Edexcel Chemistry Answers Combined FINAL
Edexcel Chemistry Answers Combined FINAL
Edexcel Chemistry Answers Combined FINAL
Chemistry
18
8 O 2 8 10 10
24
12 Mg 2 12 12 10
14
7 N11 H 3 10 7 10
14
7 N 21 H 4 11 11 10
1.1.2 Mass spectrometry and relative masses of atoms, isotopes and molecules
1 Relative atomic mass refers to the weighted mean (average) mass of an atom in a mixture of isotopes.
Relative isotopic mass refers to the mass of a single isotope.
2 The mass calculated is an average mass of more than one isotope with different masses and the relative
abundances of these are rarely whole numbers.
3. (24 0.786) + (25 0.101) + (26 0.113) = 24.3 (to 3 significant figures).
63.0 x 65.0(100 x)
4. = 63.5
100
63.0x + 6500 65.0x = 6350
2x = 150
x = 75
copper-63: 75%; copper-65: 25%
5 (a) 79 and 81
(b) 158 = 79Br2+
160 = 79Br81Br+
162 = 81Br2+
(c) Relative abundance of the two isotopes is 50:50 or 1:1 (heights of 79 and 81 peaks are the same).
Chance of two 79Br atoms combining are =
Chance of a 79Br and a 81Br atom combining is 2 =
Chance of two 81Br atoms combining are =
This gives a ratio of 1:2:1 for the peaks heights, corresponding to an m/z of 158, 160 and 162.
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4 (a) B and D. B is magnesium and D is beryllium. In both cases, there is a large jump from the second
ionisation energy to the third, so both elements are in Group 2.
It is possible that C and E are in the same group, but this cannot be confirmed without the fifth ionisation
energy.
(b) Group 3. There is a large jump from the third ionisation energy to the fourth.
(c) E. The sum of the first two ionisation energies is the lowest.
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5 (a) After the first electron has been removed, the remaining electron in this orbital experiences less repulsion
and so its orbital energy drops.
(You may also answer this question by stating that the remaining electron has moved closer to the nucleus
and is therefore more strongly attracted to the nucleus.)
(b) The third electron to be removed is in a different quantum shell of lower energy.
1.2.2 Periodicity
1 (a) A giant lattice structure.
(b) Whether it conducts electricity when solid. If it does, then it is likely to be metallic.
2 The helium atom has a higher nuclear charge. This offsets the increase in repulsion that occurs between the two
electrons when a second electron is added to the 1s orbital.
3 The outer electron of a lithium atom is in a different quantum shell (the second) of much higher energy.
4 Lower. The outer electron of the gallium atom is in a 4p orbital, so the orbital energy of this electron is greater
than that of the outer electron of a calcium atom, which is in a 4s orbital.
5 The neon atom has the highest nuclear charge of all the atoms of the elements in Period 2. The amount of
shielding the outer electron experiences is similar to that for the other elements of Period 2. The orbital energy of
the outer electron is therefore lower than that of any other element in Period 2. You could also score the last
point for stating that the neon atom is the smallest, so the outer electron is closest to the nucleus and therefore
most strongly attracted to it.
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4 (a)
Particle Relative charge Relative mass
proton +1 1
neutron 0 1
electron 1 1/1840
16
(b) (i) O has 8 neutrons; 17O has 9 neutrons (1).
24
(ii) Mg has 12 electrons; 24Mg2+ has 10 electrons (1).
39 +
(iii) K has 19 protons; 40Ca2+ has 20 protons (1).
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5 (a) A region within an atom that can hold up to two electrons with opposite spins (1).
(b) (i) s-orbital
(ii) p-orbital
(2)
(b) (i) Mass spectrometer (1)
(ii) The mass of an atom of the isotope compared to 1/12th the mass of an atom of carbon-12 (1),
which has a mass of 12 (1).
(iii) (6 0.0759) + (7 0.9241) (1) = 6.92 (1).
(c) (i) 1s2 2s1 (1).
