PBC® Battery Overview

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TECHNOLOGY PbCBatteryOverview
Technology

PbCBattery TechnologyandPerformance&Economics

UtilityGridConnectedPower Conventionalleadacidbatteriesarecomprisedoftwoelectrodes:apositive
MotivePower electrodemadeofleaddioxide(PbO2 )andanegativeelectrodemadeofsponge
lead(Pb).Boththeleaddioxideandspongeleadmaterialsarepastedontolead
MilitaryApplications
gridsthatactasthecurrentcollector.Twohalfreactionsoccurontheelectrodes
PbCProductGuide duringchargeanddischargethataredescribedbythewellknowndouble
sulphatetheoryforleadacidbatteries:
RequestProductInformation
PositiveElectrode
PbO2 +4H++SO42+2eD PbSO4 +2H2 O(+1.685V)

NegativeElectrode
Pb+SO4 2D PbSO4 +2e(0.365V)

______________________________________

OverallReaction
PbO2 +2H2 SO4+PbD 2PbSO4 +2H2 O(+2.050V)

Axion Power PbC Battery Technology Overview

1:10 / 1:10

ThePbCbatteryisahybriddevicethatusesthestandardleadacidbatterypositiveelectrodeanda
supercapacitornegativeelectrodethatismadeofactivatedcarbon.Thespecifictypeofactivatedcarbonweuse
hasanextremelyhighsurfacearea(1500m2 /g)andhasbeenspecificallyformulatedbyAxionforusein
electrochemicalapplications.Duringchargeanddischarge,thepositiveelectrodeundergoesthesamechemical
reactionthatoccursinaconventionalleadacidbattery,i.e.leaddioxidereactswithacidandsulphateionstoform
leadsulphateandwater.ThemaindifferenceinthePbCbatteryisthereplacementoftheleadnegative
electrodewithanactivatedcarbonelectrodethatdoesnotundergoachemicalreactionatall.Instead,thevery
highsurfaceareaactivatedcarbonelectrodestorestheprotons(H+)fromtheacidinalayeronthesurfaceofthe
electrode.Thisnewnegativehalfreactioncanbewrittenasthefollowing:
NegativeElectrodeinthePbCbatterytechnology
nC6 x(H+)xD nC6 (x2).(H+)x2 +2H++2e(discharged)

Inconventionalleadacidbatteriestheconcentrationofacidchangesfrombeingveryconcentratedinthecharged
statetosomewhatdiluteinthedischargedstateastheacidisconvertedtowater.Incontrast,thePbCbattery
storesH+inthenegativeelectrodeinthefullychargesstatewhichmovetothepositiveelectrodeduringdischarge
wheretheyareneutralizedtoformwater.Theresultisreducedacidconcentrationswingsfromthechargedto
dischargedstatewhichreducesgridcorrosiononthepositiveelectrodeandleadstolongerlifeofthepositive
electrode.


PbCBatteryModuleSpecification

HIGHLIGHTS JOINOUREMAILALERTLIST

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May6,2016
AxionPowerInternational,Inc.,LCBInternational,Inc.AnnounceChinameetingon EnteremailandclickJoin
PotentialLicensingDeal

Apr27,2016
AxionPowerInternational,Inc.AppointsRichardBoganasChairmanoftheBoard,
DonaldFarleyAssumesnewroleofViceChairman

Apr13,2016
AxionPowerInternational,Inc.,AdvancedBatteryConceptsLLC,Announce
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