spiritual-
mystical orientation, for example Cabalae verior descriptio. On medicine,
the famous Dutch physician Franciscus Sylviuss Praxis medica is listed,
while another work in the collection is accredited to the th-century
German military surgeon Matthaeus Gottfried Purmann, namely his
sonder und wunderbare Schufz-Wunden-Curen (AGL III:).
As to logic and rhetoric, the titles Logica and Rhetorica are accredited
to Caspar Bartholin the Elder, and a work on philosophy by Diogenes
Laertius is also listed. A published debate between Pierre Gassendi and
the astronomer Joan Baptista Morini (born ), a physician and a
chapter six
professor of mathematics, is also registered, and as to historical works,

a work on Danish history is listed, while Edvardus Guernerus Happel
(died ) from Hamburg, is accredited with the work Historischer Kern
der Merckwrdigsten Welt und Wunder-Geschichte (referred to in the
inventory as Vunderbar wel undt cosmographi, AGL II:). Also listed
are volumes entitled Beschreibung durch Asia, Europa und Africa and
Trifolioum politic. rer. publicar. Curiously, a work entitled Vertriebener
Fraulein is also included in Kolstrups collection.
Schultzs book collection contains a heterogeneous array of non-theo-
logical works.15 As to medicine, an Opera written by the famous French
physician Jean Fernel (died ) is recorded, as is a volume entitled
Enchiridon medicum. Caspar Bartholin the Elders Anatomica is also
listed, and as to philosophy and metaphysics, works such as Cort Aslak-
sns Physica et ethica mosaica and Wilhelm Adolf Scriboniuss Physica
& sphaerica doctrina are listed; Scribonius served as philosopher and
physician in Korbach. The grey area between political theory and the-
ology is represented by a work by the theologian Christian Matthiae
(born ) at Sor, namely his Systema logicum, ethicum, politicum,
theologicum majus & minus. A philosophical work is also accredited
to Diogenes Laertius, while a work on the secret miracles of nature by
Laevinus Lemnius (born ) is also listed, namely De occultis natu-
rae miraculis libri IV. On natural history, Claudius Aelianus, a famous
nd-century Roman author, is accredited with the work Hist. animalium
(AGL I:), while Johannes Colerus is accredited with his widely dis-
seminated work Oeconomia ruralis & domestica, a work which, among
other subjects, included household management and agriculture. Relat-
ing to the subject of horticulture is the title Blumen und Pomerantzen
Garten.
Several works in Schultzs collection are historical, for example Jonas
Ramuss Norvegia antiqua and Ulysses & Otinus. Other titles also indicate
historical works, for instance De persio imperio, Historia von tartarischer
Krigen, An impartial account of Porsmuth and Les vojages de Strugs; titles
are quoted here according to the spellings given in the probate record.
Many items in the collection originate in the Dutch tradition, such as the
work Andekte voordel von alle wereldschte dingen. The Polish physician
and polyhistor Jon Jonston (born ) is accredited with the work
Historia universalis civilis & ecclesiastica ab orbe condito ad annum usque
. Erycius Puteanus (van der Putten, born ) is represented by

his work Oratione; Puteanus took up a position after Justus Lipsius in
Leuven, and corresponded with learned societies all over Europe. After
his death, Puteanus left , letters in his library (AGL III:).
Jean Chokier de Surlet, a historian born in , is accredited with the
work Thesaurus politicorum aphorismorum (AGL I:). Various
other non-theological books are also recorded in Schultzs collection: A
volume of poems is accredited to Paul Flemming, a German poet born
in (AGL II:), and a book entitled Wegweiser zu Hfligheit is also
registered.
The large book collection of Jens Kraft ( books) also covers a wide
range of subjects.16 As to history and geography, for example, many
works are listed: From among the Danish-Norwegian authors, histori-
cal works are accredited to Olaus Magnus, Jonas Ramus, Ole Worm and
Ludvig Holberg: The latter is accredited with the work Historische Intro-
duction. A work entitled Tractat. var. de regnis Daniae et Norvegiae is also
listed, and works are accredited to the famous historian and geographer
Johannes Hubner, namely titles referred to as Geographischen Fragen,
Kurtze Fragen aus der Geographia Sacra and Staats Zeitungs und Con-
versations Lexicon. The famous Calvinist theologian Johann Christoph
Becmann (born ) is present with the work Historia orbis terrar-
ium, geographica et civilis (AGL II:), while a book on French his-
tory is accredited to Pierius Winsemius (born ), a historiographer
of Friesland (AGL IV:). Similarly, Cardinal Caesar Baronius, born
in Naples in , is represented with the work Paraenesis ad republicam
venetam (AGL I:), while Petrus Cunaeus (died ), a profes-
sor at Leiden, is accredited with the work Libri de republica hebraeo-
rum (AGL I:). Georg Horn is registered with his work Hist.
naturalis & civilis. Titles such as Atlas amstelodami, Compendium geo-
graphicum and Museum histor. et physicum also indicate historical or geo-
graphical works. Also pointing to Krafts interest in geography is the list-
ing of maps and two old globes. Interestingly, an exceptionally large
number of books that suggest an English or French origin also cover his-
tory and geography; such occurrences are only rarely encountered in cler-
ical collections registered prior to (see table ).
chapter six
Table : Books on history and geography that suggest a French or English

origin registered in Krafts inventory
Several books on history and geography that suggest a French or English
origin are registered in Krafts collection; titles and spellings of these are
quoted here according to the probate records. Of English origin may be
noted Thomas Mays (died ) The historie of the Parliament of Engelant
and Robert Molesworths (died ) An account of Denmark, as it was in
the year , while other titles also indicate historical and geographical
works, for example A view of the English acqvisitions in Guinea, The history
of the house of Orange, The history of Oliver Cromwell, Sir Francis Drake
revind, The English empire in America, An account of Dennemarch (London
), The royal charter of the confirmation of the city of London, A new
survey of the Turchisk empire, Memory of Dennemarch and Defensio regia
Carolo I. Several titles indicating historical or geographical works also suggest
a French origin, namely Lhistoire du temps, Lestat de lempire et des princes
Souverains dAlemagne and Nouvelles de la Republique des lettres par Jaqves
Bernhard. Henry II, the duke of Rohan (died ) is accredited with the
work Trutina statuum Europae. A French book on the histories of Julius
Caesar and Henry IV, printed in Paris in , is also listed, as are other
historical works entitled Discourses sur lhistorie universelle (three volumes),
La vie et des actions dAlexandre le Grand (printed in ), Memoires pour
le historie des sciences et beaux artes, printed in (four volumes), Les
recreations francoises, printed in Paris in , Le soldat Svedois, Ismael prince
de Maroc, Histoire dEmeric comte de Tekely and La geographie universelle (five
volumes). Philipp Cominaeus (i.e. de Comines, born ) is accredited with
his biography of Louis XI, king of France, a work allegedly printed in Latin.
As to political theory, high profile writers such as Hugo Grotius and
Samuel Pufendorf are listed; the latter is accredited with as many as
four works, one being his Kurtze Fragen aus der politische Historia. Once
again, a work is accredited to Georg Horn, namely Orbis politicus, and the
theologian Balthasar Cellarius (born ) is represented by his work
Institutiones & tabulae politicae (AGL I:). A secretary in Danzig,
Lucas de Linda (died ), is accredited with the work Descriptio orbis
& omnium ejus rerumpublicarum (AGL II:), as is Christoph Peller
(born ) living in Nuremberg, a doctor of jurisprudence and a magis-
trate, with his Compendium politicum (AGL III:). Various other titles
also relate to the legal and political sphere, notably Conspectus causarum
inter regem Daniae et ducem Holsatiae () and Coment. de regno recte
administrando ().
In relation to logic and philosophy, the Aristotelian influence is signif-
icant in Krafts collection: Aristotle is accredited with both Problemata
and Organum, and the Aristotelian philosopher Georg Gutke is accred-
ited with the work Logica divina, seu peripatetica. Johann Magirus is
accredited with his Physiologia peripatetica, as is the philosopher Jacob

Martini with Theorematum metaphysicorum exercitationes. Johann Weise
is accredited with the work Curieuse Fragen ber der Logica, as is Chris-
toph Scheibler with his Metaphysica. The philosopher Jacob Saur is ac-
credited with the work Syntagmatis logici libri VI, recorded as being
printed in Wittenberg in . Another listed philosophical work from
Germany is Philosophia practica written by the Leipzig professor Jacob
Thomasius, born (AGL IV:), while a Metaphysica is ac-
credited to Andreas Fromman, an author already encountered: Most of
the German authors registered in Krafts collection were major figures at
the time. From among the Danish authors, Caspar Bartholin the Elder is
accredited with his Physica. The antique author Democritus is also listed.
Very few titles relate to more novel forms of philosophy, but Michael
Bern, a philosopher and deacon in Dithmarschen living around , is
accredited with the work Alter der Atheisten, der Heyden und der Chris-
ten in Bchern wider Herbert, Hobbes und Spinosa. Bern also published
works entitled Contra Spinosae ethicam, Cabinet der Pietisten as well as
works on Cartesianism (AGL I:).
As to cosmology and astronomy, titles such as Paniglobium coeleste
and Cosmographia are listed, as is Hans Nansens Cosmographicum. Anto-
nius Mizaud is accredited with his work Ephemerides aris perpetuae,
which later was translated into French with the title Les ephemerides
perpetuelles de lair (AGL III:). Very few titles in the collec-
tion relate to medicine or pharmacology, but Jean Beguins book on
alchemy, Tyrocinium chymicum, is listed. A book supporting the belief
in witchcraft is included in Krafts collection, namely Johan Brunsmanns
Et forfrdeligt huus-kors. However, a volume refuting witchcraft is also
recorded, namely Balthasar Beckers highly influential treatise De betoo-
verde wereld, the listed edition reportedly being printed in .
Various books also cover other sciences, an example being an English
book referred to as The art of navigation, printed in London in .
Vegetius, that is Flavius Vegetius Renatus (ca AC), is accredited
with the work Epitome rei militaris, while the Italian humanist Petrarch
is accredited with the widely disseminated work De remediis utriusque
fortunae. Friedrich de Marselaer, a th-century mayor of Brussels, is
accredited with the work Legatus: This work was later reprinted in Ams-
terdam, which is apparently the edition recorded in Krafts collection
(AGL III:). The collected works of Dieterich Volkert (Coornhert,
died ), a secretary in Harlem, is also listed, a work printed in folio in
Amsterdam in (AGL IV:). French works include a book
chapter six
entitled La verit des sciences. Titles such as The surprising oracles of

nature and art and The oracle of Athens are also listed. Caspar Bartholin
the Younger (died ) is accredited with the work De tibiis veterum, et
earum antiquo usu libri tres, as is Thomas Bartholin with the work De
luce hominum et brutorum. Also listed in Krafts collection is the Leipzig
journal Acta eruditorum, a journal which consisted mainly of published
correspondence and which covered a multitude of topics. Several vol-
umes of this learned journal for the years and are
listed as having been in Krafts collection.
Several conclusions might be drawn from the information presented
above. In general, works on history and geography were included in some
of the collections, which points to the growing interest in such topics
along the th century. The artes curriculum also remains important to
the formation of learned book collections, reflected in the philosophical-
logical works of the peripatetic type: The peripatetic impact across the
different collections remains prominent through the presence of major
German figures such as Georg Gutke, Jacob Martini, Andreas Fromman
and Christoph Scheibler. Still, despite this traditionalism which runs
through most of the collections, books covering a wider range of natural
philosophical or scientific topics would occasionally be included in the
various collections. Overall, however, it was mostly the largest book
collections that included the most substantial number of non-theological
works.
Ten inventories recorded in the Jarlsberg clerical probate records in

the period give information on book collections, and these
collections belonged to agents who occupied various positions within the
clerical hierarchy (see table ).
Table : List of book owners registered in the Jarlsberg clerical probate
records
Gerhard Bentsn Winge, parson of Sande, folio , ; books
Hans Plate, parson of Borre, folio b, ; books
Niels Kraft, parson of Our Ladys Church, Tnsberg, folio , ;
books
Birgitte Christoffersdatter, clerical widow, folio , ; books
Lars Tue, philosophie et theologia studiosus, folio , ; books
Hans Claussen, parson of Vle, folio , ; books
Peder Bennichman, parish clerk, Husum, folio , ; books

Jens Gerner, cleric, Vle, folio , ; books
Rigitze Bugge, clerical widow, folio b, ; books
Nicolai Mancin, parson of Nttery and Tjme, folio b, ;
books
The ten book collections recorded in the Jarlsberg clerical probate records
in the period share several characteristics with those collec-
tions previously described: A wide range of German Lutheran authors,
eighty-five, are listed across the different collections (see table ), and
of these, some are newcomers when compared to the findings from
the first part of this chapter. Belonging to the th century are, for
instance, Gerhard Grave (born ), a doctor of theology and pastor
in Hamburg (AGL II:), Balthasar Kerner (died ), a preacher
in Ulm (AGL II:), and Jacob Werenberg (born ), a deacon
in Hamburg (AGL IV:). Most of the newcomers, however,
belonged to the th century, what can be noted through the listing
of authors such as Valentin Alberti (died ), a Lutheran philoso-
pher and theologian from Silesia, Samuel Benedikt Carpzov (born ),
a superintendent and court preacher in Dresden (AGL I:),
Johann Heinrich Feustking (born ), a court preacher in Gotha in
Thuringia (AGL II:), and Daniel Gribner (born ), a preacher
from Leipzig. Also appearing in Jarlsberg clerical book collections are
Johann Kiesling (born ), a professor of theology and superintendent
(AGL II:), Johann Georg Pritz (born ), a superintendent
and court preacher (AGL III:), Jacob Raupius (died ), a
pastor in Herleshaufen (AGL III:), Johann Conrad Feuerlein (born
), a superintendent in Nordlingen (AGL II:), Johann Andreas
Kunad (died ), a court preacher and superintendent in Zerbst (AGL
II:), and Gottfried Wegner (born ), a court preacher in Knigs-
berg (AGL IV:). Several authors of uncertain religious back-
ground are also represented with theological works in the Jarlsberg cler-
ical book collections (see table ).
Table : German Lutheran authors listed in the Jarlsberg inventories

German Lutheran authors listed in the Jarlsberg inventories are:
Johann Samuel Adami, Valentin Alberti, Georg Albrecht, Johann Arndt,
Reinhard Bakius, Friedrich Balduin, Felix Bidemback, Johann Binck, Johann
Botsak, Johannes Brenz, Stats Buscher, Johann Franz Buddaeus, Heinrich
Bnting, Georg Calixt, Abraham Calov, Sethus Calvisius, Samuel Benedikt
Carpzov, Martin Chemnitz, David Chytraeus, Daniel Cramer, Hartmann
chapter six
Creide, Johann Conrad Dannhauer, Christoph Dauderstadt, Conrad Diete-

rich, Heinrich Eckard, Johann Conrad Feuerlein, Johann Heinrich Feust-
king, Matthias Flacius, Johann Forster the Younger, Philipp Heinrich Fried-
lieb, Simon Geddicus, Martin Geier, Johann Gerhard, Salomon Gesner, Salo-
mon Glassius, Zacharias Grapius, Gerhard Grave, Daniel Gribner, Albert
Grawer, Matthias Hafenreffer, Johann Ludwig Hartmann, Johann Heermann,
Valerius Herberger, Johann Himmel, Aegidius Hunnius, Leonhard Hutter,
Philipp Kegel, Balthasar Kerner, Johann Kiesling, Peter Kirchback, Chris-
tian Kortholt, Hieronymus Kromayer, Johann Andreas Kunad, Friedrich
von Lanckisch, Michael von Lanckisch, Martin Luther, Georg Major, Bal-
thasar Meisner, Friedrich Just Mengewein, Johann Matthaeus Meyfart, Peter
Michaelis, Georg Moebius, Heinrich Mller, Philipp Nicolai, August Pfeif-
fer, Johann Georg Pritz, Jacob Raupius, Adam Rechenberg, Jacob Reinec-
cius, Samuel Rling, Johann Adam Schertzer, Sebastian Schmidt, Christian
Scriver, Nicolai Selneccer, Paul Stockmann, Victorin Strigel, Johann Tar-
now, Nathanael Tilesius, Matthias Vogel the Younger, Michael Walther the
Elder, Gottfried Wegner, Johann Weihenmayer, Jacob Werenberg, Matthias
Wasmuth, Johann Winckelmann.
Table : Authors of uncertain religious affiliation listed in the Jarlsberg

inventories
Authors of uncertain religious affiliation listed in the Jarlsberg clerical inven-
tories are: Michael Baumann, a th-century superintendent in
Hohenlohe (AGL I:); Jacob Herrenschmid (died ), superintendent
in Zimmern (AGL II:); Martin Hyller (died ), preacher in Silesia
(AGL II:); Eilhard Lubin (died ), a professor of theology
from Rostock (AGL II:); Tobias Magirus (born ), conrector
in Joachimsthal (AGL III:); Jacob Manlius (Mennel, died ), histo-
rian to the emperor Maximillian II; Michael Rager (born ), court pre-
acher in Delmenhorst (AGL III:); Jacob Reichmann (died ), ser-
ving at the philosophical faculty at Wittenberg University (AGL III:);
Andreas Christoph Schubart (born ), a pastor in Halle (AGL IV:);
Balthasar Scriba, an early th-century author (AGL IV:); Martin Statius
(died ), a deacon in Danzig (AGL III:); and Philipp Ehrenreich Wider
(died ), a conrector in Regensburg (AGL IV:).
Of the German Lutheran authors listed more than once across the vari-
ous collections, however, only thirty-six names have been identified (see
table ), which implies that, as in other corners of Norway, a vast range
of theologians dominated the broader market. Peculiar to Jarlsberg is the
high listing of authors such as Hartmann Creide and Johann Heermann,
findings which indicate that certain individual authors enjoyed greater
reception in one given locality than in others, due probably to fluctua-
tions in the book trade.
Table : German Lutheran authors listed more than once in the Jarlsberg
inventories
Listed in collections: Leonhard Hutter, Martin Luther, Heinrich Mller,
August Pfeiffer
Listed in collections: Johann Arndt, Friedrich Balduin, Hartmann
Creide, Johann Heermann
Listed in collections: Georg Albrecht, Reinhard Bakius, Felix Bidem-
back, Heinrich Bnting, Conrad Dieterich, Johann
Gerhard, Balthasar Meisner, Peter Michaelis
Listed twice: Johann Samuel Adami, Johann Binck, Johann
Botsak, Georg Calixt, Abraham Calov, Martin
Chemnitz, David Chytraeus, Johann Conrad
Dannhauer, Christoph Dauderstadt, Martin Geier,
Salomon Glassius, Aegidius Hunnius, Philipp
Nicolai, Jacob Reineccius, Johann Adam Schertzer,
Christian Scriver, Victorin Strigel, Johann Tarnow,
Michael Walther the Elder, Johann Weihenmayer
Pre-Reformation literature is also registered across the different collec-
tions. In Niels Krafts collection, for instance, Origeness Opera in two
volumes is listed, as are works accredited to Tauler, Augustine and the
Franciscan teacher Nicholas of Lyra (died ). A book entitled Religio
Turcua et Mahometica is also included in Krafts collection. In Winges
collection, several mystical or spiritual books are accredited to Jacob
Boehme, such as Aurora, Weg zu Christo and De signaturis rerum. Also
listed are Thomas Kempiss De imitatione Christi and a work entitled
Theologia mystica. On church history, Claussens book collection contains
the work Summarium historiae ecclesiasticae by the Lutheran theologian
Adam Rechenberg (AGL III:), and Niels Kraft is in posses-
sion of Johann Micraeliuss (born ) Syntagma historiarum mundi &
ecclesiae (AGL III:). Another registered work is simply referred
to as Billed bibelen (The Bible in pictures). A work entitled Der gantz
judische Glaub is also listed, as is a book on the art of dying, allegedly
printed in . Ravanellis Bibliotheca sacra is also registered across sev-
eral Jarlsberg inventories, and Johannes Sleidanuss works also occasion-
ally occur.
Calvinist influences, however, are only discernable in large book col-
lections such as those belonging to Winge ( books), Niels Kraft
( books), Claussen ( books) and Gerner (sixty books). Mancins
book collection ( books), however, contains no Calvinist material,
at least as far as one can tell from the information given. Overall, thus,
nineteen Calvinist authors are listed in the Jarlsberg clerical probate
chapter six
records (see table ), and most of these appear in Niels

Krafts collection. Of the names listed, however, the majority is already
familiar to us from previous findings, and most of these belonged, as
expected, to the Dutch sphere of influence. Few Calvinist authors are
listed more than once across the various collections: Tremellius, how-
ever, is listed in at least three collections (Winge, Kraft and Claussen),
whereas Franciscus Ridder, Augustin Marloratus, Heinrich Diest and
Theodore Beza are listed twice. Some Calvinist newcomers also appear
in the listing, such as Theodor Zwinger (died ), a deacon in Basel,
Christian Becmann (died ), superintendent in Zerbst, Theophilus
Neuberger (died ), superintendent in Cassel (AGL III:), Johann
Grafft (born ), professor at Tbingen, Zacharias Ursinus (died )
in Heidelberg, and Heinrich Groenewegen, a th century Dutch preach-
er and a follower of Cocceius (AGL II:). As to Catholic lit-
erature, few collections are equipped with works of this kind: Only
three names are listed overall, namely Diego Stella, Petrus Besaeus and
Sebastian Barradas (born ), Barradas being a Jesuit from Lisboa
(AGL I:). The only author listed more than once is Diego Stella, whose
name occurs in at least three of the collections.

Calvinist authors listed in the Jarlsberg clerical inventories are:
Johann Heinrich Alting, Wilhelm Baudartius, Christian Becmann, Theodore
Beza, Jacob Brandmller, Heinrich Diest, Johann Grafft, Heinrich Groene-
wegen, Johann Henrich Heidegger, Augustin Marloratus, Wolfgang Mus-
culus, Theophilus Neuberger, Franciscus Ridder, Abraham Scultetus, Caspar
Sibelius, Johann Stumpf, Immanuel Tremellius, Zacharias Ursinus, Theodor
Zwinger.
As to the number of works originating in England, it is mostly the large
collections of Winge, Niels Kraft, Claussen and Mancin that contain such
literature. And, as with previous collections, a wide range of more or less
familiar names are listed across the different collections, namely a total
of twenty-five (see table ). Several works are also only indicated in the
records by title, which means that any certainty regarding authorship is
somewhat limited. In Winges collection, for example, titles such as Ten
sermons preached upon several saints days, Gods terrible vory in the city,
Englands grand conspiracy, Wilkins discourse concerning the gift of prayer
and The best friend standing at the dorr, are listed, while An English Bible
is registered in the book collections of Winge, Kraft and Claussen; titles
and spellings are quoted here in the form in which they appear in the
inventories. That some of these works written by English authors may

have passed through the Netherlands before arriving in Norway, may be
deduced from titles such as Uver vater unser accredited to Richard Baker
(died ), which points to the importance of the Netherlands in the
transmission of literature to the Jarlsberg book market. Very few authors,
however, are listed across more than one collection, and those listed are
classic figures such as John Barclay, Daniel Dyke, Ralph Brownrige and
Thomas Watson (see table ), authors who also seem to have been
popular on the broader Norwegian book market.
Table : English authors of religious works registered in the Jarlsberg clerical
inventories
English authors of religious works registered in the Jarlsberg clerical invento-
ries are: Thomas Adams, Lancelot Andrews, Lewis Bailey, Richard
Baker, John Barclay, Ralph Brownrige, Victorin Bythner, Edmund Calamy
(died ), Joseph Caryl, Jeremiah Dyke, Daniel Dyke, Joseph Hall, Arthur
Hildersham, Robert Hill (died ), Adam Littleton (died ), Christo-
pher Love (died ), Thomas Manton, Joseph Mede, William Perkins,
John Reynolds (born ), Henry Smith (died ca ), Thomas Staple-
ton, Jeremy Taylor, Thomas Watson, John Wilkins (died ). Also more
vaguely referred to are names such as Brownley, Bufield, Burroughs, Tho-
mas Garzon, Rogers, Sanderson, Seeker, Simpson, Thomas Reese and George
Swinch appear.
Table : English authors listed more than once across the Jarlsberg clerical
inventories
Winge Plate N. Kraft Claussen Mancin
Thomas Watson
Ralph Brownrige
Daniel Dyke
John Barclay
Joseph Caryl
Jeremy Taylor
Joseph Hall
Henry Smith
Lewis Bailey
There are naturally differences between the collections with regard to the
variety of book distribution; this particularly concerns the book collec-
tions belonging to clerical widows, which were particularly small in size,
such as those belonging to Rigitze Bugge and Birgitte Christophersdat-
ter. The book collection of Birgitte Christophersdatter, which included
only twenty-four volumes, only comprises three Latin titles, including
chapter six
Theoria vitae aeternae (Philipp Nicolai) and a work referred to as Diarium

ecclesiasticum.17 At least four others of the registered authors were Ger-
man, namely Heinrich Mller, Johann Avenarius, Philipp Kegel and Mar-
tin Hyller, but their works are supplied in the inventory with Danish titles.
The remaining part of the books were written by Danish-Norwegian
authors, and many were of the specifically low-class and edifying type:
Several Bibles, sermon collections (postille), prayer-books, song-books
and psalters are listed, as is Fruentimmers contrafey and an old Church
Ordinance. The author and printer Hans Hansen Skonning (born ) is
accredited with the work Collegium philosophorum; hedenske philosophia
eller visdom, a work on moral philosophy. The collection of Rigitze Bugge
numbered only eighteen volumes, and apart from two dictionaries and a
work accredited to Johann Arndt, only Danish titles are registered, and
these indicate genres such as prayer-books, psalters, a Bible as well as
edifying books; of the latter group, several have titles that suggest guides
to the consolation of widows in distress, for example Encke suck (The
widows sigh).18
Impressive among most of the clerical collections, however, upper
as well as lower, is the rise in religious works written by Danish-
Norwegian authors. This rise is symptomatic of the broader printing and
dissemination of such works which took place during the course of the
th century. With regard to the Danish-Norwegian works listed, sev-
eral were written by classic Lutheran orthodox authors such as Hans
Poulsen Resen, Hans Svane and Caspar Brochmand. The influence of
these authors, however, is complemented by a range of more recent the-
ologians, for example Jens Bang (died ), Jens Giessing (died ),
Jens Bircherod (died ) and Jrgen Huulbeck (died , see table
). Remaining popular is Poul Medelbyes collection of sermons (Pos-
tille) which is listed in several book collections. Also popular are the Dan-
ish Bible editions of Christian III, Christian IV and Frederik IV, as well as
collections of additional of laws (Recess) and Church Ordinances; these
Ordinances however, were not necessarily of more recent date.
Table : Danish-Norwegian authors listed in the Jarlsberg clerical invento-
ries
Danish-Norwegian authors of religious works listed in the Jarlsberg cleri-
cal inventories are: Niels Michelsn Aalborg (), Lau-
rids Ernsten von Bach (), Jens Bang (ca ), Jens Bielke
(), Jens Bircherod (), Henrik Bornemann (),

Bartholomaeus Botsak (), Johannes Bremer (), Peder
Brinck (), Caspar Brochmand (), Samuel Brun (died
), Johan Brunsmann (), Niels Samuelsen Bugge (),
Hans Christensn (born ca ), Jens Christensn (ca ), Jens
Colstrup (died ), Sren Colding (died ), Bartholomaeus Deich-
mann (), Oluf Jensen Due (died ), Dorthe Engelbretsdatter,
(), Abraham Engelbretsn (born ), Arnold de Fine (
), Henrik Gerner (), Jens Giessing (), Lave Grends-
teen (), Niels Heldvad (), Niels Hemmingsen (
), Jacob Hersleb (), Jens Nielsen Hoe (), Anders
Hof (), Jacob Andersen Hummer (), Jrgen Huulbech
(), Laurids Hylling (born ), Jens Jersin (), Povel
Juel (ca ), Thomas Kingo (), Johann Lassenius (
), Michael Srensen Leigh (ca ), Jacob Lodberg (),
Hector Gottfried Masius (), Jacob Matthiae (), Poul
Medelbye (), Peder Mller (), Peder Nackskov (died
), Elias Naur (), Willads Nielsen (), Christian Nold
(), Peder Nyborg (died ), Jonas Ramus (), Albert
Raffn (died ca ), Niels Randulph (), Hans Poulsen Resen
(), Mads Rostock (), Berent Siwerts (), Hans
Steenbuch (), Hans Svane (), Frands Thestrup (
), Hans Thomissn (), Peder Txen (died ), Peder Jen-
sen Vinstrup (), Hans Wandal the Younger (), Valen-
tin Wudrian (), Marcus Wldike (). Names such as
Peder Beck and Hans Fryel also probably indicate Danish-Norwegian ori-
gin.
It should be noted, however, that this rise in works written by Danish-
Norwegian authors does not overturn the more hegemonic status of
German Lutheran orthodox authors, although some more recent au-
thors, including Pietists, sometimes are included. Overall, thus, the Lu-
theran orthodox impact is as vivid in Jarlsberg as it is in other corners of
Norway.
Jarlsberg book collections
Non-theological works are also included in the Jarlsberg book collec-

tions , although the highest number of works of this kind
is mostly to be found in the largest book collections. With regard to
antique works, the majority of these is listed in the larger book collec-
tions of Winge, Kraft, Claussen, Gerner and Mancin. At least twenty-four
chapter six
different authors have been identified (see table ), but as many as

seven of these only appear in Niels Krafts major collection. Of the authors
listed, however, only eleven are registered more than once across the dif-
ferent collections, and the most popular in terms of dissemination is
Cicero, whose works are recorded in at least four of the collections in
question. Horace, Ovid, Cornelius Nepos and Vergil are listed at least
three times across the different collections. Many of the classical works
registered in Jarlsberg clerical inventories were also allegedly in Danish
translation.
Table : Antique authors listed in the Jarlsberg clerical inventories

