A Holistic Approach to Architecture

Its Implementation in the physical and cultural context

of the place
Nili Portugali, Architect A.A.Dip (London)

I am a lecturer at the Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion - Israel Institute of
Technology (utill 2006 at the Bezalel Academy of Art & Design, Architectural Department,
Jerusalem) and a practicing architect working in Israel for more than 30 years. My new book: The
Act of Creation and the Spirit of a Place
A Holistic-Phenomenological Approach to Architecture/ Edition Axel Menges was recently
nominated for The RIBA International Book Award 2007.

My work has focused both on practice & theory.

My on going search for what is behind the order of human environment, had been developed
gradually by me since my studies at the Architectural Association (A.A) school of Architecture in
London (Dip 1973), through research work with Prof. Christopher Alexander at the “Center for
Environmental Structure” Berkeley California, my post graduate studies in Architecture & Buddhist
studies at U.C. Berkeley (1979-81), and along my teachings and practice in Israel in the last 30
years.
When religion and nationalism are cynically used by fundamentalists and by extreme mist right
and left groups to cause cultural conflicts, and when architects are prompted by aggressive political
motives, there is a real existential threat to the physical and human environment we live in.
There is no doubt, that the great art (and architecture) creations throughout history evolved in
societies that drew their strength from their cultural and spiritual traditions and from the places they
belonged to. These sources, which one might take as the factor that separates cultures and peoples,
are exactly the ones that link them together in harmony.
The same tree that symbolizes life in the Cabala appears in Tantra Asana art; the same red thread the
people of Tibet wear on their wrist for good luck are put on baby’s Pram in the Jewish tradition .
In present state of affairs there is a need for a new worldview that by its very nature crosses
cultures, replacing current conceptions and approaches.
The first part of the essay will present the holistic worldview, a school of thought that has
been at the forefront of science for many years in which my architectural work belong, and the way
this approach got interpretated by me both in theory and in the design process, a process
fundamentally different from customary ones.
The second part will be a presentation of two selected projects built by me in Israel forming a clear
implementation and interpretation of the concepts described before, in relation to their cultural and
physical (urban and rural) reality .
The first project is the Music Center and Library at the historic heart of Tel-Aviv forming a unique
dialogue between a new building and the historical environment, an environment being a unique
interface between the orient and the west.
The second project is a Residential Neighborhood in the Kibbutz forming a new concept of housing
related to the recent structural changes in the kibbutz life, giving a new definition to the conception
of equality.
For more details on Portugali’s book and work please open: www.niliportugali.com
ARCHITECTURE IS MADE FOR PEOPLE
A PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH TO ARCHITECTURE

The purpose of architecture, as I see it, is first and foremost to create a human environment for
human beings. Buildings affect our lives and the fate of the physical environment in which we
live over the course of many years, and therefore their real test is the test of time. The fine, old
buildings and places we always want to return to – those with timeless relevance–are the ones
that touch our heart, and have the power to create a deep and direct emotional experience.

Contemporary architecture as well as conceptual art sought to dissociate themselves from the
world of emotions and connect the design process to the world of ideas, thus creating a rational
relation between building and man, devoid of any emotion.

There are different ways to describe buildings that have this timeless quality, buildings that
convey an inherent spiritual experience. Frank Lloyd Wright called them “the ones which take
you beyond words”. Quoted by Stephen Grabow, (Grabow, 1983) Christopher Alexander says:
“The buildings that have spiritual value are a diagram of the inner universe, or the picture of the
inner soul.” And in The Timeless Way of Building (Alexander, 1979), Alexander writes, “There
is one timeless way of building. It is thousands of years old, and the same today as it has always
been. The great traditional buildings of the past, the villages and tents and temples in which man
feels at home, have always been made by people who were very close to the center of this way.
And as you will see, this way will lead anyone who looks for it to buildings which are
Delphi, Greece: themselves as ancient in their form as the trees and hills, and as our faces are.”
The Tholos (4th
century); His Holiness the Dalai Lama calls this quality: “the great self, the such ness or the nature of
Hsi-an-Fu, reality…. The state of mind which brings us close to that quality is a state of knowledge and
China: The
awareness detached from extraneous factors as the mere clarity of the mind”.
Great Gander
Pagoda (7th-8th
century);
Safad, Israel:
Yosef Karo
Synagogue (16th
century)