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3 (a) The force of attraction between the ions depends on the product of the charges on the ions and the radii of
the ions. The charges on the ions are the same in each compound, but the Na+ ion is smaller than the K+
ion and so the forces of attraction between the oppositely charged ions are greater in sodium fluoride.
(b) The calcium ion (Ca2+) has double the charge of the potassium ion (K+). Also, the oxide ion (O2) has
double the charge of the fluoride ion (F). The sum of the ionic radii is very similar for both (0.239 nm for
CaO and 0.269 nm for KF), so the distances between the ions are very similar. The electrostatic forces of
attraction between oppositely charged ions are directly proportional to the product of the charges.
2 2 is four times greater than 1 1.
4 (a) The number of electron shells decrease from Ca2+ to Mg2+ to Be2+.
(b) The three ions are isoelectronic, but the nuclear charge increases by one each time from Cl to S2 to P3.
The electrons are therefore attracted most strongly in P3 and least strongly in Cl.
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3 The high area of electron density of a sigma () bond is largely located directly between the two nuclei,
producing a relatively large force of attraction between the nuclei and the bonding pair of electrons.
In a pi () bond, the high areas of electron density are situated above and below the electrons in the sigma bond.
This reduces the force of attraction between the nuclei and these bonding electrons as they are further from the
nuclei.
N.B. Another explanation of the relative strengths of these two bonds would be the extent to which the orbitals
overlap in each case. There is a greater degree of orbital overlap with a bond than with a bond. The greater
the orbital overlap the stronger the bond.
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
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2 (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(b)
(iv) V-shaped
(vi) Linear
(vii) V-shaped
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2 The hydrogen atom in trichloromethane is made significantly + by the highly electronegative chlorine atoms for
it to be able to form a relatively strong hydrogen bond to the oxygen atom of propanone.
3 The two intermolecular interactions present in methoxymethane are London forces (instantaneous dipole
induced dipole interactions) and Keesom forces (permanent dipolepermanent dipole interactions).
Both of these interactions are present in ethanol, but hydrogen bonding is also present. This extra interaction
results in an overall increase in the total attraction among the molecules in ethanol.
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(b) The electrostatic force of attraction between Mg2+ and O2 ions is greater than that between Na+ and Cl
ions because of the greater charge and smaller size on the ions.
(Mg2+ is smaller than Na+ and O2 is smaller than Cl.)
The amount of energy required to overcome the forces of attraction in magnesium oxide, and so break
down the lattice structure, is therefore greater than that for sodium chloride.
2 (a) In an ionic compound, the charge carriers are ions. In solid magnesium chloride, the ions are not free to
flow, so the solid does not conduct electricity.
In a metal the charge carriers are electrons. Magnesium has delocalised electrons that are free to flow
when a potential difference is applied across the ends of the metal.
(b) White phosphorus has a molecular structure consisting of discrete molecules of formula P4. In order to
melt white phosphorus, it is only necessary to overcome the weak intermolecular forces of attraction.
Relatively little energy is required to do this.
Silicon has a giant covalent structure. In order to melt the solid it is necessary to break a very large
number of relatively strong covalent bonds. This requires a large amount of energy.
3 The lubricating properties of both materials depend on the ability of the layers to easily slide over one another.
The layers in graphite only slide easily over one another when gas molecules are adsorbed on the surface of the
layers. In a vacuum, no gas molecules are present, so in these conditions graphite has very poor lubricating
properties.
The lubricating properties of hexagonal boron nitride do not depend on the adsorption of gas molecules. The
layers can slide over one another because of the weak London forces between the layers.
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4 (a) The shape of a molecule/ion is determined by the number of pairs of electrons surrounding the central
atom (1).
The electron pairs repel one another and arrange themselves in space so that they are as far apart from one
another as is possible (1).
Lone pairlone pair repulsion > lone pairbond pair repulsion > bond pairbond pair repulsion (1).
(b)
(i) BF3 (ii) NH3 (iii) NH4+ (iv) SF6
(2)
(iii) NN is stronger than either HC, CN or CO OR NN is non-polar, whilst HCN and CO have
polar bonds (1).