Antique authors listed in the Jarlsberg clerical inventories are:
Aphthonius, Aulus Gellius, Cicero, Cornelius Nepos, Curtius, Dictys of Crete,
Josephus, Horace, Isocrates, Julius Caesar, Livy, Lukian, Ovid, Plautius, Plut-
arch, Sallust, Seneca, Sophocles, Suetonius, Sulpicius Severus, Tacitus, Ter-
ence, Valerius Maximus, Vergil.
Humanist writers are also recorded in some of the book collections, and
the majority of these are listed in the relatively large book collections of
Niels Kraft, Claussen and Mancin. Erasmus is listed in at least three of
the collections, namely those of Winge, Kraft and Mancin, while Justus
Lipsius is listed in the collections of Kraft, Claussen and Mancin. Other
humanists including Gerardus Vossius, Philipp Cominaeus, Marc Anto-
nio Muretus, Daniel Heinsius, Jacobus Acontius and Claudius Salmasius
are also listed across various collections.
As to dictionaries and manuals, some well-known Latin school clas-
sics are listed: Calepino is listed in the collections of Winge, Claussen
and Rigitze Bugge, Scapula is recorded in the collections of Niels Kraft
and Mancin, and Stephanus (Colloquia) is registered in the collections
of Niels Kraft and Tue. A wider range of philologists, however, are listed
in the collections of Niels Kraft, Claussen and Mancin, and to a lesser
extent in the collections of Tue and Gerner (see table ). French dic-
tionaries and grammars, however, are only registered in the collections of
Niels Kraft, Claussen and Mancin, through titles such as En nye frandsk
grammatik (A new French grammar), Lexicon gallico-germanium and
A French dictionary. Pepliers frandske dictionar is registered in Jens
Gerners collection. A work entitled Dictionarium anglicum is included in
Krafts collection. Overall, however, it is the biblical languages of Hebrew,
Greek and Latin that seem to remain the most important focus of theo-
logical training.
Table : Authors of philological works recorded in the Jarlsberg clerical

inventories
Of the authors of philological works recorded in Jarlsberg clerical inventories
, some are Danish, namely Ole Borch and Thomas Bang. Most aut-
hors recorded, however, are of German and Dutch origin. Listed are Johann
Forster the Elder (born ), Georg Pasor, David Clodius (died ),
Johannes Buxdorf the Elder, Johann Leusden, Wilhelm Schickard, Helvi-
cus Garth (died ), Johann Philipp Pareus (born ), Johann Pos-
sel (born ), Ehrenreich Weismann (born ), Matthias Wasmuth
(born ), Cornelius Schrevel (died ), Lucas Loss (born ), Hein-
rich Smetius (died ) and Johann Drusius.
As to other types of scientific literature, it is the large collections of Winge,
Mancin, Niels Kraft and Claussen which reflect the broadest variety, and
in terms of registrations, a rise in book occurrences covering history and
geography is attestable towards , a trend similar to that noticed in
the Trondheim inventories. Several of these works were also written in
the Danish language. There are nevertheless variations between the dif-
ferent collections, and the smallest collections registered, namely those of
Hans Plate (forty-four volumes), Jens Gerner (sixty volumes) and Peder
Bennichman (thirty-one volumes), are those which contain the lowest
number of non-theological works. In Hans Plates collection, very few of
the registered titles indicate a non-theological content.19 An exception is
Caspar Bartholin the Elders Physica, while another work in Plates collec-
tion is entitled Tractatus philos. theolog. Clemens Timpler (died ), a
teacher at the gymnasium in Steinfurt, is accredited with the work Logica
(AGL IV:), while on medicine, only one work is listed, namely that of
the Italian philosopher, theologian, physician and mathematician Joseph
Galeanus (died ), De conservanda sanitate (AGL II:). The
book collection belonging to Jens Gerner from Vle also comprises only
a limited number of non-theological books.20 Two books registered as
being of French origin, however, are listed, as is one of Johannes Hubners
widely disseminated works on geography. On philosophy, Synopsis phys-
icae ad lumen divinum reformatae is accredited to the humanist Johann
Amos Comenius, also famousamong other thingsfor his work Janua
linguarum. The book collection of the parish clerk Peder Bennichman,
however, contains solely Danish titles, the majority of which point to
chapter six
literature of an edifying character.21 A few listed volumes also cover

history, for example Ludvig Holbergs European history (Introduction til
de europaeiske rigers historie), a short Danish Chroniche, a work covering
the history of the statesman Corfitz Ulfeldt (died ) and a work
referred to only as Tartarische krige (The Tartar wars).
One of the smallest book collections recorded in the Jarlsberg cleri-
cal inventories, namely that of the studiosus Lars Tue (forty-two books),
probably a teacher at the Tnsberg Latin School, includes a more var-
ied number of non-theological books.22 Tue, who allegedly indulged in
philosophy and theology, was apparently in possession of some Latin dis-
putations (disuputatzer) as well as various works on rhetoric and logic:
Peder Nyborgs (died ) Synopsis logica is recorded, and a Logica is
also accredited to the Basel professor of theology Amandus Polanus,
born (AGL III:). Nicolaus Vernulaeus (born ), a
professor of rhetoric at Leuven and later historiographer royal, is accred-
ited with the work Rhetorum collegii Porcensis orationes (AGL IV:
). Of the historical works, Inscriptioner & monumenters beschriwer i
Kbenhavn og Uranieborg (Monuments and inscriptions in Copenhagen
and Uranieborg) is listed, while a work on both ecclesiastical and mun-
dane history is accredited to the parson and historian Jonas Ramus. The
cleric Anders Borchs (died ) translation of Jonas Ramuss Nori reg-
num is also listed, and so is Philipp Cominaeuss history of the reign of
Louis XI, a work that seemed to have, alongside Ludvig Holbergs Euro-
pean history, a certain reception field in Jarlsberg closer to .
A Latin book on mathematics is listed in Tues collection. Also reg-
istered is the work Introductio ad veram vitam by a doctor of jurispru-
dence who practised in Sor, a certain Heinrich Ernesti, died
(AGL II:). Several books in Tues collection also covered medicine
and physics, as references such as A medical book in Latin and the
title De institutione physicae indicate. The Wittenberg professor Johann
Scharff s (born ) Metaphysica is also registered, as is a work entitled
Anatomia medulla medicinae. Synopsis medicinae is accredited to Her-
mann Follini, a professor from Cologne who practised as city medicus
in Hertzogenbusch in the early th century (AGL II:). Tues library
is also equipped with the final volume of Heinrich Cornelius Agrippas
Opera, a work on magic; this work was also registered in other Norwe-
gian regions, and occurrences of this kind indicate that clerics were not
constrained from acquiring more occult philosophy, although their main

focus remained centred on peripatetic philosophy.
Some of the larger collections, such as those belonging to Gerhard
Bentsn Winge ( books) and Nicolai Mancin ( volumes), contain a
more moderate number of non-theological works. The collection of Ger-
hard Bentsn Winge covers various topics:23 On history, the theologian
Jonas Ramuss ecclesiastical and mundane history is listed, as is Ludvig
Holbergs European history. A work referred to as Tartarische krige (The
Tartar wars) is also listed, and so is a work portraying the life and deeds
of Martin Luther, allegedly written in the Danish language (Luthers lev-
nets historie). A Chronica of is also listed, as is a volume entitled
Theatrum historicum, while the work De regibus rerumque virtutibus is
accredited to a th-century professor at Leipzig, Heinrich Schwalen-
berg (AGL IV:). A second historical Chronica accredited to Schultzen,
possibly Gottfried Schultze (died ), is also registered. Likewise relat-
ing to historical issues are titles such as De imperio romano and Trutina
statuum Europae; the latter work was written by Henry II, the Duke of
Rohan (died ).
As to medicine and related topics, works on pharmacology are also
listed in Winges collection: A volume entitled Pharmacopoea Helvetio-
rum is listed, as is a book referred to as Hausapotech; the latter was prob-
ably written by the (al)chemist Johann Joachim Becher (born ). Also
registered is the pseudo-Albertuss work De secretis mulierum, as is a
book entitled Liber de medicina. A work on logic is accredited to Philipp
du Trieu (died ), a theologian from Hainaut (AGL IV:), while
Monita & exempla politica is accredited to the humanist Justus Lipsius.
A more recent work on philosophy is also registered in Winges collec-
tion, namely Thomas Hobbess (died ) Leviathan. A relatively wide
range of other subjects are also registered: On music, of note is a work
accredited to the poet and musician Johann Rist, namely Frommer Chris-
ten taglische Haus-Music. Poems are also accredited to Paul Flemming
(born ). Interestingly, a number of titles listed in Winges collection
also indicate works of fictional character, for example Die schne Slaf-
ferin Juliana, Die verliebte und abgefallne Judin and Die hitzige Indianer-
inn. Molieres (i.e. Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, died ) Comedies are also
listed, and so is a translation of Miguel de Cervantes, namely Der irrende
Ritter don Quicotte.
chapter six
Nicolai Mancins collection contains only a limited number of non-

theological works.24 Some historical works may be noted, however, and
these are of Scandinavian as well as of German origin. Claus Lyschan-
ders Danske kongers slegtebog, which attempted to trace the ancestry of
Danish kings back to Adam, is listed, as is a historical work written by
the polymath Holger Jacobaeus. The bookseller Jens Wolf s (born )
Norske beskrivelse (Norriga illustrata) is also listed, as is Holbergs Euro-
pean history. One volume in Mancins collection is referred to as Folcke
kundskap (Knowledge of various peoples), and another is entitled Histor.
mundi. From the broader European scene, a historical work is accred-
ited to the German th-century historian Caspar Meurer (AGL III:),
while several books in Mancins collection are accredited to Johannes
Hubner, for instance his Historische Tabellen: Hubners works were there-
fore remarkably well distributed not only in Trondheim, but also in Jarls-
berg, according to the inventories registered closer to . A Polyhistoria
is accredited to the famous historian Daniel Morhof, and Albertus Krantz
is accredited with the work Chronicon regnorum aquilonarium Daniae
(AGL II:).
Some works in Mancins collection also cover medicine. Medical works
are accredited to Ambroise Par (died ) and Steven Blankaart (died
); both these physicians were major figures in the early modern
period. Johann Sperlings Physica is also listed, as are other titles relat-
ing to medicine such as Lgebog (Book on medicine), Curationes medica
and Vade mecum anatom. Of the Danish authors, Thomas Bartholin is
accredited with the work De sanguine vetito, and as to physics, meta-
physics and logic, Physica and Metaphysica are accredited to Caspar
Bartholin the Elder. Christian Matthiae is accredited with the work Sys-
tema logicum, ethicum, politicum theologicum majus & minus. Meanwhile
on astronomy, a work referred to as Circuli sverici is listed. On law, Chris-
tian Vs Norwegian law is listed, while various works are also accredited
to authors such as Jean Puget de La Serre, Marcellus Palingenius and
Petrarch (Trost Spiegel): De La Serre is accredited with his famous Secr-
taire la mode, one of the most popular letter-writing manuals of the
th century. Also A catalogue of English writers on the Scriptures is listed
in Mancins inventory.
The two largest book collections registered in the Jarlsberg clerical
inventories , namely those belonging to Niels Kraft ( vol-
umes) and Hans Claussen ( volumes), are those that comprised the
highest number of non-theological works. As to the collection of the
parson Niels Kraft, a range of non-theological topics are covered.25 On
history, Johannes Carions Chronica and The Trojan war are listed. Sev-
eral historical works also relate to Scandinavian history, notably a his-
torical work written by Thormod Torfaeus and Ludvig Holbergs Euro-
pean history. A work entitled Queen Christinas privileges in Sweden is
also listed, as are Jonas Ramuss Norvegia antiqua, Arild Hvidfelds His-
toria and Thomas Bartholin the Youngers (died ) account of Holger
Dano. On geography, Johannes Hubners Genealogischen Fragen as well as
fourteen volumes of his collected works are recorded. Other titles such as
Historia geographica and Curieuse curier Europae, Asiae unt Africae, also
reflect the periods mounting interest in history and geography. An Atlas
minor accredited to Gerardus Mercator (died ) is also registered in
Krafts inventory, as are twenty-one maps of various countries and cities
and a work entitled Pinar microcosmographica.
Some books on medicine and related issues are also registered in
Niels Krafts collection, and some of these were written by Danes: Ole
Borch is accredited with the work De usu plantarum indigenarum, and
Caspar Bartholin the Elder with his Specimen historiae anatomicae par-
tium corporis humani. Johann Sperlings Physica is also listed, while
a work on the conservation of health is accredited to Daniel Georg
Coschwitz (died ), a physician and anatomist from Prussia. Con-
rad Kunrath (died ) is accredited with the work Medulla destil-
latoria & medica (AGL II:), while another medical work, Instit.
medica, is accredited to the th-century Copenhagen professor Holger
Jacobaeus, who also wrote on history and geography (AGL II:). The
medical work Anmerckungen von der weiblichen Geburt, is accredited to
the French th-century surgeon Cosmus Viardel who served as per-
sonal physician to the Queen of France (AGL IV:). Meanwhile on
alchemy, Jean Beguins widely disseminated work Tyrocinum chymicum
is listed. Also registered is a work entitled Amuleta contra pestem. The
Cartesian inspired physician Jacob Waldschmidt (born ), is also
accredited with a medical work, namely Praxis medicinae rationalis per
casus tradita (AGL IV:). On philosophy, Christoph Scheib-
lers Metaphysica is listed. As in previous collections, Krafts collection
therefore reflects the periods relatively heterogeneous scientific-medical
chapter six
curriculum which mixed peripatetic and mechanist philosophy with

more alchemical-medical perceptions of the human body.
As to political theory, one work of this kind is accredited to Justus
Lipsius, and a book on feudal law is accredited to Johann Samuel Stryk,
born , a professor of jurisprudence and and a court advisor to the
Duchess of Eisenach (AGL IV:). A work referred to as Con-
siderationes politica Europae et aliae disputationes (anonymeous author)
is also registered. Samuel Pufendorf is accredited with two works, one
being his famous De officio hominis. The book Florilegum politicum is
accredited to Christoph Lehmann, a th-century notarius from Speyer
(AGL II:). Two more traditional books on arithmetic, namely those
of the teacher of arithmetic Sren Mathiesen (died ) and the par-
son Anders Hansen Bonde (died ), are also registered. The philolo-
gist Johannes Schefferus, also famous for his history of Lapps, is accred-
ited with his Suecia literata (The learned Sweden), while Jacob Masenius
(born ), the skilled rhetorician, is accredited with the work Palaestra
styli romani (AGL III:).
The second parson to leave a large book collection, namely Hans
Claussen, also owned various types of non-theological literature, includ-
ing many volumes on history.26 Of works relating to Scandinavia, Anders
Borchs (died ) Gamle og hedenske Norge (Old and heathen Norway,
a translation from Latin of a work originally written by Jonas Ramus)
is listed, while Chronologia is accredited to the parson Peder Brinck
(died ). Various other titles also indicate historical works, for exam-
ple Ecomium regni daniae, Fridrichshalds kircke indvielese beschrivelse
(The consecration of the church of Fredrikshald, ), and a work enti-
tled Der Knige in Schweden Leben, Regiering und Absterben; the latter
work was allegedly printed in . As to non-Scandinavian works, a
book on antique history is listed, while Christian Matthiae is accredited
with the work Theatrum historicum-theoretico practicum. A work on Ger-
man history is accredited to Matthaeus Merian, born (AGL III:),
and Christoph Helwich (born ), a professor of theology and oriental
languages, is accredited with the work Theatrum historicum & chrono-
logicum (AGL II:). Again, Philipp Cominaeus is accredited with his
work on the life and deeds of Louis XI, and as to geography, an Atlas
major anno is accredited to Gerardus Mercator. A volume entitled
Dictionarium geographicum is also recorded, as is a book referred to as

Ostindiske reyse bog (East India travel book) and a work solely referred
to as Tabb. chronologicas.
A number of works in Claussens collection also cover medicine and
related topics: An Opera is accredited to Paracelsus, and the work Histo-
riae anatomicae is accredited to Thomas Bartholin. Somatologia & phys-
ica is accredited to the German headmaster Otto Casmann, died
(AGL I:), while the Erfurt physician Christoph Helwich the
Younger (born ), is represented by a work referred to in the inven-
tory as Haus Verwalter (AGL II:). Nicolaus Frambesarius, a th-
century court physician and professor at Paris, is also accredited with
a work on medicine (AGL II:), and on botany, Simon Paullis (died
) Flora danica is recorded.
Several works in Claussens collection also cover philosophy and logic:
Specimen compendii physicae praecipue philosophiae naturalis is accred-
ited to Casper Bartholin the Younger (born ). The philosopher
Franco Burgersdicius (born ), a professor of physics, logic and ethics
at Leiden, is accredited with the work Idea philosophiae moralis (AGL
I:). Johann Amos Comeniuss Physicae ad lumen divinum re-
formatae synopsis is also listed, while Gisbertus ab Isendoorn, a th-
century professor of philosophy from Deventer, is accredited with the
work Logica peripatetica (AGL II:). The th-century philosopher
Jacob Saur, also previously encountered, is accredited with his Logica,
while a work on dialectics is accredited to Augustinus Hunnaeus (born
), a canonicus from Leuven (AGL II:). Also registered are An-
dreas Frommans (born ) Metaphysica and Christian Weises (born
) Curieuse Fragen ber die Logica. A philosophical work is also
accredited to Francis Bacon (died ); in the inventory, this work is
referred to as Opera Baconis Verulamy. With regard to occult philoso-
phy and alchemy, Isagoge is accredited to the Rosicrucian Julius Sperber,
a reference which suggests his work Isagoge in veram Triunius Dei et nat-
urae cognitionem . . . in qua multa quoque praeclara de materia lapidis
philosophici. On arithmetic, various books are accredited, as usual, to
Sren Mathiesen and Anders Hansen Bonde. Georg Hilarius (died ),
a headmaster and later professor at Copenhagen, is also accredited with
a mathematical work. Only one title in Claussens collection relates to
astronomy, namely Praecepta doctrinae sphaericae; this work was also by
Georg Hilarius (AGL II:). One of the works also covers rhetoric,
namely Institutiones rhetoricae by the Bremen teacher Johann Tesmar,
died (AGL IV:).
chapter six
Some of the titles in Claussens collection relate to law and justice, for
example Europaeische Rath Stube (), Glossarium juridicum danico
norvegicum () and Politischen Fragen; the latter work is accredited
to the professor of political theory Christian Weise, born , already
mentioned above (AGL IV:). Also registered is a work entitled
Regler von Krigsvesen (Rules of war), allegedly printed in . Several
other types of literature are also registered: Caspar von Stieler (died )
is accredited with a German translation of his work Les plus belles lettres
des meilleurs auteurs Franois which was dedicated to the Duke of Holl-
stein (AGL IV:). Some titles indicate works of fictional charac-
ter, such as a French comedy book and a book entitled Rittir Ormund
(The knight Ormund). Interestingly, Kraft also possessed a catalogue of
the books in the Bodleian library in Oxford, namely Catalogus librorum
bibliothecae Bodlejana, reportedly printed in .
Given the various recordings of non-theological books in the Jarlsberg
clerical inventories , a number of conclusions may be drawn.
First, certain specific, non-theological subjects are on the rise: There is
an increase in the number of historical and geographical works. With
regard to the historical works in particular, many of these were written
in the vernacular language by relatively well-known Danish-Norwegian
authors. The rise in the registrations of historical and geographical works
across the different inventories reflects the greater focus placed on these
topics in the educational curriculum. Many of the registered books also
cover very traditional topics such as logic, rhetoric and dialectics. Various
philosophical works, as well as a limited number of medical works, are
also registered in several of the collections. However, although the philo-
sophical emphasis is heavily indebted to the legacy of Aristotle, other
traditions are also discernable, for example Enlightenment philosophy
(Hobbes), as well as more magical-related works (Sperber, Agrippa and
Paracelsus), occurrences which are symbolic of the broadness of theories
circulating across the early modern European market of print.

among Jarlsberg clerics
Overall, a relatively high number of books are registered in the Jarls-

berg clerical inventories, probably due to the fact that the county of
Jarlsberg can be counted as relatively urban. This richness of books is
reflected in the important number of German Lutheran authors listed:
About different authors have been identified across the Jarlsberg

clerical inventories (see table ), which means that the
collections may say to primarily reflect the German sphere of influ-
ence.
Table : German Lutheran authors listed in the Jarlsberg inventories

German Lutheran authors listed in the Jarlsberg inventories are:
Johann Samuel Adami, Johannes Affelmann, Conrad Agricola, Lambert
Alard, Valentin Alberti, Georg Albrecht, Johann Arndt, Sebastian Artome-
des, Johann Avenarius, Reinhard Bakius, Friedrich Balduin, Christopher
Barbarossa, Bartholomaeues Battus, Felix Bidemback, Johann Binck, Marti-
nus Bohemus, Johann Botsak, Johannes Brenz, Johannes Bugenhagen, Stats
Buscher, Johann Franz Buddeus, Heinrich Bnting, Georg Calixt, Abraham
Calov, Sethus Calvisius, Samuel Benedikt Carpzov, Andreas Celichius, Chris-
tian Chemnitz, Martin Chemnitz, David Chytraeus, Michael Cluver, Chri-
stoph Corner, Daniel Cramer, Hartmann Creide, Johann Conrad Dann-
hauer, Christoph Dauderstadt, Conrad Dieterich, Johann Michael Dillherr,
Adam Doegen, Matthaeus Dresser, Ludovic Dunte, Heinrich Eckard, Paul
Egard, Joachim Emden, Johann Conrad Feuerlein, Johann Heinrich Feust-
king, Christoph Fischer, Matthias Flacius, Johann Flittner, Johann Forster
the Younger, Wolfgang Frantze, Philipp Heinrich Friedlieb, Simon Geddi-
cus, Martin Geier, Johann Gerhard, Salomon Gesner, Salomon Glassius,
Zacharias Grapius, Gerhard Grave, Albert Grawer, Daniel Gribner, Matt-
hias Hafenreffer, Johann Ludwig Hartmann, Jacob Heerbrand, Johann Heer-
mann, Jacob Heilbrunner, Valerius Herberger, Tilemann Heshus, Caspar
Heunisch, Johann Himmel, Christian Hohburg, Aegidius Hunnius, Nico-
lai Hunnius, Leonhard Hutter, Johannes Jan, Philipp Kegel, Balthasar Ker-
ner, Johann Kiesling, Peter Kirchback, Johann Friedrich Koenig, Christian
Kortholt, Barthold von Krakewitz, Hieronymus Kromayer, Johann Abra-
ham Kromayer, Johann Andreas Kunad, Johann Ludwig Langhans, Fried-
rich von Lanckisch, Michael von Lanckisch, Lucas Loss, Martin Luther,
Georg Major, Johann Heinrich Majus, Christian Matthiae, Balthasar Meisner,
Philipp Melanchthon, Friedrich Just Mengewein, Balthasar Mentzer, Johann
Matthaeus Meyfart, Peter Michaelis, Johann Micraelius, Georg Moebius,
Heinrich Mller, Philipp Nicolai, Lucas Osiander the Elder, Johann Jacob
Otto, Simon Paulli, Heinrich Pipping, August Pfeiffer, Moses Pflacher, Johann
Georg Pritz, Andreas Prckner, Johann Andreas Quenstedt, Adam Rechen-
berg, Jacob Reineccius, Johann Rist, Georg Rost, Heinrich Roth, Samuel
Rling, Johann Adam Schertzer, Sebastian Schmidt, Christian Scriver, Nico-
lai Selneccer, Erhard Snepff, Johannes Spangenberg, Paul Stockmann, Victo-
rin Strigel, Gregor Strigenitz, Johann Tarnow, Nathanael Tilesius, Matthias
Vogel the Elder, Matthias Vogel the Younger, Michael Walther the Elder,
Matthias Wasmuth, Gottfried Wegner, Johann Weihenmayer, Georg Wein-
rich, Hieronymus Weller, Jacob Weller, Jacob Werenberg, Johann Winckel-
mann, Johannes Wigand.
chapter six
Certain German theologians also presumably had a specific impact on

the reading habits of Jarlsberg clerics, namely Leonhard Hutter, Friedrich
Balduin, Hartmann Creide and Martin Luther (see table ): Although
most of these authors also would appear in inventories registered in
other parts of Norway, occurrences of this kind show that each locality
circulated works written by a specific set of authors.
Table : German Lutheran authors listed more than once across the
Jarlsberg inventories
Listed times Leonhard Hutter
Listed times Friedrich Balduin, Hartmann Creide, Martin Luther
Listed times Conrad Dieterich, August Pfeiffer
Listed times Johann Arndt, Felix Bidemback, Johann Heermann,
Heinrich Mller
Listed times Georg Albrecht, Philipp Melanchthon
Listed times Reinhard Bakius, David Chytraeus, Johann Gerhard,
Aegidius Hunnius, Johann Tarnow
Overall, forty Calvinist authors have been identified, several of which
were Dutch (see table ). Of these, however, few authors occur in more
than one collection. Tremellius, however, is listed across five collections,
and Franciscus Ridder and Caspar Sibelius across four collections, which
implies that these specific authors achieved a certain cross-national pop-
ularity.

Calvinist authors listed in the Jarlsberg clerical inventories are:
Johann Heinrich Alting, Johann Heinrich Alsted, Benedictus Aretius, Jacques
Basnage, Wilhelm Baudartius, Christian Becmann, Theodore Beza, Johann
Franciscus Biondi, Jacob Brandmller, Caspar Brandt, Anton Bynaeus, Jean
Calvin, Jacob Crucius, Heinrich Diest, Charles Drelincourt the Elder, Johann
Grafft, Heinrich Groenewegen, Johann Heinrich Heidegger, Johann Heinrich
Hottinger, Andreas Hyperius, Franciscus Junius, Ludwig Lavater, Augustin
Marloratus, Wolfgang Musculus, Theophilus Neuberger, Amandus Polanus,
Franciscus Ridder, Johannes Piscator, Jean de La Placette, Abraham Scultetus,
Caspar Sibelius, Georg Sohn, Friedrich Spanheim the Younger, Caspar Streso,
Johann Stumpf, Immanuel Tremellius, Zacharias Ursinus, Gisbert Voetius,
Wilhelm Zepper, Theodor Zwinger.
Some works from the Catholic tradition also appear in Jarlsberg invento-
ries. Overall, sixteen authors have been identified (see table ), but few
of these are listed across more than one collection: The most popular in
terms of registration is Diego Stella, whose name is listed across five col-
lections. Petrus Besaeus, on the other hand, is listed in three collections.
Hence Diego Stella, like Franciscus Ridder and Caspar Sibelius from the
Calvinist tradition, seems to have been an important author of devotional
works on a broader national level.
Table : Catholic authors listed in the Jarlsberg clerical inventories

Catholic authors listed in the Jarlsberg clerical inventories are:
Sebastian Barradas, Petrus Besaeus, Jacob Boldutius, Rudolphus Clutius,
Philipp Diez, Jeremias Drexel, Pierre-Daniel Huet, Jacob Marchant, Ludovi-
cus Granatensis, Balthasar Gracian, Santes Pagninus, Franois Penon, Nicolas
Perotus, Caspar Sanchez, Carolus Scribanius, Diego Stella.
With regard to the authors of English origin, close to eighty more or less
identified names have been registered, which is a relatively significant
number (see table ). However, some remarks regarding these find-
ings need to be made: Because of the often slapdash registration and the
high number of titles listed without an authors name, the total number of
English authors contained in the collections may in fact be much higher
than that outlined in table . It should also be noted that this relatively
high number of recordings is the result of the presence of such works
in only a handful of collections: In general, it is the largest book collec-
tions which include significant numbers of works of English origin, for
example that of Jens Kraft. Some of the other collections, and particularly
those belonging to the lesser clergy, did not contain works of English ori-
gin at all. It also seems as if some authors were particularly popular in the
county of Jarlsberg: Thomas Watson is listed in at least seven collections,
and Daniel Dyke and John Barclay are registered in at least five: All these
authors were also relatively popular in Trondheim and Bergen.
Table : English authors of religious and theological works registered in the
Jarlsberg clerical inventories
English authors of religious and theological works registered in the Jarls-
berg clerical inventories are: Thomas Adams, Isaac Ambrosius,
Lancelot Andrews, Samuel Annest, William Atkins, Lewis Bailey, Richard
Baker, Matthew Barcher, Bates, Richard Baxter, John Barclay, Peter Berault,
Robert Boyle, Thomas Brightmann, Brownley, Ralph Brownrige, Bufield,
Anthony Burgesse, Jeremiah Burroughs, Victorin Bythner, Edmund Calamy,
Thomas Carl, Joseph Caryl, William Cave, William Chamberlain, Stephan
Charnoche, Cotton, Nathanael Culverwel, Martin Day, Daniel Dyke, Jere-
miah Dyke, Daniel Fewbly, John Forbes, John Fox, Thomas Fuller, Thomas
Garzon, Thomas Gataker, Thomas Godwin, Joseph Hall, Henry Hammond,
Samuel Hieron, Arthur Hildersham, Robert Hill, Michael Jermin, Samuel
Krooche, Adam Littleton, John Lord, Christopher Love, Thomas Manton,
Matthew Meard, Joseph Mede, Thomas Myriell, John Owen (), William
chapter six
Perkins, Henry Ramsden, John Randall, Thomas Reese, John Reynolds, Nehe-
miah Rogers, Sanderson, Seeker, William Selerloch, Richard Sibbes, Sydrach
Simpson, Henry Smith, Samuel Smith, Edward Spark, Thomas Stapleton,
George Swinch, Jeremy Taylor, Thomas Taylor, William Tenner, John Tillot-
son, Thomas Varton, Nathanael Vincent, Thomas Wadswerth, Thomas Wat-
son, John Wilkins. The spelling of names is those recorded in the inventories.
Various other particularities may also be noted with regard to the theo-
logical or religious books listed in the Jarlsberg clerical inventories
. There is, for instance, a rise in books written in the Danish lan-
guage towards . Hence towards , the clerical library tends to
be built around a core of German Lutheran authors, enlarged with a
higher number of works written in the Danish language. Still, the various
libraries and the largest ones in particular, would also include Calvinist
and Catholic literature of the religious type, as well as literature originat-
ing in England. In terms of overall outlook, therefore, book occurrences
in Jarlsberg seem to have depended on the same overarching channels of
book distribution as did Trondheim and Bergen: Germany, the Nether-
lands, England and the twin monarchy itself were important to the dis-
semination of books on the Jarlsberg book market.
As to the non-theological literature registered in the Jarlsberg inven-
tories, certain local features are also discernable, although variations
occur between the different collections. First, the educational curricu-
lum seems to have been very important to the formation of the vari-
ous libraries, an impetus which accounts for the various registrations of
antique literature as well as literature covering topics such as medicine,
philology, philosophy, metaphysics, logic, rhetoric and dialectics. Sec-
ond, the mounting interest in geography and history is also clearly dis-
cernable in the Jarlsberg collections recorded closer to , a feature
which reflects the specific changes that took place in the educational cur-
riculum along the th century. Third, many of the authors of these non-
theological works belonged to the German sphere of influence, exam-
ples being well established names such as Johannes Buxdorf the Elder
(philology), Johannes Hubner (geography / history), Christoph Scheibler
and Jacob Martini (logic / philosophy). However, non-theological works
also originated in other areas, and they covered a wide range of top-
ics, which implies that figures such as Jean Beguin, Agrippa and Hobbes
would all have their works circulating side by side on the Jarlsberg book
market. This, naturally, reflect the broadness of the early modern market
of print.
.. Books recorded in the Nedenes

clerical probate records
The district of Nedenes was situated to the south of the district of Jarls-
berg and north of the district of Mandal and the city of Kristiansand.
Unlike the geographical areas previously examined, the district of Nede-
nes possessed no major city centre and no Latin school. Hence, despite
being situated on the coast, the district of Nedenes may be described
as peripheral and non-urban in comparison to the other districts where
book collections have been examined.
The Nedenes clerical inventories were registered in the years
, and sixteen different households were registered during this pe-
riod.27 Only six of the registered inventories, however, include detailed
listings of book collections, and these were all recorded in the period
(see table ). Generally speaking, the book collections
registered in the Nedenes probate records therefore belong to the same
time-span as those registered in the bishopric of Bergen, which implies
that the collections belonged to a stratum of the clerical hierarchy that
received its education in the period between the end of absolutism to the
first decade of the th century.
Table : Book owners registered in the Nedenes clerical inventories

Sren Hanssn, curate of Holt, , folio b
Mogens Lauritzn Lind, parson of Holt, , folio
Laurits Pedersn Klim, parson of Landvig, , folio
Oluf Hanssn Holt, clerical servant, Arendal, , folio
Michel Verlin, clerical servant, Arendal, , folio
Daniel Pfeiff, parson, , folio
The book collections recorded in the Nedenes clerical probate records

vary greatly in size; they range from nine to volumes: The small-size
book collections belonged to Sren Hanssn (nine volumes) and Oluf
Holt (twenty-seven volumes), which reflect their positions as members of
the lesser clergy. Those accredited with the largest collections are parsons,
namely Laurits Klim ( volumes) and Daniel Pfeiff ( volumes),
whereas a moderate number of books are accredited to Verlin (fifty-
two volumes) and Mogens Lind (sixty-four volumes). Overall, a total of
volumes are included in the Nedenes clerical inventories ,
27 All inventories are registered on microfilm NOR .

chapter six
which makes an average of approximately sixty books per collection. This

relatively low number of books indicates that rural districts were supplied
with a less prosperous book market than were cities, although slapdash
registration might cause a certain underrepresentation of books.28
As in previous collections, the majority of books registered in the
Nedenes clerical inventories were written by Lutheran authors stemming
from, or with ties to, the German tradition: About fifty authors have
been identified across the different collections, and most of these names
are familiar to us from previous findings (see table ). A few of the
registered authors, however, are also newcomers when compared to the
previously examined material (see table ), and most of these were
recorded in the collection of Laurits Klim, who possessed the largest
book collection recorded in the Nedenes inventories.
Table : German Lutheran authors listed in the Nedenes inventories

German Lutheran authors listed in the Nedenes inventories are:
Georg Albrecht, Johann Arndt, Sebastian Artomedes, Johann Avenarius,
Reinhard Bakius, Friedrich Balduin, Christopher Babarossa, Joachim von
Beust, Felix Bidemback, Johann Botsak, Johannes Brenz, Heinrich Bn-
ting, Anton Corvinus, Daniel Cramer, Hartmann Creide, Georg Dedeken-
nus, Conrad Dieterich, Adam Doegen, Matthaeus Dresser, Simon Geddicus,
Johann Gerhard, Salomon Gesner, Salomon Glassius, Matthias Hafenreffer,
Jacob Heerbrand, Johann Heermann, Valerius Herberger, Aegidius Hunnius,
Leonhard Hutter, Johann Friedrich Koenig, Martin Luther, Georg Major, Bal-
thasar Meisner, Philipp Melanchthon, Balthasar Mentzer, Balthasar Mller,
Heinrich Mller, Simon Musaeus, Paul Nicander, Philipp Nicolai, Lucas Osi-
ander the Elder, Simon Paulli, Andreas Prchner, Cyriacus Spangenberg,
Gregor Strigenitz, Nathanael Tilesius, Johann Heinrich Ursinus, Michael
Walther the Elder.
Table : German newcomers listed in the Nedenes clerical inventories

Various German newcomers are included in the Nedenes inventories,
namely Simon Musaeus (born ), a doctor of theology from Witten-
berg and a superintendent in Gotha (Postill oder Auslegung aller Evange-
lien und Epistelen, AGL III:), and Joachim von Beust (born ),
a doctor of jurisprudence from Bologna who later took up a position in
Dresden (Orthodoxa enarratio evangeliorum, AGL I:). Of more uncer-
tain religious affiliation can be noted the appearances of Othmar Epplin, a
28 In the recording of the collection of Oluf Holt, for instance, the notarius specifically
mentions that some books, which were destined for auction, are not listed.
th-century pastor from Grlitz who ended his career as court preacher
to Margrave Albrecht of Prussia (AGL II:), and Jacob Manlius (Men-
nel), a th-century historian at the court of Emperor Maximilian of Aus-
tria (Locorum communium ex Melanchthone collectanea, AGL III:).
Only a very limited number of authors are listed more than once across
the different collections: Eighteen authors are listed in more than one
book collection, and of these, Hartmann Creide is the most popular in
terms of representation, as his name appears across all six collections
(see table ). Also Martin Luther, Heinrich Mller, Reinhard Bak-
ius, Johann Arndt, Johann Gerhard, Conrad Dieterich and Melanchthon
seem to have been important figures on the Nedenes book market. And,
although most of these authors were also classics on the broader Nor-
wegian scene, the specific impact of Hartmann Creide may reflect more
local patterns of book distribution. Very few works in the collections
indicate pre-Reformation origin: Only Thomas Kempis is listed. Sim-
ilarly, only a few works on ecclesiastical history are included in the dif-
ferent collections. Ravanellis Bibliotheca sacra, however, is listed at least
twice in the Nedenes clerical probate records.
Nedenes inventories
Listed times Hartmann Creide
Listed times Martin Luther
Listed times Heinrich Mller
Listed times Johann Arndt, Reinhard Bakius, Conrad Dieterich, Johann
Gerhard, Philipp Melanchthon
Listed twice Georg Albrecht, Friedrich Balduin, Johannes Brenz, Hein-
rich Bnting, Adam Doegen, Matthias Hafenreffer, Johann
Heermann, Balthasar Meisner, Philipp Nicolai, Nathanael
Tilesius
A steady number of Calvinist authors also appear in Nedenes clerical
book collections. In total, fifteen Calvinist authors of religious works are
listed in the Nedenes inventories, and several of these were Dutch. Some
of these names are also familiar from previous findings, namely Bartholo-
maeus Keckermann, Immanuel Tremellius, Caspar Sibelius, Sebastian
Castellio, Jacob Crucius, Heinrich Diest, Jean Calvin, Andreas Hyper-
ius, Wolfgang Musculus and Jacob Brandmller. Of the newcomers, five
authors are registered: Johann Braun (born ), a philologist and the-
ologian who taught theology and Hebrew at Grningen (AGL I:
); Johannes Brandmller (born ), a professor of New Testa-
ment studies at Basel and an adherent of Johannes Oecolampadius (AGL
chapter six
I:); Conrad Graser (born ), a preacher and lecturer in Thoren