2
 Although this timeless quality exists in buildings rooted in different cultures and traditions,
the experience they generate is common to all people, no matter where or from what culture
they come from. Thus Alexander’s basic assumption was that behind this quality, which he
calls ‘The quality without a name’, lies a universal and eternal element common to us as
human beings.

It seems to me that the real challenge of current architectural practice is to make the best
use of the potential inherent in the modern technological age we live in while fulfilling the
timeless needs common to us all as human beings - needs that modern architecture in
general has knowingly denied for the past 60 years, in order to create a friendly and human
environment.

The basic argument presented here is that in order to change the feeling of the environment
and create places and buildings that we really feel part of and want to live in, the issue here
is not a change of style, but a transformation of the worldview underlying current thought
and approaches.

A place with a
spirit:
a senior Citizens
Day Center,
Tel-Aviv,
Nili Portugali,
completion date
1988.

3
THE HOLISTIC APPROACH TO ARCHITECTURE
THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE PARTS AND THE WHOLE

The dissociation created in our time between man and his environment is a clear expression
of the change that occurred in the concept that man is part of nature and not superior to it.

Comparing planning processes which resulted in dissociating man from his environment to
planning processes that make him feel part of the physical world he lives in, emphasizes the
difference between the mechanistic-fragmentary worldview and the holistic-organic one,
which guides the holistic school of thought to which my own work belongs.

These are two different sets of orders.

The mechanistic worldview underlying contemporary architecture separates elements and

creates an environment of autonomous fragments. The result is cities like Brasilia in Brazil,
Chandigarth in India, the satellite towns in England and the new neighborhoods around
Jerusalem, where the structured disconnection between the house and the street, the street
and the neighborhood, the neighborhood and the city arouses a feeling of detachment and
alienation.

The holistic-organic approach that has been for many years at the forefront of science in
general and as implemented in my architecture work in particular regards the socio-physical
environment as a system or a dynamic whole, the existence of which depends on the proper,
ever-changing interrelations among the parts. Moreover, the creation and existence of each
part depend on the interrelations between that part and the system.

In his book The Joy of Living and Dying in Peace (Dalai Lama, 1997) His Holiness the
Dalai Lama refers to this concept of cause and effect by saying: “Nowadays in the field of
science there are many disciplines like cosmology, neurobiology, psychology, and particle
physics, disciplines that are the result of generations of scientific investigations. Their
findings are closely related to Buddhist teachings. The foundation of all Buddhist teaching
and practice is the principle of dependent arising. Since things arise in dependence of other
causes and conditions, they are naturally free from independent and autonomous existence.
Everything that is composed from parts, or conditioned by causes and conditions, is
impermanent and fleeting. These things do not stay forever. They continually disintegrate.
This kind of subtle impermanence is confirmed by scientific findings”.

4
In any organic system, each element has its own uniqueness and power, but always acts as
part of a larger entity to which it belongs and which it complements. Having adopted this
concept, I do not regard urban design, architecture, interior design and landscape design as
independent disciplines removed from each other, but as one continuous and dynamic
system. Thus the building is not perceived as a collection of designed fragments, but as one
hierarchical language, in which every design detail, on
any level of scale, is derived from the larger whole to
which it belongs, which it seeks to enhance, and for
whose existence it is responsible. The overall feeling of
inner wholeness-unity in a building thus stems from the
proper interrelations among its parts.
The same idea is found in the Mandala, a model that
represents processes occurring in nature, where there is
always a center of energy feeding the parts around it.
However, the very existence of this center of energy is
dependent on the existence of the parts around it.

