THE INDIAN DIVORCE ACT, 1869

ACT No. 4 OF 1869 1*

[26th February, 1869.]

An Act to amend the law relating to Divorce and Matrimonial

Causes 2***

Preamble.-WHEREAS it is expedient to amend the law relating to

the divorce of persons professing the Christian religion, and to
confer upon certain Courts jurisdiction in matters matrimonial; it is
hereby enacted as follows:-

INDIA CODE, VOL-II, (1856-1879)

I.-PRELIMINARY

1. Short title
1. Short title. Commencement of Act.-This Act may be called
the Indian Divorce Act, and shall come into operation on the first
day of April, 1869.

2. Extent of Act.
2. Extent of Act.-3*[This Act extends to 4*[the whole of
India 5*[except the State of Jammu and Kashmir]].]

Extent of power to rant relief generally,

Extent of power to grant relief generally,-6*[Nothing hereinafter

contained shall authorise any Court to grant any relief under this Act
except where the petitioner 7*[or respondent] professes the Christian
religion,

and to make decrees of dissolution,

and to make decrees of dissolution,-or to make decrees of

dissolution of marriage except where the parties to the marriage are
domiciled in India at the time when the petition is presented,

or of nullity.

or of nullity.-or to make decrees of nullity of marriage except

where the marriage has been solemnized in India and the petitioner is
resident in India at the time of presenting the petition,

or to grant any relief under this Act, other than a decree of

dissolution of marriage or of nullity of marriage, except where the
petitioner resides in India at the time of presenting the petition.]

3. Interpretation-clause.
3. Interpretation-clause.-In this Act, unless there be

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something repugnant in the subject or context,-

8[(1) "High Court".- "High Court" means with reference to any

area:

(a) in a State, the High Court for that State;

9[(b) in Delhi, the High Court of Delhi;

(bb) in Himachal Pradesh, the High Court of Punjab and Haryana

up to and inclusive of the 30th April, 1967 and the High Court of
Delhi thereafter;]

(c) in Manipur and Tripura, the High Court of Assam;

(d) in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the High Court at

Calcutta;

(e) in 10*[Lakshadweep], the High Court of Kerala;

11[(ee) in Chandigarh, the High Court of Punjab and Haryana;]

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1. For Statement of Objects and Reasons, see Calcutta Gazette, 1863,
p. 173; for Report of Select Committee, see Gazette of India, 1869, p.
192; for Proceedings in Council, see Calcutta Gazette, 1862,
Supplement, p. 463, ibid., 1863, Supplement, p. 43, and Gazette of
India, 1869, Supplement, p. 291.
2. The words "in India" omitted by Act 3 of 1951, s. 3 and Sch.
3. Subs. by A.O. 1948, for the original first para.
4. Subs. by A.O. 1950, for certain words.
5. Subs. by Act 3 of 1951, s. 3 and Sch., for "except Part B
States".
6. Subs. by Act 25 of 1926, s. 2, for paras. 2, 3 and 4.
7. Ins. by Act 30 of 1927, s. 2.
8. Subs. by A.O. (No. 2) 1956, for the former .
9. Subs. by the Himachal Pradesh (Adaptation of Laws on State and
Concurrent Subjects) Order, 1968. for sub-clause (b) (w.e.f 1-11-
1966).
10.Subs. by the Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands (Alteration
of Name) Adaptation of Laws Order, 1974, for "the Laccadive, Minicoy
and Amindivi Islands" (w.e.f. 1-11-1973).
11.ins' by the Punjab Reorganisation (Chandigarh) (Adaptation of
Laws on State and Concurrent Subjects) Order, 1968 (w.e.f. 1-11-1966).
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and in the case of any petition under this Act, "High Court" means the
High Court for the area where the husband and wife reside or last
resided together:]

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 1[(2) "District Judge."- "District Judge" means a Judge of a
principal civil court of original jurisdiction however designated:]

(3)"District Court."-"District Court" means, in the case of any

petition under this Act, the Court of the District Judge within the
local limits of whose ordinary jurisdiction, or of whosejurisdiction
under this Act, the husband and wife reside or last resided together:

(4) "Court."-"Court" means the High Court or the District Court, as

the case may be:

(5)"Minor children."-"minor children" means, in the case of sons of

Native fathers, boys who have not completed the age of sixteen years,
and, in the case of daughters of Native fathers, girls who have not
completed the age of thirteen years. In other cases it means
unmarried children who have not completed the age of eighteen years:

(6)"Incestuous adultery."-"incestuous adultery" means adultery

committed by a husband with a woman with whom, if his wife were dead,
he could not lawfully contract marriageby reason of her being within
the prohibited degrees of consanguinity (whether natural or legal) or
affinity:

(7)"Bigamy with adultery."-"bigamy with adultery" means adultery with

the same woman with whom the bigamy was committed:

(8)"Marriage with another woman."- "marriage with another woman" means

marriage of any person, being married, to any other person, during the
life of the former wife, whether the second marriage shall have taken
place within 2*[India] or elsewhere:

(9)"Desertion."-"desertion" implies an abandonment against the wish of

the person charging it; and

(10) "Property."-"property" includes in the case of a wife any

property to which she is entitled for an estate in remainder or
reversion or as a trustee, executrix or administratrix; and the date
of the death of the testator or intestate shall be deemed to be the
time at which any such wife becomes entitled as executrix or
administratrix.

II.-JURISDICTION

4. Matrimonial jurisdiction of High Courts to be exercised subject to

Act. Exception.
4. Matrimonial jurisdiction of High Courts to be exercised
subject to Act. Exception.-The jurisdiction now exercised by the High
Courts in respect of divorce a mensa et toro, and in all other causes,
suits and matters matrimonial, shall be exercised by such Courts and
by the District Courts subject to the provisions in this Act

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contained, and not otherwise : except so far as relates to the
granting of marriage-licenses, which may be granted as it this Act had
not been passed.

5. Enforcement of decrees or orders made heretofore by Supreme or High

Court.
5.Enforcement of decrees or orders made heretofore by Supreme or
High Court.-Any decree or order of the late Supreme Court of
Judicature at Calcutta, Madras or Bombay sitting on the ecclesiastical
side, or of any of the said High Courts sitting in the exercise of
their matrimonial jurisdiction, respectively, in any cause or matter
matrimonial, may be enforced and dealt with by the said High Courts,
respectively, as herein after mentioned, in like manner as if such
decree or order had been originally made under this Act by the Court
so enforcing or dealing with the same.

6. Pending suits.
6.Pending suits.-All suits and proceedings in causes and matters
matrimonial, which when this Act comes into operation are pending in
any High Court, shall be dealt with and decided by such Court, so far
as may be, as if they had been originally instituted therein under
this Act.

7. Court to act on principles of English Divorce Court.

7. Court to act on principles of English Divorce Court.-Subject
to the provisions contained in this Act, the High Courts and District
Courts shall, in all suits and proceedings hereunder, act and give
relief on principles and rules which, in the opinion of the said
Courts, are as nearly as may be conformable to the principles and
rules on which the Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes in England
for the time being acts and gives relief:

3[Provided that nothing in this section shall deprive the said

Courts of jurisdiction in a case where the parties to a marriage
professed the Christian religion at the time of the occurrence of the
facts on which the claim to relief is founded.]
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Subs. by A.O. 1950, for the former clause.
2. Subs, [bid., for "the dominions of Her Majesty".
3. Added by Act 10 of 1912, s. 2.
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8. Extraordinary jurisdiction of High Court.

8. Extraordinary jurisdiction of High Court.-The High Court
may, whenever it thinks fit, remove and try and determine as a Court
of original jurisdiction any suit or proceeding instituted under this
Act in the Court of any District Judge within the limits of its
jurisdiction under this Act.