(AGL II:); Johann Jacob Grynaeus (born ), a professor of
theology and preacher from Basel; and Stephan Szegedin (born ), a
reformer in Hungary (AGL IV:). One should note, however, that
although five out of the six collections contained Calvinist literature, only
three authors are listed more than once across them all, namely Tremel-
lius (Biblia), Wolfgang Musculus and Jacob Brandmller.
Only two collections in the Nedenes clerical inventories indicate Cath-
olic literature, namely those of Verlin and Klim. In Klims collection, only
two Catholic authors are recorded, namely Jeremias Drexel and Petrus
Scarga (or Piotr Scarga, ), the latter being a court preacher
to Kings Stefan Batory and Sigismund III Vasa of Poland (AGL IV:
). In Verlins collection, only one Catholic author is listed, namely
Jacob Pontanus (born ) who is accredited with the work Colloquia
sacra cum notis (AGL III:). Works of English origin are likewise
rarely listed in the Nedenes collections: An English Bible is recorded
in Klims collection, and John Owen (died ), a poet also previ-
ously encountered, is accredited with his work Epigrammata. The French
impact is also insignificant in Nedenes, and only one French volume
is recorded, but in Danish translation, namely Jean Puget de La Serres
(died ) Ddens fde tancke.
A particular feature of the Nedenes book collections is the very high
number of books written by Danish-Norwegian authors or books listed
with Danish titles: Overall, the number of such works is higher than
that found in Bergen, Trondheim and even Jarlsberg during the same
period. The number of such works varies slightly, however, from col-
lection to collection: In Pfeiff s collection, for instance, around forty out
of the listed volumes indicate a Danish-Norwegian origin; included
in this number is a large number of the widely popular funeral ora-
tions. In Verlins book collection, twelve out of around fifty titles are of
Danish-Norwegian origin, and in Klims collection, around twenty out of
items indicate works that were either written by Danish-Norwegian
authors or were translated into Danish. Of the Danish-Norwegian au-
thors listed, the theologian Caspar Brochmand is recorded in as many as
four out of the six collections. Also Niels Hemmingsen is listed in as many
as three collections. Henrik Gerner and Poul Medelbye are also recorded
with their sermon collections (postille), and the bishop Hans Poulsen
Resen is also listed in two of the collections. Generally speaking, the rel-
atively significant number of Danish-Norwegian works registered in the
Nedenes inventories indicates that literature written in the vernacular
language had a wider dissemination in peripheral districts. Similarly,

book collections in rural districts are also marked by a lower degree of
international influence, which means that Calvinist and Catholic works,
as well as works of English origin, are found in lesser numbers here.
As to the non-theological literature, various antique authors and hu-
manists are listed in the Nedenes book collections. Of the humanists,
Erasmus is listed in as many as four of the book collections, namely
those of Holt, Lind, Klim and Pfeiff. Justus Lipsius and Rudolph Agri-
cola (born )the latter through a manual on dialecticsare listed
in Verlins collection, while Philipp Cominaeus, also previously encoun-
tered, is listed in Mogens Linds collection. Antique authors, including
Terence, Plautius, Vergil, Ovid, Josephus, Curtius, Juvenal, Suetonius,
Cicero and Homer (Odysseus) are also listed across some of the collec-
tions, but Vergil and Ovid are the only authors to appear more than once.
A few dictionaries are also registered in some of the Nedenes inven-
tories, and some of these relate to the Latin school curriculum: Calepino
is accredited with his famous Lexicon across all six of the registered
book collections, and grammatical works are also accredited to the Danes
Thomas Bang and Jens Jersin. Only a few of the authors to be writing on
philology originate in a broader European tradition: Represented are the
philologists Helvicus Garth, born in Hessen in , Wilhelm Schickard,
born in Wrttemberg in , and Johann Leusden, born in Utrecht in
.
As to other types of scientific literature, variations occur between the
different collections: In Linds book collection, a range of subjects are
included:29 Johannes Coleruss Oeconomia and Johan Brunsmanns Cal-
endarium perpetuum are listed, and on witchcraft, Jrgen Eriksens com-
mentaries on Jonah, Jonae prophetis skine historia. On geography, a work
referred to as Geographia orientalis is listed, as is Jonas Ramuss Norvegia
antiqua on history. A volume on arithmetic is also listed, while Caspar
Bartholin the Elder is accredited with his classic Logica. Two books enti-
tled Metaphysica are also registered, and one of these was allegedly writ-
ten by Jacob Martini. A work referred to solely as Clavis philosophiae is
also listed. In relation to medicine, three works are registered, namely a
work entitled Consultationes medicales, as well as Johann Sperlings Phys-
ica and Avicennas Medicina.
29 See Nedenes clerical probate records NOR ; the inventory starts on folio .
chapter six
In Laurits Klims collection, Johannes Coleruss Oeconomia is listed, as

it was in that of Lind, and also included are De oratione accredited to
Hieronymus Savonorola (born ), the famous Dominican from Fer-
rara (AGL IV:), and Nicolas Reusners (born ) Descriptiones;
Reusner served as professor at Strasbourg and Jena (AGL III:).
Relating to the legal sphere is Christian IVs collection of additional laws
(Recess).30 Two volumes on political theory are also registered, namely
a work entitled De re politica and Nicolas Belluss Politicarum disserta-
tionum, tomi IV published in (AGL I:). As in Linds collection,
several books in Klims collection cover logic, and Aristotelian logic in
particular: Listed are Caspar Bartholin the Elder and Jacob Martini, while
Logica divina docens is accredited to Georg Gutke, one of the periods
best Aristotelian philosophers (AGL II:). A work referred to as
Rhetorica, physica, metaphysica is also listed, as is Aristotles Problemata.
Johann Magirus, a th-century peripatetic-inspired professor of physics
at Marburg, is also accredited with a work entitled Physica. On geome-
try, Euclid is listed, as is a work on arithmetic. Erasmus Bartholin, the
Carthesian-inspired professor of medicine at Copenhagen, is represented
with the mechanist work De Cometiis anni , as is his father Cas-
par Bartholin the Elder with the works De pygmaeis and De unicornu; the
latter work dealt with the alleged virtues of the unicorn. Hence, Klims
collection, like that of Lind, covered a relatively wide range of topics,
including political theory and peripatetic as well as mechanist-inspired
philosophy.
In Verlins book collection, only a few items cover non-theological
topics. A Physica, however, is accredited to the professor of philosophy
Johann Scharff (born ), and a Logica is accredited to the Aristotelian-
inspired professor of philosophy Joachim Junge, born in (AGL
II:). Thomas Bartholin is accredited with the work De san-
guine vetito. Also recorded is a Trckiske Cronici (Turkish chronicle).31
Daniel Pfeiff s book collection ( volumes) also contains few non-
theological works.32 Only two law-books are recorded, namely Juris dan-
icum and Glossar jurid. dan. norveg. On history, Historia universalis is
accredited to Christoph Adam Rupertus (born ), a professor of his-
tory (AGL III:). As in Verlins collection, Johann Scharff is accred-
ited with one work (Metaphysica), as is Georg Gutke (Logica divina):
These works either had a particularly wide distribution in Nedenes due

to the importance of specific channels of book import, or they were
recorded many times over because of their circulation on the second
hand book market. A work referred to as Logica peripat. is also recorded
in Pfeiff s collection, as are Johann Sperlings Physica, Niels Michelsn
Aalborgs Lgebog (Book on medicine) and Hippocratess Aphorismes.
Isaac Peyreiuss (La Peyrre, died ) work Prae-Adamitae which stated
that other races had inhabited the earth before Adam and Eve, first pub-
lished in the Netherlands in , is also included in Verlins collection,
while a poetical work is accredited to Johannes Harprecht (born )
who became professor at Tbingen (AGL II:).
Generally speaking, the Nedenes inventories show a certain lack of
heterogeneity when compared to the inventories in previously examined
districts, at least with regard to the theological works listed: Few of the
recorded works belong to the Calvinist or Catholic tradition, although
names such as Tremellius, Caspar Sibelius and Jeremias Drexel some-
times appear. All of the Nedenes libraries might also be characterized
as orthodox, and many of the books registered in Nedenes invento-
ries were written in the vernacular language, features similar to those
found in lower-class clerical libraries registered in other regions. These
findings suggest that more minor localities, which lacked higher bod-
ies of learning and wider connections overseas, were generally provided
with a less prosperous book market than were urban sites such as Trond-
heim, Bergen and even Jarlsberg. Despite the limited number of works
recorded in Nedenes and their less heterogeneous content, the regions
book market nevertheless developed certain local particularities: The fre-
quent recordings of works by Hartmann Creide, for instance, is particular
to the Nedenes book market. This feature of giving prominence to some
specific authors and works, however, is common to most regions, and
probably results from the dominance of the second hand book market as
well as from the influence of distinct channels of book import.
As to the occurrences of non-theological works, many of these reflect
the pervasiveness of the educational curriculum laid down in Copen-
hagen and its particular focus on the trivium and on Aristotelian phi-
losophy. Many of these works also stand in what may be character-
ized as a German tradition. Despite being largely determined by this
framework, a varied range of literature is still included in the different
collections: Law, political theory and medicine, for instance, were top-
ics integrated into at least some of the collections. And, as in previous
cases, the listings of book titles made in Nednens point to the multitude
chapter six
of theories circulating on the early modern book market: Klim, for

instance, mixed the mechanist theories of Erasmus Bartholin with the
unicorn-theories of Caspar Bartholin the Elder, while Pfeiff mixed Hip-
pocrates with Isaac Peyreius. In terms of overall numbers, however,
Nedenes inventories attest to the difference in book distribution between
rural (Bergen, Trondheim and Jarlsberg) and more peripheral commu-
nities: Book occurrences in Nedenes are fewer, and with regard to theo-
logical works in particular, it seems as if a less heterodox range of litera-
ture ended up on this southern Norwegian, but peripheral, book market.
International influences, proximity to larger book markets and also per-
haps Latin school environments, therefore seem to have remained impor-
tant factors in determining the dissemination of a broader spectrum of
literature, alongside factors such as personal interest and clerical status.
chapter seven
CLERICAL INVENTORIES IN HEDMARK &

STERDALEN, TROMS & SENJA AND SALTEN
.. Clerical book collections in

Hedmark & sterdalen
The clerical inventories of Hedmark and sterdalen cover the period

, a period of eighty years.1 Geographically, the district was
vast; the southern part of the region lay close to Akershus, and thus
Christiania, whereas the eastern part stretched towards Sweden and the
northern towards the district of Trndelag. Hence, at least some of the
southern and northern parts of the district lay relatively close to urban
centres, whereas the eastern parts may be characterized as being more
peripheral. Hedmark & sterdalen also had a Latin School, which was
situated in the city of Hamar.
The Hedmark & sterdalen clerical probate records comprise a total
of thirty-two negotiations of assets, some of the same household. Overall,
however, only eight inventories include descriptions of book collections.
Of these, seven were recorded prior to , which means that they
lie within the scope of this study (see table ). Of course, more than
eight of the registered homes must have initially possessed books, and
the reason why so many of the inventories lack book registrations may
depend on selections made by the notarius: Contrary to the Bergen and
Trondheim findings, where books were generally not listed if they were
destined for resale, the clerical probate records of Hedmark & sterdalen
appear to have provided detailed information on book collections only in
cases where books were to be officially auctioned after registration. There
are also various time gaps in the registered material, which was due to
a shortage of staff: A new notarius was not necessarily appointed when
the previous notary retired, and this naturally prevented the continual
registration of assets. Most of the books recorded in the Hedmark &
1 See Hedmark & sterdalen clerical probate records , microfilm number
NOR .
chapter seven
sterdalen probate records are also listed without any indication of date
and place of publication.
Table : Book owners listed in the Hedmark & sterdalen clerical invento-
ries
Maren Jensdatter, married to the curate Erik Werdal, Romsdalen, ca
volumes, , folio
Niels Friis, parson of Tynset, ca volumes, , folio
Jens Abildgaard, parson of Lten, ca volumes, , folio b
Maren Olsdatter Hormemann, clerical daughter, mot, ca volumes, ,
folio b
Magdalena Bergmann, married to the parson Niels Muller, Stange, ca
volumes, , folio b
Margaretha Seehus, married to the parson Claus Schultz, Tolga, ca
volumes, , folio
Hillebor Omsted, married to the parson Raphael Lund Juel, Vang, ca
volumes, , folio
Approximately volumes were registered across the different collec-
tions, giving an average of slightly less than books per household.
This relatively high percentage, however, is due to the registration of at
least one major book collection, namely that of Jens Abildgaard (ca
volumes). Unfortunately, however, only a few items in Abildgaards col-
lection are recorded with titles: According to the notarius, a separate cat-
alogue with authors names had been made to facilitate the forthcoming
sale of the collection, carried out in order to raise money for Abildgaards
widow and several underage children.2
Various features may be noted regarding the books registered in the
clerical probate records of Hedmark & sterdalen: First, and similar to
previous findings, the German influence remains persistent across the
different collections, as a relatively high number of such authors are
listed: Approximately fifty different German Lutheran authors are reg-
istered overall (see table ), and of these, only eighteen authors are
listed more than once across the different collections (see table ).
Interestingly, the authors most frequently listed in the records were, con-
trary to previous findings, more clear-cut Pietist or pre-Pietist, examples
being Johann Arndt, Heinrich Mller, Philipp Jacob Spener and Chris-
tian Scriver. This implies that Hedmark & sterdalen may have con-
stituted a special reception field for Pietist ideas, or that the impact of
Pietism is more discernable in collections recorded closer to .
2 See Hedmark & sterdalen clerical probate records NOR ; the inventory starts
on folio b.
clerical inventories in hedmark & sterdalen
Table : German Lutheran theologians listed in the Hedmark & sterdalen

inventories
German Lutheran theologians listed in the Hedmark & sterdalen inven-
tories are: Georg Albrecht, Johann Arndt, Johann Binck, Johann
Botsak, Johannes Brenz, Stats Bucher, Johann Franz Buddeus, Johannes Bu-
genhagen, Heinrich Bnting, Johann Benedikt Carpzov, Martin Chemnitz,
David Chytraeus, Hartmann Creide, Conrad Dieterich, Johann Michael Dill-
herr, Adam Doegen, Christoph Fischer, August Hermann Francke, Philipp
Heinrich Friedlieb, Simon Geddicus, Martin Geier, Johann Gerhard, Ben-
jamin Gerlach, Salomon Glassius, Georg Grabow, Daniel Gribner, Johann
Heermann, Valerius Herberger, Johann Himmel, Petrus Hinckelmann, Jo-
hannes Jan, Martin Luther, Polycarp Lyser, Weit Ludwig Megander, Philipp
Melanchthon, Johann Heinrich Michaelis, Heinrich Mller, Paul Nicander,
Andreas Osianer the Younger, August Pfeiffer, Johann Jacob Ramback, Jacob
Reineccius, Heinrich Roth, Christian Scriver, Nicolai Selneccer, Philipp Jacob
Spener, Paul Stockmann, Gregor Strigenitz, Johann Tarnow, Nathanael Tile-
sius, Johann Weihenmayer.
Hedmark & sterdalen inventories
Listed times Johann Arndt
Listed times Georg Albrecht, Johann Heermann, Heinrich Mller
Listed times Conrad Dieterich, Philipp Jacob Spener
Listed twice Johann Franz Buddeus, Martin Chemnitz, Hartmann
Creide, Johann Michael Dillherr, August Hermann Fran-
cke, Johann Gerhard, Salomon Glassius, Georg Grabow,
Johann Jacob Ramback, Jacob Reineccius, Christian Scri-
ver, Nathanael Tilesius
Few Catholic authors appear in the Hedmark & sterdalen inventories,
although classics such as Diego Stella, Tauler and Thomas Kempis are
recorded, as is Santes Pagninus. Of these, only the pre-Reformation the-
ologian Thomas Kempis is recorded twice across the collections. As
to the Calvinist tradition, eleven authors have been identified, namely
Immanuel Tremellius, Heinrich Diest, Johannes Oecolamapdius, Jean
Calvin, Johannes Piscator, Peter Martyr Vermili, Sebastian Castellio,
Wolfgang Musculus, Johann Heinrich Heidegger, Franciscus Ridder and
Anton de la Roche (i.e. Sadeel): None of these authors are listed twice
across the different collections. Of English authors, seven names are
listed, all classics from previous findings, namely Daniel Dyke, Robert
Hill, William Cave, Thomas Watson, Joseph Hall, John Trapp and Rich-
ard Baxter. Only two of these authors are listed twice, namely Daniel
Dyke and Thomas Watson, both of whom had some of their works
chapter seven
translated into Danish. Overall therefore, it is the Calvinist legacy that

remains the most influential one with regard to the dissemination of
books of non-Lutheran origin.
There are also distinctions between the different collections listed:
Some of the collections listed in the Hedmark & sterdalen clerical pro-
bate records belonged to clerical widows or clerical daughters. These
mainly included books of the edifying type written in the vernacular lan-
guage (see table ), which implies that these collections may be char-
acterized as lower-class. These collections belonging to Maren Jensdat-
ter,3 Maren Olsdatter Hornemann4 and Magdalena Bergmann5 also com-
prised only a very limited number of works.
Table : Maren Jensdatters, Maren Olsdatters and Magdalena Bergmanns
book collections
Maren Jensdatter, widow of Erik Werdal, curate of Romsdalen, owned only
around ten books, and many of the recorded titles are referred to in such a
vague way that they cannot be identified, for example one ditto. Of those
identified, however, most were of the religious and edifying type: Listed
are the Lutheran orthodox bishop Hans Svanes Danish Bible (reportedly
old and mutilated), a book entitled Solatium re capsorum, a collection of
sermons (postille), a psalter and Anders Arreboes Hexameron. Also listed
are Johann Arndts Paradisets Urtegaard (Paradise herbal garden) and Cas-
par Brochmands Postille. Maren Olsdatter Hornemann, a clerical daughter,
likewise left only a handful of books, and these also reflect popular reading
by the inclusion of such works as Johann Arndts Paradisets Urtegaard, the
parson Hans Hvalses (died ) Bedendis aandelige kide, and a psalter.
The wife of the late parson of Stange, Magdalena Bergmann, similarly pos-
sessed mainly lower-class reading, although some of the recorded works
were written in German. Listed are Heinrich Mllers Huus postill, Georg
Albrechts book on blasphemy Laas for munden and Weit Ludwig Meganders
(died ) Tode Spiegel, Megander serving as Kriegsauditeur in the Danish
army and later secretarius in Saxony (AGL III:). A German prayer-book is
accredited to Johann Michael Dillherr; Dilherr was the author of numerous
works of which several were eventually translated into Danish (AGL II:
). Items referred to as two funeral orations, two German books defect
and four old German books are also listed.
on folio .
on folio b.
on folio b.
The remaining collections of Friis, Abildgaard, Seehus and Omsted

are what may be characterized as upper-class, and most of these were
registered because a forthcoming auction was to take place, an auction
which served to raise money for underage children. The designation
of these collections as upper-class indicates that the collections in
question were mainly filled with theological works of which a number
were written in languages other than the Danish, a typical trait of libraries
belonging to the senior clergy.
Labelling these collections as upper-class, however, does not imply
that there are no differences between the various collections: In fact, there
are certain differences between the library of Friis registered in and
some of the libraries which were registered after . Whereas Friiss
book collection may be characterized as orthodox, the remaining col-
lections, apart from that of Omsted, are much more Pietist in charac-
ter, because of the number of spiritually inclined authors registered. This
difference might reflect the time span between the various registrations:
Whereas Friis was educated during the period of Lutheran orthodoxy
and absolutism, the other clerics were all educated in the middle of the
Pietist period.
Niels Friiss book collection is one of the largest registered in the Hed-
mark & sterdalen clerical inventories (ca volumes), and the collec-
tion was registered in probably in order to raise money for Friiss
widow Boel and their underage children. The collection must have been
valuable: Of the volumes listed, as many as forty-three were reportedly in
folio, and only a limited number were registered in duodecimo.6 Friis, like
his wife Boel, must have been a rather notorious character, however: The
son of the mayor of Trondheim and married three times, Friis was sus-
pended on several occasions from his clerical position because of adul-
tery. His wife Boel, on the other hand, appeared in court for having stolen
an illegitimate child.7
Friiss orthodox book collection shares many similarities with other
orthodox libraries previously examined: It is filled, for instance, with
works written by very familiar th- and early th-century German
Lutheran authors (see table ), and as with other orthodox libraries,
some Calvinist and Catholic authors are also listed. Friiss collection also
contains only a few Danish-Norwegian religious and theological works.
on folio .
7 Grandum :.
chapter seven
Instead, the collection includes a significant number of scientific works,

which indicates that Friis also may have taken a serious interest in topics
other than theology.
Table : German Lutheran theologians listed in Friiss collection
Many volumes in Friiss collection are accredited to very familiar figures such
as Johannes Bugenhagen, David Chytraeus, Conrad Dieterich, Simon Geddi-
cus, Johann Gerhard, Valerius Herberger, Johann Hermann, Martin Luther,
Philipp Melanchton, Nicolai Selneccer, Johann Tarnow and Gregor Strige-
nitz (born ); the latter theologian served as superintendent in Jena and
Weissen (AGL IV:). Also, German theologians such as Heinrich Roth
(died ), a pastor in Eisleben, Hartmann Creide and Jacob Reineccius
(born ) are recorded; Reineccius is accredited with the work Clavis sacro-
sanctae theologiae. Martin Chemintz (Harmonia evangelia) and the Lutheran
preacher Stats Bucher (died ) are listed, the latter being accredited with
his work Disquisitio de recta juventutis scholasticae institutione. Johannes
Brenzs Catechism and Johann Himmels (born ) Postilla academica are
also listed; Himmel served as professor of theology at Jena (AGL II:).
Petrus Hinckelmann (born ), an archdeacon in Rostock, is accredited
with a polemical disputation against non-Lutheran theology (AGL II:
).
Of the Catholic authors included in Friiss collection, Diego Stella (De

vantate mundi) and the Dominican Santes Pagninus are listed; the latter
is accredited with the work Thesaurus linguae sanctae. The only volume
of English origin to be registered is Daniel Dykes Nosce te ipsum. The
Calvinist impact, however, remains relatively strong, as eight different
Calvinist authors are recorded: Tremellius (Biblia sacra) is recorded, as
are Heinrich Diest, Wolfgang Musculus, Abraham Scultetus and Johan-
nes Oecolampadius; Oecolampadius, a theologian from Basel, is accred-
ited with the work Theophylacti in evanglia. Jean Calvin is recorded with
his lectures on seventeen prophets, as are the works of Augustine pref-
aced by Johannes Piscator. The Calvinist theologian Peter Martyr Ver-
mili (died ) is accredited with the work Loci communes; Vermili was
born in Florence, and he served as professor of theology at Oxford before
ending up in Zrich (AGL IV:). Curiously, a book referred
to as Johannis Hus et Hieronimi Pragensis historia et monumenta in two
volumes is also listed in Friiss collection, a title suggesting a work out-
lining the history of Jan Hus (died ) and his adherent Hierony-
mus Pragensis (Jerome of Prague, died ). As noted above, very few
books recorded in Friiss inventory were reportedly written by Danish-
Norwegian authors, and most of the registered authors were classic fig-
ures, for example Niels Hemmingsen, Caspar Brochmand and Willads
Nielsen. Also registered is Christian IVs Danish Bible and four volumes
of Christian Stephansn Bangs Opera catechetica; Bang was, as previ-
ously noted, responsible for introducing the first printing press to Nor-
way.
As to the non-theological books registered, the humanist Erasmus
is accredited with several works, and of the antique authors, Homer,
Herodotus and Josephus are listed. As for dictionaries, the Latin school
authority Calepino is recorded. Several works in Friiss collection also
cover philosophy and / or logic: Jacob Martini (Disputationes philosophi-
cae) and Jacob Zabarella (De natura logicae) are listed; Zabarella, who was
born in Padua in , was to become one of the periods most famous
philosophers thanks to his numerous works on Aristotelian philosophy.
On ancient philosophy, Aristotles Dialectica prefaced by Joachim Cam-
erarius (died ) is recorded. Still, challenging the peripatetic impact
in Friiss collection are three volumes reportedly dealing with Platonic
philosophy, referred to as Opera Platonis in three volumes. Also related
to metaphysics is the Copenhagen professor Cort Aslaksns (died )
Physica et ethica mosaica, a work also previously encountered.
Some of the works in Friiss collection are of historical character, for
instance Johann Ludwig Gottfrieds Chronica, and Johannes Coleruss
Calendarium oeconomicum & perpetuum. Vincentius Sturms th-cen-
tury edition of Andreas Hondorff s Calendarium sanctorum historiarum
(AGL IV:) and Claus Lyschanders Synopsis historiarum danicarum
are also recorded; this latter volume, as previously noted, traced the
ancestry of Danish kings back to Adam. On religious and ecclesiastical
history of note are Johannes Sleidanuss De statu religionis et republica,
Wolfgang Frantzes (born ) Historia animalium sacra and Johann
Micraeliuss (born ) Syntagma historiarum mundi & ecclesiae; Mic-
raelius served as professor of rhetoric at Stettin. Jean Bodins De repub-
lica is also recorded. Friis was also in possession of Conrad Gesners
Bibliotheca universalis, an annotated bibliography of all known books in
Latin.
Some works in Friiss collection cover natural history and medicine.
Friiss library contains for instance an Opera by Hippocrates. Of more
recent medical writings, Felix Platters (born ) Praxis medica is
recorded, and several works are accredited to the by now familiar physi-
cian Daniel Sennert, for example his Institutiones medicinae, De febribus
and Practicae medicinae libri VI in three volumes. Also a volume entitled
Tractatus de mineralibus is recorded, as is a work referred to as De occultis
naturae miraculis libri IV; this latter work was written by the Zealand (in
chapter seven
the Netherlands) physician Levinus Lemnius, born (AGL II:).

On pharmacology, Friis possessed Simon Paullis De simplicum medica-
mentorum facultatibus.
Apart from theology, Friiss major interests seem to have been astron-
omy, astrology and geometry, all related fields of study. These topics
are covered by numerous works (see table ). Unfortunately, however,
many of these volumes are not listed with titles in the probate records,
as the notarius considered them to be too specialized to attract buyers
in the region. As in other regions, therefore, specialized, non-theological
literature, very often escaped registration.
Table : Books on astronomy and related topics in Friiss collection
Recorded in Friiss collection is Cyprianus Leovitiuss (died ) Beschrei-
bung der Eclipsium von bis : Leovitius, an astronomer-mathema-
tician who journeyed in Pfalz and Bohemia, predicted in some of his ear-
lier works that the world would come to an end in (AGL II:
). Opus chronologicum written by the astronomer-astrologer, mathe-
matician and musician Sethus Calvisius, born (AGL I:), is also
recorded, as is Astronomia danica written by Tychos disciple Christian Lon-
gomontanus. On geometry, Jacob Pelletiers In Euclidis elementa geometrica
demonstrationum libri sex is registered; Pelletier (born ), a physician
and mathematician, also published on astrology (AGL III:). A volume
entitled Geometria practica is also listed, and on arithmetic, Petrus Ramuss
Arithmetica and Georg Frommes (died ) Arithmetica danica are registe-
red; Fromme, who also wrote on astronomy, travelled extensively throughout
Germany, France and Italy during his years as student before being appointed
professor of mathematics at Copenhagen.
As to the remaining book collections, all being registered after , that
of Jens Abildgaard cannot be identified properly: Although Abildgaards
collection amounted to approximately volumes, only a few of these,
as noted above, were registered in the inventory with a title or authors
name.8 Not many conclusions can therefore be drawn from this very
sparse listing of only a handful of names, but from the few indica-
tions given, we can see that certain Halle authors are listed, notably
Johann Franz Buddeus and Johann Heinrich Michaelis. A few Danish-
Norwegian authors are also recorded (see table ). In contrast, none
of the registered works are by English authors or belong to the Catholic
tradition, and only a few Calvinist authors are listed, namely Sebastian
Castellio (Biblia Latina) and Johann Heinrich Heidegger (Enchiridion
on folio b.
biblicum); Heidegger obtained his doctoral degree in theology at Hei-

delberg (AGL II:).
Table : Theological and edifying literature in Abildgaards collection
Of German authors listed in Abildgaards collection, some belonged to the
Halle milieu: Johann Franz Buddeus, for instance, is accredited with the
work Historia ecclesiastica; Buddeus, who originally served as professor of
theology at Jena, became professor of ethics and civil law at Halle, and
also wrote commentaries on works by Conrad Dieterich, Salomon Glas-
sius, Philipp Jacob Spener and Johann Arndt (AGL I:). Johann
Heinrich Michaeliss Annotationes philologico-exegeticae in hagiographos Vet.
Test. libros is also registered. Paul Stockmanns Elucidarium deorum dearum-
que gentilium is likewise recorded in Abildgaards collection; Stockmann ser-
ved as theologian to Gustav Adolph before settling as a pastor in Merseburg
(AGL IV:). From the Danish sphere of influence, a funeral oration
written by bishop Peder Hersleb (died ) is recorded. Also listed are volu-
mes such as Selecta sacra and Friederich IV salvings act, on the inauguration
of Frederik IV.
Very few works of non-theological nature are among the few titles re-
corded in Abildgaards inventory: On metaphysics, however, the philoso-
pher Johann Weises (died ) classic work Compendium physicae
& metaphysicae is registered, and Peder Brinck (died ) is accred-
ited with his Examen chronologiae & historiae Fl. Josephi; Brinck served
as inspector at the University of Copenhagen (AGL I:). On
philology, Johannes Buxdorf the Elder is recorded, as is Thomas Bangs
Observationes philologicae; Bangs most famous work, however, was his
grammar Aurora which was widely used in Latin schools. A book on
botany is also recorded, namely Adam Lonicers Methodus rei herbariae;
Lonicer (born ) was a physician from Frankfurt (AGL II:). A
French dictionary and a New Testament apparently written in the French
language are also registered, as is an atlas in folio which allegedly con-
tained seventy-six maps.
As to Omsteds collection, this can be labelled as orthodox as it
included few works of the Pietist or pre-Pietist type. Hillebor Hansdatter
Omsted, widow of the parson of Vang, Raphael Lund Juel, had her
husbands book collection registered in . And, although around
volumes are recorded, several of these are only vaguely referred to, in
terms of for instance a bunch of old books. This makes several books
impossible to classify.9 As in other cases, thus, the precise information
on folio .
chapter seven
about Omsteds collection is inaccessible. In total, however, a very low

number of Danish-Norwegian works is registered, and apart from such
names as Jens Jersin, Johann Lassenius, Stephan Clotz and Iver Leganger
(born ), all theologians, most authors listed in Omsteds collection
relate to the classic range of German authors (see table ). Similarly,
many of the listed works were reportedly written in German, and not in
Danish.
Table : German Lutheran authors listed in Omsteds collection
Many German Lutheran authors are listed in Omsteds collection, for instance
Martin Chemnitz, August Pfeiffer, Hartmann Creide, Georg Albrecht, An-
dreas Osianer the Younger (died ), Johannes Jan (Stern-Himmel), Hein-
rich Mller, Johann Weihenmayer, Johann Benedikt Carpzov, Salomon Glas-
sius, Adam Doegen, Nathanael Tilesius, Conrad Dieterich, Paul Nicander,
Christoph Fischer, Martin Geier, Johann Michael Dillherr, Benjamin Ger-
lach (died ), a pastor in Schweidnitz (AGL II:), and Johann Binck
(born ); Binck, a pastor in Herford, is accredited with the work Mellefi-
cium theologicum (AGL I:). Also listed is Jacob Reineccius, while
Johann Botsak is accredited with the work Promptuarium allegoricum. Several
works are also accredited to the theologian Johann Heermann, for instance
Labores Sacri (AGL II:), and Polycarp Lyser, a professor of theology at
Wittenberg, is likewise accredited with the work Continuatio harmoniae
evangeliae a Martino Chemnitio (AGL II:). Of the newer Ger-
man theologians registered in Omsteds collection of note are Johann Jacob
Ramback and Daniel Gribner; the latter was a preacher in Leipzig, Lneburg
and Hamburg (AGL II:).
Omsteds collection contains relatively few non-Lutheran theological
works. Hence, no Catholic authors are listed in Omsteds collection,
and only a few Calvinist authors appear, notably the Dutch theologian
Franciscus Ridder and the French Huguenot Anton de la Roche (i.e.
Sadeel). Similarly, very few works written by English authors are included
in Omsteds library, although Joseph Hall, John Trapp (Exposition) and
Thomas Watson are listed; the latter at least is accredited with a work
in Dutch translation. A Zee Postil, an edifying manual for sailors, is also
recorded in Omsteds inventory.
As to the non-theological books in Omsteds collection, only a hand-
ful were historical works, such as the author of almanacs Niels Heldvads
Chronologia and an Opera historico-politica written by Antonio de Gue-
vara (died ), historiographer to Charles V and later a bishop in Spain
(AGL II:). On law, an old Norwegian law-book is registered,
as is Hans Wandal the Elders treatise in support of absolutism, De jure
regio. Only one antique work is listed, namely a comedy by Terence.