This concept of interdependence and continuity was

presented in a public talk given by His Holiness the Dalai
Lama, in which he noted: “The construction of the whole
is caused continually by the disintegration of its parts. For
example, the butter lamp as a whole is a source of light
due to the melting of the butter. The melting of the butter
is caused due to the heat produced by the lamp”.

The square, the

building and the
interior is one
continuous
system.

Music Center
and Library,
Tel-Aviv,
Nili Portugali,
Completion Date
1997.

5
THE PLANNING PROCESS ITSELF
1.Choosing A Pattern Language for The Project

Based on the assumption that beauty and harmony are objective properties related to the
geometrical properties inherent in the structure itself, and that feelings have to do with facts,
Alexander states in his book The Timeless Way of Building (Alexander, 1979) that all places
of organic order that seem unplanned and orderless are a clear expression of order on a deep
and complex level. This order is based on absolute rules that have always determined the
quality and beauty of a place, and is the source of the good feeling in it. In other words,
there is a direct connection between the patterns of events that occur in a place and the
physical patterns - patterns of space in his terminology – that constitute it.

The fact that places that share a common pattern of events (for example, Piazza San Marco
in Venice and Piazza Mayor in Madrid), although different in form, all create the same
emotional pleasant experience, gave rise to the hypothesis, that beyond what appears
different, there is something else, common to them all.

Let’s take for example the pattern called Arcade – an archetype of a structure that relates to
the transition area between a building and the open space around it. Although the arcade in
the Hadera synagogue is different from the one in the Assisi cloister or the one in the Tel-
Aviv Senior Citizens Day Center, there is one superstructure common to them all, a
superstructure that defines the relationship between the building and its surroundings.
Since the environment consists of patterns that produce a
common experience, the relevant question was, what lies
behind the specific patterns that produce the same
comfortable feeling we all share in that environment. The
explanation was, that as in the various spoken languages
there is, according to Chomsky, a common structural
element he calls the language of languages or the
underlying patterns, an element that is innate in human
beings and therefore common to us all (which explains why
children can so easily learn a foreign language), so in the
physical space there are patterns that reflect an innate
pattern structured in our brain.

The The first step in the planning process is to determine the

Maimonides patterns of space that are relevant to the project. Some of
Central them will stem from the specific context of the project and
Sepharadi the cultural reality of the place, patterns that vary from place
Synagogue,
to place, and some from the more basic needs common to us
Hadera,
Nili Portugali, all as human beings wherever we are, as presented in The
design phase Pattern Language (Alexander, Ishikawa, Silverstein, 1977).
1988;
Senior Citizens Once I have decided on the list of patterns relevant to a
Day Center, specific project, a set of interrelations between them is
Tel-Aviv,
automatically created between them, organically defining
Nili Portugali,
completion date the scheme of the project. This scheme is than translated
1988; into a plan.
Cloister, Assisi

6
2. Planning on the Site Itself
A transformational Planning Process

The plan of the building that is finally created is actually a structure of balance between the
abstract pattern language chosen for the project and the living reality of the actual site, a
reality that differs from site to site.

The planning process proposed here is fundamentally different from the common planning
processes, a process introduced to me by Alexander while working with him on the site plan
of Shorashim Community Village in Israel, and adopted by me in all my actual work since
than.
Once I have set a list of patterns for the project, all planning decisions concerning the
physical structure of the project are taken
literally only on the site itself. Unlike the
common planning process, where planning
takes place in the office and then transferred to
the site, here the drawings are merely the
recording of planning decisions that have been
taken currently on the site itself.

The process of creation has to be inspired by

what is already there, and our task as artists or
architects is to discover, identify and revive
those visible and hidden forces.

The creative process which feeds on what is

apparently already there, is definitely not a
passive one. Unlike common planning process,
where everything is predetermined, this is a
process whereby the plan of the building
develops gradually from the interaction of the
abstract planning patterns and the
unpredictable developing situation on the site.

