WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS Lijia Ren, Xiuchen Jiang, Gehao Sheng and Wu Bo

Design and calculation method for Dynamic Increasing Transmission

Line Capacity
LIJIA REN, XIUCHEN JIANG, GEHAO SHENG, WU BO
Department of Electric Engineering
Shanghai Jiaotong University
Shanghai 200240
CHINA
[email protected] http://www.sjtu.edu.cn

Abstract: - The Dynamic Line Rating (DLR) system is designed to improve the transmission capacity of
overhead lines, which decreases or delays to re-build transmission lines. The system is composed of sampling
terminals installed on dead-end configuration of a line and one control instrument equipped in dispatch center.
The data between the sampling terminals and the control instrument is transmitted through GPRS/GSM.
Through Ethernet, the control instrument exchanges data with SCADA interface in order to integrate DLR and
SCADA system. A solar Photovoltaic (PV) power supply system based on Perturb & Observe MPPT
techniques was designed and successfully applied to outdoor on-line monitoring DLR system. The paper
analyzed mechanical actions for overhead line concerned wind speeds and wind direction in a deflection plane.
The force balance for overhead line in wind was analyzed in detail, which deduces the mechanical model to
calculate sags from the measured tension. Overhead lines state equation was corrected used the relation of
temperature and sags, and deduced the ultimately lines temperature. Analyzed the advantages and drawbacks
of some mathematical model used to calculate transmission capacity. In order that the DLR system received the
optimum dynamic capacity curve, combined the WM and TS model. The result shows that the DLR system is
effective in increasing line capacity without violating the legal ground clearance, monitoring the on-line
parameters of transmission lines, and insuring the safe ground clearances of transmission line at all times.

Key-Words: - Dynamic Line Rating (DLR); Transmission line; Transmission capacity; Data acquisition
terminal; Photovoltaic Power Supply, MPPT, Conductor sag; Conductor tension

1 Introduction transmission capability of power grid is still

The current ratings are based on the assumption prominently insufficient. Thermal capacity of
that it is the worst combination of weather transmission lines has been limited to a fixed (static)
conditions which maintain the safe ground rate in case of the overheating problem when line
clearances of transmission line at all times. In fact load increases. But the operating experience shows
the probability of co-incidence of the worst weather that the limit value conservatively permits safe
conditions is exceedingly small. In view of the risk operation only under worst weather conditions (such
of degradation of the material properties and of as windless under high temperature). So it makes
possible problems with grease leaking out of ACSR real time rating system possible using the real-time
conductors and with sagging conductors [1], the monitor of weather conditions and a complete series
margin conditions of conductor capacity including of line parameters.
maximum permissible conductor temperature have Table 1 Margin conditions of conductor capacity in
several countries
been fixed for copper and for ACSR conductors in
some countries (shown in table 1). The maximum
permissible conductor temperature has been fixed at
900C for ACSR conductors in USA and Japan. It is
fixed at 700C for ACSR conductors in China yet.
It is clear that the full utilization of the cooling of
the ambient environment will allow higher circuit
loading for short lines [2]. With the rapid economic
growth, the electric power demand is urgent need,
especially in China. Although the steps of power
source construction speed up in recent years, the

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The term dynamic rating refers to the utilization instrument calculates line ratings, returns these
of real time information to develop accurate ratings results to the database of SCADA system, and
of components. In the case of overhead transmission displays the results on the operator screen.
lines, the key elements in the development of a Governing the line rating limits are the following
dynamic thermal rating are the conductor three major limitations which insure the overhead
composition and construction, its temperature, the transmission line operate safely:
ambient temperature, the wind speed, and its 1. Maintain adequate ground clearance. The
direction. The dynamic thermal rating of an system should provide operators advance warning of
overhead conductor may be defined as the steady impending clearance violations, and insure the
load that produces the maximum conductor potentially minimum clearances to ground for safety
operating temperature, computed on an reasons even under worst case conditions.
instantaneous basis for actual loading and weather 2. Limit the maximum allowable conductor
conditions [2]. temperature. The maximum allowable conductor
Reference [3] indicates that the Short Term temperature is normally selected so as to limit either
Emergency (STE) rating is a transient dynamic conductor loss of strength due to the annealing of
rating that considers the heat capacity of the aluminum or to maintain adequate ground clearance.
conductor and the rise from the existing temperature 3. Limit the allowable temperature of conductor
to the limiting temperature. The maximum junction. When lines are heavily loaded, the
conductor temperatures for each rating are specified temperature of conductor junction is normally
by the user. They are usually established by either higher than that of conductor. In addition the
the vertical ground clearance requirements (sag) or matched hardware fittings should meet the request
the annealing characteristic of the conductor. The of safe operation under the heavily loaded
Lines rating is taken as the lowest rating of all conditions.
points considered.
The dynamic line rating (DLR) system designed
in this paper can evaluate transmission capacity
dynamically through measuring the real weather
condition and monitoring the on-line parameters of
over head lines. The technology using the existing
transmission lines and relative devices increase line
capacity without violating the legal ground
clearance, and avoid unnecessary contingency
accident. So taking the method at the lowest cost
can delay to upgrade transmission line or to
construct more lines, and save the limited soil
resource.
Fig.1 Structure of the system