6 (a) (i) Ethanol: London forces (1); dipole dipole forces (Keesom forces) (1); hydrogen bonding (1).
(ii) Methoxymethane: London forces (1); dipole dipole forces (1).
(b) Solubility
Ethanol can form strong hydrogen bond with water (1)
The dipole dipole bonds formed between methoxymethane and water are not as strong as the hydrogen
bonds between water molecules (1).
Boiling temperatures
The London forces and dipole dipole forces are likely to be similar in each case (1). Ethanol, however,
has significant hydrogen bonding in addition, so the overall intermolecular forces if attraction are greater.
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7 (a)
(b)
(1) for alternating sodium and chloride ions (1) for all ions shown.
(c) (i) The forces of attraction between the ions are relatively strong (1).
There are a very large number of forces of attraction to overcome (1).
A large amount of energy is required to overcome these forces (1).
(ii) Energy is required to overcome the forces of attraction between the ions (1)
so that the lattice breaks down and the ions are separated (1).
This energy is supplied by the hydration of the ions by water molecules (1).
(iii) The ions are locked into fixed positions in the lattice and are not free to flow throughout the solid
(1).
When molten, the lattice is broken down and the ions are able to flow when a potential difference
is applied (1).
8 (a) The only forces of attraction between methane molecules and London forces (1) These are very weak and
hence methane has a very low boiling temperature since very little energy is required to overcome them
(1)
In addition to London forces, water molecules have intermolecular dipole dipole forces and hydrogen
bonds. The hydrogen bonds in particular are much stronger than London forces and so the overall
intermolecular attraction are greater in water than in methane (1).
(b) As the chain length increase the number of points of contact between the molecules increases (1).
There are therefore more London forces the longer the chain, resulting in increase in the overall
intermolecular forces of attraction (1).
(c) Because of the branching of the chain, there are fewer points of contact between methylpropane
molecules than between butane molecules (1). Hence the overall intermolecular forces of attraction are
weaker (1) so the boiling temperature will be lower (1).
9 (a)
Formula of molecule H2O NH3 CH4 BCl3
Number of bonding pairs 2 3 4 3
Number of non-bonding pairs 2 1 0 0
(b) (i) A polar bond exists when there is a charge separation between one end of the bond and the other.
That is, one end of the bond possesses a partial positive charge (+) while the other possesses a
partial negative charge () (1).
The polarity arises when one atom involved in the bond formation has a greater electronegativity
than the other (1). This results in a distortion of the electron cloud producing higher electron
density at the end of the bond where the more electronegative element is situated (1).
(ii) In ammonia, the three dipoles created by the three polar NH bonds are acting in the same
direction (1) and so the they reinforce one another (1).
In boron trichloride, the three dipoles cancel out since the molecule in symmetrical (1).
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4.1 Group 2
4.1.1 Trends in the Group 2 elements
1 Be(g) Be+(g) + e
Ba+(g) Ba2+(g) + e
2 Beryllium is less reactive than barium because more energy is needed to remove the electrons in beryllium (than
in barium) during a reaction. This is because, even though the nuclear charge of beryllium is less than that of
barium (which decreases the ionisation energy), the electron being removed from beryllium is closer to the
nucleus than in barium. Also, there is only one filled shell of electrons in beryllium (compared with five filled
shells in barium) to repel the electron being lost. The last two factors outweigh the first, so the ionisation energy
of beryllium is higher than that of barium.
4.1.3 Reactions of the Group 2 oxides and hydroxides, and trends in solubility
1 There is carbon dioxide in the air and this would also react with limewater.
2 Barium nitrate forms other white precipitates (especially barium carbonate) and using an acid removes carbonate
ions from the solution so that they do not interfere with the test.
4.1.4 Thermal stability of Group 2 compounds, and the comparison with Group 1
1 (a) Brown fumes and a white solid.
(b) No visible change, no decomposition.
2 (a) 2KNO3 2KNO2 + O2
(b) SrCO3 SrO + CO2
4.2 Group 7
4.2.1 General trends in Group 7
1 Bromine has more electrons and a bigger electron cloud than chlorine, so the London forces between bromine
molecules are stronger than those between chlorine molecules.