Planning
decisions taken
on the site,
materialize in
the building
itself.
Ir yamim
community
center, Netanya,
Israel,
Nili Portugali,
Design Phase
2004.

7
 In his book Zen in the Art of Archery (Herrigel, 1964) Eugene Herrigel describes the state
of mind in which the process of creation must take place, noting, “Drawing the bow and
loosing the shot happens independently of the Archer. The hands must open like the skin of
a ripe fruit. The Archer must let himself go, to the point that the only thing that is left of
him is a purposeless tension…. At this state of mind, being released from all attachments,
art should be practiced”.

The order according to which the planning decisions are taken on the site is determined by
the hierarchical order in which the planning patterns appear on my list governed by the rules
of the pattern language itself. Decisions are first made on issues that affect the larger scale
we have to confront at any given moment along the development of the plan, moving to
other decisions generating from them.
Moreover, the planning process is not conceived as an additive, but rather as a
differentiating one, where each new element of the plan is differentiated gradually from
previous ones.
Each decision taken on the site and marked on the ground actually changes the
configuration of the site as a whole. That new whole (configuration) that has been created
and can be fully visualized on the site forms the basis for the next decision. Since each stage
is based on the previous one, a wrong decision creates a faulty system that cannot serve as
a basis for the next decision.

The final "layout" that emerges on the site is measured and recorded by a surveyor. That
moment when all the markers suddenly become a whole, a visible plan, is a moment of
surprise and excitement.
Experience has taught me that decisions that sometimes appear irregular and strange on
paper often make sense in reality (where it comes from), and vice versa, a plan that appears
perfect on paper (where it was created) does not make sense on the site. So, if when looking
at the “stakes plan” doubts arise concerning one or more of the decisions taken on the site,
the correction is not made on paper in the office, but checked again on the site itself. The
final "stakes plan" forms the basis for the final plan.

The planning
decisions taken
and marked on
the site form the
basis for the final
plan.
A memorial site
for the fallen
intelligence
servicemen, Glilot
Tel-Aviv, Israel,
Nili Portugali,
Competition Entry
1982 Purchase
Prize.

8
CHOOSING THE COLORS FOR THE BUILDING

Choosing the colors for the building is one of the more difficult decisions in the design
process. The choice of colors has an overwhelming effect on the feeling of the building.
Colors have the power to give life and enhance the qualities inherent originally in a
building or to suppress them. The choice of color is made intuitively on the site when the
building is completed, when I can fully sense its mass as part of the overall environment. I
try to envision the colors (hues) that practically reveal themselves naturally from the
building. Only then do I experiment with applications of those colors in order to arrive at
the final tones.

As in the planning of the building, so at this stage of choosing the colors, the process is a
gradual one. First I determine the color of the walls – the big mass, and then deriving from
that, follows the decision about the colors of the window frames, the rails, the gates and all
the other details, to the smallest one, so as to complement, enhance and enlighten
previously chosen colors.

The color chosen

for the exterior
wall was the hue
of the golden
leaves that fall
outside the
building in the
autumn.

Ohel Shem
community and
school library,
Ramat-Gan,
Nili Portugali,
completion date
1996.

12
A DIALOGUE BETWEEN THE QUALITIES OF
TRADITION AND MODERN TECHNOLOGY

Modern technology available today should not be conceived as an aim or a value in itself,
but as a tool to create a human and friendly environment that will satisfy the basic needs
that are common to all of us as human beings. Despite the unlimited possibilities it opens
to us, that should be used in a controlled, value-oriented and moral way.

A Senior
Citizens Day
Center, Tel-Aviv,
Nili Portugali,
completion date
1988.