2 Design of DLR system 2.2 Hardware and software design

2.1 Structure of the system The DLR system can achieve dynamical
The DLR system is composed of data acquisition evaluation of the transmission capacity by
terminals installed on dead-end configuration of a measuring the actual weather condition related to
line and one control instrument equipped in dispatch line rating such as the wind speed, wind direction,
center. The data between the data acquisition ambient temperature and radiation temperature, and
terminals and the control instrument is transmitted monitoring the real-time conductor tension, using
through GPRS/GSM (Fig. 1). this terminal based on MCU C8051F040.
Through Ethernet, the control instrument The data acquisition terminal system based on
exchanges data with SCADA in order to integrate MCU C8051F040 is designed to process the data by
DLR and SCADA system. When the system operate sampling, amplifying, filtering, processing, sending,
normally, the control instrument receives real-time and storing. The hardware diagram of data
conductor tension, weather information and physics acquisition system is shown in Fig.2. Main function
state of transmission lines from the data acquisition modules involve the microprocessor, the data
terminals, and obtains load current from SCADA acquisition, the data FLASH storage, the data
system., then calculates conductor temperature and wireless GPRS/GSM transmission, the real-time
sags of line. Combining these data, the control clock system and the communication with the power

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management system module, and so on. techniques, the software is highly modulized and
Furthermore, the EMC (Electro Magnetic decouplized, which is very beneficial to
Compatibility) anti-interference of high voltage is redeveloping and transplantation.
solved by improving the software and hardware
which are used in the system. The equipment has
already past the related EMC tests. The power
frequency magnetic field immunity test is shown in
Fig. 3. The EMC test shows the good disturb resist
ability of the DLR system. At present the DLR
system has finished the test run phase, and has been
put into operation in transmission lines in
Guangzhou. The results of test run indicate that the
performance of the system is in good condition,
which meets the design requests.

I2C
Fig.4 Application user-case diagram of DLR system

2.3 Design of Solar photovoltaic power

supply system with multi-battery
2.3.1 PV model
Photovoltaic (PV) sources have the advantage of
I2C
being maintenance and pollution-free. They are used
today in many applications [5][6]. The conversion
of solar energy into electric energy is performed by
means of photovoltaic generators which supply
electric current in the first quadrant of the current-
voltage plane, particularly, in the voltage region
located within the [0, Voc] interval [7]. Fig.5 shows
Fig.2 Hardware diagram of data acquisition system current-voltage and power-voltage characteristics of
the photovoltaic array. PV array under uniform
irradiance exhibits a current-voltage characteristic
with a unique point Pm, called the maximum power
point (MPP), where the array produces maximum
output power [7]. The voltage power characteristic
of photovoltaic array is not linear because of the
variation which caused by a solar intensity and a
temperature, and we cannot adopt the liner control
theory easily to obtain the maximum power of the
photovoltaic array [8].

