AS3600 Lossese
AS3600 Lossese
AS3600 Lossese
200
599 2165 14.2 18.0
108 at 0
y dref = 300 0 k (398 at k)
0
508.1
750 x Mext,k = k
400 kNm
0.0 +1216 at 0
Pinit = 900 kN (+1143 at k)
+45.6 at 0
(+54.4 at k)
446 287
All dimensions in mm
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 5.22Initial and time-dependent strain and stress distributions. (a) Section.
(b)Strain (10 6). (c) Stress (MPa).
The results are plotted in Figure 5.22. It can be seen that the loss of prestress
in the tendon on this cross-section is only 73 MPa or only 6% of the initial
prestress. With relaxation losses at 2%, creep and shrinkage have resulted
in only 4% loss as the change in strain at the tendon level is relatively small
after cracking.
5.10.1Definitions
The losses of prestress that occur in a tendon are categorised as either imme-
diate losses or time-dependent losses and are illustrated in Figure5.23.
The immediate losses occur when the prestress is transferred to the
concrete and are the difference between the force imposed on the tendon
by the hydraulic prestressing jack P j and the force in the tendon imme-
diately after transfer at a particular point along its length P i and can be
expressed as:
Immediate Time-dependent
losses losses
Pj Pi Pe
Jacking Prestressing force Final or effecitve
force immediately after prestressing
transfer force
The time-dependent losses are the gradual losses of prestress that occur
with time over the life of the structure. If Pe is the force in the prestressing
tendon after all losses, then:
Both the immediate and time-dependent losses are made up of several com-
ponents. The immediate losses depend to some extent on the method and
equipment used to prestress the concrete and include losses due to elas-
tic shortening of concrete, draw-in at the prestressing anchorage, friction
in the jack and along the tendon, deformation of the forms for precast
members, deformation in the joints between elements of precast structures,
temperature changes that may occur during this period and the relaxation
of the tendon in a pretensioned member between the time of casting the
concrete and the time of transfer (particularly significant when the concrete
is cured at elevatedtemperatures prior to transfer).
Time-dependent losses are the gradual losses of prestress that occur with
time over the life of the structure. These include losses caused by the grad-
ual shortening of concrete at the steel level due to creep and shrinkage,
relaxation of the tendon after transfer and time-dependent deformation
that may occur within the joints in segmental construction.
scp,0 Dsp,0
ecp,0 = = De p,0 =
Ec,0 Ep
Design for serviceability 183
Ep
Dsp,0 = scp,0 (5.134)
Ec,0
n - 1 Ep P
Dsp = (5.135)
2n Ec,0 A
where n is the number of tendons and P/A is the average concrete com-
pressive stress. In post-tensioned members, the tendons are not bonded to
the concrete until grouting of the duct occurs some time after the stress-
ing sequence is completed. It is the shortening of the member between the
anchorage plates that leads to elastic shortening, and not the strain at the
steel level, as is the case for pretensioned members.
gradual reduction in prestress with the distance along the tendon (L pa) from
the jacking end. The coefficient of friction between the tendon and the duct
depends basically on the condition of the surfaces in contact, the profile of
the duct, the nature of the tendon and its preparation. The magnitude of the
friction loss depends on the tendon length L pa, the total angular change of
the tendon over that length, as well as the size and type of the duct contain-
ing the tendon. An estimation of the stress in tendon at any point a distance
L pa along the tendon from the jacking end may be made using [2]:
where:
pj is the stress in the tendon at the jacking end;
is the friction curvature coefficient that depends on the type of duct.