One of the immediate questions I am asked in reaction to the buildings I design is whether
it is a new design that tries to reconstruct an architectural language of the past.
My answer to that is that I do not attempt or aim to reconstruct the past or to nostalgically
trace this or that style. The similarity and the association created between the buildings I
design and those we know from the past, and the similar experience and feeling they create,
originate in my use of the same fundamental patterns and planning codes that guided in the
past and will be guide in the future in any culture and tradition, those who aspire to give a
building a spirit and soul, codes that have been brutally ignored (in general) by
contemporary architecture, and which I try to revive and implement in the buildings I
design, in relation to the physical and social context of the place I am working in.

the use of the pattern

‘Entrace Gate’:
A Senior Citizens Day
Center, Tel Aviv,
Nili Portugali,
completion date 1988;
Ben Avraham
Safad: a Residence,
traditional Zichron-Yaakov,
pattern of Nili Portugali,
‘Entrace Gate’ completion date 1990.

the use of the pattern

‘Entrance courtyard’:
Hibat-Zion
safad: a synagogue (model),
traditional Jerusalem, Nili
pattern of Portugali, completion
‘Entrace Courtyard’ date 1995.

13
MUSIC CENTER AND LIBRARY
Tel-Aviv, Israel
Completion Date 1997

A UNIQUE DIALOGUE BETWEEN A NEW BUILDING AND THE

HISTORICAL ENVIRONMENT

Preserving the spirit of a historical environment does The intention was to design the new center as an
not necessarily mean a fanatic repetition of its integral part of the square.
language. The Bialik district at the heart of Tel-Aviv,
with Bialik Square at its center, is a micro-document The key question I asked myself was, what is the right
of the architectural history of Tel-Aviv from the thing to do in order to preserve and enhance the spirit
1920’s, the "Eclectic period", when European of what still exists around there, which is so human
architecture was brought to Israel and integrated with and right.
the local oriental architecture, to the 1930’s and the Standing in the square I adopted none of the classical
new ‘International Style’ somewhat later. approaches. I aimed neither to reconstruct the past nor
to dissociate myself from it by enforcing a completely
The new Music Center and Library built at Bialik new order. I was looking for a language that at that
Square (1997) is located on the site of a three-story point in time in Bialik Square would create a
residential house built in 1931 and demolished in meaningful dialogue between a new, contemporary
1994. My commission was to design a new building building and the historical environment.
integrating a reconstructed part of the façade of the old
one.

My conception was that once you demolish a building main elevation

and reconstruct just one isolated architectural element towards the
of it, it would become a meaningless fragment, for it square
would no longer be an organic part of the whole, and reconstructed
thus would not serve the initial purpose of preserving part
the old. Thus, what I tried to do was to treat the
reconstructed part as an environmental element that
has to be naturally integrated with the newly designed
building, to form one coherent functional-visual
entity.

14
15
The Interrelation Between The
Building And The Square

The powerful presence of the building in the square

emanates from its being an integral part of it, and not
from the efforts to distinguish it from its environment.
This intimate and organic integration was created by
several basic means:
The dimensions of the building were in harmony with
the human scale of the square.
The façade of the building defines the boundaries of
the square, and therefore determines the feeling it
inspires. The orange paint of the building’s façade,
apparently expected to disturb the tranquility of the
square, was the element that complemented the blue
color of the sky and the green color of the trees to
create a harmony that inspired peace and serenity in The crown on top of the building provides a graduated
the square. link to the sky. Its shape was derived from the same
The cornices that jut out at the façade belong language that determined the pattern of the cement
morphologically both to the building and to the space tiles of the porch and the reliefs on the railing wall.
next to it, uniting them together. At the front, where the building touches the square, an
The dialogue between the building and the square entrance porch was designed for the orchestra to play
continues through the high windows behind which all to the audience sitting in the square, thus creating a
the indoor “public“ areas are located, as well as from physical and human connection between the building
the roof terrace overlooking the square. and the square.

The form of the

crown, the
railing wall
reliefs and the
cement tile, are
all echoes of one
pattern.

16
The interior of the building
Past the main lobby, at the entrance to the building, is
the auditorium, separated from it by a glass wall,
through which the back garden at the far end can be
seen.
At the side of the lobby there is a wide-open staircase,
which is an identified beautiful space by itself. It leads
to the upper floors, providing a view to all the floors
open to it.