Fig. 3 field test picture of power frequency magnetic

field immunity test
Emphasis of Software part is to build the monitor
management and data analysis system. In the
building process, we first used user-case based
techniques to analyze demands and capture concern,
which is shown in Fig.4. Then add-in framework of
SharpDevelop [4] is transplanted, based on which
the module division is finally decided. Realizing of
the modules while keeping them separate is difficult. Fig.5 Current-voltage and power-voltage
We accomplished that via a newly developed .NET characteristics of the photovoltaic array
based aspect orient programming. Applying these

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Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) Where q is electronic charge; k is Boltzmanns

techniques are used in PV systems to maximize the constant; is solar irradiation in W/m; ISCR is short-
PV array output power by tracking continuously the circuit current at 25 and 1000 W/m2; Rs is series
maximum power point (MPP) which depends on resistance, which represents the resistance between
panels temperature and on irradiance conditions the cells; Rsh is shunt resistances; IL is the light
[9][10]. induced current; A=B=1.92, is the diode ideality
Among the various techniques proposed, the factor; Io is the diode saturation current and V is the
Perturb & Observe maximum power point tracking thermal voltage. The PV array current I is a
algorithm is the most commonly used method, due nonlinear function of the PV array voltage V, of the
to its ease of implementation. It is based on the irradiance level S and of the temperature T [11].
following criterion [11]: if the operating voltage of RS
the PV array is perturbed in a given direction and if
the power drawn from the PV array increases, this
means that the operating point has moved toward Cj RSh
the MPP and, therefore, the operating voltage must
be further perturbed in the same direction.
Otherwise, if the power drawn from the PV array
decreases, the operating point has moved away from Fig.6 Equivalent circuit of photovoltaic array
the MPP and, therefore, the direction of the The temperature changes affect mainly the PV
operating voltage perturbation must be reversed. output voltage, while the irradiation changes affect
We suppose that the system is working at steady- mainly the PV output current. The intersection of
state [11], under constant and uniform irradiance the load-line with the PV module I-V characteristic,
level, and that the MPP has been reached. If the for a given temperature and irradiation, determines
operating point of the PV array lies in a sufficiently the operating point. The maximum power
narrow interval around the MPP, the power drawn production is based on the load-line adjustment
by the PV array can be expressed as: under varying atmospheric conditions [12].
2
vPV (t )
P (t ) (1) 2.3.2 Solar photovoltaic power supply system
RMPP The battery management system (shown in Fig.7)
Where RMPP=VMPP/IMPP. VMPP and IMPP are the PV is a solar photovoltaic power supply system for
array MPP voltage and current, respectively. DLR on-line monitoring system. It includes the
The PV array power is the maximum when the capacity selection for PV array, rechargeable battery
adapted load resistance R equals the absolute value pack, maximum power point tracking for PV array,
RMPP of the differential resistance of the PV array at charge and discharge method for battery pack.
the MPP. In order to identify the minimum value to Under different temperature and light intensity,
assign to Ta, the behavior of the system forced by a MPPT strategy can always obtain the highest
small duty-cycle step perturbation must be analyzed. possible power from PV array, which ensures the
In fact, in order to allow the MPPT algorithm to charge efficiency of battery pack. The charge and
make a correct interpretation of the effect of a duty- discharge method effectively extend the life of
cycle step perturbation on the corresponding steady- battery pack. Designed and realized the I2C line
state variation of the array output power p, it is agreement which was used to communicate between
necessary that the time between two consecutive the CPU of the power supply system and the CPU of
samplings is long enough to allow p to reach its the data acquisition system. The capacity of PV
steady state value. array and battery was selected according to the need
The equivalent circuit of a PV array is shown in of the power consumption of devices and the
Fig.6. The relation between the array terminal weather condition.
current and voltage is the following: In this DLR power supply system, choose
q (V + IRS ) V + IRS parameters as follows: short circuit current
I = I L I o exp 1 R (2) Isc=0.92A, open-circuit voltage Voc=22V, the
AkT sh current at MPP Im=0.83A, the voltage at MPP
Where Vm=18V, the MPP Pm=15W.
T qE 1 1 Fig.8 shows the experimental result of the output
I o = I or [ ]3 exp[ GO ( ) voltage of PV power supply system under the
Tr Bk Tr T
condition that the solar cell array is in the sun.
I LG = [ I SCR + K I (T 25)] /100 Operational results show that the PV power supply