Power to transfer suits.

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 Power to transfer suits.-The High Court may also withdraw any
such suit or proceeding, and transfer it for trial or disposal to the
Court of any other such District Judge.

9.Reference to High Court.

9.Reference to High Court.-When any question of law or usage
having the force of law arises at any point in the proceedings
previous to the hearing of any suit under this Act by a District Court
or at any subsequent stage of such suit, or in the execution of the
decree therein or order thereon,

the Court may, either of its own motion or on the application of

any of the parties, draw up a statement of the case and refer it, with
the Court's own opinion thereon, to the decision of the High Court.

If the question has arisen previous to or in the hearing, the

District Court may either stay such proceedings, or proceed in the
case pending such reference, and pass a decree contingent upon the
opinion of the High Court upon it.

If a decree or order has been made, its execution shall be stayed

until the receipt of the order of the High Court upon such reference.

III.-DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE

10. When husband may petition for dissolution.

10.When husband may petition for dissolution.-Any husband may
present a petition to the District Court or to the High Court, praying
that his marriage may be dissolved on the ground that his wife has,
since the solemnization thereof, been guilty of adultery.

When wife may petition for dissolution.

When wife may petition for dissolution.-Any wife may present a

petition to the District Court or to the High Court, praying that her
marriage may be dissolved on the ground that, since the solemnization
thereof, her husband has exchanged his profession of Christianity for
the profession of some other religion, and gone through a form of
marriage with another woman;

or has been guilty of incestuous adultery,

or of bigamy with adultery,

or of marriage with another woman with adultery, or of rape,

sodomy or bestiality,

or of adultery coupled with such cruelty as without adultery

would have entitled her to a divorce a mensa et toro,

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 or of adultery coupled with desertion, without reasonable excuse,
for two years or upwards.

Contents of petition.

Contents of petition.--Every such petition shall state, as

distinctly as the nature of the case permits, the facts on which the
claim to have such marriage dissolved is founded.

11. Adulterer to be co-respondent.

11.Adulterer to be co-respondent.-Upon any such petition
presented by a husband, the petitioner shall make the alleged
adulterer a co-respondent to the said petition, unless he is excused
from so doing on one of the following grounds, to be allowed by the
Court:-

(1) that the respondent is leading the life of a prostitute, and

that the petitioner knows of no person with whom the adultery has been
committed;

(2) that the name of the alleged adulterer is unknown to the

petitioner, although he has made due efforts to discover it;

(3) that the alleged adulterer is dead.

12. Court to be satisfied of absence of collusion.

12.Court to be satisfied of absence of collusion.-Upon any such
petition for the dissolution of a marriage, the Court shall satisfy
itself, so far as it reasonably can, not only as to the facts alleged,
but also whether or not the petitioner has been in any manner
accessory to, or conniving at, the going though of the said form of
marriage, or the adultery, or has condoned the same, and shall also
enquire into any countercharge which may be made against the
petitioner.

13. Dismissal of petition.

13.Dismissal of petition.-In case the Court, on the evidence in
relation to any such petition, is satisfied that the petitioner's case
has not been proved, or is not satisfied that the alleged adultery has
been committed,

or finds that the petitioner has, during the marriage, been

accessory to, or conniving at, the going through of the said form of
marriage, or the adultery of the other party to the marriage, or has
condoned the adultery complained of,

or that the petition is presented or prosecuted in collusion with

either of the respondents,

then and in any of the said cases the Court shall dismiss

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the petition.

When a petition is dismissed by a District Court under this

section, the petitioner may, nevertheless, present a similar petition
to the High Court.

14. Power to Court to pronounce decree for dissolving marriage.-

14. Power to Court to pronounce decree for dissolving marriage.-
In case the Court is satisfied on the evidence that the case of the
petitioner has been proved,

and does not find that the petitioner has been in any manner
accessory to, or conniving at, the going through of the said form of
marriage, or the adultery of the other party to the marriage, or has
condoned the adultery complained of,

or that the petition is presented or prosecuted in collusion with

either of the respondents,

the Court shall pronounce a decree declaring such marriage to be

dissolved in the manner and subject to all the provisions and
limitations in sections sixteen and seventeen made and declared:

Provided that the Court shall not be bound to pronounce such

decree if it finds that the petitioner has, during the marriage, been
guilty of adultery,

or if the petitioner has, in the opinion of the Court, been

guilty of unreasonable delay in presenting or prosecuting such
petition,

or of cruelty towards the other party to the marriage,

or of having deserted or wilfully separated himself or herself

from the other party before the adultery complained of, and without
reasonable excuse,

or of such wilful neglect or misconduct of or towards the other

party as has conduced to the adultery.

Condonation.
Condonation.-No adultery shall be deemed to have been condoned
within the meaning of this Act unless where conjugal cohabitation has
been resumed or continued.

15. Relief in case of opposition on certain grounds.

15.Relief in case of opposition on certain grounds.-In any suit
instituted for dissolution of marriage, if the respondent opposes the
relief sought on the ground, in case of such a Suit instituted by a
husband, of his adultery, cruelty, or desertion without reasonable

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excuse, or, in case of such a suit instituted by a wife, on the ground
of her adultery and cruelty, the Court may in such suit give to the
respondent, on his or her application, the same relief to which he or
she would have been entitled in case he or she had presented a
petition seeking such relief, and the respondent shall be competent to
give evidence of or relating to such cruelty or desertion.

16. Decrees for dissolution to be nisi.

16. Decrees for dissolution to be nisi.-Every decree for a
dissolution of marriage made by a High Court not being a confirmation
of a decree of a District Court, shall, in the first instance, be a
decree nisi, not to be made absolute till after the expiration of such
time, not less than six months from the pronouncing thereof, as the
High Court, by general or special order from time to time, directs.

Collusion.
Collusion.-During that period any person shall be at liberty, in
such manner as the High Court by general or special order from time to
time directs, to show cause why the said decree should not be made
absolute by reason of the same having been obtained by collusion or by
reason of material facts not being brought before the Court.

On cause being so shown, the Court shall deal with the case by
making the decree absolute, or by reversing the decree nisi, or by
requiring further inquiry, or otherwise as justice may demand.

The High Court may order the costs of Counsel and witnesses and
otherwise arising from such cause being shown, to be paid by the
parties or such one or more of them as it thinks fit, including a wife
if she have separate property.

Whenever a decree nisi has been made, and the petitioner fails,
within a reasonable time, to move to have such decree made absolute,
the High Court may dismiss the suit.

17. Confirmation of decree for dissolution by District Judge.

17. Confirmation of decree for dissolution by District Judge.-
Every decree for a dissolution of marriage made by a District Judge
shall be subject to confirmation by the High Court.

Cases for confirmation of a decree 'for dissolution of marriage

shall be heard (where the number of the Judges of the High Court is
three or upwards) by a Court composed of three such Judges, and in
case of difference the opinion of the majority shall prevail, or
(where the number of the Judges of the High Court is two) by a Court
composed of such two Judges, and in case of difference the opinion of
the Senior Judge shall prevail.

The High Court, if it thinks further enquiry or additional

evidence to be necessary, may direct such enquiry to be made, or such

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evidence to be taken.

The result of such enquiry and the additional evidence shall be

certified to the High Court by the District Judge, and the High Court
shall thereupon make an order confirming the decree for dissolution of
marriage, or such other order as to the Court seems fit:

Provided that no decree shall be confirmed under this section

till after the expiration of such time, not less than six months from
the pronouncing thereof, as the High Court by general or special order
from time to time directs.