Also recorded are Scapulas Lexicon, Christen Osterssn Weyles juridi-
cal Glossarium first published in , and a book entitled Progymnas-
mata, probably by Aphthonius. Also a French and a Dutch Lexicon are
recorded. A limited number of medical books are included in Omsteds
library: A vaguely referred to work is accredited to the French anatomist
Jean Riolan (died ), and a hand-written manual of medical cures
is also recorded. Justus Cortnumm (died ), professor of medicine at
Sor, is included with the work De morbo attonito (AGL I:), and also
listed is Jan Baptista van Helmonts Ortus medicinae.
As opposed to Omsteds library, the book collection registered in the
home of Margaretha Seehus and the parson of Tolga Claus Schultz,
a registration which was completed in , might be categorized as
Pietist.10 The collection, which numbered approximately seventy vol-
umes, is almost devoid of non-theological works: Apart from a Nor-
wegian law, Erik Pontoppidan the Youngers (died ) famous work
Forsg paa Norges naturlige historie (The natural history of Norway)
and Peder Brincks (died ) Examen chronologiae & historiae, the
remaining titles refer solely to works of religious and edifying nature,
and the authors of these generally belonged to more spiritual tradi-
tions. Thus such names as Luther and Melanchthon are lacking, at least
as far as can be ascertained from the information available. Instead,
Seehuss collection contains a large number of works by Philipp Jacob
Spener and August Hermann Francke: Spener is accredited with at least
six titles, and Francke with at least five. Some of the authors listed in
Seehuss collection also had close ties to the Pietist milieu in Halle,
notably Johann Franz Buddeus, Johann Heinrich Michaelis and Johann
Jacob Ramback; Ramback and Michaelis in particular were collabora-
tors, and Ramback, an author of several inspirational works who served
as German court preacher to the king of Denmark, eventually ended
his career as professor of theology at Halle. Also listed in Seehuss col-
lection are Johann Heermann, Johann Gerhard, Heinrich Bnting and
Georg Grabow (died ), the latter being a friend of Philipp Jacob
Spener. Several inspirational works are also accredited to English authors
such as Joseph Hall, Daniel Dyke, William Cave, Thomas Watson (Dend
bestormede himmel) and Robert Hill; the latter is accredited with a trans-
lation of his work The art to die well by the Bergen parson Jens Srfensen
on folio .
chapter seven
Bergendahl (cf. .). Spiritual writers such as Johann Arndt, Heinrich

Mller, Thomas Kempis, Tauler and Christian Scriver are also recorded.
Similarly to the Jarlsberg and Trondheim clerical book collections
registered closer to , Seehuss collection contain a large number of
works written by Danish-Norwegian authors, and of these, both th-
century authors as well as more recent authors are registered (see table
). At least one famous Pietist author with strong links to Denmark is
included in Seehuss collection, namely Jeremias Reuss; Reuss, who was
born in Wrttemberg in , served as professor at Tbingen before
accepting a position as court preacher in Denmark. Later, Reuss was
appointed professor of theology at the University of Copenhagen, one
of the few Pietist professors to be attached to the university at that time.
Table : Danish-Norwegian authors of religious works recorded in Seehuss
collection
Many classic works are listed in Seehuss collection, such as a Danish Bible and
an altar-book. Also recorded are Henrik Gerner (died ) and Poul Medel-
bye; the latter is accredited with his apparently widely disseminated Postille.
Also registered are Danish theologians such as bishop Jens Jersin, Willads
Nielsen and the parson Albert Raffn; the latter is accredited with the work
Den himmelske herredag, a description of the last days. Erik Pontoppidan the
Younger is also recorded with his highly influential book Sandhed til gud-
fryktighed. Of other more recent theologians, Danish parsons such as Jrgen
Huulbech, Peder Nackskov, Sren Colding, Elias Naur, Mads Rostoch and
Hans Tulle (died ) may be noted; the latter is accredited with the work
Bibel lys. A theological work is also accredited to Jonas Ramus, while the Ger-
man author Ludwig Ernst von Faramond (i.e. Philipp Balthasar von Schtz,
died ) is accredited with a work in Danish translation, namely Sande
christnes klogskab. Laurids Hylling (born ) is listed with the work Gud-
frygtigheds beskyldning af de ugudelige. The Danish parson Christen Chris-
tensen Ferring (died ) is likewise registered with an edifying work. A
Danish translation of a work originally written by Friedrich Eberhard Collin
(died ) is also recorded.
The eighth book collection recorded in the Hedmark & sterdalen cler-
ical probate records was registered in , and it belonged to the cler-
ical family Schielderup-Schultz who resided in sterdalen.11 Although
the collection, because of its late date of registration, falls outside of the
scope of this study, it should be noted that it has various particularities
on folio .
which are similar to findings made in other libraries registered in the

period : Several Pietist or pre-Pietist works are recorded, as is
a relatively high number of books written in the vernacular language.
The book collection of Schielderup-Schultz numbered around
volumes, but several of these, as in previous listings, are referred to only
by abbreviated titles, which complicates the identification of works. Few
works in the listing cover non-theological topics: Some antique authors,
however, are listed, and as to grammars, only a couple are recorded, for
instance the German Lutheran theologian Joachim Langes Clavis ebrae
lingvae, and the German philologist Christian Stocks (born ) Clavis
lingvae and Donat. A Norwegian law is also recorded, and on medicine,
Elias Beynons Dend barmhiertige Samaritan is listed. On gardening,
the Trondheim gardener Christian Gartner is accredited with his work
Horticultura. Non-Lutheran works are recorded, but only to a limited
extent: Apart from an Opera by Thomas Kempis, no Catholic works
have been identified, and as to the Calvinists, only Fransiscus Ridder is
recorded. A few English authors of edifying works are also listed, notably
Richard Baxter (En fattig mands huus-bog), Thomas Watson and Daniel
Dyke (Nosce te ipsum). An English Bible is also listed.
A number of books recorded in the home of Schielderup-Schultz were
written by German Lutheran authors, and of these, some were written
by more spiritual-inspired authors. Hence, apart from classic authors
such as Nathanael Tilesius, Heinrich Bnting, Johann Gerhard, Johann
Heermann, Georg Albrecht and Philipp Heinrich Friedlieb (Medulla
theologiae theticae polemicae & moralis), also authors connected with the
Pietist, pre-Pietist or mystical legacy are listed, such as Johann Arndt,
Georg Grabow, Johann Jacob Ramback, Karl Hildebrand von Canstein,
August Hermann Francke, Philipp Jacob Spener, Heinrich Mller and
the early th-century court preacher in Lobenstein Friedrich Eberhard
Collin. Some of the German authors are also accredited with works in
Danish translation, notably Johann Gerhard, Heinrich Mller and Georg
Albrecht. The majority of books registered in the home of Schielderup-
Schultz, however, were written by Danish-Norwegian authors (see table
), a feature similar to other registrations executed closer to .
Table : Danish-Norwegian authors recorded in the collection of Schiel-
derup-Schultz
Several very familiar Danish-Norwegian names are listed in the collection
belonging to Schielderup-Schultz, for instance Willads Nielsen, Jens Jer-
sin, Hans Thomissn (died ) and Poul Medelbye; the latter is accredi-
ted with his widely disseminated Postille. Among the registered authors of
chapter seven
note are Peder Hersleb (died ) and Anders Hof (died ); whereas
Hersleb served as bishop of Christiania, Hof occupied the position of par-
son in the same city. Peder Brincks On the , years of Christendom (Det
Gamle Testamente aars chronologie) is also recorded, as are other theolo-
gians including Jrgen Huulbeck, Eilert Hagerup, Sren Colding, Hans Tulle,
Albert Raffn, Jeremias Reuss and Erik Pontoppidan the Younger; the latter is
accredited with his manual for clerics Pastorale practicum. Likewise registe-
red are Hector Gottfried Masius, Thomas Clitau (died ), Frantz Ltkens
(died ) and Hans Jensen Viborg (died ). A Danish Bible, A New
Testament written in the Danish language and a Concordantz are also listed.
In the light of the above, various conclusions may be drawn: First, there
are several differences between the examined collections, one being that
some of the collections belonging to the lesser clergy, notably the collec-
tions of Maren Jensdatter, Maren Olsdatter and Magdalena Bergmann,
consisted of books which also were classics among the broader popula-
tion, such as sermon collections and prayer-books, and these were mainly
written in the vernacular language. The majority of the female part of the
clergy therefore had no access to the more international book culture of
the upper levels of the clerical class. Second, there are also significant dif-
ferences between those book collections belonging to the upper clergy, as
these may be divided into orthodox and Pietist. Whereas most of the
collections were of the orthodox type, at least two of the examined col-
lections, that is, if we include the book collection recorded in , can
be categorized as Pietist. These collections included a large number of
works accredited to Philipp Jacob Spener and Hermann August Francke
as well as devotional and spiritual literature which drew on other reli-
gious traditions. As pointed out previously, the relatively high record-
ings of Pietist or pre-Pietist authors in Hedmark & sterdalen invento-
ries may indicate that this specific region constituted a special reception
field for Pietist ideas, or, more pragmatically, that the impact of Pietism
is more discernable in collections recorded closer to .
Despite the fact that the various collections may be divided into dif-
ferent categories such as orthodox and Pietist, all collections regis-
tered closer to still share some similarities. First, the number of
books written by German Lutheran theologians remains high. Second,
the number of works written by Danish-Norwegian authors is on the rise,
a feature also observed for instance in the Jarlsberg inventories, which
indicates that an increase in the use of vernacular literature took place
among all sections of the clergy along the th century. This increase
also slightly caused a shift with regard to who now became major fig-
ures on the market: At least in the Hedmark & sterdalen material, it
would seem that th- and th-century Danish and Norwegian authors
such as Johan Brunsmann and Niels Hemmingsen finally lost their hold
on readers in favour of more recent authors such as Eilert Hagerup, Sren
Colding and Hans Tulle.
Not too many works of non-religious content were registered in the
Hedmark & sterdalen inventories. With regard to the books listed, how-
ever, these mostly reflect the periods educational focus, which is evident
in the steady recordings of grammars and books covering peripatetic phi-
losophy, findings which point to the impact of this part of the educa-
tional curriculum on the formation of book collections. Still, many of the
registered books reflect to some extent variety: No clear-cut support for
the Copernican revolution is discernable in the material, while in rela-
tion to medical literature, for instance, magical-inspired works appar-
ently continued to circulate on the market for a long period of time, as is
demonstrated by the registration of Jan Baptista van Helmonts Opera in
Omsteds library. In terms of overall outline, however, many of the non-
theological books registered may be said to belong to a German sphere
of influence, as was also the case with the religious literature.
.. Clerical book collections in Troms & Senja
The next two sections will deal with book collections recorded in invento-
ries that were registered in the northern parts of Norway, namely Troms
& Senja and Salten. These northern regions possessed no institutions of
higher learning such as Latin schools, and might therefore be considered
to be peripheral when compared to districts comprising major cities such
as Trondheim and Bergen. In this section, I will examine book collec-
tions recorded in the Troms & Senja clerical inventories: Clerical probate
records have been preserved in these regions for the period ,
and I have chosen to examine those recorded in the period .12
Overall, thirty-four inventories are registered within the selected time
period, but of these, only sixteen give detailed information on book
occurrences (see table ). Of the registered collections, however, only
one was registered prior to , which means that most of the book
12 This examination is based on Troms & Senja clerical probate records registered in
two books, one which covers the years (number one), and another which cov-
ers the years (number two). Both these volumes are registered on microfilm
number HF.
chapter seven
collections were registered in the period ; these therefore

belonged to people who received their education between and
, that is during the transition from late Lutheran orthodoxy to
Pietism. As to the number of books registered, around books are
listed across the sixteen collections, which make an average of around
forty-five books per household, a figure similar to that recorded in the
district of Nedenes. This average, however, as in other districts, conceals
greater differences between the various collections: At least three of
the registered collections contained less than ten books, while two of
the collections consisted of more than hundred books. Eight of the
collections comprised between thirty-six and sixty-three books, and as
in previous recordings, many of the titles were recorded in such vague
terms that titles and names of authors cannot be properly identified.
Table : List of book owners in the Troms & Senja clerical inventories

Peder Arensn, curate, Karlsy, , books, folio
Margrete Anfinsdatter, clerical widow, , books, folio b
Daniel Jensn Hveding, vicar, Ibestad, , books, folio b
Augustinius Gabrielsen Rg, vicar, Trondenes, , books, folio
Lars Hansn Soebald, parson, Torsken, , books, folio
Peder Hind, vicar, Trondenes, , books, folio
Ane Iversdatter Wolff, clerical widow, , books, folio b
Jens Egede, curate, Ibestad, , books, folio
Christian Ascanius, curate, Sand, , books, folio
Jrgen Griis, curate, Skjervy, , books, folio b
Christen Krog, curate, Ibestad, , books, folio b
Johan Sebastiansen Juul, vicar, Torsken, , books, folio b
Jrgen Olsen, curate, Ibestad, , books, folio
Willum Jensen Ebbeltoft, parish clerk, Troms, books, folio b
Mathias Bonsach, vicar, Trondenes, books, folio
Henning Junghans, parson, Troms, , volumes, folio 13
As expected, the majority of books registered across the different collec-

tions were written by German Lutheran authors, a feature similar to all
the collections examined so far. Overall, about eighty different authors
have been registered across the different collections (see table ), and
of these, some are newcomers when compared to previous findings.
13 All of these inventories are registered on microfilm HF . The first fourteen
inventories, however, are listed in Troms & Senja clerical probate records
(volume one), whereas the last two inventories, those of Bonsach and Jungens, are listed
in Troms & Senja clerical probate records (volume two).
Table : German Lutheran authors recorded in the Troms & Senja clerical
inventories
German Lutheran authors recorded in the Troms & Senja clerical invento-
ries are: Wilhelm Alard, Georg Albrecht, Johann Arndt, Chris-
tian Avianus, Lucas Bachmeister, Friedrich Balduin, Christopher Barbarossa,
Felix Bidemback, Johann Binck, Johannes Brenz, Heinrich Bnting, Stats
Buscher, Abraham Calov, Samuel Benedikt Carpzov, Andreas Celichius, Mar-
tin Chemnitz, David Chytraeus, Daniel Cramer, Hartmann Creide, Caspar
Cruciger, Johannes Cyprian, Johann Conrad Dannhauer, Conrad Dieterich,
Adam Doegen, Paul Egard, Hermann Ewald, Andreas Fabricius, Christoph
Fischer, Matthias Flacius, Johann Forster the Younger, August Hermann
Francke, Johann Anastasius Freylinghausen, Johann Gerhard, Christian Ger-
ber, Salomon Gesner, Salomon Glassius, Daniel Greser, Johann Heermann,
Valerius Herberger, Tilemann Heshus, David Hollatz, Aegidius Hunnius,
Leonhard Hutter, Johannes Jan, Heinrich Peter Jessen, Petrus Loss, Matthaeus
Lungwitz, Martin Luther, Johann Matthesius, Georg Major, Jacob Martini,
Balthasar Meisner, Philipp Melanchthon, Johann Heinrich Michaelis, Martin
Moeller, Heinrich Mller, Friedrich Myconius, Paul Nicander, Philipp Nico-
lai, Balthasar Osten, Simon Paulli, August Pfeiffer, Joachim Pollio, Andreas
Prchner, Johann Andreas Quenstedt, Johann Quistorp, Ludwig Rabe, Her-
mann Samson, Christian Scriver, Adam Siber, Johannes Spangenberg, Phil-
ipp Jacob Spener, Gregor Strigenitz, Victorin Strigel, Johann Tarnow, Roma-
nus Teller, Nathanael Tilesius, Michael Walther the Elder, Georg Weinrich,
Johannes Wigand, Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg.
All libraries registered in the Troms & Senja clerical inventories may be
described as orthodox. There are several reasons for this: First, most
of the authors listed belonged to the traditional range of late th- and
early th-century Lutheran orthodox theologians, and not even the
newcomers were necessarily newcomers in relation to more recent
theological trends: Most of the new names related to early th-century
theology.
A second reason for classifying all Troms & Senja clerical libraries as
orthodox is that the impact of devotional and Pietist literature across
the different collections is very low. None of the libraries may be char-
acterized as being of devotional character, and only those libraries reg-
istered closest to , namely those of Bonsach and Junghans, con-
tain Pietist literature: Philipp Jacob Spener, Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg
(born ) and Johann Anastasius Freylinghausen (born ) are
listed in Junghanss collection, whereas Johann Heinrich Michaelis is
listed in Bonsachs collection. Francke, however, is recorded in both col-
lections. As to authors listed more than once across the various collec-
tions, the Lutheran orthodox impact is also significant: Overall, twenty-
chapter seven
six identified authors are listed more than once across the different
collections (see table ), and prominent in the listings are authors
representatives of orthodox theology such as Johann Gerhard, Balthasar
Meisner, Friedrich Balduin, and so forth. In terms of total numbers of
registration, Gerhard was apparently given the same prominence in the
Troms & Senja inventories as in Bergen and Trondheim, while Hartmann
Creide was also important in Nedenes and Jarlsberg.
Table : German Lutheran authors listed more than once across the Troms
& Senja clerical inventories
Listed times Johann Gerhard
Listed times Hartmann Creide, Martin Luther
Listed times Johannes Brenz, Johann Heermann, Balthasar Meisner
Listed times Georg Albrecht, Friedrich Balduin, Heinrich Bnting,
Heinrich Mller
Listed times Conrad Dieterich, Matthias Flacius, Philipp Nicolai,
Michael Walther the Elder, Georg Weinrich
Listed times Johann Arndt, Felix Bidemback, Adam Doegen, Aegi-
dius Hunnius, Simon Paulli, Gregor Strigenitz, Johann
Tarnow
Listed twice August Hermann Francke, Salomon Glassius, Philipp
Melanchthon, Paul Nicander
The pre-Reformation impact across the different collections is also low,
as is the number of books devoted to ecclesiastical history. In Egedes
collection, however, Christian Kortholt, a professor of theology at Kiel,
is accredited with the work Historia eccles. (AGL II:), while
the work Huggonis cardinalis concord bibl. registered in Hinds collection,
may indicate the French Dominican and cardinal Hugh of St Chers
(died ) edition of the Bible (AGL II:). Works by Johannes
Sleidanus also occasionally appears.
There are also variations between the different collections, which im-
plies that the orthodox collections in question may be distinguished, as
usual, in terms of being either lower-class or upper-class. In the lower-
class clerical library, the number of Danish-Norwegian works generally
exceeds the number of works of German origin, while the works listed
are of a more popular character, which means that they include a rela-
tively high number of sermon collections and catechisms. An example of
such a library is that of Peder Arensn, a curate of Ibestad, whose col-
lection of fifteen books was registered in :14 Of books registered in
14 See Troms & Senja clerical probate records HF (volume ); the inventory starts
on folio .
this inventory, as many as twelve volumes are reportedly sermon collec-

tions (postille); some of these were written by German authors. The only
book recorded in folio is a Postille by Valerius Herberger, while other ser-
mon collections are accredited for example to such theologians as Simon
Paulli and Johann Heermann. An old Church Ordinance in quarto is
also recorded. Several of the other smaller collections likewise contain
a minimum of books by German theologians, and many of the regis-
tered works are of edifying nature. This applies for instance to the book
collections belonging to Christian Ascanius (thirty-six books),15 Johan
Sebastiansen Juul (forty-three books),16 Jrgen Olsen (fifty-one books),17
Margrete Anfinsdatter (thirty-seven books),18 Daniel Jensn Hveding
(forty-four books)19 and Mathias Bonsach (twenty-four books),20 see
table .
Table : German theologians listed across the collections of Ascanius, Juul,
Olsen, Anfinsdatter, Hveding and Bonsach.
In the collection of Christian Ascanius, a few German theologians are lis-
ted, namely Martin Luther, Johann Gerhard, Johann Tarnow, Georg Wein-
rich, Hartmann Creide and Abraham Calov (Metaphysica divina). Heinrich
Peter Jessen (born ), a cleric in Jevenstedt, Holstein, is accredited with
Disputationes (AGL II:). One work is referred solely to as Hist.
patriarch. In Johan Sebastian Juuls collection, various authors including
Johann Heermann, Georg Albrecht, Friedrich Balduin, Martin Luther, Bal-
thasar Meisner, Hartmann Creide, Johannes Brenz, Johann Gerhard, Felix
Bidemback, Johann Tarnow and Heinrich Bnting (Itinerarium) are recor-
ded, and Johannes Jan is accredited with his successful work in terms of sales
figures Stern-Himmel (AGL II:). Jrgen Olsens collection includes a limi-
ted range of German theologians, notably Conrad Dieterich, Johannes Brenz,
Nathanael Tilesius, Martin Luther, Hartmann Creide, Georg Major, Johann
on folio .
on folio b.
on folio .
on folio b.
on folio b.
on folio .
chapter seven
Gerhard, Balthasar Meisner, Aegidius Hunnius, Heinrich Bnting (Itinera-

rium) and Melanchthon (Loci). Also listed are Wilhelm Alard (Gulden abc),
Gregor Strigenitz (Postille), Stats Buscher (SS. theologiae synopsis methodica)
and Victorin Strigel (Loci); the latter theologian was imprisoned for siding
with Matthias Flacius during the Majoristic Controversy (AGL IV:). Pas-
sions Predigten is accredited to Andreas Celichius (died ), a superinten-
dent in Gustrov (AGL I:), while two works are accredited to Johann Matt-
hesius (born ), a collaborator of Luther and a headmaster, one being his
Fasten und Hochzeit Predigten (AGL III:). Also registered in Olsens
collection are various Bibles, referred to as Biblia latina, Biblia veterum test.
and Biblia latina cum anot. Margrete Anfinsdatters collection also includes a
number of German theologians, for instance Georg Albrecht, Heinrich Bn-
ting, Aegidius Hunnius, Gregor Strigenitz, Johann Heermann and Johannes
Brenz. A Lutheran preacher in Thuringia, Christian Avianus, is accredited
with the work Praxis ecclesiastica (AGL I:), while Martin Moeller (Mol-
ler, born ), a deacon from Lemberg, is accredited with the work Soli-
loquia de passione Christi (AGL III:). Daniel Jensn Hvedings collec-
tion also contains a limited number of German authors, such as Martin
Luther, Melanchthon (Loci), Johann Gerhard, Lucas Loss, Balthasar Meis-
ner, Simon Paulli, David Chytraeus and Johannes Sleidanus (De statu rel.).
Lucas Bachmeister, a court preacher to Queen Dorothea of Denmark and
a professor of theology, is registered with the work Explicatio historiae pas-
sionis (AGL II:), while Hermann Ewald, a th-century preacher
in Schmalkalden, is accredited with the work Christlichen Catechismum in
Predigten (AGL II:). Daniel Greser (born ), a superintendent in
Dresden, is registered with the work Enarratio brevis & orthodoxa Evange-
liorum dominicalium & festorum (AGL II:), while a collection of
sermons is accredited to Joachim Pollio (born ), a pastor in Neustadt
(AGL III:). Johannes Wigand (born ), a superintendent in Jena, is
also listed in Hvedings collection (AGL IV:), as is the poet and aut-
hor of religious works Adam Siber (born ), who served as headmaster in
Grimma (AGL IV:). Also registered are an anonymous Postilla lat.
and a Biblia latina in old monk style. Mathias Bonsachs collection likewise
includes a limited number of works by German theologians such as Martin
Chemnitz, Johann Arndt, Johann Binck, Matthias Flacius, Johann Heinrich
Michaelis, Johann Gerhard, August Pfeiffer and August Hermann Francke.
David Hollatz (born ), a preacher and conrector in Stargard and Col-
berg, is accredited with the work Examen seu systema theologiae acroama-
ticae (AGL II:), while a theological work is also accredited to Christian
Gerber (born ), a teacher in Dresden (AGL II:). The famous phi-
losopher and theologian Jacob Martini is represented with the work Syntagma
disputationum theologicarum (AGL III:), as is Paul Nicander, a preacher in
Halle, with the work Evangelien und Catechismus Postill (AGL III:). Some
German funeral orations and an old Systema are also registered as having
been in Bonsachs possession.
Some of the larger book collections, namely those of Peder Hind

(sixty-three books),21 Jens Egede ( books),22 Jrgen Griis (fifty-eight
books),23 Christen Krog ( books)24 and Henning Junghans (eighty-
one books),25 contain a larger and more varied number of theological
books of German Lutheran origin, which means that these particular
libraries may be classified as higher-class orthodox collections (see
table ). Of these, however, Junghanss collection, as noted above, is
the only one to contain a certain number of Pietist works, evident in
the listing of books written by Philipp Jacob Spener, August Hermann
Francke, Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg and Johann Anastasius Freyling-
hausen. Overall, however, the Pietist impact in Junghanss collection is
relatively insignificant when compared to the considerable number of
Lutheran orthodox theologians registered.
Table : German theologians listed across the collections of Hind, Egede,
Griis, Krog and Junghans
Peder Hinds collection includes a large number of works written by Ger-
man theologians, including Luther, Johannes Brenz, Johann Arndt, Fried-
rich Balduin, Philipp Nicolai, Salomon Glassius, Johann Heermann, Georg
Albrecht, Aegidius Hunnius, Conrad Dieterich and Hartmann Creide. Also
registered are Daniel Cramer (Biblische Auslegung), Adam Doegen (Lac cate-
cheticum), Michael Walther the Elder (Officina biblica), Heinrich Bnting (Iti-
nerarium) and Matthias Flacius (Clavis scripturae sacrae). Tilemann Heshus
(died ), a superintendent in Heidelberg and Magdeburg, is accredited
with the work Tr. de servo hominis arbitrio (AGL II:). A signifi-
cant number of German theologians is also recorded in Jens Egedes collec-
tion, namely Martin Luther, Friedrich Balduin, Michael Walther the Elder,
Salomon Glassius, Hartmann Creide, Philipp Nicolai, Matthias Flacius, Bal-
thasar Meisner, Johannes Brenz (Catechism), Conrad Dieterich (Catechism),
Georg Weinrich (Funeralia) and Andreas Fabricius (born ); the latter, an
archdeacon in Magdeburg, is accredited with the work Predigten wider die
bse Welt (AGL II:). Salomon Gesner, a Lutheran theologian and head
of the Wittenberg Academy, is accredited with the work Disputationes in
Genesin. Andreas Prckner, a professor at the gymnasium in Schweinfurt,
on folio .
on folio .
on folio b.
on folio b.
on folio .
chapter seven
is accredited with the work Manuale mille quaestionum (AGL III:), as

is Friedrich Myconius (born ), a co-worker of Martin Luther, with his
Histor. reformationis (AGL III:). Matthaeus Lungwitz (died ),
a preacher from Rochlitz, is accredited with the work Biblische Hertz-Postil
(AGL II:). Jrgen Griiss collection is also filled with the same
considerable range of German theologians, and many of these are accredi-
ted with several works each, for instance Georg Albrecht, Hartmann Creide,
Johann Gerhard, Michael Walther the Elder, Georg Weinrich, Felix Bidem-
back, Philipp Nicolai, Johannes Brenz, Balthasar Meisner, Friedrich Bal-
duin, Martin Luther, Nathanael Tilesius, Johann Heermann, Leonhard Hut-
ter, Christoph Fischer, Paul Nicander (Evangelien und Catechismus Postill),
Johannes Spangenberg (Auslegung des grossen Catechismi Lutheri) and Hein-
rich Bnting. Two theological works are also accredited to Johann Forster
the Younger (born ), a superintendent in Mansfeld, namely his Con-
ciones in evangelia domini and Passio Christi (AGL II:). Ludwig Rabe
(born ), a superintendent in Ulm, is accredited with the work Histor.
martyrum tom. V (AGL III:), and Hermann Samson (died ), a stu-
dent from Wittenberg who served as superintendent in Riga (AGL IV:),
is also registered. Of more uncertain character can be noted a religious work
accredited to Martin Hyller (died ), a preacher from Silesia. Christen
Krogs collection includes the same high number of German authors, nota-
bly Johann Gerhard, Matthias Flacius, Heinrich Bnting (Itinerarium), Mar-
tin Luther, Johann Forster the Younger, Georg Weinrich, Johannes Brenz,
Heinrich Mller, Balthasar Meisner, Simon Paulli, Hartmann Creide, Felix
Bidemback and Adam Doegen (Lac catecheticum). Petrus Loss (died ),
a Lutheran preacher in Naumburg, is accredited with the work Catechismus
Predigten (AGL II:), as is Balthasar Osten, a th-century Lutheran theo-
logian, with his Catechism. A work is also ascribed to Johann Andreas Quens-
tedt (born ), a professor of theology at Wittenberg, namely Antiquitates
biblicae & ecclesiasticae (AGL III:). Caspar Cruciger (born ), a
theologian and astronomer, is accredited with the work Praefatio ad Spangen-
bergii margaritam theologicam (AGL I:), as is Christopher Barba-
rossa (born ), a pastor in Lneburg and later superintendent in Hadler-
Landes, with his work Guldenes Kleinod der Christen (AGL I:). Mean-
while, other registered works are referred to as Hist. ecclesiast., Biblia vulgata,
New Testament Latin-Greek, New Testament in German, A German Bible
and A New Testament Greek. Junghanss collection also contains a signifi-
cant number of German authors, and some of these are accredited with
several works each, for instance Martin Chemnitz, Johann Arndt, Johann
Hermann Francke, Philipp Jacob Spener, Hartmann Creide, Christian Ger-
ber, Johann Gerhard, Johann Conrad Dannhauer, Conrad Dieterich, Gregor
Strigenitz, Friedrich Balduin, Georg Albrecht, Philipp Nicolai, Johann Tar-
now, Adam Doegen (Lac catecheticum), Michael Walther the Elder (Har-
monia bibl.) and Samuel Benedikt Carpzov, a court preacher in Dresden.
Johann Quistorp (born ), a superintendent in Rostock, is accredited
with the work Annotations in libb. bibl. (AGL III:), as is Romanus Tel-
ler (born ), an archdeacon in Leipzig, with his work Predigten ber die I
epistel St Johannis (AGL IV:). Johannes Cyprian (born ), a canoni-

cus in Meissen, is represented by the work Continuatio historiae sacrae anima-
lium (AGL I:), and two works are accredited to Paul Egard, one being his
Medulla ss. theologiae, sive meditationes piae utilissimae (AGL II:).
Johann Anastasius Freylinghausen, a collaborator of Francke in Halle, is
accredited with the work Fundamenta theologiae christianae (AGL II:).
Also relevant to the Pietist and missionary cause is a work accredited to Bar-
tholomaeus Ziegenbalg, namely Ostindiske relationes; Ziegenbalg studied in
Halle when Frederik IV of Denmark recruited him to promote the missio-
nary cause in Tranquebar. Of Bibles, or Bible-parts, a Nov. Test. graecum is
listed, and an edition of the Bible is accredited to the superintendent Lucas
Osiander the Elder. An edition of the Bible referred to as A Hebrew Bible is
accredited to the philologist Johann Heinrich Majus, a professor of Hebrew
and theology at Giessen (AGL III:).
The number of Danish-Norwegian books listed in the Troms & Senja
inventories is also relatively significant, as it was in Nedenes invento-
ries. This particular feature is most likely explained by the fact that
many of the collections recorded in the peripheral districts of Troms &
Senja belonged to the lesser clergy. These libraries tended to include a
relatively high number of Danish-Norwegian works, while the broader
impact of vernacular literature across all clerical classes is, as previously
noted, first clearly discernable towards . Particular examples of such
lower-class book collections in the Troms & Senja inventories are the
very small collections of Augustus Gabrielsen Rg (four books), Lars
Soebald (four books) and Willum Jensen Ebbeltoft (eight books). The
four books in Rgs collection are of Danish origin: Listed are a Danish
Bible, a Church ritual, and books written by Peder Mller and Willads
Nielsen.26 In Soebalds collection, at least one Danish-Norwegian author
is listed, namely Michael Srensen Leigh, as is a work entitled Postilla
evangelica.27 In Ebbeltofts collection, most of the registered works are of
Danish-Norwegian origin:28 Listed are authors such as the Trondheim
bishop Eilert Hagerup (died ), the poetess Dorthe Engelbretsdat-
ter (died ), the parson Willads Nielsen (died ) and the poet-
ess and clerical daughter Ingeborg Grytten (born ca ), alongside
on folio .
on folio .
on folio b.
chapter seven
spiritual-inspired theologians such as Heinrich Mller, Christian Scriver

and John Bunyan (Pillegrims fremgang, a Danish translation of The pil-
grims progress).
Overall, around thirty Danish-Norwegian authors have been identi-
fied across the various collections, in addition to the authors of funeral
orations (see table ). These authors are accredited with works ranging
from larger theological systems (Jens Bircherod and Caspar Brochmand)
to more edifying and devotional types of literature. Of the authors listed,
some are more prominent than others in terms of the number of listings:
Registered across as many as five of the collections are Willads Nielsen
and Caspar Brochmand, whereas Henrik Gerner and Peder Mller (also
as the translator of Mller) are listed across four collections. Poul Medel-
bye is listed in three of the collections, whereas the theologians Jens
Bircherod, Jacob Hersleb, Niels Hemmingsen, Johann Lassenius, Ene-
vold Nielsen Randulph, Arnold de Fine and Johan Lund are listed twice,
as are the statesman Jrgen Rosenkrantz (died ) and Ingeborg Gyt-
ten; all of them are accredited with religious works. It should also be
noted that several of the Danish-Norwegian books registered in the var-
ious collections included the exact same titles, which may indicate that
these particular works had a specific reception field in the area.
Table : Danish-Norwegian authors listed in the Troms & Senja clerical
inventories
Danish-Norwegian authors registered in the Troms & Senja clerical invento-
ries are: Anders Arreboe (died ), Cort Aslaksn (died ),
Jens Bircherod (died ), Caspar Brochmand (died ), Edvard Edvard-
sen (died ), Dorthe Englebretsdatter (died ), Arnold de Fine (died
), Henrik Gerner (died ), Ingeborg Grytten (born ca ), Eilert
Hagerup (died ), Gabriel Hejberg (died ), Niels Hemmingsen (died
), Jacob Hersleb (died ), Johann Lassenius (born ), Michael
Srensen Leigh (died ), Heinrich Lemmiche (died ), Johan Lund
(died ), Hector Gottfried Masius (born ), Poul Medelbye (died
), Peder Mller (born ), Willads Nielsen (died ), Christian
Nold (died ), Enevold Nielsen Randulph (born ), Jrgen Rosen-
krantz (died ), Hans Svane (died ), Petrus Terpager (born ),
Nicolaus Theophilius (died ), Mogens Vingaard (born ca ), Hans
Wandal the Younger (died ).
A significant number of funeral orations are also included in several
of the Troms & Senja clerical book collections, and funeral orations in
quarto in particular seem to have been popular reading among all sec-
tions of the clergy. The number of funeral orations listed, however, varies
between the collections: Seven funeral orations are recorded for example
in Juuls collection, six are recorded in Wolff s and Hinds collections, and
as many as forty-one are recorded in Egedes collection: Of these, thirty-
eight were written in the Danish language and three in German.29 Various
Bibles are also listed across the different collections: Wolff, for instance,
was in possession of Christian IVs Danish Bible and Hans Svanes Danish
Bible; the latter edition was allegedly in four volumes. Egede owned edi-
tions of the Bible written by Hans Poulsen Resen and Hans Svane, while
Ascanius was in possession of the editions of Frederik II and Hans Svane,
and Juul owned those of Frederik II and Christian II. Margrete Anfins-
datter also possessed Christian IVs Danish Bible, while Hveding owned
what is listed as A Danish Bible unbound, along with Christian IVs col-
lection of additional laws (Recess) and Christian IVs Church Ordinance.
Some of the medium-sized collections also included a particularly high
number of Danish-Norwegian titles, an example being the collection of
Margrete Anfinsdatter (thirty-seven books): In this collection, at least
twenty books were of Danish-Norwegian origin, and apart from the list-
ing of authors such as Anders Arreboe, Caspar Brochmand, Poul Medel-
bye, Peder Mller and Willads Nielsen, various other titles also reflect a
Danish-Norwegian origin, for example Om brnetucht (On the educa-
tion of children), Christlige hustrue (Christian wife), Den gamle moselov
med kirckeordinans udi et bind (The old law of Moses with a Church Ordi-
nance in one volume) and Compen. legis Vet. Test in Danish (On laws in
the Old Testament).30
As to the Catholic authors, few are listed across Troms & Senja cleri-
cal inventories : Only five collections include works originat-
ing in this tradition, namely those belonging to Egede, Krog, Aronsn,
Hind and Juul; at least two of these collections, namely those of Egede and
Krog, were of major size. In total, only four Catholic authors have been
identified, namely Diego Stella, Jeremias Drexel, Ludovicus Granatensis
and Dionysius Petav, and of these, only one author, namely Petav, can
be considered to be a newcomer when compared to previous findings:
Dionysius Petav (born ), a French Jesuit theologian, is in Hinds col-
lection accredited with the work Ratio temporum (AGL III:).
The only author listed more than once across the different collections is
Diego Stella, who is accredited with the work De vanitate mundi in the
on folio .
on folio b.
chapter seven
collections of Krog, Juul and Egede. Hence, generally speaking, Stella may
be considered to be a major figure on the broader Norwegian scene;
in Troms & Senja inventories, for example, Stella is recorded just as fre-
quently as is, for instance, Johann Arndt.
With regard to the Calvinist authors, whereof some were Dutch, four-
teen authors have been identified across the different collections (see
table ). Of these, however, only three are listed more than once,
namely classic figures such as Caspar Sibelius, Immanuel Tremellius and
Jean Calvin. Of these, the most popular in terms of book representa-
tion is Caspar Sibelius, who is listed four times. Calvin, however, is listed
three times, and Tremellius is listed twice, thanks to his famous trans-
lation of the Bible. The Arminian Stephanus Curcellaeus (born ),
on the other hand, is accredited in Ascaniuss book collection with his
beautifully printed edition of the Bible with his commentaries. Sibelius,
Tremellius and to a certain extent Jean Calvin and Stephanus Curcel-
laeus, may therefore be said to have obtained a broader reception field
across Norway, as their works have been found in all regions examined
so far. As to the other authors, the Calvinist theologian Paulus Tossanus
(born ), who ended his career as pastor in Hanau, is accredited in
Egedes collection with the work Enchiridon locorum communium theo-
logicorum (AGL IV:), and in Juuls collection, Johann Philipp
Pareus (born ), a philologist, is accredited with the work Analysis
logica epistolae ad Romanos (AGL III:). In Jrgen Olsens col-
lection, Pantaleon Candidus (born ), a canonicus from Austria, is
accredited with the work Orationes funebres de praeparatione & consola-
tione Christi fidelium ad mortem (AGL I:).
Table : Calvinist authors listed in the Troms & Senja clerical inventories