2 For the number of protons in its nucleus, it has a very small distance between the nucleus and the electrons in the
outer energy level and the lowest shielding effect due to only two electrons in the innermost energy level.
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Displayed formula
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6.1.4 Nomenclature
1 1,2-dibromopropane
1-bromopropan-2-ol
2
6.1.5 Isomerism
1
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6.2 Hydrocarbons
6.2.1 Alkanes from crude oil
1 In two molecules of ethene there are four carbon atoms. The alkane formed must contain 12 4 = 8 carbon
atoms. Two molecules of ethene contain 8 hydrogens, so the alkane formed must be C8H18.
2 There are four carbon atoms in two molecules of ethene and five carbon atoms in one molecule of pentane. The
alkane being cracked has 4 + 5 = 9 carbon atoms, so it must be C9H20.
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6.3 Halogenoalkanes
6.3.1 Halogenoalkanes and hydrolysis reactions
1 (a) 2-chloro-2-methylbutane tertiary
(b) 2-bromobutane secondary
(c) 1-iodo-2-methylpropane primary
2 Fluorine is more electronegative than chlorine, so the CF bond is more polar than the CCl bond. This means
that the C in the CF bond has a greater + charge than the C in the CCl bond and so attracts nucleophiles
more strongly.
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6.4 Alcohols
6.4.1 Alcohols and some of their reactions
1 C4H9OH + 6O2 4CO2 + 5H2O
2 The OH group removed in the dehydration comes from the carbon atom in the middle of the molecule. The
hydrogen atom removed comes from the next carbon in the chain. Whether it comes from the carbon before or
after the COH, the double bond is next to the middle carbon atom, so the only product is pent-2-ene.
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Labels: flask containing organic liquid (1); bulb of thermometer opposite exit to condenser (1); condenser
with water in at bottom and out at top (1); correct method of collection (i.e. open, not sealed) (1).
(e) 74.0 g C4H10O gives 92.5 g of C4H9Cl (1)
7.40 g C4H10O gives 9.25 g of C4H9Cl (1)
((7.82 9.25) 100) = 84.5% (1).
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4 (a) (i)
propenal (1)
prop-2-en-1-ol (1)
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2 (a) The reaction is endothermic, absorbing 26.5 kJ when one mole of HI(g) is formed.
(b) + 53 kJ mol1.
(c) The value obtained is an approximate value for the enthalpy change of combustion of hydrogen.
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3 (a) (i) The enthalpy change when one mole of a bond (1) in the gaseous state is broken (1).
(ii) Energy is required to break bonds, so the process is endothermic (1).
(b) ( 436) + E(ClCl) 431 = 92 (1)
E(ClCl) = 121 kJ mol1 (1).
E(ClCl) = 242 kJ mol1 (1).
(c) H2(g) + F2(g) HF(g) f H= y kJ mol1
y = ( 436) + ( 158) 562 = 265 (1).
f H [HF(g)] = 265 kJ mol1 (1).
4 (a) The enthalpy change when one mole of water is formed (1) by the neutralisation of an acid with an alkali
(1).
(b) Burette or volumetric pipette (1).
(c) To make sure that all of the acid is neutralised (1)
(d) (i) T = +13.6 C = +13.6 K
n(HCl) = n(H2O) = (0.0500 2.00) = 0.100 mol (1).
Q = 100.0 g 4.18 J g1 K1 13.6 K = (+)5684.8 J = 5.68 kJ (1).
Q 5.68
H = = = 56.8 kJ mol1 (1)
n 0.100
5 (a) CH3CH2CH2CH2OH(l) + 6O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l)
balanced for one mole of butan-1-ol (1)
state symbols (1)
(b) n(butan-1-ol) = (0.740 74.0) = 0.0100 mol (1).
T = +10.0 C = +10.0 K
Q = 50.0 g 4.18 J g1 K1 10.0 K = (+)2090 J = 2.09 kJ (1).