During the progress of the suit in the Court of the District

Judge, any person suspecting that any parties to the suit are or have
been acting in collusion for the purpose of obtaining a divorce, shall
be at liberty, in such manner as the High Court by general or special
order from time to time directs. to apply to the High Court to remove
the suit under section eight, and the High Court shall thereupon, if
it thinks fit, remove such suit and try and determine the same as a
Court of original jurisdiction, and the provisions contained in
section sixteen shall apply to every suit so removed: or it may direct
the District Judge to take such steps in respect of the alleged
collusion as may be necessary to enable him to make a decree in
accordance with the justice of the case.

17A. Appointment of officer to exercise duties of King's Proctor.

1[17A. Appointment of officer to exercise duties of King's
Proctor.- 2[The Government of the State within which any High Court
exercises jurisdiction], may appoint an officer who shall, within the
jurisdiction of the High Court in that State, have the like right of
showing cause why a decree for the dissolution of a marriage should
not be made absolute or should not be confirmed, as the case may be,
as is exercisable in England by the King's Proctor; and the said
Government may make rules regulating the manner in which the right
shall be exercised and all matters incidental to or consequential on
any exercise of the right.
3* * * * *]

IV.-NULLITY OF MARRIAGE

18. Petition for decree of nullity.

18.Petition for decree of nullity.-Any husband or wife may
present a petition to the District Court or to the High Court, praying
that his or her marriage may be declared null and void.

19. Grounds of decree.

19.Grounds of decree.-Such decree may be made on any of the
following grounds:-

(1) that the respondent was impotent at the time of the marriage

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and at the time of the institution of the suit;

(2)that the parties are within the prohibited degrees of

consanguinity (whether natural or legal) or affinity;

(3) that either party was a lunatic or idiot at the time of the
marriage;

(4) that the former husband or wife of either party was living
at the time of the marriage, and the marriage with such former husband
or wife was then in force.

Nothing in this section shall affect the jurisdiction of the High

Court to make decrees of nullity of marriage on the ground that the
consent of either party was obtained by force or fraud.

20. Confirmation of District Judge's decree.

20.Confirmation of District Judge's decree.-Every decree of
nullity of marriage made by a District Judge shall be subject to
confirmation by the High Court, and the provisions of section
seventeen, clauses one, two, three and four, shall, mutatis mutandis
apply to such decrees.

21. Children of annulled marriage.

21. Children of annulled marriage.-Where a marriage is annulled
on the ground that a former husband or wife was living, and it is
adjudged that the subsequent marriage was contracted in good faith and
with the full belief of the parties that the former husband or wife
was dead, or when a marriage is annulled on the ground of insanity,
children begotten before the decree is made shall be specified in the
decree, and shall be entitled to succeed, in the same manner as
legitimate children, to the estate of the parent who at the time of
the marriage was competent to contract.

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1. Subs. by A.O. 1937, for the original s. 17A.
2. Subs. by Act 3 of 1951, s. 3 and Sch., for certain words.
3. Second paragraph omitted by s. 3., ibid.
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V.-JUDICIAL SEPARATION

22. Bar to decree for divorce a mensa et toro; but judicial separation
obtainable by husband or wife.
22. Bar to decree for divorce a mensa et toro; but judicial
separation obtainable by husband or wife.-No decree shall hereafter be
made for a divorce a mensa et toro, but the husband or wife may obtain
a decree of judicial separation, on the ground of adultery, or
cruelty, or desertion without reasonable excuse for two years or
upwards, and such decree shall have the effect of a divorce a mensa et

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toro under the existing law, and such other legal effect as
hereinafter mentioned.

23. Application for separation made by petition.

23. Application for separation made by petition.--Application
for judicial separation on any one of the grounds aforesaid, may be
made by either husband or wife by petition to the District Court or
the High Court; and the Court, on being satisfied of the truth of the
statements made in such petition, and that there is no legal ground
why the application should not be granted, may decree judicial
separation accordingly.

24. Separated wife deemed spinster with respect to after-acquired

property.
24.Separated wife deemed spinster with respect to after-acquired
property.-In every case of a judicial separation under this Act, the
wife shall, from the date of the sentence, and whilst the separation
continues, be considered as unmarried with respect to property of
every description which she may acquire, or which may come to or
devolve upon her.

Such property may be disposed of by her in all respects as an

unmarried woman, and on her decease the same shall, in case she dies
intestate, go as the same would have gone if her husband had been then
dead:

Provided that, if any such wife again cohabits with her husband,
all such property as she may be entitled to when such cohabitation
takes place shall be held to her separate use, subject, however, to
any agreement in writing made between herself and her husband whilst
separate.

25. Separated wife deemed spinster for purposes of contract and suing.
25.Separated wife deemed spinster for purposes of contract and
suing.-In every case of a judicial separation under this Act, the wife
shall, whilst so separated, be considered as an unmarried woman for
the purposes of contract, and wrongs and injuries, and suing and being
sued in any civil proceeding; and her husband shall not be liable in
respect of any contract, act or costs entered into, done, omitted or
incurred by her during the separation:

Provided that where, upon any such judicial separation, alimony

has been decreed or ordered to be paid to the wife, and the same is
not duly paid by the husband, he shall be liable for necessaries
supplied for her use:

Provided also that nothing shall prevent the wife from joining,
at any time during such separation, in the exercise of any joint power
given to herself and her husband.

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 Reversal of Decree of Separation

26. Decree of Separation obtained during absence of husband or wife may be

reversed.
26. Decree of Separation obtained during absence of husband or
wife may be reversed.-Any husband or wife, upon the application of
whose wife or husband, as the case may be, a decree of judicial
separation has been pronounced, may, at any time thereafter, present a
petition to the Court by which the decree was pronounced, praying for
a reversal of such decree, on the ground that it was obtained in his
or her absence, and that there was reasonable excuse for the alleged
desertion, where desertion was the ground of such decree.

The Court may, on being satisfied of the truth of the allegations

of such petition, reverse the decree accordingly; but such reversal
shall not prejudice or affect the rights or remedies which any other
person would have had, in case it had not been decreed, in respect of
any debts, contracts, or acts of the wife incurred, entered into, or
done between the times of the sentence of separation and of the
reversal thereof.

VI.-PROTECTION-ORDERS

27. Deserted wife may apply to Court for protection.

27. Deserted wife may apply to Court for protection.-Any wife to
whom section 4 of the Indian Succession Act, 18651* (10 of 1865), does
not apply, may, when deserted by her husband, present a petition to
the District Court or the High Court, at any time after such
desertion, for an order to protect any property which she may have
acquired or may acquire, and any property of which she may have become
possessed or may become possessed after such desertion, against her
husband or his creditors, or any person claiming under him.

28. Court may grant protection-order.

28.Court may grant protection-order.-The Court, if satisfied of
the fact of such desertion. and that the same was without reasonable
excuse, and that the wife is maintaining herself by her
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1. See now the Indian Succession Act, 1925 (39 of 1925).
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own industry or property, may make and give to the wife an order
protecting her earnings and other property from her husband and all
creditors and persons claiming under him. Every such order shall
state the time at which the desertion commenced, and shall, as regards
all persons dealing with the wife in reliance thereon, be conclusive
as to such time.

29. Discharge of variation of orders.

29.Discharge of variation of orders.--The husband or any creditor

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of, or person claiming under him, may apply to the Court by which such
order was made for the discharge or variation thereof, and the Court,
if the desertion has ceased, or if for any other reason it thinks fit
so to do, may discharge or vary the order accordingly.