Calvinist authors listed in the Troms & Senja clerical inventories
are: Heinrich Bullinger, Jean Calvin, Pantaleon Candidus, Sebastian
Castellio, Johannes Cocceius, Stephanus Curcellaeus, Heinrich Diest, Fran-
ciscus Junius, David Pareus, Johann Philipp Pareus, Caspar Sibelius, Johann
Stumpf, Paulus Tossanus, Immanuel Tremellius.
Some of the works registered in the Troms & Senja clerical inventories
suggest a more heterogeneous origin: The Dutch preacher Johann Vis-
cher (died ), also considered to be one of the most important moral
philosophers of the time, is listed in Troms & Senja inventories with
his work Hernlesche Zielen Vanghst, an abbreviation for his theological
work Commentar. in Epist. Judae (AGL IV:). In Hvedings collection,
Willem Spoelberg (born ), a Minorite from Brussels, is accredited

with the work Conciones morales (AGL IV:), while Ravanellis Biblio-
theca sacra is also listed across three of the collections, namely those of
Krog, Junghans and Juul; of these authors, at least Ravanelli was also reg-
istered in other districts.
As to the impact of English authors on the different collections, nine
of the collections contain works of such origin, at least as far as one can
tell from the information given. Only eleven names have been identified,
however, and most of these are familiar from previous listings (see table
). Because of the slapdash method of registration, the number of
English authors may in fact be higher: Of the names that I have not
been able to properly identify, but which certainly point to an English
origin, Michel Sampson, Killington and William Burkits may be noted.
Most of the English names listed in table were also registered in
Junghanss collection, and of all the authors registered, only four are listed
more than once across the different collections, namely Thomas Watson,
Jeremy Taylor, Thomas Godwin and Thomas Adams. Of these, Watson
is registered across at least six of the collections, which means that
he remained popular among clerics even in northern parts of Norway.
Thomas Adams, Jeremy Taylor and Thomas Godwin, however, are only
registered across two collections each, at least as far as one can tell from
the information provided. Several of the works by English authors were
also allegedly in German translation, which implies that these passed
through Germany before finding their way onto the Norwegian book
market. Out of curiosity, a religious-philosophical work accredited to the
Enlightenment philosopher John Locke (born ) may also be noted:
In Bonsachs collection, Locke is accredited with the work A paraphrase
and notes on the Epistles of St Paul to the Galatians, Corinthians, Romans,
Ephesians (AGL II:).
Table : English authors of religious works registered in the Troms & Senja
clerical inventories
English authors listed in the Troms & Senja clerical inventories
are: Thomas Adams, Richard Baxter, John Bunyan, Victorin Bythner, Thomas
Godwin, Joseph Hall, John Locke, Obadie Sedgwick, Richard Sibbes, Jeremy
Taylor, Thomas Watson.
Some of the book collections registered in the Troms & Senja cleri-
cal inventories also include non-theological works. Still, only Christen
Krogs collection contains a relatively high number of non-theological
works. One major success, however, on the Troms & Senja market, seems
chapter seven
to have been Johannes Carions Chronica, which is listed across at least

seven different collections. As to other types of non-theological literature,
most of the registered works relate to the trivium part of the educational
curriculum, as they refer to antique authors, philological works and
works by various humanists. Erasmus, for instance, is listed in two of
the collections (Junghans and Ascanius), while two other humanists are
also listed in Ascaniuss collection, namely Heinrich Smetius (Prosodia)
and Paulus Manutius (born ); Manutius is accredited with the work
Epistolarum & praefatio libri XII. As to the antique works, Cicero is
listed in the collections of Hind and Egede, while Terence is listed in the
collections of Olsen and Hveding. Only two other antique authors are
registered; Ovid is listed in Ascaniuss collection, and Pliny the Elders
Natural history is registered in Egedes collection.
A number of philological works are, as noted above, registered across
the different collections, although the number is not significant. Lexi-
con latino-germano graecum, however, by Helvicus Garth (died ),
a preacher at the German church in Prague (AGL II:), is registered
in Jrgen Olsens collection, as is a Greek-Latin Lexicon accredited to
Georg Pasor (died ) and a philological work accredited to Thomas
Bang. Juuls collection includes a philological work by Johann Leusden
(died ), a professor of Hebrew at Utrecht, while a work by the philol-
ogist Audomarus Talaeus (died ) is registered in Ane Wolff s col-
lection. In Egedes collection, Johannes Buxdorf the Elder is accredited
with the work Thesaurus grammaticus linguae hebreae. In Ascaniuss col-
lection, two other philologists are listed, namely the Norwegian philolo-
gist Anders Iversen Borch, died (De Persico imperio), and Johannes
Ravisius, died (Epitheta latina). In Junghanss collection, Grammat-
ica hebraica is accredited to Matthias Wasmuth (born ), a profes-
sor of oriental languages at Kiel (AGL IV:), while a work on
the Hebrew language is accredited to the philologist Valentin Schindler
(died ), a professor of Hebrew at Helmstadt (AGL IV:). In Griiss
collection, Wilhelm Schickard (born ) is accredited with the work
Horologium hebr. (AGL IV:), while Calepino is registered in the
collections of both Junghans and Griis. Most of these philological books,
thus, as in previous findings, were written by either German or Dutch
authors.
Few works registered across the different collections cover philosophy
and logic. Caspar Bartholin the Elders Logica, however, is listed in Jrgen
Olsens collection, as is a book entitled Compendium metaphysicae. Hved-
ing was also in possession of a book entitled Logica, and in Hinds collec-
tion, Metaphysica is accredited to Johann Scharff (born ), a professor

of philosophy and theology at Wittenberg. One of the volumes registered
in Margrete Anfinsdatters collection is entitled Den hedenske filosof (The
heathen philosopher), and Aristotle is accredited with the work Ethica.
The peripatetic legacy therefore remained important to readers in Troms
& Senja. Few books registered in the Troms & Senja clerical inventories
relate to medicine: Thomas Bartholins famous work on lymph vessels,
however, is listed in Ascaniuss book collection. Some of the registered
works relate to botany and pharmacy: Simon Paullis Flora danica is listed
in the collections of Wolff and Egede, while Hvedings collection contains
a list of medicaments and prices (Apothecher taxt). In Hinds collection,
a book referred to as Salomons book on herbals is listed.
Some of the registered books cover other topics: In Ascaniuss collec-
tion, a book on mathematics (Aritmetica algebra) is listed, and Johannes
Coleruss Lexicon (i.e. Haus buch; oeconomia ruralis & domestica) is regis-
tered in Junghanss collection. In Griiss collection, an atlas (Atlas minor)
is accredited to Gerardus Mercator. Several law-books are also registered
in the Troms & Senja clerical inventories: Hind, for instance, owned
Christian Vs Norwegian law. Interesting is also the listing of Catholic
law corpuses: In the collections of Junghans, Hveding and Krog, Corpus
juris matrimonialis is listed.31 As noted above, only Christen Krogs col-
lection includes a relatively high number of non-theological works, and
these cover philology and peripatetic as well as Platonic philosophy (see
table ).
Table : Non-theological works registered in Krogs collection
Apart from the Catholic law corpus, Krog owned various works on philo-
logy: Lexicon pentaglottum is accredited to the above mentioned Valentin
Schindler. Clenardus is also listed, as are several works referred to simply as
Nomenclator and Colloquia. Johannes Buxdorf the Elder is accredited with
Epitome, a work originally entitled Thesaurus grammaticus linguae hebreae
(AGL I:). A philological work on Hebrew is also accredited to Johann
Leusden, and Johann Possel, a professor of Greek, is registered with his
Calligraphia oratoria linguae graecae (AGL III:). A Greek-Latin Lexi-
con is accredited to Georg Pasor, a professor of moral philosophy, mathe-
matics and theology at Grningen (AGL III:), as is the Lutheran theo-
logian Heinrich Opitz (died ), a professor at Kiel, with the work Lexicon
31 This work, however, is referred to in different ways in the three collections: In
Junghanss collection, the work is referred to as Corpus juris matrimonialis, whereas in

Krogs collection, the work is entitled Corpis juris matr. sacr. In Hvedings collection, the
work is registered as Corpus juris matrimonialis german.
chapter seven
hebraeo chaldaeo biblicum (AGL III:). Matthias Wasmuth (born ),

a professor of oriental languages at Kiel, is accredited with the work Hebrais-
mus restitutus (AGL IV:), as is Theodorus Hackspan (born ),
a professor of Hebrew and theology, with his Distinctiones & divisiones
philosophico-theologicae (AGL II:). A Hebrew grammar, a Greek
grammar and a French grammar are also listed in Krogs collection, and of
the antique authors, Vergil and Cicero are listed. Of the humanists, Eras-
mus and Natalis Comes (died ) are listed; Comes, an Italian poet, his-
torian and humanist, is accredited with the work Mythologia (AGL I:).
As to other topics, such as medicine and philosophy, a variety of books is
registered: Paracelsuss Opera is recorded, and so is Johann Sperlings Phy-
sica. Also registered is Aristotles Organon, while Francesco Piccolomini
(died ), a professor of philosophy at Padua who supported both Ari-
stotelian and Platonic philosophy, is accredited with the work Gradus phi-
losophiae moralis (AGL III:). An Opera is also accredited to Apu-
leius, probably the nd-century author of Metamorphoses (The golden ass).
Johann Scharff, a professor of philosophy at Wittenberg, is accredited with
the work Disputatio pneumatica. Hans Poulsen Resens Parva logica is also
recorded in Krogs collection, while Philos. ethica is accredited to the Ger-
man physician and philosopher Wilhelm Adolph Scribonius, who practised
in Marburg in the latter half of the th century (AGL IV:). Rudolph
Snell (born ), who served as professor of Hebrew and mathematics at
Leiden, is accredited with the work Annot. in ethicam, physicam, sphae-
ram Corn. Valerii (AGL IV:), as is Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa,
the famous occultist, with the work De vanitate scientiarum. A book entit-
led Geometria is also recorded in Krogs collection, as is one referred to sim-
ply as Hist. mundi.
Generally speaking, all book collections registered in the Troms & Senja
inventories should be regarded as orthodox, as they included a very
large number of German Lutheran authors who mainly reflected late
th- and early th-century theology. And although Pietist literature
influenced by the Halle milieu appears in some of the collections re-
corded closest to , namely those of Bonsach and Junghans, these
occurrences are very limited when compared to the occurrences of works
reflecting Lutheran orthodoxy.
As in other districts, the orthodox libraries registered in Troms &
Senja may be divided into upper-class and lower-class. Clerical lower-
class libraries in Troms & Senja, as in other regions, generally contained
a relatively high number of books written in the Danish language, as well
as few books of non-Lutheran origin: This particular feature is true of all
lower-class libraries examined according to the Troms & Senja clerical
inventories. Oppositely, the clerical upper-class libraries, namely those
of larger size, could contain theological works of non-Lutheran origin;
this is particularly true of the collections belonging to Krog, Hind and

Egede. It should be noted, however, that the occurrences of theological
works of non-Lutheran origin are somewhat fewer in Troms & Senja,
even in the upper-class libraries, than they are in more urban areas such
as Trondheim, Bergen and even Jarlsberg. Hence, it would seem that
rural districts displayed less heterogeneity with regard to works written
by non-Lutheran theologians than did more urban districts. On the rise
across the various collections, however, was the number of works written
in the vernacular.
Despite the book collections registered in the Troms & Senja inven-
tories being less varied than collections in more urban districts, this
rigidity should not be taken too literally. First, in Troms & Senja as
well as in other districts, works by a wide range of German theologians
were circulating on the market, a finding which reflects the complex-
ity of the European marketplace of ideas. Second, within this general
pattern, the Troms & Senja book market also had its own peculiar char-
acteristics, as some authors enjoyed a wider reception in these north-
ern regions than did others, namely Johann Gerhard, Hartmann Creide,
Martin Luther, Johannes Brenz, Friedrich Balduin, Heinrich Bnting and
Heinrich Mller. Although some of these authors were major figures at
the time, others, such as Hartmann Creide, probably enjoyed this wider
dissemination due to specific market forces coupled with a particular
local fondness for his works.
Even though the Troms & Senja clerical book collections may be
considered to be less heterogeneous than those registered in urban areas,
non-Lutheran authors such as Diego Stella, Stephanus Curcellaeus, Jer-
emias Drexel and Caspar Sibelius are still occasionally registered. Such
recordings indicate that works by this particular range of authors ob-
tained a broader national reception field, despite there being fewer of
them in rural districts. And, even in rural regions such as Troms & Senja,
non-Lutheran authors such as Caspar Sibelius and Diego Stella are listed
just as often as Lutheran authors such as Conrad Dieterich, Johannes
Brenz and Johann Arndt.
As to the occurrences of non-theological works, a rather limited reg-
istration of such works can be noted in the Troms & Senja clerical
inventories, as was also the case in the rural district of Nedenes. Those
libraries containing the highest number of non-theological works, how-
ever, were generally the largest book collections owned by members of
the senior clergy. With regard to the non-theological works listed, these
relate mainly to the trivium part of the periods educational curriculum.
chapter seven
Works by antique authors and by humanists are listed, while philolog-

ical works are also recorded across many of the examined collections.
Similarly, most of the philosophical works listed reflect the Aristotelian
legacy. However, some of the collections also display a rather wide range
of different works, what the inclusion of works written by Paraclesus
and Agrippa as well as the various registrations of Catholic law corpuses
attests to.
.. Clerical book collections in Salten
In this section, I will analyse book collections recorded in the Salten cler-
ical probate records in the period to .32 During this time-span,
more than twenty negotiations of assets were recorded, but only ten of
the inventories give detailed information on book occurrences (see table
). As with previous findings, some of the inventories refer to book
collections only in terms of total value, while others do not indicate book
occurrences at all. Of the collections listed, however, these range from
books to only two, and approximately volumes are registered
overall, which makes an average of about forty-five books per household.
The listed book collections belonged to scholars who received their edu-
cation in the period , that is during the transition from late
orthodoxy to early Pietism, and, as in previous cases, many of the reg-
istrations were done in such a slapdash manner that the findings below
should be regarded more as tendencies than in absolute terms.
Table : Book owners registered in the Salten clerical inventories
Hans Nyerup, Ldingen, volumes, , folio
Ane Hansdatter Kruse, Evenes, , volumes, folio b
Gabriel Rger, Lofoten, , volumes, b
Peder Schielderup & Inger Hartwigsdatter, Skjerstad, , volumes,
folio b
Johanna Margretha Normand, Bod, , volumes, folio b
Johan Haagerup, Skjerstad, , volumes, folio b
Brede Mortensen, Kjerringy, , volumes, folio
Knud Rist, , volumes, folio
Christen Jensn, Saltdal, , volumes, folio
Arent Jacobsen Nss, Ldingen, , volumes, folio
32 See Salten clerical probate records , HF . Unfortunately, the precise
occupation of clerics who had their assets listed is not always indicated in the probate
record.
Although differences occur between the collections, it is the German

influence which remains the most significant across the examined book
collections: Overall, around seventy different authors have been identi-
fied (see table ), and of these, some names are newcomers, which
gives some indication of the high number of authors circulating on the
early modern book market. Listed most often across the different collec-
tions are authors such as Friedrich Balduin, Martin Luther and Balthasar
Meisner (see table ).
Table : German Lutheran authors listed in the Salten clerical inventories

German Lutheran theologians listed in the Salten clerical inventories
are: Georg Albrecht, Johann Arndt, Reinhard Bakius, Friedrich Bal-
duin, Christopher Barbarossa, Bartholomaeus Battus, Joachim von Beust,
Felix Bidemback, Johann Binck, Johann Botsak, Johannes Brenz, Joachim
Camerarius, Martin Chemnitz, David Chytraeus, Daniel Cramer, Hartmann
Creide, Johann Conrad Dannhauer, Conrad Dieterich, Johann Michael Dill-
herr, Samuel Edel, Heinrich Eckard, Paul Egard, Hermann Ewald, Rupert
Erythropel, Georg Fabricius, Simon Geddicus, Johann Gerhard, Salomon
Gesner, Matthias Hafenreffer, Johann Heermann, Valerius Herberger, Aegi-
dius Hunnius, Nicolai Hunnius, Leonhard Hutter, Johannes Jan, Gothofred
Kiliani, Johann Friedrich Koenig, Christoph Heinrich Loeber, Matthaeus
Lungwitz, Martin Luther, Joachim Ltkemann, Christian Matthiae, Baltha-
sar Meisner, Arnold Mengering, Friedrich Just Mengewein, Balthasar Ment-
zer, Heinrich Mller, Simon Musaeus, Philipp Melanchthon, Hieronymus
Mencel, Johann Matthaeus Meyfart, Simon Paulli, Christoph Pezel, Urban
Regius, Jacob Reineccius, Bartholomaeus Rulich, Christoph Schleupner, Jo-
hann Adam Schertzer, Christian Scriver, Nicolai Selneccer, Oswald Sledanus,
Daniel Spalchaver, Philipp Jacob Spener, Jacob Stoecker, Gregor Strigenitz,
Johann Thaddaeus, Nathanael Tilesius, Michael Walther the Elder, Georg
Weinrich, Johann Weihenmayer, Jacob Weller, Jacob Werenberg.
Table : German theologians listed more than once across the Salten
inventories
Listed times Friedrich Balduin, Martin Luther
Listed times Balthasar Meisner, Johann Gerhard, Heinrich Mller,
Nathanael Tilesius
Listed times Georg Albrecht, Johann Arndt, Heinrich Eckard,
Johann Heermann, Leonhard Hutter, Urban Regius
Listed twice Felix Bidemback, Johann Botsak, Hartmann Creide,
Conrad Dieterich, Matthias Hafenreffer, Simon Paulli,
Jacob Stoecker, Johann Thaddaeus, Georg Weinrich
As to the Calvinist authors, whereof some were Dutch, sixteen names
have been identified across the different collections (see table ), and
chapter seven
most of these appear in the larger collections. Few, however, are listed
more than once: Tremellius is listed across three collections (Nyerup, Bor,
Rger), and Franciscus Ridder is listed in two of the collections (Nyerup,
Normand). Ravanellis Bibliotheca is also listed as being in Nyerups col-
lection, while the Remonstrant Stephanus Curcellaeuss commentaries
on the Bible are listed in Haagerups collection. The consistent listing of
authors such as Caspar Sibelius, Franciscus Ridder and Tremellius indi-
cates that their works continued to enjoy a particular reception across all
the regions examined so far.
Table : Calvinist authors listed in the Salten clerical inventories
Calvinist authors listed in the Salten clerical inventories are:
Jacob Alting, Johann Heinrich Alting, Theodore Beza, Robert Bellarmine,
Stephanus Curcellaeus, David Knibbe, Ludwig Lavater, Pierre du Moulin
(Molinaeus), David Pareus, Amandus Polanus, Franciscus Ridder, Caspar
Sibelius, Immanuel Tremellius, Johannes Piscator, Johann Stumpf, Johann
Wolff.
The Catholic influence in the Salten clerical inventories is
low: Only two collections contain works written by Catholics, namely
the two large collections belonging to Nyerup and Rger. Four Catholic
authors are listed in Nyerups collection, namely Jeremias Drexel, Ludovi-
cus Granatensis, Johannes Busaeus and Quirinius Cnogeler, and in R-
gers collection, Bellarmine is listed. The number of English authors is
somewhat higher across the different collections than that of Catholic
authors, but these remain fewer than the Calvinists. Overall, ten authors
have been identified (see table ), and these appear in the collections
of Peder Schielderup, Normand, Haagerup, Nyerup and Rger. Of such
authors recorded, Thomas Watson is listed across as many as four collec-
tions, whereas Thomas Adams is listed in three collections. The names of
the other authors appear only once.
Table : English authors listed in the Salten inventories
English authors listed in the Salten inventories are: Thomas
Adams, Lewis Bailey, Daniel Dyke, Dudlejus Fenner, Joseph Hall, Christo-
pher Love, Franciscus Quarl, Thomas Stapleton, Arthur Warwick, Thomas
Watson.
As to the recordings of Danish-Norwegian works, variations also occur
between the different collections: Listed more than once are Peder Mller,
Poul Medelbye, Niels Hemmingsen, Caspar Brochmand and Andreas
Lonner (died ). Heinrich Lemmiches (died ) Reformerte skole
also seems to have had a certain dissemination in the region. Of Bibles,
Christian IVs Danish Bible is listed in at least four collections, notably

those of Bor, Hartwigsdatter, Normand and Haagerup, and Resens Dan-
ish Bible is registered in the collections of Rist and Rger. Various Dan-
ish-Norwegian funeral orations are also registered: A bundle of at least
thirteen Danish funeral orations is recorded for instance in Haagerups
collection.
There are greater differences between the various collections with
regard to the recordings of religious and non-religious works. As ex-
pected, it is the smallest collections, namely those of Brede Mortensen
(two volumes),33 Knud Rist (two volumes),34 Christen Jensn (three
volumes)35 and Arent Nss (twelve volumes)36 which portray the lowest
degree of heterogeneity: All of these collections contain solely religious
books, and most of these were written by Danish-Norwegian authors (see
table ).
Table : Books registered in the collections of Mortensen, Rist, Jensn and
Nss
Brede Mortensens collection includes two religious works allegedly written
by Johann Lassenius and Niels Hemmingsen, while Rists collection inclu-
des Hans Poulsen Resens Danish Bible and Henrik Gerners Postille. Chris-
ten Jensns collection contains two psalters and a book allegedly written
by Doctor Hemmingsen. Nsss book collection is accredited with a some-
what larger number of books: One Bible of missionary edition (af missi-
ons oplag) is registered, as is Philipp Jacob Speners Catechism. Also Pet-
ter Dasss (died ) Catechismus-Sange is registered, as is Erik Pontoppi-
dan the Youngers explication of Luthers Catechism, namely Sanhed til gud-
fryktighed. As many as twelve psalters in duodecimo are also registered, occur-
rences which may reflect Nsss occupation as parish clerk.
As to the remaining collections, differences between these are also dis-
cernable. The two largest collections, however, namely those of Hans
Nyerup (ca volumes) and Gabriel Rger (ca volumes), have some
similarities: Although the number of Danish-Norwegian works regis-
tered varies between the two collections, both collections contain a rela-
tively high proportion of German Lutheran and theological literature, as
well as a certain number of non-theological works.
Hans Nyerups collection which was recorded in , is the larg-
est collection listed in the Salten clerical probate records. Overall, the
33 See Salten clerical probate records HF ; the inventory starts on folio .

chapter seven
collection numbers around volumes of which the majority was re-

portedly in octavo.37 Although some of the works are supplied in the
inventory with titles so vague that they cannot be identified, most regis-
tered books were clearly written by German Lutheran authors (see table
). Given the high percentage of such works, and the sparse impact
of edifying and spiritual literature, the collection may be described as
upper-class orthodox in outlook.
Table : German Lutheran authors registered in Nyerups collection
Many German Lutheran authors are listed in Nyerups collection, inclu-
ding Wilhelm Alard, Georg Albrecht, Johann Arndt, Friedrich Balduin, Felix
Bidemback, Johann Binck, Johann Botsak, Daniel Cramer, Hartmann Creide,
Conrad Dieterich, Johann Michael Dillherr, Simon Geddicus, Johann Ger-
hard, Salomon Gesner, Aegidius Hunnius, Nicolai Hunnius, Philipp Melan-
chthon, Balthasar Mentzer, Heinrich Mller, Simon Paulli, Nathanael Tile-
sius and Michael Walther the Elder: Many of these authors are accredited
with several works each. Samuel Edel (born ), a preacher in Ulm, is
accredited with the work Thesaurus catecheticus (AGL II:), and Jacob
Reineccius (born ), a professor of theology at the Hamburg Gymna-
sium, is also accredited with two works (AGL III:). Postill oder Ausle-
gung aller Evangelien und Epistelen is ascribed to Simon Musaeus (born ),
a superintendent in several German cities (AGL III:). Oswald Sleda-
nus (died ), a superintendent in Rostock, is accredited with the work
Canticum salmonis (AGL IV:), as is Jacob Stoecker (died ), a pas-
tor in Eisleben, with the work Catechismus antipapisticus (AGL IV:).
A work is also accredited to Johann Matthaeus Meyfart (born ), a
professor at Erfurt (AGL III:). The famous lawyer Joachim von
Beust (born ), a professor from Wittenberg who ended his career in
Dresden, is registered with the work Enarratio evangeliorum (AGL I:),
and Georg Fabricius (born ), a court poet to Emperor Maximillian II,
is accredited with his Historia sacra (AGL II:). Johann Friedrich Koe-
nig (born ), a superintendent in Mecklenburg, is accredited with the
work Theologia positiva acromatica (AGL II:), while the theolo-
gian and poet Joseph Clauder (born ), an archdeacon in Altenburg, is
represented with the work Psalmodia nova centuriis II (AGL I:). The
German theologian Joachim Ltkemann (born ) is similarly accredi-
ted with a theological work, and a religious work is also accredited to Got-
hofred Kiliani (died ) from Thuringia, who ended as headmaster in the
city of Itzehoe. Luthers German Bible and a German psalter are also listed.
Of more uncertain religious character can be noted a work written by Philipp
Ehrenreich Wider (died ), a conrector at the gymnasium in Regensburg,
namely Leich Postill (AGL IV:).

A rather limited number of Danish-Norwegian theologians are reg-

istered in Nyerups collection. Some very traditional names are listed,
however, such as Bartholomaeus Botsak, Hans Poulsen Resen, Caspar
Brochmand, Henrik Gerner, Niels Hemmingsen and Enevold Nielsen
Randulph. Also recorded are the Norwegian chancellor Jens Bielke (died
) and the theologians Heinrich Lemmiche and Georg Sadolinus
(died ); Sadolinus was a first-generation reformer in Denmark and
a bishop of Odense. The Copenhagen professor Johan Slangendorff (died
) is accredited with the work Comment. in Ecclesiasten (AGL
IV:), and a theological work is also ascribed to Andreas Lonner, men-
tioned above.
Some English authors are also registered in Nyerups collection, no-
tably Joseph Hall, Thomas Stapleton (Prompt. morale) and Lewis Bai-
ley (Practice of piety). Dudlejus Fenner, a late-th-century theologian
from Somerset, is accredited with the work Theologia sacra; this work
was later reprinted in Geneva and in Amsterdam (AGL II:). Of the
Calvinist authors, Tremellius (Bible) is registered, as are Franciscus Rid-
der and David Knibbe; Knibbe, a late-th-century student from Lei-
den, is accredited with the work Manuductio ad oratoriam sacram (AGL
II:). The famous Huguenot Pierre du Moulin, or Molinaeus (born
), who eventually took up position in Cambridge, is accredited
with a theological work as well as with his Logica (AGL III:).
A Dutch Postille is also recorded, and possibly expressing Calvinist reli-
giosity is a work written by the Swiss theologian Johannes Christian,
a th-century preacher from Bern, namely Harmonia evangelistarum
(AGL I:). As noted above, some Catholic works are also registered
in Nyerups collection: The Jesuit Jeremias Drexel is accredited with the
works Rhetorica coelestis and Aurifodinam artium, while meditations
are accredited to the Jesuit Johannes Busaeus (died ), a student
from Rome (AGL I:). The by now familiar author Ludovi-
cus Granatensis, is also registered, as is the mid-th-century Catholic
theologian Quirinius Cnogler with the work Symbola tria, catholicum,
calvinianum & lutheranum (AGL I:).
Various works in Nyerups collection cover non-theological topics. Of
the antique authors, Cicero, Terence, Vergil and Horace are listed, and the
humanist Erasmus is accredited with his Adagia. Other works also relate
to philology and related matters, such as the philologist Anton Schors
(died ) Phrases linguae latinae ex Cicerone collectae (AGL IV:).
Johann Amos Comenius is accredited with his famous methodologi-
cal work Janua linguarum (AGL I:). Rudolph Gocklenius the
chapter seven
Elder (born ), a philosopher, poet and professor of logic at Marburg,

is accredited with the work Observationes linguae latinae (AGL II:),
while the Dutch philologist Reinerus Neuhusius (died ), head of
the Alkmaar Gymnasium, is accredited with the work Epistolarum famil-
iarum centuriae IV novae (AGL III:). The well-known poet Nicode-
mus Frischlin (born ) is accredited with the work Popismi gram-
matici (AGL II:). Erik Pontoppidan the Elders Danish grammar
is also recorded.
A relatively significant number of books in Nyerups collection cover
logic, rhetoric and metaphysics. A rhetorical work is accredited to Philipp
Melanchthon, and Caspar Bartholin the Elder is accredited with his
Metaphysica. Also Johann Magirus is accredited with a work entitled sim-
ply Physica in the listing, while a Physica is accredited to the Calvin-
ist Clemens Timpler, an early th-century professor at the Steinfurt
Gymnasium (AGL IV:). Aristotles Problemata is also registered.
Johannes Velcurio, an early th-century professor at Wittenberg, is
listed with the work Comment. in phys. Aristotelis (AGL II:). A
wide range of books in Nyerups collection cover logic: Books enti-
tled Logica are accredited to Nicolai Hunnius, Conrad Dieterich and,
as noted, Pierre du Moulin, while Carl Bumann, a teacher in Braun-
schweig living around , is included with his work Hypomnemata
logica (AGL I:). Jacob Honold (died ), conrector at the
gymnasium in Ulm, is accredited with the work Synoptica explicatio
canonum logicorum (AGL II:), and a work on logic is also accred-
ited to Cornelius Martini (died ), a doctor of philosophy and theol-
ogy from Antwerp who ended his career as professor of logic at Helm-
stadt (AGL III:). On astronomy, Caspar Bartholin the Elders work
De mundo quaestiones et controversiae nobiliores (i.e. Summa doctrinae
uranologiae) is listed.
Other topics are also covered in Nyerups collection, but only in lim-
ited numbers: On medicine, a medical work is accredited to the famous
physician Leonhard Fuchs (born ). Niels Michelsn Aalborgs Lge-
bog is also registered. Petrus Cunaeus (died ), a professor of polit-
ical theory and jurisprudence in the Netherlands, is accredited with the
work Libri de republica hebraeorum (AGL I:). A historical
account of Granada is also recorded, and other works on history are
also registered in Nyerups collection, for example Thomas Bangs Phos-
phorus inscriptionis hierosymbolicae. Wolfgang Frantzes Historia animal-
ium sacra is also registered. On geometry, a work entitled Arithmetica &
geometria is listed. A manual referred to as Wegveiser fur Hflicheit is
also registered, as is the antique mystical work Apulejo de asino aureo,

Apuleiuss The golden ass. Hence, although topics such as history and
geography are not represented to any significant degree in Nyerups col-
lection, a varied range of books of non-theological nature are neverthe-
less listed, and the majority of these covered peripatetic philosophy or
logic.
Gabriel Rgers collection, which numbered approximately vol-
umes, is similar to Nyerups collection in that it includes a wide range of
theological works written by German Lutheran authors. Of the identified
authors, however, the majority belonged to the traditional range of early
th-century theologians (see table ).38
Table : German Lutheran authors listed in Rgers collection
A number of German Lutheran authors are listed in Rgers collection, inclu-
ding Friedrich Balduin, Johann Botsak, Johannes Brenz, Johann Gerhard,
Johann Heermann, Leonhard Hutter, Martin Luther, Heinrich Mller, Simon
Paulli, Urban Regius and Johann Adam Schertzer; many of these authors are
accredited with several volumes each. Also registered are Johannes Jan (Stern-
Himmel), Christopher Barbarossa (Postilla), Conrad Dieterich (Catechism),
Balthasar Meisner (Quaestiones vexatae) and Christian Matthiae (Historia
patriarcharum). Christoph Heinrich Loeber (born ), a court preacher,
professor of philosophy and later superintendent in Orlamunde, is accre-
dited with the work Promptuarium sacrum (AGL II:), as is Paul
Egard, an early th-century preacher in Rensburg, with the work Agonia
Christi; Egards works were later prefaced by Philipp Jacob Spener and reprin-
ted in Giessen (AGL II:). Bartholomaeus Battus (born ), a professor
of theology, is also accredited with one work, while Rupert Erythropel, a th-
century conrector in Hannover, is accredited with the work Postilla methodica
in Epistol. & Evangelia (AGL II:). The th-century theologian Fried-
rich Just Mengewein, who, among other things, served as superintendent in
Hohnstein, is represented by his work Theologia thetico-polemica synoptice
tractata (AGL III:). From among the pre-Reformation works, Augustines
Confessiones is listed, as well as works referred to only as Examen trident. and
Comment. in psalter David. Of more uncertain type can also be noted a work
by Georg Ciegler (died ), a preacher in Knigsberg, namely Welt-Spiegel,
a translation of the work De incertitudine rerum humanarum (AGL I:).
A relatively high number of Danish-Norwegian religious and theolog-
ical works are also included in Rgers collection: Several works are
accredited for instance to Niels Hemmingsen, and also listed are Jonas
Ramus, Poul Medelbye, Peder Mller, Elias Naur, Albert Raffn and Georg
Aaslov; the latter, a late th-century theologian residing in Denmark, is
38 See Salten clerical probate records HF ; the inventory starts on folio b.