The first floor houses the lending library with the

catalogues and librarian counter at the entrance. The
rear areas are reserved for the notes, scores and books,
with access to staff only.

The second floor accommodates the museum of

musical instruments and contemporary exhibitions
related to music. Further along, past glass partitions
are a study and periodicals room and an archive. a different form and color.
These three spaces make one visual continuum while At the same time, however, the Shakers did not
preserving the identity and uniqueness of each space. interpret the term “pure functionalism” in the narrow
sense of the word, as did the modernists, for whom the
The top floor houses the audiovisual library that expression “form follows function” was semantically
lends discs, videotapes, and records. Further along, connected only to the physical body of the building,
beyond the glass partition, is an audiovisual room with but in the broad sense that connects it both to the
a view of the sea. physical and spiritual experience in a building. This is
Extending from this floor, overlooking the square, is a the experience I want to create for the users of the
roof terrace that has also a view of the sea. buildings I design.

The secret enfolded in the beauty of a building (or of This concept is manifested, for example, in the
any artifact) as a whole lies in its spatial order and in following design details:
the nature of its details. The details like the furniture, The wall between the lobby and the auditorium, which
lighting accessories, materials and colors, are regarded normally would be solid, is a glass wall that allows a
as an inherent part of the building and therefore are view to the depth of the building immediately upon
inseparable part of my planning process. entrance.
The similarity in form between the details stems from The six steel columns that rise to the top of the
the common whole to which they belong. building are structural, but at the same time their
placement helps to define and distinguish the public
In modern society, beauty has become a term of abuse, areas of each floor.
often associated with inefficiency, impracticality, lack The capital of the column, a functional entity that both
of functionalism and high costs. That notion of beauty separates it from the beam and connects it to it, is
is true when it relates to details as decorative elements distinguished from other parts of the column by its
and ornamentation for its own sake. leave-like shape and its gold color.
The Shakers, a religious sect that created an The textured gold color of the walls in the public areas
abundance of useful furniture and utensils in the mid- is different from the color of other spaces.
eighteenth century, noted that the wholeness and The seams between the stone tiles and the carpets are
beauty of form are products of pure functionalism, and made of cherry wood, a third material that both joins
that there is no room for beautiful forms that do not and separates the two.
flow from a functional need. Take, for example the
gold leaves capital of the iron column, which connects The soft reflection of the light when it touches the
it to the beam. This part is functionally separate from gold, silver and redish colors in the space creates a
the other parts of the column and was therefore given unique feeling that envelops all parts of the building.

17
site and ground floor plan
1 auditorium
4 entrance porch
5 lobby
6 open staircase
7 cafe

The similarity in
form between the
ceiling, the glass
wall, the gallery
and the chair
stems from the
common whole
to which they
belong.

18
The iron
balustrades
provides a
melody,
enhancing the
feeling of the
staircase.

19
Catalogues area,
overlooking the
square.

first floor plan -

music lending
library
8 catalogues and
librarian counter
9 notes, scores,
books
10 administration
11 librarian’s
room

20
second floor plan
12 museum of
music
13 study and
periodicals room
14 archive
15 curator’s
room

21
third floor plan - audiovisual library
16 cataloges and All parts of the
librarian counter audiovisual
17 audiovisual library are
room visualy
18 discs connected, all
videotapes have a view to
records the roof terrace
19 librarians and the sea at
room the far distance.
20 roof
terrace

cross section
The square, the
building and the
backgarden form
one continous
whole.