30. Liability of husband seizing wife's property after notice of order.

30.Liability of husband seizing wife's property after notice of
order.-If the husband, or any creditor of, or person claiming under,
the husband, seizes or continues to hold any property of the wife
after notice of any such order, he shall be liable, at the suit of the
wife (which she is hereby empowered to bring), to return or deliver to
her the specific property, and also to pay her a sum equal to double
its value.

31. Wife's legal position during continuance of order.

31.Wife's legal position during continuance of order.-So long as
any such order of protection remains in force, the wife shall be and
be deemed to have been, during such desertion of her, in the like
position in all respects, with regard to property and contracts and
suing and being sued, as she would be under this Act if she obtained a
decree of judicial separation.

VII.-RESTITUTION OF CONJUGAL RIGHTS

32. Petition for restitution of conjugal rights.

32.Petition for restitution of conjugal rights.-When either the
husband or the wife has without reasonable excuse, withdrawn from the
society of the other, either wife or husband may apply, by petition to
the District Court or the High Court, for restitution of conjugal
rights, and the Court, on being satisfied of the truth of the
statements made in such petition, Hand that there is no legal ground
why the application should not be granted, may decree restitution of
conjugal rights accordingly.

33. Answer to petition.

33.Answer to petition.-Nothing shall be pleaded in answer to a
petition for restitution of conjugal rights, which would not be ground
for a suit for judicial separation or for a decree of nullity of
marriage.

VIII.-DAMAGES AND COSTS

34. Husband may claim damages from adulterer.

34.Husband may claim damages from adulterer.-Any husband may,
either in a petition for dissolution of marriage or for judicial
separation, or in a petition to the District Court or the High Court
limited to such object only, claim damages from any person on the
ground of his having committed adultery with the wife of such
petitioner.

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 Such petition shall be served on the alleged adulterer and the
wife, unless the Court dispenses with such service, or directs some
other service to be substituted.

The damages to be recovered on any such petition shall be

ascertained by the said Court, although the respondents or either of
them may not appear.

After the decision has been given, the Court may direct in what
manner such damages shall be paid or applied.

35. Power to order adulterer to pay costs.

35. Power to order adulterer to pay costs.-Whenever in any
petition presented by a husband the alleged adulterer has been made a
co-respondent, and the adultery his began established, the Court may
order the co-respondent to pay the whole or any part of the costs of
the proceedings:

Provided that the co-respondent shall not be ordered to pay the

petitioner's costs-

(1) if the respondent was, at the time of the adultery, living

apart from her husband and leading the life of a prostitute, or

(2) if the co-respondent had not, at the time of the adultery,

reason to believe the respondent to be a married woman.

Power to order litiguous intervenor to pay costs.

Power to order litigious intervenor to pay costs.-Whenever any

application is made under section 17, the Court, if it thinks that the
applicant had no grounds or no sufficient grounds for intervening, may
order him to pay the whole or any part of the costs occasioned by the
application.

IX.-ALIMONY

36. Alimony pendente lite.

36. Alimony pendente lite.--In any suit under this Act, whether
it be instituted by a husband of a wife, and whether or not she has
obtained an order of protection, the wife may present a petition for
alimony pending the suit.

Such petition shall be served on the husband; and the Court, on

being satisfied of the truth of the statements therein contained, may
make such order on the husband for payment to the wife of alimony
pending the suit as it may deem just:

Provided that alimony pending the suit shall in no case exceed

one-fifth of the husband's average net income for the three years next

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preceding the date of the order, and shall continue, in case of a
decree for dissolution of marriage or of nullity of marriage, until
the decree is made absolute or is confirmed, as the case may be.

37. Power to order permanent alimony.

37. Power to order permanent alimony.-The High Court may, if it
think fit, on any decree absolute declaring a marriage to be
dissolved, or on any decree of judicial separation obtained by the
wife,

and the District Judge may, if he thinks fit, on the confirmation

of any decree of his declaring a marriage to be dissolved, or on any
decree of judicial separation obtained by the wife,

order that the husband shall, to the satisfaction of the Court,

secure to the wife such gross sum of money, or such annual sum of
money for any term not exceeding her own life, as, having regard to
her fortune (if any), to the ability of the husband, and to the
conduct of the parties, it thinks reasonable; and for that purpose may
cause a proper instrument to be executed by all necessary parties.

Power to order monthly or weekly payments.

Power to order monthly or weekly payments.--In every such case

the Court may make an order on the husband for payment to the wife of
such monthly or weekly sums for her maintenance and support as the
Court may think reasonable:

Provided that if the husband afterwards from any cause becomes

unable to make such payments, it shall be lawful for the Court to
discharge or modify the order, or temporarily to suspend the same is
to the whole or any part of the money so ordered to be paid, and again
to revive the same order wholly or in part, as to the Court seems fit.

38. Court may direct payment of alimony to wife or to her trustee.

38. Court may direct payment of alimony to wife or to her
trustee.-In all cases in which the Court makes any decree or order for
alimony, it may direct the same to be paid either to the wife herself,
or to any trustee on her behalf to be approved by the Court, and may
impose any terms or restrictions which to the Court seem expedient,
and may from time to time appoint a new trustee, if it appears to' the
Court expedient so to do.

X.-SETTLEMENTS

39. Power to order settlement of wife's property for benefit of husband

and children.
39. Power to order settlement of wife's property for benefit of
husband and children.-Whenever the Court pronounces a decree of
dissolution of marriage or judicial separation for adultery of the

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wife, if it is made to appear to the Court that the wife is entitled
to any property, the Court may, if it think fit, order such settlement
as it thinks reasonable to be made of such property or any part
thereof, for the benefit of the husband, or of the children of the
marriage, or of both.

Any instrument executed pursuant to any order of the Court at the

time of or after the pronouncing of a decree of dissolution of
marriage or judicial separation, shall be deemed valid notwithstanding
the existence of the disability of coverture it the time of the
execution thereof.

Settlement of damages.

Settlement of damages.-The Court may direct that the whole or any

part of the damages recovered under section 34 shall be settled for
the benefit of the children of the marriage, or as a provision for the
maintenance of the wife.

40. Inquiry into existence of ante-nuptial or post-nuptial settlements.

40.Inquiry into existence of ante-nuptial or post-nuptial
settlements.-The High Court, after a decree absolute for dissolution
of marriage, or a decree of nullity of marriage,

and the District Court, after its decree for dissolution of

marriage or of nullity of marriage has been confirmed,

may inquire into the existence of ante-nuptial or post-nuptial

settlements made on the parties whose marriage is the subject of the
decree, and may make such orders, with reference to the application of
the whole or a portion of the property settled, whether for the
benefit of the husband of the wife, or of the children (if any) of the
marriage, or of both children and parents, as to the Court seems fit:

Provided that the Court shall not make any order for the benefit
of the parents or either of them at the expense of the children.

XI.-CUSTODY OF CHILDREN

41. Power to make orders as to custody of children in suit for separation.

41.Power to make orders as to custody of children in suit for
separation.-In any suit for obtaining a judicial separation the Court
may from time to time, before making its decree, make such interim
orders, and may make such provision in the decree, as it deems proper
with respect to the custody, maintenance and education of the minor
children, the marriage of whose parents is the subject of such suit,
and may, if it think fit, direct proceedings to be taken for placing
such children under the protection of the said Court.

42. Power to make such orders after decree.

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 42. Power to make such orders after decree.- The Court, after a
decree of judicial separation, may upon application (by petition) for
this purpose make, from time to time, all such orders and provision,
with respect to the custody, maintenance and education of the minor
children, the marriage of whose parents is the subject of the decree,
or for placing such children under the protection of the said Court,
as might have been made by such decree or by interim orders in case
the proceedings for obtaining such decree were still pending.