In the absence of more specific data, and when all tendons in contact
within the same duct are stressed simultaneously, AS3600-2009 [2]
suggests that for greased and wrapped coating on wire or strand =
0.15; for bright and zinc-coated metal sheathing = 0.150.2 and
for bright and zinc-coated flat ducts commonly used in slabs =
0.2. Higher values should be used if either the tendon or the duct
is rusted. For tendons showing a high but still acceptable amount
of rusting, the value of may increase by 20% for bright and zinc-
coated metal sheathing. If the wires or strand in contact in the one
duct are stressed separately, may be significantly greater than the
values given above and should be checked by tests. For external ten-
dons passing over machined cast-steel saddles, may increase mark-
edly for large movements of tendons across the saddles;
tot is the sum in radians of the absolute values of successive angular devia-
tions of the tendon over the length Lpa. Care should be taken during
construction to achieve the same cable profile as assumed in the design;
p is an estimate of the angular deviation (in radians/m) due to wobble
effects in the straight or curved parts of the tendon and depends on
the rigidity of the sheaths, on the spacing and fixing of their supports,
on the care taken in placing the prestressing tendons, on the clear-
ance of tendons in the duct, on the stiffness of the tendons and on the
precautions taken during concreting. In segmental construction, the
angular deviation per metre (p) may be greater in the event of mis-
matching of ducts and the designer should allow for this possibility.
The most important parameter affecting the rigidity of the sheaths is
their diameter dduct. AS3600-2009 [2] suggests the following:
For sheathing containing wires or strands:
p = 0.0240.016 rad/m when dduct 50mm
p = 0.0240.016 rad/m
p = 0.008 rad/m
EXAMPLE 5.9
Calculate the friction losses in the prestressing cable in the end-span of the
post-tensioned girder of Figure 5.24. For this cable, = 0.2 and p = 0.01.
At B : spa = spje -0.2( 0.105 + 0.019 ) = 0.962 spj (i.e. 3.8% losses )
At C : spa = spje -0.2( 0.210 + 0.0118 ) = 0.925spj (i.e. 7.5% losses )
At D : spa = spje -0.2( 0.315 + 0.0125) = 0.893spj (i.e. 10.7 % losses )
C D
A
B
9m 9m 7m
(Pdi)L (Pdi)x O
di 2
Draw-in line x
Ldi
Ep Ap D slip
Ldi = (5.138)
a
and the change of stress in the tendon due to shrinkage (ignoring the effects
of friction) would be constant along its length and equal to:
where cs is the shrinkage strain at the time under consideration and may be
estimated using the procedures outlined in Section 4.2.5.4.
In concrete structures, unrestrained contraction is unusual. Reinforcement
and bonded tendons embedded in the concrete provide restraint to shrinkage
and reduce the shortening of the member. This, in turn, reduces the loss of
prestress in any tendon within the member. If the reinforcement and bonded
tendons are symmetrically placed on a cross-section so that the resultant
restraining force is axial, the change in strain in a bonded tendon due to shrink-
age and the corresponding change of stress in the tendon may be expressed as:
ecs
De p.cs = (5.141)
1 + ne p
and
Epecs
Dsp.cs = (5.142)
1 + ne p
where p = As/Ag, As is the total area of bonded steel (reinforcement plus
tendons); Ag is the gross area of the cross section; ne = Es /Ee,k is the age-
adjusted effective modular ratio; and Ee,k is the age-adjusted effective modulus
of concrete given by Equation 5.55.
Where the centroid of the bonded steel is at an eccentricity es below the
centroidal axis of a rectangular concrete cross-section, the change of strain
at the centroid of the bonded steel is approximated by Equation 5.143 and
the corresponding change of stress in a tendon at this location is given by
Equation 5.144:
ecs
De p.cs = (5.143)
e
2
1 + ne p 1 + 12 s
D
and
Epecs
Dsp.cs = (5.144)
es
2
1 + ne p 1 + 12
D
where D is the cross-section depth measured perpendicular to the centroi-
dal axis.
190 Design of Prestressed Concrete to AS3600-2009
and
in the tendon decreases with time at a faster rate than would occur due to
relaxation alone. Since the steel strain is reducing with time due to con-
crete creep and shrinkage, the relaxation losses are reduced from those that
would occur in a constant strain relaxation test. With the design relaxation
R determined from Equation 4.30, the percentage loss of prestress due to
relaxation may be calculated from a detailed time analysis such as described
in Section 5.7. In the absence of such an analysis, AS3600-2009 [2] permits
the change of stress in the tendon due to relaxation to be approximated by:
Dsp.cs + Dsp.cc
Dsp.rel = -R 1 - sp.0 (5.148)
sp.0
where p.cs and p.cc are the changes in stress in the tendon caused by
shrinkage and creep, respectively, and are usually compressive; p.0 is the
tendon stress just after transfer under the sustained service loads andthe
design relaxation R is expressed as a decimal (not as a percentage). Theabso-
lute values of p.cs and p.cc are used in Equation 5.148, to convert the
negative changes of stress into positive losses.