chapter seven
accredited with his work Quaestiones & responsiones in catechismum

Lutheri (AGL I:). Also registered is bishop Henrik Bornemanns (died
) oration on the inauguration of Christian V (Christian V election oc
hylding). Nicolaus Vismar (died ), a court preacher to the Danish
Queen Sophia and later superintendent in Oldenburg, is also accredited
with a theological work (AGL IV:). Also listed are the authors Hector
Gottfried Masius and Erik Pontoppidan the Elder as well as Michael
Saxes En liden aandelig sprsmaals bog, a work on biblical knowledge.
Peder Palladius (died ), professor at Copenhagen, is accredited with
the work Isagoge oder richtige Einleitung in die Bcher der Propheten
und Apostel; according to the registration, this work was bound with
an Opera accredited to the early-th-century mystic Pseudo-Dionysius
the Areopagite. At least six funeral orations are also listed, as are various
disputations and a book on the Apocalypse. Hans Poulsen Resens edition
of the Bible and two Danish catechisms are also recorded, as is a Danish
translation of a work originally written by an archdeacon from Zeitz,
Lucas Martini, living around , namely his Alle christlige jomfruers
rekrantz (AGL III:).
Of the English authors, Thomas Watson is accredited with several
works in Danish translation, as is Joseph Hall. One work in Rgers
collection is ascribed to the poet Franciscus Quarl (Francis Quarles,
died ), and Arthur Warwick, a mid-th-century divine, is also
accredited with a religious work (AGL IV:). Some of the reg-
istered names also indicate Calvinist origin, notably Johannes Pisca-
tor, Theodore Beza, Tremellius (Bible) and David Pareus (died );
Pareus, a doctor of theology and a professor at Heidelberg, is accred-
ited with the work In divinam ad Romanos S. Pauli apostoli epistolam
commentarius (AGL III:). The theologian Amandus Polanus
(born ), who ended his career as professor at Basel, is also accred-
ited with a theological work (AGL III:). Ravanellis Bibliotheca
is also listed. As to the Catholics, Conciones is ascribed to the Jesuit cardi-
nal Robert Bellarmine, while the Spanish knight Francisco de Quevedo
(died ), is accredited with the work Les visions de D. Franc. De
Quevedo, a collection of some of his most important works in French
translation (AGL III:).
A limited number of non-theological works are registered in Rgers
collection. On philology, however, Johann Bohemuss (born ) Com-
pendium gram. hebreae is listed; Bohemus, an expert in oriental lan-
guages, served as court poet and conrector in Halle (AGL I:). Books
entitled Lexicon grammat. latin and Ortograph. danica are also listed,
while Wilhelm Schickard (born ) is accredited with the work Horo-

logium hebr. (AGL IV:). Georg Pasor, a professor of Greek at Fra-
necker, is accredited with the work Manuale vocum graec. N. T. (AGL
III:). From among the antique authors, Aesops fables and Plutarch
are listed, while Ole Borch is accredited with the work Dissertationes VI
de antiqua urbis Romae facie.
On philosophy and related subjects, Aristotles Problemata is recorded,
as is a book referred to solely as Problemata physica, while a Physiologia is
accredited to Wilhelm Adolph Scribonius (died ), a Ramus-inspired
philosopher and physician at Marburg (AGL IV:). The German
mathematician Christoph Achatius Hager (born ), the author of
numerous arithmetical works, is accredited with the work Formular
der deutschen Missive (AGL II:). Caspar Bartholin the Elders
De unicornu is registered. On history, Arngrim Jnssons (died )
Brevis commentaries de Islandia is recorded, as are Anders Aarreboes
Hexameron on the creation of the world and a book entitled Flores
poetares.
The collection belonging to Ane Hansdatter Kruse numbers twenty-
five volumes, and it was recorded in .39 Kruses book collection con-
sists mainly of German religious works by such authors as Valerius Her-
berger, Hartmann Creide, Friedrich Balduin, David Chytraeus, Nico-
lai Selneccer and Heinrich Mller. Matthias Hafenreffer (born ) is
accredited with the work Loci theologici (AGL II:). Sermones are
ascribed to the German theologian Jacob Werenberg (born ), a pro-
fessor of logic and metaphysic at the Hamburg Gymnasium (AGL IV:
). Christoph Schleupner (born ), a court preacher who
was later appointed superintendent by the Swedish king, is accredited
with the work Harmonia evangeliorum (AGL IV:), as is Her-
mann Ewald, a preacher in Schmalkalden living around , with the
work Christlichen Catechismum in Predigten (AGL II:). Only one
non-Lutheran work is listed, namely Tremelliuss famous edition of the
Bible.
Several Danish authors are also included in Kruses collection, namely
Niels Hemmingsen, Jens Jersin, Peder Palladius, Heinrich Lemmiche,
Peder Mller and Jens Bircherod; the latter is accredited with the work
Sysnopsis locor. commun. theologicorum. Christian IVs Danish Bible is
also recorded, as is a Danish funeral oration. Of the non-theological

chapter seven
literature, Niels Michelsn Aalborgs Lgebog is recorded, while Johan-

nes Colerus (died ) is accredited with his apparently widely dis-
seminated work Oeconomia ruralis & domestica. Conrad Dasypodius
(died ), a professor of mathematics at Strasbourg, is accredited with
the work Dictionarium mathematicum graeco latinum (AGL II: ), and
from among the antique authors, Cicero is listed.
Anders Normands collection, which was registered in follow-
ing the death of his wife Johanna Margretha, comprised only around
thirty books.40 Several of these were written by German Lutheran theolo-
gians such as Martin Luther, Martin Chemnitz, Johann Gerhard, Hein-
rich Mller, Felix Bidemback, Balthasar Meisner, Martin Geier and Hein-
rich Eckard. Arnold Mengering (born ), a court preacher, superin-
tendent and inspector at the Halle Gymnasium, is accredited with his
Catechism (AGL III:), as is Bartholomaeus Rulich (died ), a
master of philosophy who became archdeacon in Leipzig, with his work
Predigten ber das Buch Hiob (AGL III: ). Reinhard Bakius is also
accredited with a theological work, as is Christoph Pezel, a superinten-
dent in Bremen suspected of Crypto-Calvinism, with his work Mellifi-
cium historicum (AGL II:). Also Georg Ciglers Wereldt Spiegel
in Dutch translation is registered.
Of Danish-Norwegian works, only two volumes are recorded, namely
Christian IVs Danish Bible and one of Peder Mllers translations of
Heinrich Mller. Instead, a number of works of edifying character are
accredited to Dutch and English authors in particular: As many as six
works, for instance, are accredited to Caspar Sibelius and Franciscus Rid-
der, whereas Opera omnia in two volumes are also accredited to Johann
Wolff, a Swiss professor of theology. Thomas Adams, Thomas Watson
and Christopher Love are also registered; Love, a Presbyterian preacher
from London (AGL II:), is accredited with a theological work in
Dutch translation. Only a limited number of non-theological works are
registered in Normands inventory. Erasmus, however, is recorded, as
is Jean Bodin (De republica). Justus Lipsius is accredited with his Poe-
mata in eight volumes, a reprint made in quarto in (AGL II:
).
The last two collections, namely those of Schielderup and Haagerup,
resemble each other in various ways: They both include a high propor-
tion of theological works of German origin, a relatively limited number

of works of Danish-Norwegian origin, and a certain number of non-

theological works. The reason for this similarity may be the fact that
both collections were recorded as being in the rectory of Skjerstad only
four years apart, implying that some of the books may have been passed
on from one library to the other. The collection of Peder Schielderup
and Inger Hartwigsdatter, however, was recorded in Skjerstad in ,
and numbered around fifty-two volumes.41 Of these, as noted above, the
majority were written by German Lutheran authors (see table ).
Table : German Lutheran authors listed in Schielderups collection
Of the German Lutheran authors listed in Schielderups collection, Luther
is accredited with several works, and also listed are Georg Albrecht, Johann
Arndt, Friedrich Balduin, Johann Conrad Dannhauer, Heinrich Eckard, Jo-
hann Heermann, Nicolai Hunnius, Leonhard Hutter, Balthasar Meisner, Ur-
ban Regius, Nathanael Tilesius and Georg Weinrich. Johann Thaddaeus,
an early th-century preacher from Bohemia, is accredited with the work
Conciliatorium biblicum, a work which was reprinted in Copenhagen in
(AGL IV:). Hieronymus Mencel (born ), a superintendent
in Mansfeld, is accredited with Sermones, and also accredited with a religious
work is Joachim Camerarius (died ), a professor at Tbingen and Leipzig.
Very few Danish-Norwegian works of religious content are listed. Chris-
tian IVs Danish Bible, however, is recorded, as are various funeral ora-
tions and Church Ordinances as well as various psalms accredited to
Johannes Breckling (born ), a court preacher in Husum and later
preacher in Flensburg (AGL I:). Andreas Lonner (died ), a pas-
tor in Garding, is registered with the work Praxis catechetica (AGL II:
). Of the Calvinist authors, Johann Heinrich Alting (born ), a
professor at Heidelberg, is accredited with the work Problemata (AGL I:
), while Johann Stumpf, a headmaster in Francken and later
superintendent in Bayreuth, is accredited with the work Postilla allegor-
ica (AGL IV:). Perhaps of the Calvinist type is also a work accredited
to Stephanus Fabricius (died ), a deacon in Bern, namely In psalmos
(AGL II:). A work referred to as Davids psalms in Dutch is recorded.
Of the authors of English origin, Thomas Adams and Thomas Watson
are listed, and of these, the work by Thomas Adams was allegedly in
German translation. Radulphus Actonus (Raoul dActon), a th-century
Oxford doctor of theology, is also registered in Schielderups collection
with the work Homiliae in evangelia & epistolas de tempore & sanctis
(AGL III:).

chapter seven
A limited number of non-theological works in Schielderups collection

cover philology: Johann Funger, a headmaster in Leiden in the latter part
of the th century, is accredited with the work Lexicon etymologicum
latinum (AGL II:), and Georg Pasors Lexicon graeco latin is also
recorded. With regard to the antique authors, two works are accredited
to Homer, one being his Iliad. On rhetoric, a Rhetorica is ascribed to
the famous polyhistor Gerardus Vossius. As to metaphysics and related
topics, several works are accredited to Aristotle, namely Physica, Logica,
De coelo and De ortu. Johannes Ludwig Havenreuter (born ), a
professor of medicine who also wrote on physics, is accredited with the
work Commentarii in Aristotelis metaphysicam (AGL II:). Two other
works on Aristotelian philosophy are recorded in the collection; one of
these is entitled Comentar. Arist. logic & phil.
Another philosophical work of note is a book registered as Clavis
philosophiae, while on physics, Arnold Senguerd (born ), a profes-
sor primarius of philosophy at Utrecht, is accredited with the work libb.
introductionis ad physicum (AGL IV:). Johann Weise (died ), a
professor at Giessen already encountered several times before, is accred-
ited with the work Compendium physicum (AGL IV:). Also reg-
istered are Caspar Bartholin the Elders Systema physicum and Cas-
par Schotts magical-inspired work Physica curiosa. Of historical works,
Saxos Gesta danorum is listed, a work which was allegedly in poor con-
dition (ilde conditioneret). Johan Loccenius, a lawyer who ended his
career as professor and bibliothecarius in Uppsala, is accredited with the
work De jure maritime & navali libri , cum jure maritime regni Sueciae
(AGL II:).
The last medium-sized collection recorded in the Salten clerical pro-
bate records belonged to Johan Haagerup of Skjerstad.42 The
collection, which was recorded in , numbered approximately sixty
volumes, and of these, the majority was written by German Lutheran
theologians (see table ). Many of the volumes recorded, however, are
similar to the books registered in Skjerstad in , although some dif-
ferences also occur.
Table : German Lutheran authors listed in Haagerups collection
Various German Lutheran authors are listed in Haagerups collection, namely
Georg Albrecht, Johann Arndt, Friedrich Balduin, Conrad Dieterich, Hein-
rich Eckard, Johann Gerhard, Matthias Hafenreffer, Johann Heermann, Leon-

hard Hutter, Martin Luther, Balthasar Meisner, Urban Regius, Christian Scri-
ver, Gregor Strigenitz, Johann Thaddaeus, Nathanael Tilesius, Johann Wei-
henmayer and Georg Weinrich. Jacob Stoecker (died ) is accredited
with the work Elenchus catechismus antipapisticus (AGL IV:), as is Daniel
Spalchaver from Rostock (died ), with the work Commentar. in Jonam
(AGL IV:). Also registered is Hieronymus Mencel, a superintendent in
Mansfeld, while Leich Predigten is accredited to Jacob Weller (born ),
a superintendent and court preacher (AGL IV:). Also listed is
Novum testamentum Batavicum. Matthaeus Lungwitz from Rochlitz, is also
accredited with a theological work, as is the Flensburg theologian Johannes
Breckling, born (AGL I:). Of more uncertain religious character
can be noted a work by Johannes Ebart, a th-century pastor in Mans-
feld and later deacon in Wettin, namely Enchiridion theologicum positivo-
polemicum (AGL II:).
A relatively high number of works by Danish-Norwegian authors are reg-
istered in Haagerups collection, although there are fewer such works than
those of German origin. Accredited with religious and theological works
are Cort Aslaksn, Poul Medelbye, Jrgen Huulbeck, Caspar Brochmand
and Johann Lassenius. The Danish parson Jacob Andersen Hummer
(died ) is accredited with the work Jacobs strid med engelen. Also
listed are Christian IVs Danish Bible and a bundle of thirteen Danish
funeral orations. Of the English authors, Thomas Adams, Thomas Wat-
son and Daniel Dyke are listed: Of these, the works of Adams and Wat-
son were reportedly in German translation, whereas Dyke was report-
edly in Danish translation. Theologia problematica nova is ascribed to
Jacob Alting (born ), son of the famous Calvinist theologian Johann
Heinrich Alting (AGL I:), while the Remonstrant Stephanus
Curcellaeus is also listed with his apparently widely disseminated edi-
tion of the New Testament with commentaries. A work is also accred-
ited to Stephanus Fabricius (died ), the above mentioned deacon in
Bern.
As to the occurrences of non-theological works, many of the same
works as those registered in Skjerstad in may be noted: Homers
Iliad is listed, and on philology, a manual accredited to Georg Pasor is
registered. On philosophy, the Spanish Jesuit Petrus Hurtadus de Men-
doza (born ) is accredited with the work Commentarii in universam
philosophiam (AGL III:), as is Charles Franois dAbra (Raco-
nis) with the work Totius philosophiae tractatio (AGL III:).
A book referred to as Coment. in univers. Aristot. philosophiam is also
listed in Haagerups collection, as are Christoph Scheiblers Logica and
Caspar Schotts magical-inspired manual Physica curiosa. Of the Danish-
chapter seven
Norwegian works, Arild Hvitfelds (died ) Danmarchis rigis krniche,

a work outlining Danish history, is listed, as is Christian IVs Norwegian
law.
As a general conclusion, it seems clear that most of the book collec-
tions registered in Salten clerical probate records should be described
as orthodox. This implies that th- and early th-century theologi-
cal works written by German authors dominated the Salten clerical book
market. There is only one exception to this orthodox hegemony, notably
the collection belonging to Anders Normand, which could be character-
ized as having Pietist tendencies: Whereas around half of the works
recorded in Normands collection reflect the familiar range of late th-
and early th-century German and Lutheran orthodox theologians, the
rest of the collection consists of edifying and spiritual, but not necessarily
Halle-inspired, works.
As with previous findings, all orthodox collections registered in
the Salten inventories may be divided into upper-class and lower-class.
The largest orthodox libraries recorded in Salten, for example those
of Rger and Nyerup, may be characterized as being particularly upper-
class: In this type of clerical library, a large number of works written by
German authors is included, and only a few of the works are written by
Danish-Norwegian authors. In contrast, the smaller clerical collections,
characterized as lower-class, generally consist of a high proportion of
works in the Danish language. Collections registered in this northern
periphery, however, were less varied than in more urban parts of Nor-
way. Still, this notion of rigidity should not be taken literally. As in other
rural areas, Franciscus Ridder, Immanuel Tremellius and Stephanus Cur-
cellaeus are registered, and the continuing registration of such authors,
even in non-urban districts, indicates that works written by these authors
had a broad reception field throughout Norway, although their works
were disseminated in greater numbers in more urban districts. Also, as
in other districts, both rural and urban, works written by a wide range of
German authors were in circulation on the Salten book market.
As to the non-theological books listed, it was mostly the larger collec-
tions which contained such works: As expected, Nyerup and Rger, and
to a certain extent Schielderup and Haagerup, possessed a more signif-
icant number of non-theological works. With regard to the content of
these non-theological books, this reflects the periods educational cur-
riculum and the trivium part of the education in particular: At least the
largest collections included works written by antique authors, humanists
and philologists. What is lacking in the Salten collections, however, is
the more pervasive impact of geography and history that was clearly dis-
cernable in Jarlsberg and Trondheim. There may be two reasons for this:
First, most book collections registered in the Salten inventories were per-
haps registered too early to reflect the more firmer introduction of these
subjects into the curriculum. Second, as the Salten book market was less
prosperous than those in Bergen, Trondheim and Jarlsberg, such books
might have been more difficult to acquire. Even though most books reg-
istered across the different collections generally reflected the more tra-
ditional educational curriculum, other types of literature could never-
theless find their way into the different collections: Although Aristotles
impact on philosophy remained just as vivid in Salten as in other regions,
more magical-inspired literature did not fail to penetrate even north-
ern Norwegian book markets, as the recording of Caspar Schotts Physica
curiosa, for example, indicates.
.. Summary of book occurrences in the

eastern and northern parts of Norway
A comparison between book occurrences in urban centres (Trondheim,

Bergen and Jarlsberg) and more peripheral districts (Nedenes, Hedmark
& sterdalen, Troms & Senja and Salten) may be said to have pro-
duced several interesting findings. First, the book collections recorded
in Troms & Senja, Salten and Nedenes, and to a lesser extent Hedmark
& sterdalen, confirm that peripheral districts could not compete with
more urban centres as to the circulation of books, as the average number
of books recorded in rural districts was less than that recorded in urban
centres. Second, a less varied literature seems to have been in circulation
on rural book markets.
Some similarities between the book collections registered in rural and
urban districts are still discernable. As in previous findings, book col-
lections examined in the last two chapters were either orthodox or
Pietist, although most of the libraries registered in the rural districts
examined in this last chapter were orthodox, whether upper-class or
lower-class. As in more urban districts, lower-class orthodox collec-
tions belonging to the clergy generally comprised very few books, and
these books tended to be written in the vernacular language. The upper-
class clerical library, on the other hand, was primarily made up of theo-
logical works of German origin, and some of the books would also occa-
sionally originate in the Netherlands as well as in England. One should
chapter seven
also note that there seems to have been a rising dissemination of works
written in the vernacular along the th century: This specific feature can
be noted in both southern as well as in northern rural areas where book
collections have been examined.
Although book collections registered in rural districts were less var-
ied than those registered in urban centres, the notion of limitedness
should not be taken too literally: Overall, an impressive number of Ger-
man authors were registered even in peripheral districts. Similarly, even
though book collections in rural areas also were less open to theological
literature from non-Lutheran traditions than were collections in urban
areas, the exclusion of such works was not absolute: Although consid-
erably fewer of them were registered, works by authors such as Francis-
cus Ridder, Diego Stella, Immanuel Tremellius, Caspar Sibelius, Ludovi-
cus Granatensis and Stephanus Curcellaeus still continued to make their
appearance in book collections recorded in peripheral districts, even in
the north.
As to the occurrences of non-theological literature, these firmly reflect
the periods educational curriculum. Hence, the majority of the book col-
lections in rural districts covered trivium related subjects by including
philological works or works written by antique authors or humanists.
Also Aristotelian philosophy was given prominence. These basic patterns
of book acquisition would during the course of the th century occa-
sionally be enlarged by topics such as geography and history, even in the
various peripheral areas. However, despite the importance of the educa-
tional curriculum and the fact that books in more peripheral areas also
can be said to stand in a German tradition, this adherence should not
cover up for the fact that a wide number of authors and works, religious
as well as non-religious, found their way also to more remote corners of
Norway. Such occurrences, naturally, point to the broadness of the early
modern market of print.
chapter eight
CONCLUSION
The main aim of this study has been to examine the flow of books cir-
culating among the Norwegian clergy , that is, the circulation
of knowledge among a specific type of educated personnel in a European
periphery during a period marked by expansion and exchange in all mat-
ters of debate.
Given the content of the examined inventories (Parts IIII), book col-
lections owned by clerics in Norway may be characterized as
broadly European. However, it should be noted that the majority of books
owned by clerics residing in Norway originated primarily in three coun-
tries, namely Germany, the Netherlands and England, which means that a
specific movement of books can be noted during the period in question.
The main reason for this dominance of books originating in Germany,
the Netherlands and England was precisely the status of these countries
as important networking areas for education and trade. The dominance
of these countries in terms of book distribution is also indicative of the
early modern transmission of knowledge across borders which took place
in all areas of academic debate in the wake of Gutenberg. Relatively few
of the books included in the clerical book collections were printed within
the borders of the twin monarchy. One reason why learned book collec-
tions were not dominated by writings written by vernacular authors, was
mentioned in the introduction: As the number of learned personnel was
too small to provide printers with a decent profit, scholarly books were
normally imported from abroad.
Of the three channels mentioned above, Germany was by far the most
influential, as most books that found their way into clerical collections
originated there. Hence, it could be argued that the book collections
examined in the chapters of this book may be characterized as belong-
ing to a German tradition. Where details of printing or publication are
given in the inventory records, it would also seem that the cities of Frank-
furt am Main and Leipzig were of major importance in the distribution
of books to Norway. The fact that so many books originating in Ger-
many were transmitted to Norway results from two major factors. First,
the large number of books arriving from Germany simply reflects that
chapter eight
countrys advanced print technology as well as the importance of the

major book fairs held annually in Leipzig and Frankfurt am Main. Sec-
ond, and more importantly, the stress on religious orthodoxy and the
ideological closeness to Germany as the seat of Lutheranism also con-
tributed to consolidating the book trade along the axis Germany-Den-
mark-Norway.
The various book collections can also be said to be marked by a partic-
ular structure: Most collections were of what I have called the orthodox
type. This implies that they included a solid core of Lutheran orthodox
authors of German origin. In terms of numbers, only a handful of the
analyzed book collections do not fit this designation, and this particular
structural feature reflects the importance of Lutheran orthodoxy as the
contemporary religious current in the educational setting at Copenhagen
University. The pervasiveness of Lutheran orthodoxy also attests to the
close connections between Denmark-Norway and the Protestant parts
of Germany in all aspects of cultural and religious life. Overall, it was the
orthodox library which remained the most formative one throughout
the period in question, even during what has been classified as the Pietist
era ().
Only a few of the libraries presented in this study can be said to have
been of the Pietist type, at least if this label is applied only to those
book collections that include a substantial number of books by Spener
and Francke. There are several reasons for this. First, if we subscribe to
the view that Pietism became a significant current only during the th
century, it is clear that some of the inventories in this study were reg-
istered too early to include Pietist literature. Second, the high number
of works of the Lutheran orthodox type registered in the various cleri-
cal collections might indicate that Pietism had a more limited reception
field among early th-century clerics in Norway: As noted previously,
Lutheran orthodoxy remained the main religious current in the period
in question, that is, at least in the educational setting. Hence, even in the
county of Jarlsberg, otherwise well known for hosting key Pietist figures,
no clear-cut Pietist library emerges (cf. Chapter Six). Only two libraries
in Hedmark & sterdalen (cf. Chapter Seven) might be characterized as
being genuinely Pietist, as they included an especially high number of
works written by Spener, and to a lesser extent, Francke. A cluster of the
analyzed book collections, however, included a range of devotional liter-
ature from the English tradition or of the pre-Pietist type, despite being
mainly of Lutheran orthodox character. These libraries display merely
Pietist tendencies. Examples of such libraries are, for instance, those
conclusion
belonging to the Bergen parsons Lucoppidan and Bergendahl (cf. .,

.). Only one of the libraries analyzed in this study can be said to have
been more Enlightenment-inspired in that it included a higher number of
works covering subjects such as history and political theory, namely that
of Johan Ovesen Schrder registered among the Bergen clerical invento-
ries in the early th century (cf. .).
In addition, we should note that the orthodox libraries seem to
have been marked by a certain degree of oldness. Many of the books
disseminated across the various book collections were written by th-
or early th-century authors. Furthermore, when information is given
in the inventories, it seems as if books circulating among clerics were
printed about years prior to their owners death. Such a finding
might be explained by several factors. First, this oldness might testify
to the importance of inheritance in the formation of libraries. Second,
it might indicate the time it took for books to circulate throughout the
European marketplace of ideas. Third, it also suggests the importance
of the second-hand market to book distribution. Fourth, the old age of
the books might also indicate the periods ongoing reverence for older
theories and works. Despite this level of oldness, however, we should
note that more recent authors occasionally appear in libraries recorded
closer to , examples being several of the collections recorded in
Jarlsberg and Trondheim as well as in Hedmark & sterdalen. In terms of
religious works, however, these more recent authors were not necessarily
of the Pietist type. A certain static character of the book mass can
therefore be observed during the period in question.
Despite this rigidity in the various collections, it should be noted that
the libraries analyzed in this study also were marked by a certain level of
diversity: In fact, the various book collections display a certain breadth
in that a wide range of authors was generally included. This heterogene-
ity is visible for instance in relation to works written by German theolo-
gians: A very high number of German Lutheran authors were identified
in all areas where book occurrences were investigated. Also, despite the
prominence of German authors and works across the different book col-
lections, the dissemination of books from the Netherlands and England
in particular led to an important distribution of works of Calvinist, and,
to a lesser extent, Catholic orientation. Here, a high number of authors
also appears, which means that the particular broadness in terms of
authors also applies to books originating in the Netherlands and England.
Hence, and despite the pervasiveness of German Lutheran authors, the
orthodox library as such can be said to have been remarkably open in
chapter eight
character. And, although a mapping of book distribution cannot deter-

mine how these books may have been used and in what way they influ-
enced the religious life of their owners, the relatively high number of
books included from non-Lutheran confessions could indicate that such
books were not only used for polemical purposes. Instead, they could
have been cherished as sources of religious inspiration; this, for instance,
may well have been the case with many of the English works, which pro-
vided a means by which Norwegian clerics could acquaint themselves
with the so-called English method of preaching.
As to the scientific, or natural philosophical literature included in the
different collections, the number of such works is much lower than those
of theological character. When it comes to the content of these works,
however, some of the same patterns as those concerning the dissemina-
tion of theological works may be noted. First, the movement of books
seems to have been much the same as those of religious or theologi-
cal works: Most books originated in German areas, which means that
books of this kind also tended to stand in a German tradition. How-
ever, books of scientific character would also originate elsewhere, and
in the Netherlands in particular, whereas few books of the kind would
originate in England. Second, the periods educational curriculum seems
to have influenced the dissemination of books of non-religious character:
Antique authors and works on philology appear across most of the collec-
tions in question, which points to the importance of the artes curriculum
to the formation of book collections. Similarly, the peripatetic tradition
also seems to have remained important, indicated by the continual listing
of authors such as Christoph Scheibler and Jacob Martini: The frequent
recordings of their works indicate that it was peripatetic and not mech-
anist philosophy that remained the most influential among clerics until
. Nevertheless, the non-theological literature included in the clerical
collections may be said, like the religious one, to be marked by a certain
breadth: Despite the fact that the educational curriculum ensured that
authors such as Christoph Scheibler and Jacob Martini remained philo-
sophical authorities for a long period of time, several newcomers also
regularly appear in some of the collections in question. And, despite the
prime focus being on trivium-related subjects and peripatetic philosophy,
magic and the occult as well as mechanist philosophy were also included
in many of the collections, books of the latter types pointing to the mul-
titude of ideas which circulated across the early modern market of print.
We should also note that differences in book distribution can be
observed among the upper and lower strata of the clerical class, which
conclusion
means that social differences would cause variances in book occurrences.

First, the libraries that included the highest number of heterogeneous
works were normally those of major size, and the owners of these gener-
ally belonged to the upper section of the clerical class. This implies that
it was mainly collections belonging to the senior clergy, such as deans
and parsons, that contained the broadest range of literature. This litera-
ture ranged from sermon collections and funeral orations to larger the-
ological elaborations. The upper ranks of the clergy also possessed more
books on science, or natural philosophy, than the lower, although none of
them possessed an outstanding number of such works. The upper strata
of the clergy were also those who tended to possess the highest number
of non-Lutheran works, as well as works written in the English language.
The main reason for this was probably that the upper layers of the clergy
possessed the most sophisticated language skills: Whereas most of the
clergy knew Latin and German, fewer presumably knew English.
In contrast to the senior clergy, the lower ranks generally possessed a
more limited range of books. This means that libraries which belonged
to members of the lesser clergy, examples being those of clerical wid-
ows and parish clerks, usually consisted of books similar to those circu-
lating among the lower classes in general. Representatives of the lesser
clergy therefore concentrated on purchasing the same type of litera-
ture as did the broader population, namely edifying literature written
in the vernacular language, an example being the collection of sermons,
the postille. The lesser clergy also tended to purchase books which had
been translated into Danish: This, for instance, was the case with English
works written by authors such as Daniel Dyke and Thomas Watson. It
is possible, therefore, to divide the different libraries into upper-class
and lower-class, where the upper-class library marked by breadth
belonged to the senior clergy and the lower-class library of more rigid
character belonged to members of the lower ranks of the clergy.
Despite such classifications, there were, naturally, various deviations
to be found: Although books belonging to clerical widows were gener-
ally similar to books circulating among the lower sections of the popula-
tion, collections of wealthier widows could also include a more heteroge-
neous type of literature; examples of such libraries are listed in the clerical
probate records of Jarlsberg and Trondheim. Similarly, other individuals
belonging to the lesser clergy could also possess major collections: Jens
Jonassn in Bergen, for instance, owned a large book collection despite
the fact that he was a curate (cf. .). Conversely, also members of the
senior clergy would occasionally possess smaller and more rigidly built
chapter eight
book collections; this was the case of several book collections registered
in more peripheral areas. Hence, a book collections level of complexity
could depend upon a range of variables such as the owners education,
official and geographical position, wealth and personal interest. Gen-
erally speaking, therefore, the variations between libraries and owners
make it difficult to agree on any static norms for describing all the differ-
ent libraries. Instead, the outlines presented above should be regarded as
tendencies rather than rigid categories.
It would also seem as if geographical conditions imposed certain
restrictions on the circulation of books. It is evident when looking at
the source material that cities were important to book distribution; there
seem to have been more books in cities than in rural districts, as book col-
lections registered in cities tended to be larger and more varied than those
found in rural areas. This implies that there were more books in urban
centres such as Bergen, Trondheim and Jarlsberg than in rural areas.
Intriguingly, the occurrences of books in the cities also seem to mirror the
conventional historical characterization of these particular sites: Trond-
heim, described as the Norwegian city of Enlightenment, would seem
to qualify for this title given the extraordinarily high number of books
recorded there, while Jarlsberg, a prosperous county lying within close
proximity to Christiania and Denmark and provided with a Latin school,
also displays an important level of book occurrences. Bergens status as
the most international city in Norway throughout the th century is also
reflected in its book collections.
As opposed to the urban collections, rural book collections tended
to be less varied in content. Hence, those areas revealing less variety in
book occurrences are those which might be characterized as remote
or peripheral; these districts were generally not provided with seats of
learning. In regions without Latin schools, such as the southern dis-
trict of Nedenes and the northern districts of Troms, Senja and Salten,
registered book collections tended to be small and rather rigidly con-
structed. The regions of Hedmark & sterdalen, however, occupy a
somewhat ambivalent position here, probably because some areas in
this vast district enjoyed greater proximity to urban centres than oth-
ers. Overall, however, rural book collections tended to be small and
rather limited, whereas book occurrences were more frequent and var-
ied in urban areas connected to an educational environment. That said,
we should note that despite these differences in book occurrences across
rural and urban sites, the literature which ended up on the different mar-
kets across Norway was dependent on the same overarching networks of
conclusion
trade: Books recorded across all the various geographical areas examined
originated mainly in Germany, the Netherlands, England and Denmark-
Norway.
We should also note that the economy of exchange within the vari-
ous geographical areas would cause particular localities to develop their
own profile: Although books circulating within one locality did not nec-
essarily radically differ from those circulating in other localities, each
market would take on a particular set of local characteristics. Some of
these characteristics possibly evolved from the dominance of the second-
hand book market as well as from the influence of distinct channels of
book import. Hence, although there were a range of authors and works
circulating on the broader Norwegian market, some authors would be
recorded more frequently in some localities than others. In the bishopric
of Bergen, for instance, Lutheran authors such as Johann Gerhard and
Friedrich Balduin were registered at a relatively high rate (cf. Chapters
Two and Three), whereas in Trondheim, works written by authors such
as Johann Gerhard, Conrad Dieterich and Johann Heermann appeared
more frequently (cf. Chapters Four and Five). In the south-eastern parts
of Norway, however, the theologian Hartmann Creide saw a relatively
wide distribution of his works (cf. Chapter Six). Despite such differ-
ences, some authors nevertheless seem to have enjoyed a significant dis-
semination of their works across broader parts of Norway. Examples of
these are, from the Calvinist sphere of influence, authors such as Cas-
par Sibelius, Franciscus Ridder and Stephanus Curcellaeus, the latter
through his annotated edition of the New Testament. Diego Stella from
the Catholic sphere of influence also seems to have achieved a certain
level of book dissemination across Norway, not least through his com-
mentaries on the Gospel of St Luke.
Various changes in the book mass may also be noted during the period
in question. As to the developments in the market for religious books,
the number of books on ecclesiastical history seems to grow during the
period in question, which reflects the periods focus on church history
in the educational setting. The amount of Pietist literature also increased
in clerical inventories around . Similarly, a higher number of books
written by domestic authors was also included in the book collections
registered towards ; this, for instance, is particularly evident in the
collections registered in the city of Trondheim and in the county of
Jarlsberg. Hence, in addition to the lower ranks of the clergy who, at
least during the period , tended to possess a higher number
of works written in the vernacular than did the senior clergy, the upper
chapter eight
sections of the clergy also came to introduce more works of this type into
their libraries towards . Works by French authors, religious as well as
non-religious, also appear more frequently in book collections recorded
towards . Such occurrences are symptomatic of a keener interest in
French works witnessed in many European countries during the course
of the th century. As to the books of non-religious content, a rise in
books covering history and geography can be noted throughout the th
century, which reflects the growing attention these subjects were given in
the educational setting.
To what extent, then, was the booming European marketplace of
ideas transmitted to the Norwegian scene? To what extent did the clergy,
who belonged to a learned layer of society that was less restricted in its
access to books than were the lower classes, partake in the complex early
modern transmission of knowledge across borders? Overall, at least given
the content of book collections registered in various Norwegian invento-
ries in the period , it seems as if members of the clergy had
access to a wide range of books. As to foreign channels, these books
originated in three main areas, notably Germany, the Netherlands and
England. Few of the books were printed within the borders of the twin
monarchy. Of these areas, Germany was by far the most important in
terms of the origin of books, which is what we might naturally assume
given the close connections between Denmark-Norway and Germany,
the heart of Lutheranism. Similarly, the book collections also profoundly
reflect the world of knowledge particular to the Danish-Norwegian sit-
uation at the time: The importance of Lutheran orthodoxy and the artes
curriculum as it was stressed at Latin schools and at Copenhagen Univer-
sity are well attested in the various book collections. However, the wide
range of authors occurring in the various collections, including authors
from different confessions, provides evidence that the Norwegian clergy
clearly partook in the European flow of information across borders, a
flow that was marked by expansion and exchange rather than narrow-
ness and rigidity.
appendix i
MAP OF NORWAY
appendix ii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ADB Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie

AGL Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexicon
BWN Biographisch wordenboek der Nederlanden
DBL Dansk biografisk lexicon
DNB Dictionary of national biography
FDNI Forfatterlexikon omfattende Danmark, Norge og Island indtil
LAW Literaturlexicon: Autoren und Werke deutscher Sprache
appendix iii
REGISTER OF MICROFILMS
Clerical inventories
HF (Bergen )
HF (Trondheim )
NOR (Jarlsberg )
NOR (Nedenes )
NOR (Hedmark & sterdalen )
HF (Troms & Senja , )
HF (Salten )
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary literature
Edvardsen, Edvard ca : Sapienta coelestis, det er Guds himliske viisdom,

unpublished manuscript at The Royal Library in Copenhagen.
National Archive of Bergen: Bergen stipendiary magistrate and town clerk;
Clerical probate record number B. St. a,
Clerical probate record number B. St. b,
Secondary literature
Aarflot, Andreas : Norsk kirkehistorie, vol. , Lutherstiftelsen, Oslo.