43. Power to make orders as to custody of children in suits for

dissolution or nullity.
43.Power to make orders as to custody of children in suits for
dissolution or nullity.-In any suit for obtaining a dissolution of
marriage or a decree of nullity of marriage instituted in, or removed
to, a High Court, the Court may from time to time, before making its
decree absolute or its decree (as the case may be), make such interim
orders, and may make such provision in the decree absolute or decree,

and in any such suit instituted in a District Court, the Court

may from time to time, before its decree is confirmed, make such
interim orders, and may make such provision on such confirmation,

as the High Court or District Court (as the case may be) deems
proper with respect to the custody, maintenance and education of the
minor children, the marriage of whose parents is the subject of the
suit,

and may, if it think fit, direct proceedings to be taken for

placing such children under the protection of the Court.

44. Power to make such orders after decree or confirmation.

44. Power to make such orders after decree or confirmation.-The
High Court after a decree absolute for dissolution of marriage or a
decree of nullity of marriage,

and the District Court, after a decree for dissolution of

marriage or of nullity of marriage has been confirmed,

may, upon application by petition for the purpose, make from time
to time all such orders and provision, with respect to the custody,
maintenance and education of the minor children, the in marriage of
whose parents was the subject of the decree, or for placing such
children under the protection of the said Court, as might have been
made by such decree absolute or decree (as the case may be), or by
such interim orders as aforesaid.

XII.-PROCEDURE

45. Code of Civil Procedure to apply.

45.Code of Civil Procedure to apply.-Subject to the provisions

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herein contained, all proceedings under this Act between party and
party shall be regulated by the Code of Civil Procedure1*.

46. Forms of petitions and statements.

46.Forms of petitions and statements.-The forms set forth in the
schedule to this Act, with such variation as the circumstances of each
case require, may be used for the respective purposes mentioned in
such schedule.

47. Petition to state absence of collusion.

47.Petition to state absence of collusion.-Every petition under
this Act for a decree of dissolution of marriage, or of nullity of
marriage, or of judicial separation 2 * * * shall 3* * * state that
there is not any collusion or connivance between the petitioner and
the other patty to the marriage.

Statements to be verified.

Statements to be verified.-The statements contained in every

petition under this Act shall be verified by the petitioner or some
other competent person in manner required by law for the verification
of plaints, and may at the hearing be referred to as evidence.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. See now the Code of Civil Procedure, 1008 (Act 5 of 1908).
2. The words "or of reversal of judicial separation, or for
restitution of conjugal rights, or for damages, shall bear a stamp of
five rupees, and" rep. by Act 7 of 1870.
3. The words " in the first, second and third cases mentioned in
this section," rep., ibid.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

48. Suits on behalf of lunatics.

48.Suits on behalf of lunatics.-When the husband or wife is a
lunatic or idiot, any suit under this Act (other than a suit for
restitution of conjugal rights) may be brought on his or her behalf by
the committee or other person entitled to his or her custody.

49. Suits by minors.

49.Suits by minors.-Where the petitioner is a minor, he or she
shall sue by his or her next friend to be approved by the Court; and
no petition presented by a minor under this Act shall be filed until
the next friend has undertaken in writing to be answerable for costs.

Such undertaking 1* * * shall be filed in Court, and the next

friend shall thereupon be liable in the same manner and to the same
extent as if he were a plaintiff in an ordinary suit.

50. Service of petition

50.Service of petition.-Every petition under this Act shall be
served on the party to be affected thereby, either within or without

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2[India], in such manner is the High Court by general or special order
from time to time directs:

Provide that the Court may dispense with such service altogether
in case it seems necessary or expedient so to do.

51. Mode of taking evidence.

51. Mode of taking evidence.-The witnesses in all proceedings
before the Court, where their attendance can be had, shall be examined
orally, and any party may offer himself or herself as a witness, and
shall be examined, and may be cross-examined and re-examined, like any
other witness:

Provided that the parties shall be at liberty to verify their

respective cases in whole or in part by affidavit, but so that the
deponent in every such affidavit shall, on the application of the
opposite party, or by direction of the Court, be select to be cross-
examined by or on behalf of the opposite party orally, and after such
cross-examination may be re-examined orally as aforesaid by or on
behalf of the party by whom such affidavit was filed.

52. Competence of husband and wife to give evidence as to cruelly or

desertion.
52.Competence of husband and wife to give evidence as to cruelly
or desertion.-On any petition presented by a wife, praying that her
marriage may be dissolved by reason of her husband having been guilty
of adultery coupled with cruelty, or of adultery coupled with
desertion without reasonable excuse, the husband and wife respectively
shall be competent and compellable to give evidence of or relating to
such cruelty or desertion.

53. Power to close doors.

53.Power to close doors.-The whole or any part of any proceeding
under this Act may be heard, if the Court thinks fit, with closed
doors.

54. Power to adjourn.

54.Power to adjourn.-The Court may from time to time adjourn the
hearing of any petition under this Act, and may require further
evidence thereon if it sees fit so to do.

55. Enforcement of, and appeal from, orders and decrees.

55.Enforcement of, and appeal from, orders and decrees.--All
decrees and orders made by the Court in any suit or proceeding under
this Act shall be enforced and may be appealed from, in the like
manner as the decrees and orders of the Court made in the exercise of
its original civil jurisdiction are enforced and may be appealed from,
under the laws, rules and orders for the time bring in force:

Provided that there shall be no appeal from a decree of a

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District Judge for dissolution of marriage or of nullity of marriage;
nor from the order of the High Court confirming or refusing to confirm
such decree:

No appeal as to costs.

No appeal as to costs.-Provided also that there shall be no

appeal on the subject of costs only.

56. Appeal to the Supreme Court.

56.Appeal to the Supreme Court.-Any person may appeal to 3*[the
Supreme Court] from any decree (other than a decree nisi) or order
under this Act of a High Court made on' appeal or otherwise,

and from any decree (other than a decree nisi) or order made in
the exercise of original jurisdiction by Judges of a High Court or of
any Division Court from which an appeal shall not lie to the High
Court,

when the High Court declares that the case is a fit one for
appeal to 3*[the Supreme Court].
---------------------------------------------------------------------
1. The words "shall bear a stamp of eight annas and" rep. by Act 7
of 1870, ibid.
2. subs. by A. O. 1950, for "the Provinces" which had been subs. by
A. O. 1948, for British India".
3. Subs. by A.O. 1950, for "Her Majesty in Council".
----------------------------------------------------------------------

XIII.-RE-MARRIAGE

57. Liberty to parties to marry again.

57.Liberty to parties to marry again.-When six months after the
date of an order of a High Court confirming the decree for a
dissolution of marriage made by a District Judge have expired,

or when six months after the date of' any decree of a high Court
dissolving a marriage have expired, and no appeal has been presented
against such decree to the High Court in its appellate jurisdiction,

or when any such appeal has been dismissed,

or when in the result of any such appeal any marriage is declared

to be dissolved,

but not sooner, it shall be lawful for the respective parties to the
marriage to marry again, as if the prior marriage had been dissolved
by death:

Provided that no appeal to 1*[the Supreme Court] has been

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presented against any such order or decree.

When such appeal has been dismissed, or when in the result

thereof the marriage is declared to be dissolved, but not sooner, it
shall be lawful for the respective parties to the marriage to marry
again as if the prior marriage had been dissolved by death.

58. English clergyman not compelled to solemnize marriages of persons

divorced for adultery.
58.English clergyman not compelled to solemnize marriages of
persons divorced for adultery.--No clergyman in Holy Orders of the 2'*
* * No Church of England 3* * * shall be compelled to solemnize the
marriage of any person whose former marriage has been dissolved on the
ground of his or her adultery, or shall be liable to any suit, penalty
or censure for solemnizing or refusing to solemnize the marriage of
any such person.