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system has the characteristic of high stability and R d = R 2 0 [1 + 20 (T c 2 0 ) ]

high efficiency.
The steady-state thermal line rating equation of
the conductor is shown:
Qc + Qr QS 12
I =[ ] (6)
R(TC )
3.1.1 Convection heat loss
Line capacity is most affected by the wind
(cooling effects) and load (heating effects) on the
line. The convective heat loss, Qc, is a function of
wind speed, direction and conductor temperature
rise above air temperature.
Fig.7 Diagram of battery with grouping management Wind is more important than all the other factors
which affect conductor capacity [15]. Wind speed
increases, which will enhance the convective heat
loss, and increase the line capacity finally.
With zero wind speed, natural convection occurs,
where the rate of heat loss is as shown in Equation
(7).
Qc 0 = 0.0205 0.5
f D
0.75
(Tc Ta )1.25 (7)
It has been argued that at low wind speeds, the
Fig.8 Experimental result of PV power supply
convection cooling rate should be calculated by
system. (a) Output voltage without MPPT; (b) Output
voltage with the proposed MPPT method. using a vector sum of the wind speed and a
natural wind speed, see Morgan equation.
However, it is recommended that only the larger of
the forced and natural convection heat loss rates be
3 Principles of DLR system used at low wind speeds instead of their vector sum
Conclusion as this is conservative.
3.1 Rating calculation When it is at low winds and at high winds,
The dynamic thermal rating of an overhead line Forced convection heat loss rate is shown as follows:
conductor is described by heat balance equation D f Vw
0.52
[13]-[16]. The relation is shown below in equation Qc1 = 1.01 + 0.0372 k f


(3).
f (8)
I2*R(Tc)+Qs=MCpdTc/dt+Qc+Qr (3)
During steady-state conditions, the equation is: (Tc Ta ) kangle
I2*R(Tc)+Qs=Qc+Qr (4) 0.6
Where Qc is the convective loss,(W/m2); Qr is the D f Vw
radiated heat loss, (W/m2); Qs is the solar heat , (W/ Qc 2 = 0.0119 K f (Tc Ta )k angle (9)

m2);M is the mass of the conductor ,(kg/m); Cp is f
Where f is air density, (kg/m3), f is air viscosity,
the specific heat of conductor, (J/(kg)); Tc is
(kg/ms); kf is coefficient of thermal conductivity of
conductor temperature,(); R(Tc) is the ac air, (w/m); D is conductor diameter.
resistance of conductor,(ohm/m).
1.458 106 (T film + 273)1.5
The electrical resistance of bare stranded f =
conductor varies with frequency, average current T film + 383.4
density, and temperature. A simple method to
calculate resistance at Tc is as shown in Equation K f = 0.02424 + 7.4767 105 T film
(5). 4.4071109 T 2 film
R (Tc ) = (1 + k ) Rd (5)
1.293 1.525 104 H e + 6.397 109 H e 2
Where Rd is AC resistance at Tc; R20 is AC f =
resistance at 20; 20 is temperature coefficient of 1 + 0.00367 T film
resistance; k is coefficient of skin effect. T film = (Tc + Ta ) / 2