Q 2.09
H = = = 209 kJ mol1 (1)
n 0.0100
(c) Any two from
not all of the thermal energy generated from the burning is transferred to the water
incomplete combustion of the butan-1-ol
some butan-1-ol evaporated between the weighings
for one mark each.
6 (a) (i) cH [CH3OH(g)] = (3 412) + 360 + 463 + (1 496) (2 743) (4 463) (1).
= 535 kJ mol1 (1)
(ii) The standard state of methanol and water is liquid, not gaseous (1).
Mean bond enthalpies, not actual bond enthalpies, have been used (1).
(b) B (1).
(c) 6E(SF) = 1100 + 223 + (3 158) = 1797 (1).
E(SF) = +299.5 kJ mol1 (1).
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(b) The shaded areas to the right of the activation energy line represent the fraction of molecules that have E
Ea.
The fraction of molecules having E Ea at Tc (darker shaded area) is less than the fraction having E Ea
at Th (dark shaded area + light shaded area). There are less successful collisions per second at the lower
temperature, so the rate of reaction will be lower.
(b) When manganese(IV) oxide is added, the reaction takes place via a different route. This new route has a
lower activation energy than the original route, so more molecules will have energy greater than or equal
to the required activation energy for reaction. The rate of reaction increases since there will be more
successful collisions per second taking place.
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Slope of curve less than original (1) levels off after original curve (1).
2 (a)
)
E(cat) < E(uncat) (1)
Fraction of molecules with E EA is greater with catalyst (red shaded area + blue shaded area is greater
than the blue shaded area) (1).
Number of successful collisions per second is greater with catalyst (1).
(b) (i) To prevent loss of acid spray (1).
(ii) Carbon dioxide gas is given off (1) and this escapes through the cotton wool (1).
(iii)
(1) slope of curve greater than original (1) curve levels off before original
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[NO(g)]2
(b)
[N 2 (g)][O2 (g)]
[N 2 (g)] 2 [O 2 (g)]
(c)
[N 2 O(g)] 2
(d) [NH3(g)][H2S(g)]
[H 2 (g)]
(e)
[H 2 O(g)]
[N 2 O 4 (g)]
2 (a) 200 =
[NO 2 (g)]
(0.002) 2
(b) [NO2(g)] = = 3.16 103 mol dm3
200
1
(c) (i) = 5 103
200
(ii) 200 = 14.14
[HI(g)]2
3 Kc =
[H 2 (g)][I 2 (g)]
[HI(g)]2
If the concentration of HI(g) is increased, then the magnitude of the ratio increases. To return
[H 2 (g)][I 2 (g)]
this to the magnitude of Kc, the equilibrium will shift to the left in order to decrease the magnitude of the
numerator and increase the magnitude of the denominator.
(b) Low temperature, because the forward reaction is exothermic. Low pressure, because there are more
moles of gas on the right-hand side.
(c) High temperature is used to increase the rate of reaction. Moderately high pressure may lead to an
increase in rate of reaction, but the main advantage is that it reduces the size of the equipment and pipes
required, thus reducing the initial capital costs.
2 High temperature, because the forward reaction is endothermic.
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7 (a) The green solution would turn yellow (1). The equilibrium moves to the left as more hydrogen ions are
added (1).
(b) The yellow solution turns green (1) then blue (1).
The hydroxide ions added remove hydrogen ions and shift the equilibrium to the right (1).
The green colour is owing to a mixture of HIn(aq) and In(aq) (1).
8 (a) High temperature (1) as the forward reaction is endothermic (1).
Low pressure (1) as there are more moles of gas on the right hand side (1).
(b) High temperature (1). There will be more successful collisions per second as more collisions have energy
greater than or equal to the activation energy (1).
High pressure (1). The molecules will be closer together and so will collide more often (1).
(c) A high temperature is used to increase both the rate of reaction and the yield of product (1).
Higher temperatures are not used since the increased rate and yield would not offset the increased energy
costs (1).
A (moderately) high pressure is used to increases the rate of reaction, but higher pressures are not used
since this would decrease the yield of product (1).
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