22
23
RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOOD IN THE KIBBUTZ
Kibbutz Maagan Michael, Israel
Completion Date
Stage 1 2001
Stage 2 2004

STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN KIBBUTZ LIFE REQUIRE

A NEW CONCEPT OF HOUSING

From Quantitive Uniformity to a communal house where they were regarded as the
Qualitative Equality possession of the community as a whole. Wages,
previously based on the notion that every member
contributed according to his or her own ability, but
The social, economic and physical structure of the was supported according to his or her needs, have now
collective known as a ‘kibbutz’ was founded in Israel become differential, based on one’s contribution.
in the early 20th century.
Its uppermost value since its very beginning was Housing in the kibbutz is perhaps the last fortress of
equality, translated in most realms of community life the old and simplistic conception of equality, a
not as equality of opportunities, in its qualitative conception that now more than ever can change.
sense, but rather in its quantitative sense, as formal According to this conception, houses are regarded as
uniformity. This dogmatic equality obliterated the static models of predetermined uniform shape,
self-identity and uniqueness of the individual and saw arbitrarily positioned on the building site. All houses
him only as part of the collective. with no regard to any environmental factors such as
the direction of light or the angle open to the view on
In recent years, however, this old conception of any specific plot, resulted in having all identical plan
equality has been redefined in many respects. and elevations. Thus a tenant whose window happens
The social structure reverted back to the nuclear to face the orchard has the advantage on the one whose
family, with children raised at home, and no longer in window faces the cow shed.

24
This approach created a qualitative
inequality between the houses and
inequality of opportunities among the
tenants.
Moreover, the outcome of this
dogmatic approach was that houses
built in the desert environment of the
Negev or the hilly Galilean
environment were exactly the same.

The new model implemented by me in

the design of the new houses in
Kibbutz Maagan Michael was
fundamentally different. The planning
process I adopted was based on
patterns that were common to all the
houses, patterns that grew out both of
the social structure of the kibbutz and
the geographic location facing the sea.
When these common patterns were
used in different site conditions, a
variety of houses emerged, sharing one
architectural language.

Planning the
neighborhood on the site

Kibbutz Ma’agan is situated on a hill,

with the new neighborhood on the
western side that faces the sea.

Each planning decision, from the

positioning of the house on the site,
through the determination of the
direction of its entrance in relation to
the path, and unto the location of each
window, was taken on the site of each
plot.
First the position of each house in
relation to the others was determined,
so as to ensure that each one has an
open view to the water and can enjoy
the breeze coming from the sea.
To determine the level of each house so
that one could see the sea while sitting
on the terrace, I used a crane that lifted
me up to where I could see the sea. This
height was measured and the level of
the house was determined accordingly.

25
Site Plan
The position of
each house was
taken on the site
in relation to the
others, so to
ensure an open
view to the sea.

26
At the center of the neighborhood, a path was planned
connecting the promenade that runs along the water
and the path that runs from the communal dining hall
at the heart of the kibbutz to the neighborhood.
What dictated the course of the path was my wish to
see the water from every spot along the path.
The houses were arranged in small clusters, sharing a
communal open space. Unlike the traditional pattern
in the kibbutz, where all open spaces, called ‘the
lawn’, are communal and the buildings are dispersed
arbitrarily in between, here the secondary paths
running between the houses defined in a non- formal
way, with no fences, the “private” zone of each family.
This sense of “private territory” unexpectedly created
a new reality in which each family started to grow its garden and living areas.
own garden. This new pattern of behavior could not
have developed in the traditional model, where the In front of each house there is a bicycle rack (the only
common open spaces were planned as the property of means of transport allowed within the boundaries of
everyone, and therefore of no one. the kibbutz). Next to the entrance door a place for
muddy boots was allocated, a prominent symbol of the
At this stage the site plan was completed. The position kibbutz.
of each house in the neighborhood in relation to the
paths and its position in relation to the sea produced The walls are all whitewashed light blue,
different types of house plans. On plots where the complemented by regionally quarried sandstone
entrance from the path was in the same direction as the characterizing the construction details.
sea view, type A plans emerged. Here the entrance was
through the main garden to the living-dining area that The implementation of a conceptually new model in a
faced the view. very rigid social framework became possible now, as
On plots where the entrance was from the opposite a result of an overall change in the reality of the
direction of the sea view, type B plans developed, and kibbutz communities, a change that was inevitable in
the entrance was through the opposite side of the the twenty-first century.

House House
Type A Type B

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