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Equation (8) applies at low winds but is too low conventional assumption of perpendicular wind
at high speeds. Equation (9) applies at high wind flow is not conservative.
speeds, being too low at low wind speeds. At any
wind speed, the larger of the two calculated 3.1.2 Radiated heat loss
convection heat losses is used. The convective The radiated heat loss, Qr, is a function of
cooling term is multiplied by the wind direction conductor temperature rise above air temperature,
factor, Kangle, where is the angle between the wind and conductor characteristic, such as emissivity,
direction and the conductor axis: inner structure and diameter, etc. It is calculated by
K angle = 1.194 cos( ) + 0.194 cos(2 ) + Equation (10).
(10) Tc + 273 4 Tc + 273 4
0.368sin(2 ) Qr = D [( ) ( ) ] (12)
100 100
Qc = Maximum(Qc 0 , Qc1 , Qc 2 ) (11) Emissivity and absorptivity increase from
For a given wind speed, winds blowing parallel about 0.2 to about 0.9 with age. The exact rate of
result in a 60% lower convective heat loss than increase depends on the level of atmospheric
winds blowing perpendicular to the conductor. pollution and the lines operating voltage. is
Effects of wind turbulence and conductor generally higher than over the life of the conductor.
stranding appear to be of minor importance in Both values increase with age and atmospheric
thermal rating or conductor temperature pollution. Values of 0.5 for both absorptivity and
calculations. Evaporative cooling is a major factor,
emissivity, or 0.9 for absorptivity and 0.7 for
but it occurs sporadically along transmission lines.
emissivity, have been used when the actual
Both are neglected in this standard.
Reference [16] indicates proposed that a primary conductor surface condition is unknown [16].
concern or caution must involve the choice of wind
speed and direction, because the wind is normally 3.1.3 Solar heat gain
assumed to be perpendicular to the conductor axis The solar heat, Qs, being absorbed by the
for rating calculations. Several cautions are included conductor is a function of the conductor
with regard to the proper choice of weather absorptivity, line latitude and evaluation above sea
conditions for thermal line rating calculations with level, and the relative solar angles of the conductor.
bare overhead conductors. A simple method for the calculation of solar heat
(1) There is considerable evidence from field gain is provided by Equation (10) and (11).
measurement that still air conditions can exist over Q s = q s sin( ) A' (13)
limited lengths of line for periods of up to several Where is effective angle of incidence of the suns
hours particularly near sunset and sunrise. During rays; Hc is altitude of sun; Zc is azimuth of sun; Zl is
periods of still air, convective cooling of the azimuth of line.
conductor is limited to natural convection, which is
equivalent to forced convection at a wind speed of = cos 1[cos( H c ) cos( Z c Z l )]
0.2 m/s. The most conservative results are obtained by
(2) Measurements of wind speeds at a single assuming an angle of incidence of 90, which will
location will always indicate higher average and give the lowest value of ampacity and will be
minimum wind speeds than simultaneous appropriate for many purposes.
measurements of wind speed at multiple locations Solar heat input to a bare overhead conductor can
along a transmission line. Thus indications of wind cause a conductor temperature rise above air
speed from measurements at a single location are temperature of up to 15 C in still air. However,
usually a poor basis for line ratings since it is likely more typically, periods of maximum solar heat input
that wind conditions are less favorable at another are associated with significant wind activity and the
location along the line. actual temperature rise measured for bare
(3) Convective cooling of a bare overhead conductors in overhead transmission lines seldom
conductor is dependent on both the wind speed and exceeds 5 C to 10 C [15].
wind direction. A perpendicular wind speed of 0.6
m/s even could yield the same convective cooling as
a wind of 1.3 m/s at an angle of 22.5. Thus, when
3.2 Mechanical analysis of transmission lines
choosing an appropriately conservative wind speed and sag calculation
for thermal rating calculations, both the angle and Overhead transmission lines operate at high
the wind speed should be considered. The voltages, so they must meet certain legal ground
clearances at all times to insure safe operation. Sag

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is an important design and operation parameter of a the conductor. So it is approximately considered that
transmission line. The tension of line determines the the pressure perpendicular to the conductor is well-
sag at all times. The tension monitors were installed distributed along the inclined span, and defined as
between dead-end insulators and the dead-end h. And the composition of force ' = v 2 + h 2 ,
structure. Transmission line spans are catenary
curves. Given the tension, the sag in a dead-end where v is the weight of conductor.
span may be calculated using a conventional
catenary equation with little error.
The ruling span and the ruling difference angel
are used in the convective spans. The ruling span
formula is based on the fundamental assumption
that the attachments of the conductor to suspension
structures between dead-end structures are flexible
enough to allow for longitudinal movement to
equalize the tensions in adjacent spans to the ruling
span tension [17][18]. The ruling span length RS is:
n n
RS = ( l i cos i ) /( l i / cos i ) (14)
3

1 1

Where i is the number of spans; li is Span length;

i is the angle of inclination, i =tg-1(hi /li); hi is the
difference in height between two terminal point of
one span.
The ruling difference angel of the convective Fig.10 Force balance for overhead line in wind
spans is: When line deflects initial position because of the

cos = ( li / cos i ) /( li / cos 2 i ) (15) action of wind, it must be situated in the inclined
plane ABC'D'E' which composition of forces is in.
The wind varies with space and with time, and is The line located in vertical plane ABCDE without
not unpredictable. Even though wind blew wind. When line is blown by wind, one point of line
perpendicular to the conductor, the conductor would C located in vertical plane act along with wind and
deflect the initial position, which came into being an move to C', until the torque relative to the axis AB
lessen to zero. So the angle of line deflection is
angle between the wind direction and the conductor
axis (Fig.9). Because of the sags, the angles are
defined as the angle between the composition of
different along the line, and the wind pressures
forces and the vertical line, which is calculate using
perpendicular to the conductor are also different,
the following equation.
which complicate the calculation.
h
sin = , cos = ' , tan = h (16)
'

ss ure
pre According to the geometrical Fig.3, the
nd
Wind direction wi relationship of the parameters in line deflection
900 plane to the parameters in vertical plane can be
Conductor

calculated.
l ' = l 1 + ( tan sin )
2

0' = 0 1 + ( tan sin )