EXAMPLE 5.10
For the post-tensioned concrete cross-section and material properties
shown in Figure 5.26, the immediate strain and stress distributions at 0 when
subjected to prestress and an external bending moment of Mext,0 = 100 kNm
were calculated in Example 5.3 and, with the external moment remaining
constant in time, the long-term strain and stress distributions at k were
calculated in Example 5.5 accounting for the effects of creep and shrinkage
cc = cc(k, 0) = 2.5
Ap = 986 mm2
cs(k) = 600 106
As(2) = 1800 mm2
relaxation loss R = 4%
60 Section
of the concrete and relaxation of the tendon. The immediate and long-term
strain and stress distributions were shown in Figure 5.14, where we saw that
the stress in the tendon decreased from 1369 MPa at 0 to 1100 MPa at k.
Determine the time-dependent losses of prestress in the tendon using
the approximate procedures specified in AS3600-2009 [2] and discussed in
Section 5.10.3.
Shrinkage loss:
In this example, the gross area of the section is A g = b D = 240,000mm2 . The
total area of bonded steel is As = A s(1) + A s(2) + A p = 3686mm2 and its centroid
is es = 136.5mm below the centroidal axis of the gross section. The steel area
to gross area ratio is p = A s/A g =0.0154, and from Equation 5.144:
= -88.1MPa
The calculated stress determined using the time analysis of Section 5.7.3
caused by restrained shrinkage in an initially unloaded tendon in an initially
unloaded cross-section is 86.4 MPa, and this is in close agreement with the
approximation of Equation 5.144.
Creep loss:
A conservative approximation of the concrete stress at the tendon level
based on gross section properties is:
2
-Pi Py M y
sc0.p = - i p - ext,0 p
Ag Ig Ig
and, with Ag = 300 800 = 240 103 mm2 and Ig = 300 8003/12 = 12,800
106 mm4, we have:
-1350 103 1, 350 103 ( -200)2 100 106 ( -200)
sc0.p = - -
240 103 12, 800 106 12, 800 106
= - 8.28 MPa
and this value of c0.p is used in Equation 5.147 to approximate the loss of
stress in the tendon due to creep:
Dsp.cc = 0.8Epjcc ( sc0.p /Ec.0 ) = 0.8 200, 000 2.5 ( -8.28)/30, 000
= -110.4 MPa
Design for serviceability 193
Using the time analysis of Section 5.7.3, the loss of stress in the tendon due to
creep is equal to 130.2 MPa and, for this cross-section with a relatively small
sustained moment, the approximation of Equation 5.147 is in fact unconservative.
Relaxation loss:
With the stress in the tendon immediately after transfer p.0 = Pi/A p = 1369
MPa, the loss of stress in the tendon due to relaxation is obtained from
Equation 5.148:
Dsp.cs + Dsp.cc
Dsp.rel = -R 1 - sp.0
sp.0
-88.1 - 110.4
= -0.04 1 - 1369 = -46.8 MPa
1369
Using the time analysis of Section 5.7.3, the loss of stress in the tendon due to
relaxation is equal to 52.6 MPa and, for this cross-section, the approxima-
tion of Equation 5.148 is slightly unconservative.
5.11.1General
If the axial strain and curvature are known at regular intervals along a
member, it is a relatively simple task to determine the deformation of that
member. Consider the statically determinate member AB of span L sub-
jected to the axial and transverse loads shown in Figure 5.27a. The axial
deformation of the member eAB (either elongation or shortening) is obtained
by integrating the axial strain at the centroid of the member a(z) over the
length of the member, as shown:
L
eAB = ea (z) dz (5.149)
0