59. English Minister refusing to perform ceremony to permit use of his

church.
59.English Minister refusing to perform ceremony to permit use of
his Church.-When any Minister of any Church or Chapel of the said 2***
Church refuses to perform such marriage service between any persons
who but for such refusal would be entitled to have the same service
performed in such Church or Chapel, such Minister shall permit any
other Minister in Holy Orders of the said Church, entitled to
officiate within the diocese in which such Church or Chapel is
situate, to perform such marriage-service in such Church or Chapel.

XIV.--MISCELLANEOUS

60. Decree for separation or protection-order valid as to persons dealing

with wife before reversal.
60. Decree for separation or protection-order valid as to
persons dealing with wife before reversal.-Every decree for judicial
separation or order to protect property, obtained by a wife under this
Act shall, until reversed or discharged, be deemed valid, so far as
necessary, for the protection of any person dealing with the wife.

No reversal, discharge or variation of such decree or order shall

affect any rights or remedies which any person would otherwise have
had in respect of any contracts or acts of the wife entered into or
done between the dates of such decree or order, and of the reversal,
discharge or variation thereof.

Indemnity of persons making payment to wife without notice of reversal

of decree or protection order.

Indemnity of persons making payment to wife without notice of

reversal of decree or protection order.-- All persons who in reliance
on any such decree or order make any payment to, or permit any

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transfer or act to be made or done by, the wife who has obtained the
same shall, notwithstanding such decree or order may then have been
reversed, discharged or varied, or the separation of the wife from her
husband may have ceased, or at some Lime since the making of the
decree or order been discontinued, be protected and indemnified as if,
at the time of such payment, transfer or other act, such decree or
order were valid and still subsisting without variation, and the
separation had not ceased or been discontinued,

unless, at the time of the, payment, transfer or other act, such

persons had notice of the reversal, discharge or variation of the
decree or order or of the cessation or discontinuance of the
separation.

61. Bar of suit for criminal conversation.

61. Bar of suit for criminal conversation.-After this Act comes
into operation, no person competent to present a petition under
sections 2 and 10 shall maintain a suit for criminal conversation with
his wife.

62. Power to make rules.

62. Power to make rules.-The High Court shall make such rules
under this Act as it may from time to time consider expedient, and may
from time to time alter and add to the same:

Provided that such rules, alterations and additions are

consistent with the provisions of this Act and the Code of Civil
Procedure4*.

All such rules, alterations and additions shall be published in

the Official Gazette.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Subs. by A.O. 1950, for "Her Majesty in Council".
2. The word "United" rep. by Act 12 of 1873, s. 1 and Sch.
3. The words "and Ireland" rep. by s. 1 and Sch. ibid.
4. See now the Code of civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

(The Schedule.)
SCHEDULE OF FORMS

No. 1.--PETITION by husband for a dissolution of marriage with

damages against co-respondent by reason of adultery.

(See sections 10 and 34)

In the (High) Court of

To the Hon'ble Mr. Justice [or To the

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Judge of .] The day of 186 .

The petition of A. B., of

SHEWETH,

1. That your petitioner was on the day of

one thousand eight hundred and ,

lawfully married to C. B., then C. D., spinster at (a)

2. That from his said marriage, your petitioner lived and

cohabited with his said wife at

and at , in

and lastly at , in and that Your Petitioner

and his said wife have had issue of their said marriage, five
children, of whom two sons only survive, aged respectively twelve and
fourteen years.

3. That during the three years immediately preceding the

day of one thousand eight hundred and

X.Y. was constantly with a few exceptions, residing in the house

of your petitioner at

aforesaid, and that on divers occasions during the

said period, the dates of

which are unknown to your petitioner, the said C B. in your

petitioner's said house committed adultery with the said X. Y.

4.That no collusion or connivance exists between me and my said

wife for the Purpose of obtaining a dissolution of our said marriage
or for any other purpose.

Your petitioner, therefore, prays that this (Hon'ble) Court will

decree a dissolution of the said marriage, and that the said X. Y. do
pay the sum of rupees 5,000 as damages by reason of his having com-
mitted adultery with your petitioner's said wife, such damages to be
paid to your petitioner, or otherwise paid or applied as to this
(Hon'ble) Court seems fit.

(Signed) A. B. (b)

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 Form of Verification
I, A. B the petitioner named in the above petition, do declare that
what is stated therein is true to the best of my information and
belief.

--------------------

No. 2.-Respondent's statement in answer to No. 1.

In the Court of the day of

Between A. B., petitioner,

C. B., respondent, and
X. Y., co-respondent.

C.B, the respondent, by D. E., her attorney (or vakil), in answer to

the petition of A. B. says that she denies that she has on divers or
any occasions committed adultery with X. Y, as alleged in the third
paragraph of the said petition.

Wherefore the respondent prays that this (Hon'ble) Court will

reject the said petition.

(Signed) C. B.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
(a) If the marriage was solemnized out of India, the adultery must be
shown to have been committed in India.
(b) The Petition must be signed by the petitioner.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

No. 3.-Co-respondent's statement in answer to No. 1.

In the (High) Court of

The day of

Between A. B., petitioner,

C. B., respondent, and
X. Y., co-respondent.

X.Y., the co-respondent, in answer to the petition filed in this

cause, saith that he denies that he comitted adultery with the said C.
B., as alleged in the said petition.

Wherefore the said X. Y. prays that this (Hon'ble) Court will

reject the prayer of the said petitioner and order him to pay the
costs of and incident to the said petition.

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 (Signed) X. Y.

-------------

No. 4.-PETITION for Decree of Nullity of Marriage.

(See section 18)

In the (High) Court of

To the Hon'ble Mr. Justice [or To the

judge of ]
The day of 186

The petition of A. B., falsely called A. D.,

SHEWETH,

1. That on the day of , one thousand

eight hundred and , your petitioner, then a

spinster, eighteen years of age, was married in fact, though not in
law, to C. D., then a bachelor of about thirty years of age, at [some
place in India].

2. That from the said day of ,one

thousand eight hundred and until the month of ,

one thousand eight hundred and , your petitioner lived and
cohabited with

the said C. D., at divers places, and particularly at aforesaid.

3. That the said C. D. has never consummated the said pretended

marriage by carnal copulation.

4. That at the time of the celebration of your petitioner's said

pretended marriage, the said C D. was, by reason of the impotency or
malformation, legally incompetent to enter into the contract of
marriage.

5. That there is no collusion or connivance between her and the

said C D. with respect to the subject of his suit.

Your petitioner therefore pray that this (Hon'ble) Court will

declare that the said marriage is null and void.

(Signed) A. B.

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 Form of Verification See No. 1
-------------

No. 5.-PETITION by wife for judicial separation on the ground of

her husband's adultery

(See section 22)

in the (High) Court of [or

To the Hon'ble Mr. Justice
To the Judge of ] day of 186 .
The petition of C. B., of the wife of A. B

SHEWETH

1. That on the day of , one thousand

eight hundred and sixty your petitioner, thenC. D., was lawfully
married
to A. B., at the church of in the

2. That after her said marriage, your petitioner cohabited with

the said 4. B. at and that your petitioner and her said husband
have issue living of their said marriage three children, to wit,
etc.etc.., (a).

3. That on divers occasions in or about the months of August,

September and October, one thousand eight hundred and sixty , the
said A. B., at
aforesaid, committed adultery with E. F., who was then living in the
service of the said A. B. and your petitioner at their said residence
aforesaid.