2
Fig.9 Deflection of conductor blowing by wind
The ratios of sag to span length and line length
cos ' = cos 1 + ( tan sin )
2
to inclined span length lAB (Fig.10) which is the
distance between two adjacent points of conductor
are very small for overhead transmission line [17]. It h' = h cos
is on the assumption that the angle between wind The forces of suspension A and suspension B in
direction and the conductor axis is constant in the deflection plane is calculate using the following
same span. The value of is equal to that of the equation.
angle between wind direction and the inclined span ' l ' 0' h' cos '
lAB, i.e. neglect the action what sags and line A =
'
(17)
deflection influence and pressure perpendicular to
cos ' 2 'l '

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' l ' 0' h' cos '

n

B
'
= + (18) l / cos l cos (1+ tg sin )
i
2
i 3 2 2

cos ' 2 'l ' l' =1 i i i

l / cos
i l / cos
i i i
' A2 + 0' 2 = A' 2 (19)
1 l cos (1+ tg sin )
3 2 2

=
i i i
The measured tension TA = A' * S cos l / cos i i
(25)
Where S is cross sectional area (m2) of conductor.
So the horizontal force in the deflection plane is:
3.4 Thermal model for rating calculation
T
'0 = ( A ) 2 '2 A (20) Three models to dynamic rating have been
S proposed in recent years: WM (weather-base model),
The sag of any point C' can be monitored: CTM(conductor temperature model), and
' x(l x) TS(tension-sag model ). WM and CTM are
fx ' = (21)
2 0 cos i traditional models to rate capacity of conductor, as
per [3][20].
When the suspension point in height is equal, i.e.
(1)WM(weather-based model)
the angle of inclination is zero, the horizontal
The weather-based method calculate the capacity
forces in deflection plane is equal to that in vertical
of conductor from conductor current and weather
plane. In this occasion the calculation would be
parameters based on IEEE 738-93 standard. These
simplified greatly. Maximum sag in the midpoint of
weather parameters data may be obtained from local
the span is:
weather station at relatively low cost. Besides, the
'l '2
f M' = (22) data for the latitude and elevation of conductor
8 0' cos ' above sea level, and atmosphere index is necessary.
The sags of the spans can be calculated: The system depends on software mainly and does
not require installing additional transmission line
li 2 cos
Di = ( ) D (23) hardware and conductor temperature sensors. The
RS cos i disadvantage of it is susceptible to error resulting
from variation of the terrain and forecasting of
3.3 Conductor temperature calculation weather patterns.
Conductor temperature can be calculated using by (2)CTM(conductor temperature model)
state equation of overhead transmission line. The This method based direct temperature
horizontal forces could be calculated from tensions measurement measures the surface temperature of
value under certain conditions. conductor on different spans [3], which is described
l'2 gn '2 E 3
2
l 2 gm E 3 in equation (13). The condition is limited at low
n cos = m cos wind speeds, and the load current is high enough to
24 n 24 m (24)
2 2
measure the temperature accurately.
E(tn tm ) cos M C p dTc / dt + Dh(Tc Ta ) + Qr = I 2 R (Tc ) + Qs (13)
Where tn and tmare temperatures of conditions n Where h(t) is connective heat transfer coefficient.
and m respectively; nand m are horizontal forces The primary drawback of the CTM approach is
of the conductor under conditions n and m; E is that under low current load conditions the conductor
elastic coefficient of the conductor, (N/mm2 ); is temperature error becomes increasingly significant.
temperature coefficient of the conductor, (-1). (3) TS(tension-sag model )
When conductor temperature, load, weather, heat
The ruling span l of consecutive spans in wind dissipation and aging varied, the sags of
conditions is calculated using equation (12). transmission line would correspond to vary, which
Some of experience verified the relationship of result variation of conductor tension. The method
the sag to the temperature of a homogenous based tension monitors rates the conductors using
conductor is almost linear [19]. It can correct the above relationship.
values which equation calculated. The relationship between conductor temperature
and sag in a dead-end section could be established
when the locations and characteristic of conductor
were known. The tension based method installs
tension monitors between the dead-end insulators,
calculate the average temperature of sections, and
rate the conductors.