Amundsen, Arne Bugge & Henning Laugerud : Norsk fritenkerhistorie
, Humanist Forlag, Oslo.
Amundsen, Arne Bugge (ed.): Norges religionshistorie, Universitetsforlaget,
Oslo.
Appel, Charlotte : Lsning og bogmarked i -tallets Danmark ( vol.),
Museum Tusculanums Forlag, Kbenhavn.
Appel, Charlotte & Morten Fink-Jensen : Nr det regner p prsten. En
kulturhistorie om sogneprster og sognefolk , Hovedland, Hjbjerg.
Balling, J.L. & P.G. Lindhardt : Den nordiske kirkes historie, Nyt Nordisk
forlag, Kbenhavn.
Berg, Henry : Sm bilder av livet i det gamle Trondhjem in Grankvist
& Hals (eds.), r med Cicignon, Trondheim kommune, Trondheim:
.
Bull, Francis : Fra Holberg til Nordal Brun. Studier til norsk aandshistorie,
Aschehoug & Co., Kristiania.
Byberg, Lis : Brukte bker til bymann og bonde. Bokauksjonen i den norske
litterre offentlighet , Dr. art. dissertation, University of Oslo.
Dahl, Gina : Mystikkens plass innenfor norsk ndsliv p -tallet og dens
mulige ettervirkninger, unpublished Masters thesis, University of Bergen.
Dahl, Gina / : Opplysning og trolldom. Et eksempel fra -tallets
Nordland, Din, vol. / :.
Dahl, Gina : Questioning religious influence: Private libraries of clerics and
physicians in Norway , Dr. art. dissertation, University of Bergen.
Darnton, Robert : The forbidden best-sellers of pre-revolutionary France,
W.W. Norton, New York.
Dixon, C. Scott & Luise Schorn-Schtte (eds.): The Protestant clergy of early
modern Europe, Palgrave, New York.
Ebbesen, Sten & Carl Henrik Koch : Dansk filosofi i Renssancen,
, Gyldendal, Kbenhavn.
bibliography
Ehmer, Hermann : Johannes Brenz in Lindberg, Carter (ed.), The Refor-

mation theologians: An introduction to theology in the early modern period,
Blackwell Publishers, Oxford:.
Ellingsen, Terje : Reformasjonen i Norge. Da kirken valgte kurs, Hyskole-
forlaget, Kristiansand.
Erichsen, A.E. : Bergen kathedralskoles historie, Skolen, Bergen.
Evjenth, Sylvi Cook : Bilder i bergenske hjem , Dr. philos. disser-
tation, University of Bergen.
Fet, Jostein : Lesande bnder. Litterr kultur i norske allmugesamfunn fr
, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo.
Gilje, Nils & Tarald Rasmussen : Tankeliv i den lutherske stat ,
Aschehoug, Oslo.
Grane, Leif (ed.): Det teologiske fakultet (vol. , Kbenhavns universitet
), Gad, Kbenhavn.
Grane, Leif & Povl Johs. Jensen : Det filosofiske fakultet (vol. , Kbenhavns
universitet ), Gad, Kbenhavn.
Grandum, Bjarne : Tynset bygdebok, vol. , Elverum Trykk A / S, Elverum.
Grell, Ole Peter (ed.): The Scandinavian Reformation: From evangelical
movement to institutionalisation of reform, Cambridge University Press, Cam-
bridge.
Grell, Ole Peter & Thorkild Lyby : The consolidation of Lutheransim in
Denmark-Norway in Grell, Ole Peter (ed.), The Scandinavian Reformation:
From evangelical movement to institutionalisation of reform, Cambridge Uni-
versity Press, Cambridge:.
Hagesther, Olav : Norsk preken fra Reformasjonen til omlag , Univer-
sitetsforlaget, Oslo, Bergen & Troms.
Heffermehl, A.W. : Folkeundervisningen i Norge indtil omkring aar ,
Grndahl, Christiania.
Horstbll, Henrik : Menigmands medie: det folkelige bogtryk i Danmark
: en kulturhistorisk undersgelse, Museum Tusculanums Forlag,
Kbenhavn.
Hyland, Ola : Stord bygdebok. Stord i gamal og ny tid, vol. , Stord herad,
Stord.
Jacobsen, Gunnar : Norske boktrykkere og trykkerier gjennom fire rhundrer
, Den norske boktrykkerforening, Oslo.
Jensen, Kristian : Latinskolens dannelse. Latinundervisningens indhold og
forml fra reformationen til enevlden, Museum Tusculanums Forlag, Kben-
havn.
Kiil, Alf : Arkivkunnskap. Statsarkiva, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo.
Kolsrud, Oluf : Presteutdaningi i Noreg, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo & Bergen.
Kornerup, Bjrn & Hal Koch : Den danske kirkes historie, vol. , Gylden-
dalske Boghandel, Kbenhavn.
Kragh, Helge (ed.): Fra middelalderlrdom til den nye videnskab
(vol. , Dansk naturvidenskabs historie), Aarhus Universitetsforlag, Aar-
hus.
Lampe, J.F. / : Bergen stifts biskoper og prster efter reformasjonen ( vol.),
Cammermeyer, Kristiania.
bibliography
Lindberg, Sten G. : The Scandinavian book trade in the eighteenth cen-

tury, Wolfenbttler Schriften zur Geschichte des Buchwesen, vol. :.
Markussen, Ingrid : Til skaberens re, statens tjeneste og vor egen nytte,
Institut for Dansk Skolehistorie, Kbenhavn.
Munthe, Wilhelm : Boknm. Essays for bokvenner, Cammermeyer, Oslo.
Norvin, William : Kbenhavns universitet i reformationens og orthodoxiens
tidsalder, vol. , Gyldendal, Kbenhavn.
Oftestad, Bernt, Tarald Rasmussen & Jan Schumacher : Norsk kirkehistorie,
Universitetsforlaget, Oslo.
Preus, Robert D. : The theology of post-reformation Lutheranism: A study of
theological prolegomena, Concordia Publishing House, Saint Louis & London.
Radler, Aleksander : Kristendomens idhistoria. Frn medeltiden till vr tid,
Studentlitteratur, Lund.
Riising, Anne : Le livre et la Rforme au Danemark et en Norvge,
in Gilmont, Jean-Franois (ed.), La Rforme et le livre, lEurope de
limprim (v. ), Les ditions du Cerf, Paris:.
Stybe, Svend Erik : Copenhagen University: years of science and scholar-
ship, The Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Copenhagen.
Thomsen, Ole B. : Embedsstudiernes universitet ( vol.), Akademisk Forlag,
Kbenhavn.
Tveters, Harald L. : Den norske bokhandels historie. Forlag og bokhandel
inntil , vol. , Norsk bokhandler-medhjelper-forening, Oslo.
Bibliographical dictionaries
Aa, Abraham Jocob van der

Biographisch wordenboek der Nederlanden, vol., Haarlem .
Bricka, Carl Frederik
Dansk biografisk lexicon, vol., Kbenhavn .
Ehrencron-Mller, Holger
Forfatterlexikon omfattende Danmark, Norge og Island indtil , vol.,
Kbenhavn .
Jcher, Christian Gottlieb
Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexicon, vol., Leipzig .
Killy, Walther
Literaturlexicon: Autoren und Werke deutscher Sprache, vol., Mnchen
.
Lillencron, R. von, F.X. von Wegele & A. Bettelheim
Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, vol., Leipzig .
Stephen, Leslie & Sidney Lee
Dictionary of national biography, vol., London .
INDEX
Aalborg, Niels Michelsn (d. ) Albrecht, Georg (b. ) , , ,

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
Aaslov, Georg (th century) , , , , , , ,
Abbadie, Jacques (b. ) , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , ,
dAbra, Charles Franois (i.e. Alcazar, Ludovicus de (b. ) ,
Raconis, b. ) , , , ,
, alchemy , , , , , , ,
absolutism , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , Alexander of Tralles
Acontius, Jacobus (d. ) , Alsted, Johann Heinrich (b. )
Actonus, Radulphus (i.e. Raoul , , , , , , ,
dActon) , , , , , , ,
Adami, Johann Samuel (i.e. Misan- ,
der, b. ) , , , , Alting, Jacob (b. ) , ,
, Alting, Johann Heinrich (b. )
Adams, Thomas (d. ) , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Alvarez, Didacus (d. ) , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Ambrosius, Isaac (d. ) , ,
, ,
Affelmann, Johannes (b. ) , anatomy , , , ,
Andrea, Tobias (b. )
Agricola, Conrad (th century) Andrews, Lancelot (d. ) , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
Agricola, Johannes (d. ) , , , ,
Agricola, Rudolph (b. ) , Answorth, Henry (b. ) , ,
Agrippa, Heinrich Cornelius (d. , ,
) , , , , , antique authors , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
Alard, Lambert (d. ) , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
Alard, Wilhelm (b. ) , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, ,
Albanus, Franciscus (d. ) Aphthonius , , , ,
Albericus Apianus, Petrus (b. )
Alberti, Valentin (d. ) , Apuleius , ,
Albertus Magnus , , , , Aquinas, Thomas , , , ,
, , ,
index
Aretius, Benedictus (d. ) , Bach, Laurids Ernsten von (d. )

, , ,
Argioli, Andreas (b. ) Bachmeister, Lucas (b. ) ,
Aristophanes , , ,
Aristotle , , , , , , Bacon, Francis (d. )
, , , , , , , Bagger, Hans (d. )
, , Bailey, Lewis (d. ) , , , ,
Arndt, Johann (d. ) , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Baker, Richard (d. ) ,
, , , , , , Bakius, Reinhard (or Back, b. )
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Baldov, Johann (d. )
, , , , , , , Balduin, Friedrich (d. ) , ,
, , , , , , , ,
Arndt, Josua (b. ) , , , , , , , , ,
Arnisaeus, Henning (d. ) , , , , , , ,
Arnold, Gottfried (b. ) , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
Arreboe, Anders (d. ) , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
artes curriculum , , , , , Bang, Christian Stephansn (d.
, ) , ,
Artomedes, Sebastian (d. ) , Bang, Jens (d. ) , ,
, , , , , , , , Bang, Thomas (d. ) , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
Aslaksn, Cort (d. ) , , , , , ,
, , , , Baranzanus, Redemtus (b. )
Aspach, Sixtus (b. ) Barbarossa, Christopher (b. )
astrology , , , , , , , , ,
astronomy , , , , , , , Barbette, Paul (b. )
, , , , , , , , Barclay, John (d. ) , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
Attersol, William (d. ) , , Baronius, Caesar (b. )
Barradas, Sebastian (b. ) ,
Augustine , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Bartholin the Elder, Caspar (d. )
, , , , , , , ,
Aulus Gellius , , , , , , , , ,
Avenarius, Johann (b. ) , , , , , ,
, , , Bartholin the Younger, Caspar (d.
Avianus, Christian (ca ) , ) ,
, , , Bartholin, Erasmus (d. ) ,
Avicenna ,
index
Bartholin, Hans (b. ) , , Bern, Michael (ca ) , ,

,
Bartholin (the Elder), Thomas (d. Bertram, Cornelius Bonaventura (d.
) , , , , , , )
, , , , , , Besaeus, Petrus (th century) ,
Bartholin the Younger, Thomas (d. , , ,
) Beust, Joachim von (b. ) ,
Basnage, Jacques (b. ) , , ,
, , , , , Beynon, Elias (th century) , ,
Battus, Bartholomaeus (b. ) , , , ,
, , Beza, Theodore (d. ) , , ,
Baudartius, Wilhelm (b. ) , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
Baumann, Michael (th century) Bidemback, Felix (b. ) , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
Baxter, Richard (d. ) , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
Becher, Johann Joachim (b. ) Bielke, Jens (d. ) ,
Bilson, Thomas (d. ) ,
Becker, Balthasar (d. ) , , Binck, Johann (b. ) , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
Beckmann, Fridemann (b. ) , , , , , , ,
Becmann, Christian (d. ) , , , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
Becmann, Johann Christoph (b. Biondi, Johann Franciscus (d. )
) ,
Bede , Bircherod, Jacob (d. ) ,
Beguin, Jean (d. ) , , , Bircherod, Jens (d. ) , , ,
, , , , , , , , , ,
Bellarmine, Robert (b. ) , , ,
, , , , , , , Bissel, Joan (d. ) , ,
Blaauw, Wilhelm (d. ) ,
Bellus, Nicolas (ca ) Blanc, Thomas le (b. ) , ,
Bembus, Petrus (b. ) , ,
Blankaart, Steven (d. ) , ,
Benthem, Heinrich Ludolph (b. ,
) , , , , , , Blebel, Thomas (b. ) ,
, Boccalini, Trajan (b. )
Berchorius, Petrus , , , Bodin, Jean (d. ) , , ,
Berckringer, Daniel (d. )
Berentsn, Arent (d. ) , Boehme, Anton Wilhelm (d. )
Bergendahl, Jens Sfrensen (d. ) , ,
, ; as book owner , , , Boehme, Jacob (d. ) , , ,
, ,
Bering, Vitus (d. ) Bohemus, Johann (b. )
index
Bohemus, Martinus (d. ) , , , , , , , ,

, , , , , , , , , ,
Boldutius, Jacob (th century) , , , , , , , ,
, , ,
Bonde, Anders Hansen (d. ) Brinck, Peder (d. ) , ,
, , ,
Bongars, Jacob (b. ) Brisson, Barnabas (b. )
Bontems, Leyer (i.e. Agathochro- Brochmand, Caspar (d. ) , ,
nius, th century) , , , , , , , , ,
Borch, Anders (d. ) , , , , , , , ,
Borch, Anders Iversen (d. ) , , , , , , ,
Borch, Ole (d. ) , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
Bornemann, Henrik (d. ) , Bromel, Olaus (d. )
Brownrige, Ralph (d. ) , ,
Bosc, Pierre du (b. ) , , , , , , , , , ,

botany , , , , , , , Brun, Samuel (d. )
, , Brunsmann, Johan (d. ) , ,
Botsak, Bartholomaeus (b. ) , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , ,
Botsak, Johann (b. ) , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , Buchner, Augustus (b. )
, , , , , , , Buddeus, Johann Franz (d. )
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
Bourdaloue, Ludovic (b. ) , Budevez, Vaclav (i.e. Bodowitz, ca
, ) ,
Boyle, Robert (d. ) , , , Buchanan, Georg (b. ) , ,
, ,
Boys, John (d. ) , , , Bucholtzer, Abraham (b. )
, , , , , Bugenhagen, Johannes (d. ) , ,
Brachelius, Johann Adolph (d. ) , , , , , , ,
,
Brandmller, Jacob (b. ) , Bugge, Niels Samuelsen (d. )
, , ,
Brandmller, Johannes (b. ) Bullinger, Heinrich (d. ) , ,
Brandt, Caspar (b. ) , , , , , ,
Bumann, Carl (ca )
Bramer, Benjamin (d. ) Bunney, Edward (d. ) ,
Braun, Johann (b. ) Bnting, Heinrich (d. ) , ,
Breckling, Johannes (b. ) , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
Bremer, Johannes (b. ) , , , , , , , ,
Brenz, Johannes (d. ) , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , ,
index
Bunyan, John (d. ) , , , , , , , , , ,

, , , , , , , , , , ,
Burgersdicius, Franco (b. ) , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
Burmann the Elder, Francisus (b. Calvisius, Sethus (b. ) , ,
) , , , , , , , , ,
Busaeus, Johannes (d. ) , Camerarius, Joachim (d. ) ,
Busbequius, Augerius (b. ) , ,
Buscher, Stats (d. ) , , Camerarius, Philipp (d. ) ,
, , , , ,
Buxdorf the Elder, Johannes (d. Candidus, Pantaleon (b. )
) , , , , , , , Canstein, Karl Hildebrand von (b.
, , , , , , , ) , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
Buxdorf the Younger, Johannes (d. Canutus, Aquilonius (d. )
) , Capellus, Ludovicus (d. )
Bynaeus, Anton (b. ) , , Cardano, Girolamo (d. ) ,
, , , ,
Bythner, Victorin (th century) , Carion, Johannes (d. ) , ,
, , , , , , ,
Carpzov, Benedikt (b. ) ,
Cabasutius, Johannes (b. ) ,
Calamy, Edward (d. ) , Carpzov, Johann Benedikt (d. )
Calepino, Ambrogio (d. ) , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , ,
, , Carpzov, Samuel Benedikt (b. )
Calixt, Georg (d. ) , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Caryl, Joseph (d. ) , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , Casaubon, Isaac (d. ) , ,
Calov, Abraham (d. ) , , ,
, , , , , , , Casmann, Otto (d. )
, , , , , , , Cassandra (b. )
, , , , , , , Castellio, Sebastian (d. ) ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, ,
Calvin, Jean (d. ) , , , , Castro, Christopher de (d. )
, , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Catholicism , , , , , ,
, , , , Catholic authors, books by , ,
Calvinism , , , , , , , , , , ,
Calvinist authors, books by , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
index
Cato , Cigler, Georg (d. )

Catullus , , , Clarmund, Adolph (i.e. Johann
Cave, William (d. ) , , Christoph Rdiger, ca )
, , , , , , , Clasen, Daniel (b. )
, Clauder, Joseph (b. )
Celichius, Andreas (d. ) , Claudianus
, , , Claudius Aelianus
Cellarius, Balthasar (b. ) , Clavius, Christopher (d. )
, , Clement of Alexandria
Cellarius, Christoph (d. ) , Clenardus, Nicolas (d. ) , ,
, , , ,
Censorinus Clericus, Johan (th century) ,
Cerda, Melchior de la (b. ) ,
Cervantes, Miguel de (d. ) , Clitau, Thomas (d. )
Clodius, David (d. ) ,
Chemnitz, Christian (b. ) , Cloppenburg, Johann (b. ) ,
, ,
Chemnitz, Martin (d. ) , , Clotz, Stephan (b. ) , ,
, , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Clutius, Rudolphus (th century)
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Cluver, Johann (b. ) , ,
, , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , Cluver, Michael (th century) ,
Chillingworth, William (b. )
, , Cluver, Philipp (d. ) , ,
chiromancy , ,
Christensn, Hans (b. ca ) Cnogler, Quirinius (th century)
Christensn, Jens (d. )
Christian, Johannes (th century) Cober, Gottlieb (d. ) , ,

Chronich, Niels (b. ca ) , , Cocceius, Johannes (d. ) ,
, , , , , , ,
church history, books on , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , Cold, Johan (b. )
, , , , , , , Colding, Sren (d. ) , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
Chytraeus, David (d. ) , , Colerus, Johannes (d. ) , ,
, , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Collin, Friedrich Eberhard (d. )
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Colstrup, Jens (d. ) ,
, Combach, Johann (b. )
Cicero , , , , , , , Combach, Ludwig (d. )
, , , , , , , Comenius, Johann Amos (b. )
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
,
index
Comes, Natalis (d. ) , Cumberland, Richard (d. ) ,

Cominaeus, Philipp (i.e. de Co- , , , ,
mines, b. ) , , , Cunaeus, Petrus (d. ) , ,
, ,
Conring, Hermann (b. ) , Cuno, Johannes (th century) ,
,
Corde, Michael (b. ) , Curcellaeus, Stephanus (tienne de
Corderius (i.e. Mathurin Cordier, d. Courcelles, d. ) , , , ,
) , , , , , , , ,
Cornelius Celsus , , , , ,
Cornelius Nepos , , , Curtius , , , , ,
, , , , , , Cyprian, Johannes (b. ) ,

Corner, Christoph (b. ) ,
, , , Danckwert, Casparus (d. )
Cortnumm, Justus (d. ) Dannhauer, Johann Conrad (b.
Corvinus, Anton (b. ) , , ) , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
Corvinus, Johann Arnold (d. ) , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
Coschwitz, Daniel Georg (d. ) ,
Dantz, Johann (b. )
Cramer, Daniel (b. ) , , , Dass, Petter (d. )
, , , , , , , , Dasypodius, Conrad (d. )
, , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Dauderstadt, Christoph (b. ) ,
, , , , , , , , ,
Creide, Hartmann (b. ) ,
, , , , , , , , Day, William (d. , headmaster)
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Day, William (d. , theologian)
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Debes, Lucas (d. ) , ,
, , , , , , ,
Dedekennus, Georg (b. ) ,
Crell, Johann (b. ) , ,
Crell, Paulus (b. ) , Dedekind, Friedrich (d. ) ,
Crenius, Thomas (i.e. T.T. Crusius, d. Defoe, Daniel (d. )
) , , , Deichmann, Bartholomaeus (b.
Croll, Oswald (d. ) , , , ) ,
Democritus
Cruciger, Caspar (b. ) , , Descartes, Ren (d. ) , ,
, , , , ,
Crucius, Jacob (th century) , dialectics , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
Culverwel, Nathanael (d. ) , Dickinson, Edmund (d. )
Dictys of Crete ,
index
Dieterich, Conrad (b. ) , , Drexel, Jeremias (d. ) , , ,

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Drusius, Johann (b. ) , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Due, Oluf Jensen (d. )
, , , , , , , Dunte, Ludovic (b. ) , ,

Diest, Heinrich (d. ) , , , Duval, Pierre (d. )
, , , , , , , , Dyke, Daniel (d. ) , , ,
, , , , , , , , , ,
Dieu, Louis de (d. ) , , , , , , ,
Diez, Philipp (th century) , , , ,
, , Dyke, Jeremiah (d. ) , , ,
Dillherr, Johann Michael (b. ) , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Ebart, Johannes (th century)
, , , , , , , Eckard, Heinrich (b. ) , ,
, , , , , , , , , ,
Diogenes Laertius , , , , , , , , , ,
, Edel, Samuel (b. ) ,
Dionysius Carthusianus (i.e. de Edvardsen, Edvard (d. ) , ,
Leewis, d. ) ,
Ditzel, Hieronymus (d. ) Egard, Paul (th century) , ,
Doegen, Adam (th century) , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , Emden, Joachim (b. ) , ,
, , , , , ,
Engelbretsdatter, Dorthe (d. )
Donatus, Alexander (b. ) , , ; as book owner ,
Donne, John (d. ) , ,
Dornavius, Caspar (b. ) Engelbretsn, Abraham (b. )
Dorsch, Johann Georg (b. ) ,
, , , , Engelgrave, Henricus (b. ) ,
Doughtey, John (d. ) , , ,
, English authors, books by , , ,
Draconites, Johann (b. ) , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
Drelincourt the Elder, Charles (b. , , , , , , ,
) , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
Drelincourt the Younger, Charles (b. , , , , , , ,
) , , , , , ,
Dresser, Matthaeus (b. ) , Epplin, Othmar (th century)
, , Erasmi, Daniel (d. )
index
Erasmus (d. ) , , , , , Feustking, Johann Heinrich (b.

, , , , , , , ) , ,
, , , , , , , Fine, Arnold de (d. ) , ,
, , , , ,
Erastus, Thomas (d. ) Fischer, Christoph (d. ) , ,
Eriksen, Jrgen (d. ) , , , , , , , ,
Ernesti, Heinrich (d. ) ,
Erpenius, Thomas (b. ) , Fitzherbert, Thomas (d. ) ,
, Flacius, Matthias (b. ) , ,
Erythropel, Rupert (b. ) , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , ,
Estienne, Robert (i.e. Stephanus, d. , , , ,
) , Flavius Mallius Theodorus
Euclid , , , , , Flemming, Paul (b. ) ,
Eusebius , , ,
Ewald, Hermann (th century) , Flittner, Johann (d. ) , ,
, , ,
Foliot, Gilbert
Fabricius, Andreas (b. ) , Follini, Hermann (th century)
Fontaine, Jean de La (d. )
Fabricius, Georg (b. ) , , Fontana, Francisci (d. )
Forster the Elder, Johann (b. )
Fabricius, Jacob (b. ) ,
Fabricius, Johann Albert (b. ) Forster the Younger, Johann (b.
, , ) , , , , ,
Fabricius, Johannes (b. ) , ,
, , , , , Frambesarius, Nicolaus (th
Fabricius, Laurentius (d. ) century)
Fabricius, Stephanus (d. ) , Francisci, Erasmus (b. ) ,
,
Faloppius, Gabriel (d. ) Francke, August Hermann (d. )
Falsen, Elisabeth (b. ) , , , , , , , ,
Faramond, Ludwig Ernst von (i.e. , , , , , , ,
Philipp Balthasar von Schtz, , , , , , , ,
d.) , , , , , , ,
Fenner, Dudlejus (th century) , ,
Frantze, Wolfgang (d. ) , ,
Fernel, Jean (d. ) , , , , , ,
Ferrari, Octavius (b. ) Freylinghausen, Johann Anastasius
Ferring, Christen Christensen (d. (b. ) , ,
) Friedlieb, Philipp Heinrich (d. )
Ferus, Johann (i.e. Johann Wild, d. , , , , , , ,
) , , ,
Feuerlein, Johann Conrad (b. ) Friis, Peder Claussn (d. ) ,
, ,
Feurborn, Justus (b. ) , , Frischlin, Nicodemus (b. )
From, Jrgen (d. ) , ,
index
Fromman, Andreas (b. ) , , , , , , , ,

, , , , , , , , , ,
Fromme, Georg (d. ) , , , , , , , ,
Frundek, Johanne Ludovico a (th
century) Gerlach, Benjamin (d. ) ,
Fuchs, Leonhard (b. ) ,
Fuller, Thomas (d. ) , , Gerner, Henrik (d. ) , , ,
, , , , , , , , , ,
Funck, Christian (b. ) , , , ,
Funck, Johann Caspar (b. ) , Gerson, Christian (b. )
Gesenius, Justus (b. ) , ,
Funk, Johann (b. )
Funger, Johann (th century) Gesner, Conrad (d. ) , ,
,
Gaffarellus, Jacob (d. ) Gesner, Salomon (d. ) , ,
Gaius Julius Solinus , , , , , , , ,
Gale, Theophilus (d. ) , , , , , ,
Galeanus, Joseph (d. ) Geulinx, Arnold (d. )
Garth, Helvicus (d. ) , , Gibbes, Charles (d. ) , , ,
,
Gartner, Christian (d. ) , , Giessing, Jens (d. ) ,
Glanville, Joseph (d. ) , ,
Gassendi, Pierre (d. ) , , ,
Glassius, Salomon (d. ) , ,
Gataker, Thomas (b. ) , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , ,
Geddicus, Simon (d. ) , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , Glauch, Andreas (b. ) , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , Gocklenius the Elder, Rudolph (b.
Geier, Martin (b. ) , , , ) ,
, , , , , , , , Gocklenius the Younger, Rudolph (b.
, , , , , , , ) , ,
, , , , , Godwin, Thomas (b. ) , ,
geography, books on , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Golius, Theophilus (d. )
, , , , Gottfried, Johannes Ludwig (d.
Gerber, Christian (b. ) , , )
, , , Gouge, William (d. ) ,
Gerhard, Johann (d. ) , , , Gousset, Jacob (b. ) , ,
, , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , Grabow, Georg (d. ) , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Gracian, Balthasar (d. ) ,
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
index
Grafft, Johann (b. ) , Gunnarssn, Hallvard (d. ) ,

Grammond, Gabriel (d. )
Granatensis, Ludovicus (i.e. Louis Gutberleth, Heinrich (d. )
of Granada, d. ) , , , Gutke, Georg (b. ) , ,
, , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
Haberlin, Georg (b. ) , ,
Grand, Antoine le (d. ) , , , , ,
Hacket, John (b. ) , ,
Grapius, Zacharias (d. ) , Hackspan, Theodorus (b. ) ,
, , ,
Graser, Conrad (b. ) Hafenreffer, Matthias (b. ) ,
Gratianus, Antonius Maria (b. ) , , , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
Grau, Abraham de (b. ) Hagen, Carol ab (th century)
Grave, Gerhard (b. ) , , Hager, Christoph Achatius (b. )

Grawer, Albert (b. ) , , Hagerup, Eilert (d. ) , ,
, , , , , , ,
Gregory the Great Haije, Johan de la (b. ) , ,
Gregory of Nazianzus
Grendsteen, Lave (d. ) Hall, Joseph (d. ) , , ,
Greser, Daniel (b. ) , , , , , , ,
Gretser, Jacob (b. ) , , , , , , ,
Gribner, Daniel (b. ) , , , , , , , , ,
, ,
Grimberg, Nikolai (th century) Hall, Thomas (d. )
Hammond, Henry (d. ) ,
Groenewegen, Heinrich (th ,
century) , Happel, Edvardus Guernerus (d.
Gronov, Johann Friedrich (b. ) )
, Harprecht, Johannes (b. )
Gross, Henning (d. ) Harte, John (d. ) , ,
Grosshan, Georg (d. ) , , Hartmann, Johann (d. )
Hartmann, Johann Ludwig (d. )
Grotius, Hugo (b. ) , , , , , , , , , ,
, , ,
Gruter, Janus (b. ) , Hartnaccus, Daniel (b. )
Grynaeus, Johann Jacob (b. ) Harvey, William (d. ) ,
Hase, Theodor (b. ) , ,
Grytten, Ingeborg (b. ca ) ,
, Havenreuter, Johannes Ludwig (b.
Gualther, Rudolph (d. ) , , )
Hedinger, Johann Reinhard (b. )
Guenther, Johann (b. ) , , , ,
Heerbrand, Jacob (b. ) , ,
Guevara, Antonio de (d. ) , , ,
index
Heermann, Johann (d. ) , , Heshus, Tilemann (d. ) ,

, , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Hesiod , ,
, , , , , , , Heunisch, Caspar (b. ) , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Heurne, Jan van (b. )
, , , , , Hieron, Samuel (d. ) , , ,
Heidegger, Johann Heinrich (b. ,
) , , , , , Hieronymus
, , Hilarius, Georg (d. )
Heidemann, Christoph (d. ) Hildebrand, Joachim (b. ) ,
Heilbrunner, Jacob (b. ) , , , , , ,
, Hildebrand, Wolfgang (ca ) ,
Heinsius, Daniel (b. ) , , ,
Hildersham, Arthur (d. ) ,
Hejberg, Gabriel (d. ) , , ,
Heldvad, Niels (b. ) , , Hill, Robert (d. ) , , ,
, , ,
Helmont, Jan Baptista van (d. ) Hiller, Matthaeus (b. )
, , Himmel, Johann (b. ) , ,
Helwich, Christoph (b. ) , , , , , , ,
, Hinckelmann, Abraham (b. )
Helwich the Younger, Christoph (b. ,
) Hinckelmann, Petrus (b. ) ,
Hemmingsen, Niels (d. ) , ,
, , , , , , , , Hippocrates , , ,
, , , , , , , Hippe, Fabianus (ca )
, , , , , , , history, books on , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
Henning, Johann (b. ) , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
Hennings, Simon (b. ) , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
Henry II, duke of Rohan (d. ) , , , , , , ,
,
Herberger, Valerius (d. ) , , Hobbes, Thomas (d. ) , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Hoe, Jens Nielsen (d. )
, , , , , , , Hof, Anders (d. ) ,
Hofmann, Johann Jacob (b. )
Herle, Charles (d. ) ,
Herodotus , , , , , Hohburg, Christian (i.e. Elias
Praetorius, d. ) , , ,
Herrenschmid, Jacob (d. ) ,
Hersleb, Jacob (d. ) , , Holberg, Ludvig (d. ) , ,
, , , , , ,
Hersleb, Peder (d. ) , Hollatz, David (b. ) ,
index
Homer , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
Hondorff, Andreas (th century) , , ,
Hunnius, Nicolai (d. ) , ,
Honold, Jacob (d. ) , , , , , , ,
Hoornbek, Johannes (b. ) , , , , , , , ,
, , ,
Hoppe, Conrad (d. ) Hutter, Leonhard (d. ) , ,
Horace , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
Horn, Georg (b. ) , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
Horst, Gregorius (b. ) ,
Horst, Johann (b. ) Huulbech, Jrgen (d. ) , ,
Hospinian, Rudolph (b. ) , , ,
, Hvalse, Hans (d. )
Houssaye, Nicolas Amelot de la (b. Hvitfeld, Arild (d. ) , ,
) ,
Hottinger, Johann Heinrich (b. ) Hyller, Martin (d. ) , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, Hylling, Laurids (b. ) ,
Hoyer, Andreas (b. ) , Hyperius, Andreas (d. ) ,
Hoyer, Jonas (d. ) , ,
Hubner, Johannes (d. ) ,
, , , , , , , Iamblichus
, , , iatrochemistry , , , ,
Huet, Pierre-Daniel (b. ) , Irgens, Joachim (d. ) , ,
,
Hugh of St Cher Isendoorn, Gisbertus ab (th
Hugh of St Victor century)
Hugo, Hermann (ca ) , , , Isidorus Pelusiota
, Isocrates , , , ,
Hulsemann, Johann (b. ) , Ittig, Thomas (b. ) ,
, ,
Hulsius, Anton (d. ) , Jacchaeus, Gilbertus (d. ) ,
humanist authors , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Jacobaeus, Holger (d. ) , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Jaeger, Johannes Wolffgang (b. )
, ,
Hummer, Jacob Andersen (d. ) Jan, Johannes (d. ) , , ,
, , , , , , ,
Hunnaeus, Augustinus (b. ) , , , , ,
, Jani, Paulus (b. )
Hunnius, Aegidius (d. ) , , Jansenius, Cornelius (d. ) ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Janson, Jan (d. )
index
Jermin, Michael (d. ) , , Kircher, Athanasius (d. ) ,