4. That on divers occasions in the months of October, November

and December, one thousand eight hundred and sixty , the
said A. B., at
aforesaid, committed adultery with G. H., who was
then living in the service of the said A. B. and your petitioner at
their said residence aforesaid.

5. That no collusion or connivance exists between your petitioner

and the said A. B. with respect to the subject of the present suit.

Your petitioner, therefore, prays that this (Hon'ble) Court will

decree a judicial separation to your petitioner from her said husband
by reason of his aforesaid adultery.

(Signed) C. B. (b)
Form of Verification See No. 1.
--------------

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 No. 6.-Statement in answer to No. 5

In the (High) Court of

B. against
The day of
The respondent, A. B. by W. Y., his attorney [or vakil] saith,-

1.That Tic denies that lie committed adultery with E. F. as in the

third paragraph of the petition alleged.

2. That the petitioner condoned the said adultery with E. F, if any.

3. That he denies that he committed adultery with G. H., as in the

fourth paragraph of the petition alleged.

4.That the petitioner condoned the said adultery with G. H., if any.

wherefore this respondent prays that this (Hon'ble) Court will reject
the prayer of the said petition.

(Signed) A. B.

-----------

No. 7.-Statement in reply to No. 6

In the (High) Court of

B. against B

The day of

The petitioner, C. B. by her attorney [or vakil] says-

1. That ,he denies that she condoned the said adultery of the
respondent with E.F as in the second paragraph of the statement in
answer alleged.

2. That even if she had condoned the said adultery, the same
has been revived by the subsequent adultery of the respondent with
G. H. as set forth in the fourth paragraph of the Petition.

(Signed) C. B.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
(a). State the respective ages of the children.
(b) The petition must be signed by the petitioner.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

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 No. 8.--PETITION for a judicial separation by reason of cruelty

(See section 22)

In the (High) Court of

To the Hon'ble Mr. Justice [or To the judge

of ]

The day of 186 .

The petition of A. B. (wife of C. B.) of

SHEWETH,

1.That on the day of , one thousand

eight hundred and your petitioner, then A. D., spinster,was
lawfully married to C. B., at

2. That from her said marriage, your petitioner lived and

cohabited with her said husband at until the day of
, one thousand eight hundred and , when your petitioner
separated from her said husband as hereinafter more particularly
mentioned, and that your petitioner and her said husband have had no
issue of their said marriage.

3. That from and shortly after your petitioner's said marriage,

the said C.B. habitually conducted himself towards your petitioner
with great harshness and cruelty, frequently abusing her in the
coarsest and most insulting language, and beating her with his fists,
with a cane, or with some other weapon.

4.That on an evening in or about the month of

one thousand eight hundred and the said C. B.

in the highway and opposite to the house in which your petitioner and
the said C.B., were then residing at
aforesaid,
endeavoured to knock your petitioner down, and was only prevented from
so doing by the interference of F. D,, your petitioner's brother.

5. That subsequently on the same evening, the said C. B. in his

said house at aforesaid, struck your petitioner
with his clenched fists a violent blow on her face.

6. That on one Friday night in the month of

one
thousand eight hundred and , the said C. B., in

without provocation, threw a knife at your petitioner, thereby

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inflicting a severe wound on her right hand.

7. That on the afternoon of the day of

one thousand eight hundred and , your petitioner, by
reason of the great and continued cruelty practiced towards her by her
said husband, with assistance withdrew from the house of her said
husband to the house of her father at

and after the said day of one

thousand eight hundred and your petitioner hath
lived separate and apart from her said husband, and hath never
returned to his house or to cohabitation with him.

8. That there is no collusion or connivance between your

petitioner and her said husband with respect to the subject of the
present suit.

Your Petitioner, therefore, prays that this (Hon'ble) Court will

decree a judicial separation between your petitioner and the said C.
B., and also order that the said C. B. do pay the costs of and
incident to these proceedings.
(Signed) A. B.

Form of Verification : See No. 1.

------------

No. 9.- Statement in answer to No.8

In the (High) Court of

The day of
Between A. B., petitioner, and
C B., respondent.

C. B., the respondent, in answer to the petition filed in this cause

by W. J. his attorney (or vakil) saith that he denies that he has been
guilty of cruelty towards the said A. B., as alleged in the said
petition.

(Signed) C. B,.

------------

No. 10.-PETITION for reversal of decree of separation

(See section 24)

In the (High) Court of

To the Hon'ble Mr. Justice [or To the Judge

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of ].
The day of 186 .

The petition A. B., of

SHEWETH

1. That your petitioner was on the day of

lawfully married to .

2. That on the day of this(Hon'ble) Court

at the petition of pronounced a decree affecting the
petitioner to the effect following, to wit,-

[Here set out the decree.)

3. That such decree was obtained in the absence of your

petitioner, who was then residing at

[State facts tending to show, that the petitioner did not know of the
proceedings; and, further, that had he known he might have
offered a sufficient defence.)

or

That there was reasonable ground for your petitioner leaving his said
wife, for that his said wife
[Here state any legal grounds justifying the petitioner's
separation from his wife. ]
Your petitioner, therefore, prays that this (Hon'ble)
Court will reverse the said decree.
(Signed) .A. B.
Form of Verification : See No. 1.

-------------------

No. 11.-Petition for Protection-order

(See section 27)

In the (High) Court of

To the Hon'ble Mr. Justice
of ].
The [or To the Judge
The day of 186 .
The petition of C. B., of
the wife of A. B.

SHEWETH,

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 That on the day of she was lawfully
married to A. B., at

That she lived and cohabited with the said A. B. for

years at , and also at and hath

had children, issue of her said marriage, of whom

are now living with the applicant, and wholly dependent upon her
earnings.

That on or about , the said A. B., without any

reasonable cause deserted the applicant, and hath ever since remained
separate and apart from her.

That since the desertion of her said husband, the applicant hath
maintained herself by her own industry [or on her own property. as the
case may be], and hath thereby and otherwise acquired certain Property
consisting of [here state generally the nature of the property].

Wherefore she prays an order for the protection of her earnings

and property acquired since the said,
day of
from the said 4. B., and from all creditors and persons claiming under
him.
(Signed) C. B.

No. 12.-PETITION for Alimony pending the suit

(See section 36)

In the (High) Court of

B. against B.

To the Hon'ble Mr. Justice [or To the Judge

of ].
The day of 186 .
The petition of C.B., the lawful
wife of A. B.

SHEWETH,

1. That the said A. B., has for 'some years carried on the
business of
, at
, and from such business derives the
nett annual income of from Rs. 4,000 to 5,000.

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 2.That the said A. B. is possessed of plate,furniture, linen and
other effects at his said house,
aforesaid, all of which he acquired in right of
your petitioner as his wife, or purchased with money he acquired
through her, of the value of Rs. 10,000.

3.That the said A. B. is entitled, under the will of his father,

subject to the life interest of his mother there in to property of the
value of Rs. 5,000 or some other considerable amount (a).

Your petitioner, therefore, prays that this (Hon'ble) Court will

decree such sum or sums of money by way of alimony, pending the suit,
as to this (Hon'ble) Court may seem fit.

(Signed) C. B.

Form of Verification : See No. 1

------------

No. 13.-Statement in answer to No. 12.

In the (High) Court of

B. against B.

A.B., of the above-named respondent, in

answer to the petition for alimony, pending,. the suit, of C. B.,
says--

1. In answer to the first paragraph of the said petition, I say

that I have for the last three years carried, on the business of
, at and that,from such business, I have derived a nett annual income
of Rs. 900, but less than Rs. 1,000.