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TS model is a relatively new model to calculate 1.Load of a transmission line;2. Static rating; 3. Rating
line capacity. In order to make sure the model to calculated by TS model; 4. Rating calculated by TS
function accurately, the load must produce 5 degrees model; 5. Real time rating.
temperature rise. The accuracy increases when the
conductor temperature rises [21].
WM and CTM are traditional models to rate 5 Conclusion
capacity of conductor. The major difference The DLR system that can evaluate transmission
between them is the calculation of heat transfer capacity dynamically through measuring the real-
coefficient h(t). WM calculate the coefficient from time conductor tension and weather information is
air temperature, wind speed and direction. So it is designed in the paper. DLR technology increase line
more accurate when wind speeds are high. capacity dynamically without violating the legal
In the case of CTM, the heat transfer coefficient ground clearance, and monitor the on-line
is obtained directly from the measured temperature parameters of transmission lines, which avoid
and conductor current. The CTM method lacks unnecessary contingency accident and insure safe
accuracy when the conductor is not heavily loaded operation.
or the conductor temperature rise over ambient is Perturb & Observe MPPT techniques are used in
small under the high cooling conditions. A photovoltaic systems to maximize the PV array
conclusion derived from reference [19] stated when output power by tracking continuously the MPP.
the conductor temperature rises over ambient is less Battery grouping and the charge and discharge
than 10 degrees, the WM ratings are consistently strategy, as an innovation in the design of the power
more accurate than the CTM ratings. supply system, were proposed and realized. The
Combined above statement, the system select TS operation results show that perturb & observe
model when the line is sufficiently loaded to rate the methods excellently realize the MPPT, improve the
conductors, otherwise the WM model is selected. charging efficiency of the PV array, battery
grouping and the charge and discharge management
extend the life of battery pack.
4 Test and analysis The force balance for overhead line in wind
Fig.11 shows the calculated rating of a line in was analyzed in detail, which deduces the
typical 24 hour. The curve 1 is a daily load curve. mechanical model to calculate sags from the
The straight line is calculated static rating. From measured tension. The system can monitor the
Fig.6, the TS based rating is even below the static sags of each spans and the average temperature
rating and cannot function when the line load is so
of conductor, which insure the safe ground
low at night. WM is more accurate and applied to
rate the capacity of the line when conductor clearances at all times.
temperature rise over ambient is small. The system This paper compared the advantages and
select TS based rating when the line is sufficiently drawbacks of the mathematic models used to
loaded to rate transmission line, otherwise the WM calculate transmission capacity, and combined the
based model is selected. The result demonstrates WM and TS model in the paper. The force balance
that the real-time rating is relative stable, and it for overhead line in wind was analyzed in detail,
could be as much as 150 percent more than the which deduces the mechanical model to calculate
normal rating. sags from the measured tension. The system can
monitor the sags of each spans and the average
temperature of conductor, which insure the safe
ground clearances at all times. The result shows that
the DLR system is effective in increasing line
capacity to 50 percent over the normal rating. The
advantage of the system is low cost with high
accuracy.
The function of the system was realized though
the cooperation of the companions in the laboratory
and the equipment had run in some transmission line
in the southern power grid company. The results
show that the equipments function very well and
Fig.11 Curve of real-time rating. totally met the application need.

ISSN: 1109-2734 356 Issue 5, Volume 7, May 2008

 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS Lijia Ren, Xiuchen Jiang, Gehao Sheng and Wu Bo

The anti-interference of high voltage is solved by reference model, WSEAS Transactions on

improving the software and hardware which are Circuits and Systems, Vol.5, No.8, 2006, pp.
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[12] Eftichios Koutroulis, Kostas Kalaitzakis,
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ISSN: 1109-2734 357 Issue 5, Volume 7, May 2008