, ,
Jersin, Jens (d. ) , , , Kirchner, Timotheus (d. ) ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , Kisel, Philipp (b. ) , ,
Jessen, Heinrich Peter (b. ) ,
Kluge, David (b. ) , ,
Jesuits , , , , , , , Knibbe, David (th century) ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Koenig, Johann Friedrich (b. )
, , , , , , , , , ,
Jnsson, Arngrim (d. ) ,
Jonston, Jon (b. ) , Koenig, Reinhard (th century)
Josephus , , , , , , Kortholt, Christian (b. ) ,
, , , , , , , , , , ,
Juel, Povel (d. ) Krantz, Albertus (d. ) , ,
Julius Caesar , , ,
Junge, Joachim (b. ) Kress, Johann Paul (b. )
Junius, Franciscus (b. ) , , Kurt, Sebastian (d. )
, , , , , , Kylling, Peder (d. ) ,
Jurieu, Pierre (b. )
Juvenal , , , , , Krakewitz, Barthold von (b. )
, ,
Keckermann, Bartholomaeus (d. Kromayer, Hieronymus (d. ) ,
) , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
Kegel, Philipp (th century) , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
Kempen, Martin von (b. ) ,
Kempis, Thomas (d. ) , , Kromayer, Johann Abraham (b.
, , , , , ) , , , , ,
Kerckring, Theodorus (d. )
Kerner, Balthasar (d. ) , , Kunad, Johann Andreas (d. )
, ,
Kessler, Andreas (b. ) Kunrath, Conrad (d. )
Kessler, Thomas (th century) Kning, Mauritz (d. )
Kiesling, Johann (b. ) , ,
Lactantius
Kiliani, Gothofred (d. ) , Lampadius, Johannes (d. ) ,
King, John (d. ) , , , ,
, , Lanckisch, Friedrich von (b. )
Kingo, Thomas (d. ) , , , , , , , , ,

Kipper, Alberti (th century) Lanckisch, Michael von (b. )
Kipping, Heinrich (d. ) , , , ,
Lange, Joachim (b. ) , ,
Kirchback, Peter (d. ) , , , , , , , , ,
, , ,
index
Langhans, Johann Ludwig (th cen- Littleton, Adam (d. ) , ,

tury) , , , , , ,
Lansberg, Philipp (b. ) Livy , , , , ,
Lansius, Thomas (b. ) Lobeck, David (b. ) ,
Lapide, Cornelius a (b. ) , Lobwasser, Ambrosius (b. ) ,
,
Lassenius, Johann (b. ) , , Loccenius, Johan (b. ) ,
, , , , , , , Locke, John (b. )
, Lodberg, Jacob (b. ) ,
Lauremberg, Petrus (d. ) , Loeber, Christoph Heinrich (b.
Laurenberg, Hans (b. ) ) ,
Laurentius, Paulus (b. ) , Loescher, Valentin (b. )
Lavater, Ludwig (d. ) , , , Lohenstein, Daniel Caspar von (b.
, , , , , , , )
Lomme, Jodocus (th century)
law, books on , , , , , , Longomontanus, Christian (d. )
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Lonicer, Adam (b. )
, , Lonner, Andreas (d. ) , ,
Lazius, Wolfgang (b. )
Ledebuhr, Caspar (th century) Loss, Lucas (b. ) , , ,
Leganger, Iver (b. ) , , ,
Lehmann, Christoph (th century) Loss, Petrus (d. ) , , ,
,
Leibe, Johann (d. ) Love, Christopher (d. ) ,
Leigh, Edward (b. ) , , ,
Leigh, Michael Srensen (d. ) Lucretius , , ,
, , , Lubin, Eilhard (d. )
Lemmiche, Heinrich (d. ) , Luden, Laurent (b. ) ,
, , , , , , , Lukian , , ,
Lullus, Anton (th century) ,
Lemnius, Laevinus (b. ) , ,
Lund, Johan (d. )
Leovitius, Cyprianus (d. ) Lungwitz, Matthaeus (d. ) ,
Leuschner, Georg (b. ) , ,
Leusden, Johann (d. ) , , Luther, Martin (d. ) , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
Levi, Moses (d. ) , , , , , , , , ,
Libavius, Andreas (d. ) , , , , , , ,
Liebenthal, Christian (d. ) , , , , , , ,
Lightfoot, John (d. ) , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , ,
Linacre, Thomas (b. ) , , , , , , ,
Linda, Lucas de (d. ) , , , , , , ,
Lintrup, Sren (b. ) , , , , , , , ,
Lipsius, Justus (b. ) , , ,
, , , , , , Lutheranism , , , , ,
index
Lutheran orthodoxy , , , , , Martial

, , , , , , , , Martini, Cornelius (d. ) ,
, ,
Ltkemann, Joachim (b. ) , Martini, Jacob (d. ) , , ,
, , , , , , ,
Ltkens, Frantz (d. ) , , , , , , ,
Lycophron from Chalcis , , , ,
Lycosthenes, Conrad (d. ) , Martini, Lucas (ca )
, , Martini, Matthias (b. )
Lyschander, Claus (d. ) , Marullus, Marcus (d. ) , ,
, ,
Lyser, Johann (i.e. Aletheus Theo- Masenius, Jacob (b. ) ,
philus, b. ) , , Masius, Hector Gottfried (b. )
Lyser, Polycarp (b. ) , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
mathematics , , , , , ,
Machiavelli, Niccol (d. ) , , , , , , , ,
, ,
Macrobius Mathiesen, Sren (d. ) , ,
magic , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Matthesius, Johann (b. ) ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , , , Matthiae, Christian (b. ) , ,
Magirus, Johann (d. ) , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
Magirus, Tobias (b. ) , ,
Magnus Lagabte Matthiae, Jacob (b. ) ,
Major, Georg (d. ) , , Mattioli, Pietro Andreas (d. )
, , , , ,
Majus, Johann Heinrich (b. ) Mavrocordato, Alexander (b. )
, , , , ,
Manlius, Jacob (i.e. Mennel, d. ) May, Thomas (d. )
, , Mayerne, Thodore Turquet de (b.
Manton, Thomas (d. ) , , )
, , , , , Mede, Joseph (d. ) , ,
Manutius, Aldus (d. ) , , , ,
Manutius, Paulus (b. ) , Medelbye, Poul (d. ) , ,
Marchant, Jacob (th century) , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , ,
Marets, Samuel des (b. ) ,
, , , , medicine, books on , , , ,
Marloratus, Augustin (b. ) , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
Marselaer, Friedrich de (th , , , , , , ,
century) , , , , , , ,
Marsham, John (b. ) , , ,
index
medieval authors , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Meteren, Demetrius van (b. )
, ,
Megander, Weit Ludwig (d. ) Meurer, Caspar (th century)
, , Meyer, John (ca ) , ,
Meier, Samuel (i.e. Meiger, th Meyfart, Johann Matthaues (b. )
century) , , , , , ,
Meisner, Balthasar (d. ) , , Michaelis, Andreas (d. )
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Michaelis, Johann Heinrich (d.
, , , , , , , ) , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , ,
, , , Michaelis, Peter (b. ) , ,
Meisner, Johann (d. ) , , , , , , , , ,
, Micraelius, Johann (b. ) , ,
Melanchthon, Philipp (d. ) , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , Mill, John (b. ) , ,
, , , , , , , , Milton, John (d. ) , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Miltzow, Gert (d. ) , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , Minucius Felix
Mencel, Hieronymus (b. ) , Mirus, Martinus (b. ) , ,
,
Mendoza, Petrus Hurtadus de (b. Mizaud, Antonius (i.e. Mizaldus, d.
) ) ,
Mengering, Arnold (b. ) , Moebius, Georg (b. ) , ,
,
Mengewein, Friedrich Just (th Moeller, Martin (i.e. Moller, b. )
century) , , , , , ,
Moles, Vincentius (th century)
Mentzer, Balthasar (b. ) , ,
, , , , , , , Molesworth, Robert (d. )
, , , , , , , Molire (i.e. Jean-Baptiste Poquelin,
, , d. )
Mercator, Gerardus (d. ) , Moller, Johannes (b. )
, Momma, Wilhelm (b. ) ,
Mercerus, Johannes (d. ) , ,
, Monrad, Johann (b. ) , ,
Merian, Matthaeus (b. )
Merula, Paulus (d. ) Morhof, Daniel (b. ) , ,
metaphysics/ metaphysica , , ,
, , , , , , , Morin, Johannes (b. ) , ,
, , , , , , ,
index
Mornaeus, Philipp, Seigneur du Neuberger, Theophilus (d. )

Plessis-Marly (b. ) , , ,
, , , Neucrantz, Paul (b. )
Moulin, Pierre du (i.e. Molinaeus, b. Neuhusius, Eduard (d. )
) , , Neuhusius, Reinerus (d. ) ,
Mller, Balthasar (b. ) , , , ,
, , , Nicander, Greek author
Mller, Heinrich (d. ) , , , Nicander, Paul (d. ) , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Nicephorus, patriarch of Con-
, , , , , , , stantinople
, , , , , , , Nicholas of Lyra
, , , , , , , Nichols, Josiah (d. ) ,
, , Nicolai, Philipp (d. ) , ,
Munck, Jens (d. ) , , , , , , ,
Muretus, Marc Antonio (b. ) , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
Musaeus, Simon (b. ) , , ,
Nicolaus Damascene
Musculus, Wolfgang (d. ) , Nielsen, Willads (d. ) , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , ,
Myconius, Friedrich (b. ) , Nizolius, Marius (d. )
Nold, Christian (d. ) , ,
Mylius, Georgius (b. ) , , , , , , , ,
Nyborg, Peder (d. ) ,
Mynsicht, Hadrianus (b. )
Mller, Peder (b. ) , , , Oecolampadius, Johannes (d. )
, , , , , , , , , ,
, , Olaus Magnus (d. ) , ,

Nackskov, Peder (d. ) , , Olearius, Adam (d. )
Olearius, Gottfried (b. ) ,
Nansen, Hans (d. ) , , , ,
Opitz, Heinrich (d. ) ,
Natalis Comes (d. ) ,
natural history , , , , , , Opitz, Martin (d. ) , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
Naur, Elias (d. ) , , , Origanus, David (i.e. Dost von Glatz,
, , , , , d. ) ,
navigation , , , Origenes
Neander, Conrad (th century) Ortel, Abraham (b. )
Osiander the Elder, Andreas (d.
Neander, Michael (b. ) , ) , , , , ,
Neri, Antonius (th century) , Osiander the Younger, Andreas (d.
)
index
Osiander, Johann Adam (b. ) Paulli, Simon (d. , physician,

, , botanist) , , , ,
Osiander the Elder, Lucas (d. ) Pearson, John (d. ) , ,
, , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Pelargus, Christoph (b. ) ,
,
Osten, Balthasar (th century) , Peller, Christoph (b. )
Pelletier, Jacob (b. )
Osterwald, Johann Friedrich (b. Penon, Franois (b. ) , ,
) , ,
Otto, Johann Jacob (b. ) , Perkins, William (d. ) , ,
, , , , , , ,
Outram, William (d. ) , , , ,
Perotus, Nicolas (d. ) , ,
Ovid , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , Petav, Dionysius (b. )
Owen, John (d. , Welsh Petit, Petrus (b. )
epigrammatist) , , , Petraeus, Heinrich (d. )
, , Petrarch, Francesco , , ,
Owen, John (d. , bishop) , , ,
, , , , Petronius
Petrus de Natalibus
Palingenius, Marcellus (i.e. Pietro Peucer, Caspar (b. )
Angelo Manzolli, ca ) , , Pexenfelder, Michael (b. ) ,
, , ,
Palladius, Peder (d. ) , , Peyreius, Isaac (i.e. La Peyrre, d.
Pappus, Johann (d. ) , , ) ,
Pezel, Christoph (d. ) , ,
Paracelsus (d. ) , , , , , ,
, , , , , Pfanner, Tobias (b.) , ,
Par, Ambroise (d. )
Pareus, Daniel (th century) , Pfeiffer, August (b. ) , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
Pareus, David (d. ) , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , ,
Pareus, Johann Philipp (b. ) , , , , , ,
, , Pfeiffer, Johann Philipp (b. )
Pascal, Blaise (d. ) Pfeil, Johann (b. ) , ,
Pasor, Georg (d. ) , , , Pflacher, Moses (d. ) , ,
, , , , , , , , , , ,
Philippi, Ernst Christian (d. )
Patricius, Franciscus (b. ) , , ,
, philology (including grammar books
Paulli, Simon (d. , theologian) & dictionaries), books on , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
index
, , , , , , , Pomarius, Johann (d. ) ,

, , , , , , , ,
Pontanus, Jacob (b. )
philosophy (including logic), books Pontoppidan the Elder, Erik (d.
on , , , , , , , , ) , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Pontoppidan the Younger, Erik (d.
, , , , , , , ) , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Porst, Johann (b. ) , ,
, , , , Porta, Giambattista della (d. )
Photius, patriarch of Constantinople ,
Possel, Johann (b. ) , , ,
Piccolomini, Francesco (d. ) , ,
, Postel, Guilliaume (d. ) , ,
Pictet, Benedict (b. ) , ,
Potter, Frank (b. ) , ,
Pietism , , , , , , , Praetorius, Stephan (d. )
, , , , Price, John (d. ) , ,
Pighius, Stephanus (d. ) Pritz, Johann Georg (b. ) ,
Pindar ,
Pipping, Heinrich (b. ) , , Proclus
Propertius ,
Piscator, Johannes (b. ) , , Protestantism , , ,
, , , , , , , , Prckner, Andreas (th century)
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
Placette, Jean de La (b. ) , Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
, , , ,
Plautius , , , Pufendorf, Samuel (d. ) , ,
Plempius, Vopiscus Fortunatus (d. , , ,
) Purmann, Matthaeus Gottfried
Pliny the Elder , , (th century)
Pliny the Younger , , Puteanus, Erycius (i.e. van der
Plutarch , , , , , , Putten, b. )
Pythagoras
Platter, Felix (b. ) ,
Plautius , , , quadrivium , ,
Plempius, Vopiscus Fortunatis (d. Quarl, Franciscus (d. ) ,
) Quenstedt, Johann Andreas (b.
Pocock, Edward (b. ) ) , , , , ,
Polanus, Amandus (b. ) , , , , ,
, , , , , , Quercetanus (i.e. Joseph du Chesne,
political theory , , , , , d. ) ,
, , , , , , , Quevedo, Francisco de (d. )
, , , ,
Pollio, Joachim (b. ) , Quintilian ,
index
Quistorp, Johann (b. ) , , Reinhold, Erasmus (d. )

, , , , Reinking, Theodor (d. ) ,

Rabe, Ludwig (b. ) , Reland, Adrian (d. ) ,
Rachlv, Jesper Rasmussen (d. ca Resen, Hans Poulsen (d. ) , ,
) , , , , , , , ,
Racine, Jean (d. ) , , , , , , ,
Raffn, Albert (d. ca ) , , , , , , , , ,
,
Rager, Michael (b. ) Resen, Peder Hansen (b. )
Ramback, Johann Jacob (b. ) Reusner, Nicolas (b. )
, , , , , , Reuss, Jeremias (b. ) ,
Ramus, Jonas (d. ) , , ,
, , , , , , , Reyher, Andreas (b. )
, , , , , , , Reynolds, Edward (b. ) ,
, ,
Ramus, Petrus (d. ) , Reynolds, John (b. ) ,
Randulph, Enevold Nielsen (b. ) rhetoric, books on , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , ,
Randulph, Niels (d. ) , , , , , ,
Rhode, Johann (b. ) , ,
Rantzow, Heinrich von (b. )
, Rhodiginus, Ludovig Coelius (b.
Rappolt, Friedrich (b. ) , ) ,
, Rhodius, Ambrosius (d. )
Raupius, Jacob (d. ) , Richardson, Charles (d. ) ,
Ravanelli, Petrus (th century) , ,
, , , , , , , Richelet, Pierre (d. )
Riemer, Johann (b. ) , ,
Ravisius, Johannes (d. ) ,
Ridder, Franciscus (d. ) , ,
Ray, John (d. ) , , , , , , , ,
Rechenberg, Adam (d. ) , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
Regius, Henricus (i.e. van Roy, b.
) Riolan, Jean (d. )
Regius, Johann (b. ) , Rist, Johann (d. ) , , ,
Regius, Urban (d. ) , , ,
, , Ritschel, George (b. )
Reichmann, Jacob (d. ) Ritterhusius, Conrad (b. )
Reineccius, Jacob (b. ) , , Rittmeier, Christoph Heinrich (b.
, , , , , , , ) , ,
, , , , , Riverius, Lazarus (d. ) , ,
Reinesius, Heinrich (th century) ,
, , Rivet, Andreas (b. ) , ,
Reinesius, Thomas (b. ) , , , ,
index
Roberts, Francis (d. ) , , Sanchez, Caspar (d. ) , ,

Robertson, William (th century) Sanderson, Robert (b. ) ,

Roche, Anton de la (i.e. Sadeel, d. Santes Pagninus (b. ) , ,
) , , , , , , , , ,
Rogers, Nehemiah (d. ) , Saur, Jacob (th century) , ,
, , , , , , ,
Rolfinck, Guernerus (d. ) , Savonorola, Hieronymus (b. )

Rollocus, Robert (b. ) , , Saxe, Michael (d. ) ,
Saxo Grammaticus , ,
Rosenkrantz, Jrgen (d. ) Scaliger, Josephus Justus (d. )
Rosenkrantz, Oluf (d. ) , , , ,
, Scaliger, Julius Casear (b. ) ,
Rosinus, Johann (b. )
Rosse, Alex (th century) , , Scapula, Johannes (d. ) , ,
, , ,
Rost, Georg (b. ) , , Scarga, Petrus (or Piotr, d. )
Rostock, Mads (d. ) , Schaevius, Heinrich (b. ) ,
Roth, Heinrich (d. ) , , ,
, , Scharff, Johann (b. ) , , ,
Rous, Francis (d. ) , , , , , ,
, , , Schefferus, Johannes (d. ) ,
Rdinger, Johannes (th century) , ,
Schegk, Jacob (b. )
Rulich, Bartholomaeus (d. ) Scheibler, Christoph (d. ) ,
, , , , , , , , ,
Rling, Samuel (d. ) , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , Schertzer, Johann Adam (b. )
Runge, David (b. ) , , , , , , , , , , ,
Rupertus, Christoph Adam (b. ) , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
Rusmeyer, Michael (b. ) , , , ,
Schickard, Wilhelm (b. ) ,
, , , ,
Saavedra, Diego (th century) Schimmer, Georg (b. ) , ,
Sacc, Sigfried (b. ) , ,
Sadolinus, Georg (d. ) Schindler, Valentin (d. ) ,
Sagittarius, Caspar (b. ) , , ,
Sagittarius, Thomas (b. ) Schleupner, Christoph (b. ) ,
Sallust , , , , ,
Salmasius, Claudius (b. ) , Schmidt, Erasmus (b. ) ,
, ,
Samson, Hermann (d. ) , Schmidt, Johann Andreas (b. )
, ,
index
Schmidt, Sebastian (d. ) , , Sedgwick, Obadie (d. ) ,

, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , Selneccer, Nicolai (d. ) , ,
Schomer, Achilles (b. ) , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
Schomer, Justus (b. ) , , ,
Seneca , , , , ,
Schoonhovius, Florentius (d. ) Senguerd, Arnold (b. )
Sennert, Andreas (b. ) , ,
Schor, Anton (d. )
Schott, Caspar (d. ) , , Sennert, Daniel (d. ) , ,
, , , , ,
Schrevel, Cornelius (d. ) , Serre, Jean Puget de La (d. ) ,
,
Schroeder, Johann (b. ) , Seybold, Johann (th century) ,
, ,
Schroeter, Sebastian (d. ) Seymar, William (i.e. Ramsay, d.
Schubart, Andreas Christoph (b. ) , ,
) Sibbes, Richard (d. ) , , ,
Schubert, Sebastian (b. ) , , , ,
Schultze, Gottfried (d. ) , , Sibelius, Caspar (d. ) , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
Schupp, Johann Balthasar (d. ) , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
Schwalenberg, Heinrich (th , , , , , , ,
century) , , , , ,
Scioppius, Caspar (i.e. Schoppe, b. Siber, Adam (b. ) ,
) , , , Siwerts, Berent (d. )
Scoepper, Jacob (d. ) Skonning, Hans Hansen (b. )
Scriba, Balthasar (th century)
Scribanius, Carolus (th century) Slangendorff, Johan (d. ) ,
, ,
Scribonius, Wilhelm Adolf (d. ) Slater, William (or Slayter, d. )
, , , , ,
Scribonius Largus Sledanus, Oswald (d. ) , ,
Scriver, Christian (d. ) , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Sleidanus, Johannes (d. ) , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , Sluter, Severin (b. )
Scultetus, Abraham (b. ) , Sluter, Severus Walther (d. )
, , , , , , , , ,
, Smetius, Heinrich (d. ) , ,
Scultetus, Christoph (b. ) , , , , ,
, Smith, Henry (d. ca ) ,
Seckendorf, Weit Ludwig von (d. Smith, Samuel (b. ) , , ,
) , , , , , , ,
index
Snell, Rudolph (b. ) Stegmann, Josua (b. ) , ,

Snepff, Erhard (b. ) , Stella, Diego (d. ) , , , ,
Snepff, Theodor (b. ) , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
Snorre Sturlason , , , , , , , , ,
Socrates , , , ,
Sohn, Georg (d. ) , , Stenbuch, Christian (b. )
Sophocles Stengel, Carolus (th century) ,
sorcery , , , , , ,
Spalchaver, Daniel (d. ) , Stensen, Niels (i.e. Steno, d. )
,
Spangenberg, Cyriacus (d. ) Stephanus, Stephen Hansen (d.
, , , , , , ) , ,
Spangenberg, Johannes (b. ) Stephner, Daniel (b. )
, , , , , , , Stieler, Caspar von (d. )
, , , , , , , Stillingfleet, Edward (b. ) ,
,
Spanheim the Elder, Friedrich (b. Stock, Christian (b. )
) , , Stockfleth, Henning (d. )
Spanheim the Younger, Friedrich Stockmann, Paul (b. ) , ,
(b. ) , , , , , , , , ,
, , , Stoecker, Jacob (d. ) , ,
Spener, Philipp Jacob (d. ) ,
, , , , , , , Strabo ,
, , , , , , , Stracca, Benevenutus (d. ) ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Strauch, Aegidius (b. ) , ,
, , , , , , , ,
Sperber, Julius (d. ) , , Streso, Caspar (d. ) , ,
, , , , , ,
Sperling, Johann (d. ) , , Strigel, Victorin (b. ) , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , ,
Spinoza, Baruch (d. ) , , , , ,
Spizel, Theophilus (b. ) , Strigenitz, Gregor (b. ) , ,
Spoelberg, Willem (b. ) , , , , , , ,
Stahl, Daniel (d. ) , , , , , , , , , ,
, , ,
Stampel, Georg (b. ) , , Stryk, Johann Samuel (b. )
Stumpf, Johann (d. ) , ,
Stapleton, Thomas (d. ) , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Sturm, Johann (b. ) ,
Sturm, Johannes Christoph (b. )
Staricus, Johannes (th century) ,
Sturm, Vincentius (th century)
Starkey, George (d. )
Statius, Martin (d. ) Suetonius , , , , , ,
Steenbuch, Hans (d. ) , ,
index
Sulpicius Severus , Thestrup, Frands (d. ) ,

Surlet, Jean Chokier de (b. ) Tholosanus, Petrus Gregorius (d.
Svane, Hans (d. ) , , , , )
, , , , , , , Thomasius, Jacob (b. )
, , Thomissn, Hans (d. ) ,
Swammerdan, Jan (d. ) Thuanus, Jacob (b. )
Sylvius, Franciscus (d. ) , Tibullus ,
Til, Salomon von (d. ) , ,
Sylvius, Jacobus (d. )
Syv, Peder (d. ) , , , Tilesius, Balthasar (ca ) ,
Tilesius, Nathanael (b. ) , ,
Szegedin, Stephan (b. ) , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
Tacitus , , , , , , , , , , ,
Tillotson, John (d. ) ,
Talaeus, Audomarus (d. ) Timpler, Clemens (d. ) ,
Tamson, Emanuel (d. ) , Tolet, Franciscus (b. ) , ,
Tarnow, Johann (d. ) , , ,
, , , , , , , , Torfaeus, Thormod (d. ) ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Tornaeus, Johannes (d. )
, , , , , , , Tossanus, Daniel (b. ) , ,
,
Taubmann, Friedrich (b. ) Tossanus, Paulus (b. )
Tauler, Johannes , , , , , Trapp, John (d. ) , , ,
, , , ,
Taylor, Jeremy (d. ) , , , Tremellius, Immanuel (d. ) ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
Taylor, Thomas (d. ) , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
Teller, Romanus (b. ) , , , , , , , ,
Tentzel, Wilhelm (b. ) , , , , , ,
Terence , , , , , , Tribbechow, Adam (b. ) ,
, , , , , , , ,
, Trieu, Philipp du (d. )
Terpager, Petrus (b. ) trivium , , , , , ,
Tesauro, Emanuel (b. ) , , ,
Tesmar, Johann (d. ) , Trost, Martin (b. ) , ,
Tessere, Sixtus (th century) , ,
, Tulle, Hans (d. ) , ,
Thaddaeus, Johann (th century) Tungerlarius, Johannes (th
, , , , , , , century) ,
, , , Turnemann, Matthias (th century)
Theocritus , ,
Theognis Tursellinus, Horatius (d. ) ,
Theophilius, Nicolaus (d. ) ,
Theophylact of Bulgaria Txen, Peder (d. ) , ,
index
Ulmer, Johann Conrad (b. ) Vives, Juan Luis (b. ) , ,

Ursinus, Johann Heinrich (d. ) ,
, , , , , , , , , Voet, Daniel (th century)
, , , , , , , Voetius, Gisbert (b. ) , ,
, , , , , , , ,
Ursinus, Zacharias (d. ) , Vogel the Elder, Matthias (b. )
Ussher, James (d. ) , , , , , ,
, Vogel the Younger, Matthias (b.
) , , ,
Valerius Maximus , , Vogt, Gottfried (b. ) , ,
Valla, Lorenzo (d. ) , ,
Varenius, August (b. ) , , Volkert, Dietrich (i.e. Coornhert, d.
)
Vatable, Franois (d. ) , Vossius, Gerardus (d. ) ,
Vegetius , , , , , , ,
Velcurio, Johannes (th century)
Vossius, Isaac (d. ) ,
Velleius Paterculus Vossius, Matthaeus (th century)
Venette, Nicolas (d. )
Vergil , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , Wagner, Tobias (b. ) , ,
Vermili, Petrus Martyr (d. ) ,
, Waldschmidt, Jacob (b. )
Vernulaeus, Nicolaus (b. ) Walker, William (d. )
Vesalius, Andreas (d. ) Wallich, Johan Ulrich (d. )
Vesling, Johannes (d. ) , Wallis, John (b. )
Vesti, Justus (b. ) , Walther, Georg (th century) ,
Viardel, Cosmus (th century) ,
Viborg, Hans Jensen (d. ) Walther the Elder, Michael (b. )
Vietor, Philipp Otto (d. ) , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
Vigerius, Franois (b. ) , , , ,
Vinding, Poul (b. ) Wandal, Bagge (d. )
Vingaard, Mogens (b. ca ) , Wandal the Elder, Hans (d. ) ,
, , , , , , , , ,
Vinstrup, Peder Jensen (d. )
, , , Wandal the Younger, Hans (d. )
Virellus, Matthias (th century) , , , , , , ,
, , , ,
Vischer, Johann (d. ) Ward, Richard (d. ) , , ,
Vismar, Nicolaus (d. ) , ,
Vitringa, Campegius (b. ) , Warwick, Arthur (th century) ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , Waser, Caspar (b. )
Vitringa, Horatius (d. ) , Wasmuth, Matthias (b. ) ,
, , , , , , ,
index
Watson, Thomas (d. ) , , , Wigand, Johannes (b. ) ,

, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Wilkins, John (d. ) ,
, , , , , , , Wille, Balthasar (d. )
, , , Williams, Austin (d. ) , ,
Watts, Isaac (b. ) , ,
Wecker, Johann (b. ) Winckelmann, Johann (b. ) ,
Wedel, Georg Wolfgang (d. ) , , , , ,
Winding, Poul (b. )
Wegner, Gottfried (b. ) , Winsemius, Pierius (b. )
, Winstrup, Peder Pedersen (d. )
Weidling, Christian (b. )
Weihenmayer, Johann (b. ) , witchcraft , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , Witsius, Hermann (b. ) ,
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , Witt, Peder (d. )
, , , Wittich, Christoph (b. ) ,
Weinrich, Georg (d. ) , , ,
, , , , , , , Witzleb, Georg (b. ) ,
, , , Wolf, Jens (b. )
Weise, Christian (b. ) , Wolff, Christian (th century)
Weise, Johann (d. ) , , , Wolff, Johann (d. ) , , ,
, , , , ,
Weismann, Ehrenreich (b. ) Worm, Ole (d. ) , ,
Wudrian, Valentin (b. ) ,
Weller, Hieronymus (b. ) , Wulf, Jacob (th century)
, , , , , Wldike, Marcus (d. )
Weller, Jacob (b. ) , , ,
, , , Xenophon
Welsch, Georg Hieronymus (b.
) , Younge, Richard (d. ) ,
Werenberg, Jacob (b. ) , ,
, , Zabarella, Jacob (b. )
Werenfels, Petrus (b. ) , , Zanchius, Hieronymus (b. )
, , , , ,
Werner, Friedrich (b. ) , , Zeiller, Martin (d. )
Zepper, Wilhelm (d. ) , ,
Weyle, Christen Osterssn (th , , ,
century) Ziegenbalg, Bartholomaeus (b. )
Whitaker, William (b. ) , , ,
, Zitschler, Petrus (b. )
Whitby, Daniel (d. ) , , Zwelfer, Johann (d. )
, , Zwinger, Theodor (d. , physi-
Wider, Philipp Ehrenreich (d. ) cian) ,
, Zwinger, Theodor (d. , theolo-
Wierus, Johannes (d. ) gian) ,

SHCT 148 Dahl - Book Collections of Clerics in Norway, 1650-1750 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SHCT 148 Dahl - Book Collections of Clerics in Norway, 1650-1750 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

SHCT 148 Dahl - Book Collections of Clerics in Norway, 1650-1750 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Book Collections of Clerics

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Copyright 2010 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Chapter One. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter Three. Books belonging to other sections of the Bergen

Chapter Five. Clerical inventories in Trondheim . . . . . . . . 165

Chapter Seven. Clerical inventories in Hedmark & sterdalen,

Chapter Eight. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

Appendix I. Map of Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

This book comes as a result of my doctoral research, conducted mainly

.. Book collections: Evidence of culture

1 Dixon & Schorn-Schtte (eds.) .

whatever the official guidelines, the transmission of knowledge through

study. Despite the relatively sparse number of inventories giving detailed

were influential in shaping the transmission of knowledge. In short, they

.. The clergy and their world of knowledge

Clerics in Norway lived in a predominantly religious, non-

4 For a review of the different historical approaches to the introduction of Lutheran-

5 For a more detailed discussion of the content of Bugenhagens Church Ordinance,

see Oftestad, Rasmussen & Schumacher :, and Gilje & Rasmussen :

7 Oftestad, Rasmussen & Schumacher :.

10Not all historians agree on labelling the th century as a period of orthodoxy.

of Lutheran orthodoxy: Church life, for instance, was regulated by a new

16 Amundsen & Laugerud :.

combated was a type of heresy inherent in Pietist theology itself, namely

Latinskolens dannelse ().

to be revised in terms of admission, curriculum, attendance and exam-

28 Grane & Jensen :.

th century, the teaching of dogma and polemical theology (or contro-

34 See Ebbesen & Koch :, and Kragh :.

that a future clerics world of learning would never be restricted solely

.. Book distribution and restraints on the market

Although the medieval development of Christendom contributed to the

number of libraries owned by private institutions also rose during the

a survey of the history of printing houses in Norway, see Jacobsen . A study of

In Norway, however, a periphery of the twin monarchy, only three print-

non-commercial channel important to the distribution of books, namely

in previous decades, all manuscripts had to be submitted to the official

of Robert Barclay (died ), for instance, was passed in in order

close trading connections between Norway and Germany, the Nether-

.. Empirical material and methodology

Henrik Horstbll55 also deal with popular reading culture; Horstbll by

Many households, however, if not most, escaped official registration.

collections should therefore be seen as an attempt to map the Norwegian

choice of looking at clerical book collections in the period ,

difficulties in choosing this system of classification. First, there is the

There then follows the presentation of book collections in Jarlsberg, fol-

I shall also claim that there were differences in book distribution

BOOKS IN CLERICAL INVENTORIES

BOOK COLLECTIONS BELONGING TO PARSONS

access to these on microfilm, see film number HF .

.. Lucoppidans book collection

As one of six parsons recorded in the Bergen bishopric clerical probate

Lucoppidans book collection also contains several books written by

and master of philosophy Samuel Rling, died (Succus propheticus),

of the leading books on Reformation history.8 The leading German his-

8 Another of Sleidanuss books to become a bestseller was De quatuor monarchiis,

One of the books in Lucoppidans collection is also accredited to Petrus