2.In answer to the second paragraph of the said petition, I say

that I am possessed of plate, furniture, linen and other chattels and
effects at my said house aforesaid, of the value of Rs. 7,000, but as
I verily believe of no larger value. And I say that a portion of the
said plate, furniture and other chattels and effects of the value of
Rs. 1,500, belonged to my said wife before our marriage, but the
remaining portions thereof I have since purchased with my own monies.
And I say that, save as hereinbefore set forth, I am not possessed of
the plate and other effects as alleged in the said paragraph in the
said petition, and that I did not acquire the same as in the said
petition also mentioned.

3. I admit that I am entitled under the will of my father,

subject to the life-interest of my mother therein, to property of the
value of Rs. 5,000, that is to say, I shall be entitled under my said

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father's will, upon the death of my mother to a legacy of Rs. 7,000,
out of which I shall, have to pay to my father's executors the sum of
Rs. 2,000 the amount of a debt owing by me to his estate, and upon
which debt I am now paying interest at the rate of five percent. per
annum.

4. And, in further answer to the said petition. I say that I

have no income whatever except that derived from my aforesaid
business, that such income, since my said wife left me, which she did
on the day of
last, has been
considerably diminished, and that such diminution is likely to
continue. And I say that out of my said income, I have to pay the
annual sum of Rs. 100 for Such interest as aforesaid to my late
father's executors, and also to support myself and my two oldest
children.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
(a) The Petitioner should state her husband's income as accurately as
possible.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

5.And in further answer to the said petition, I say that,when my wife

left, my dwelling-house on the
day of last,

she took with her, and has ever since withheld and still withholds
from me, plate, watches and other effects in the second paragraph of
this my answer mentioned, of the value of, as I verily believe, Rs.
800 at the least; and I also say that, within five days of her
departure from my house as aforesaid, my said wife received bills due
to me from certain lodgers of mine, amounting in the aggregate to Rs.
and that she has ever since withheld add still withholds
from me the same sum.

(Signed) A. B.

No. 14.-UNDERTAKING by minor's next friend to be answerable for

respondent's costs.

(See section 49.)

In the (High) Court of

I, the undersigned A. B., of being the next friend of

C. D. who is a minor, and who is desirous of filing a petition in this
Court, under the Indian Divorce Act, against D. D. of ,hereby
undertake to be responsible for the costs of the said D.D. in such
suit, and that, if the said C.D. fail to pay to the said D.D. when and
in such manner as the Court shall order all such costs of such suit as

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the Court shall direct him (or her] to pay to the said D. D.I will
forthwith pay the same to the proper officer of this Court.

Dated this day of 186 .

(Signed) A. B.

-----------------

STATEMENT OF OBJECTS AND REASONS

THE object of this Bill is to place the Matrimonial Law

administered by the High Courts, in the exercise of their original
jurisdiction, on the same footing as the Matrimonial Law administered
by the Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes in England.

The 9th Section of the Act of Parliament for establishing High

Courts of Judicature in India (24 & 25 Vic., Ch. 10 (4) provides that
the High Courts shall exercise such Matrimonial Jurisdiction as Her
Majesty by Letters Patent shall grant and direct. Under the authority
thus conferred by Parliament, the 35th Section of the Letters Patent,
constituting the High Courts of Judicature, provides as follows:-

"And we do further ordain that the said High Court of

Judicature at Fort William in Bengal shall have
Jurisdiction in matters matrimonial between our subjects
professing the Christian religion, and that such
Jurisdiction shall extend to the local limits within
which the Supreme Court now has Ecclesiastical
Jurisdiction. Provided always that nothing herein
contained shall be held to interfere with the exercise
of any Jurisdiction in matters Matrimonial by any Court
not established by Royal Charter within the said
Presidency lawfully possessed thereof."

Letter from Secretary of State, Judicial No. 24, dated

14th May, 1862.

In the Despatch of the Secretary of State transmitting the

Letters Patent, the 33rd and 34th paragraphs are to the following
effect:-

33."Her Majesty's Government are desirous of placing the

Christian subjects of the Crown within the Presidency in the same
position under the High Court, as to matters matrimonial in general,
as they now are under the Supreme Court, and this they believe, to be
effected by Clause 3 5 of the Charter. But they consider it expedient
that the High Court should possess, in addition, the power of
decreeing divorce which the Supreme Court does not possess, in other

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words, that the High Court should have the same Jurisdiction as the
Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes in England, established in
virtue of Act 20 and 21 Vic., C. 85 and in regard to which further
provisions were made by 22 and 23 Vic., C. 61, and 23 and 24 Vic., C.
144. The Act of Parliament for establishing the High Courts, however,
does not purport to give to the Crown the power of importing into the
Charter all the provisions of the Divorce Court Act, and some of them,
the Crown clearly could not so import, such, for instance, as those
which prescribe the period of re-marriage, and those which exempt from
punishment clergymen refusing to re-marry adulterers. All these are,
in truth, matters for Indian legislation, and I request that you will
immediately take the subject into your consideration, and introduce
into your Council a Bill for conferring upon the High Court, the
Jurisdiction and Powers of the Divorce Court in England, one of the
provisions of which should be to give an appeal to the Privy Council
in those cases in which the Divorce Court Act gives an appeal to the
House of Lords."

34."The object of the provision at the end of Clause 35 is to

obviate any doubt that may possibly arise as to whether, by vesting
the High Court with the powers of the Court for Divorce and
Matrimonial Causes in England, it was intended to take away from the
Courts within the division of the Presidency, not established by Royal
Charter, any Jurisdiction which they might have in matters
matrimonial, as for instance in a suit for alimony between Armenians
or Native Christians. With any such Jurisdiction it is not intended
to interfere."

In addition to the Act of Parliament mentioned by the Secretary

of State as regulating the Jurisdiction of the English Divorce Court,
the Statute 25 & 26 Vic., Ch. 81 has been passed in the year just
expired (1862). The object of this Statute is to render perpetual 23
and 24 Vic., Ch. 144, the duration of which had been originally
limited to two years.

The Draft of a Bill has been prepared to give effect to the

Secretary of State's instructions but some variations from the English
Statutes in respect of Procedure have been adopted.

With a view to uniformity in practice in the several branches of

Jurisdiction, the Bill provides that the Procedure of the Code of
Civil Procedure shall be followed, instead of the Rules of Her
Majesty's Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes in England, and it
omits the provision in 20 and 21 Vic., Ch. 85 respecting the
occasional trial of questions of fact by Juries.

In respect of fees, it has been considered that the Act XX of

1862, (lately continued_by the Governor-General in Council for another
year), renders special legislation unnecessary.

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 The power of intervening in suits, given by 23 and 24 Vic., Ch.
144, to the Attorney General and the Queen's Proctor is, in this Bill,
given to the Advocate General and the Solicitor to Government.

There are also other variations of a minor and verbal character.

The Draft Bill having been submitted to the Judges of the several
High Courts, with a request that they would favour the Government with
their opinions on it, communications have been received, and will be
laid before the Council, from the Judges at Calcutta and Bombay. In
these letters there are several important suggestions, and the
Honorable the Chief Justice of the High Court at Calcutta has
intimated that he considers it doubtful whether decrees by the High
Court under the proposed Act, dissolving the marriages of persons who
have been married in England, would have legal effect there. The
question is one of considerable difficulty as well as of great
importance, and has been stated to the Secretary of State, with the
view of obtaining the opinion of Her Majesty's Law officers, and, if
necessary, some legislative measure to remove all doubt.

1st January, 1863. HENRY S. MAINE.

Source: http://nrcw.nic.in/shared/sublinkimages/62.htm
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